Family Influences

8/3/2019 Family Influences

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Mosby items and derived items 2009, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Family Influences on Child HealthPromotion


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2Mosby items and derived items 2009, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.

Family

Is whatever a person considers it to be

Consanguineous: blood relationship

Affinal: marital relationship

Family of origin: family unit born into

Household is used frequently toaccommodate an increasing variety of family

styles


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Family Systems Theory

General systems theory:

The family is a system that continually interactswith its members and the environment

Emphasis on interaction Problems do not lie in any one member but in the

type of interactions used by the family

Important factors include adaptability and

boundaries Family system functions within a larger system

composed of the extended family, the subculture,the culture, and society


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Family Stress Theory

Families encounter stressors, bothpredictable and unpredictable

With too many stressors for family to cope

adequately, a crisis ensues

Adaptation requires a change in familystructure and/or interaction


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Developmental Theory

Addresses family change over time

Duvalls family life-cycle stages (Box 3-1)

Family is a semiclosed system that interacts with

larger social system Age of oldest child marks stage transitions


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Family Structure

Traditional nuclear married couple and their

biologic children Nuclear Two parents and their children

Blended at least one step parent/sibling orhalf-sibling

Extended at least one parent, one or morechildren, and one or more members otherthan parent or sibling

Single-parent Binuclear continue parenting role while

terminating the spousal unit


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Family Structure (Continued)

Polygamous conjugal unit extended byaddition of spouses (not legally sanctioned inthe United States)

Communal collective security, sharedhomemaking and childrearing responsibilities

Gay/Lesbian legal or common-law tie

between two persons of the same sex whohave children

Mosby items and derived items 2009, 2005 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.


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Family Roles and Relationships

Parental roles

Role learning through socialization

Family size and configuration affect parenting

Small families emphasize the individual, largerfamilies emphasize the group

Sibling interactions

Birth position (See Box 3-4)


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Sibling Interactions

FIG. 3-3 Older school-age childrenoften enjoy taking responsibility for thecare of a younger sibling.

FIG. 3-4 Fraternal twins.


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Parenting

Motivation

Adults expected to become parents and to begratified by the experience

Preparation Generational continuity

Transition to parenthood

Drastic life changes with birth of first child


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Factors Affecting Transition toParenthood

Parental age

Fathers involvement

Parenting education

Support systems


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Fathers Involvement

FIG. 3-7 Learning new rolestogether as a mother and father canenhance parenting relationships.

FIG. 3-5 Fathers who assume careof their children may feel morecomfortable and successful in theirparenting role.


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Limit Setting

Establishing rules for behavior

Positive and necessary

Serves useful functions, helping children:

Test limits of control

Achieve in appropriate areas and levels

Channel undesirable feelings constructively

Protect selves from danger Learn socially acceptable behavior


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Discipline Minimizing misbehavior

Reasoning

Behavior modification (positive and negativereinforcement)

Strategy of consequences Natural, logical, unrelated

Time-out

Corporal punishment Causes dramatic decrease in the behavior but

teaches child that violence is acceptable, mayphysically harm child, child gets accustomed to

spanking


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Using Time-Out

FIG. 3-8 Time-out is an excellent disciplinarystrategy for young children.


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Special Parenting Situations

The adopted child:

Issues of origin

Cross-racial and international adoptions

Adolescence


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Adoptive Sisters

FIG. 3-9 An older sister lovingly embraces her adopted sister.


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Parenting and Divorce

Impact on children

Age- and sex-related responses

Telling the children

Custody and parenting partnerships


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Single Parenting

Single fathers

Reconstituted families

Cooperative parenting relationships is key!

Parenting in dual-earner families

Working mothers

Foster parenting

Documents

Family Influences