Family Courts and family laws

7/23/2019 Family Courts and family laws

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OBJECTIVES AND OVERVIEW OF FAMILY COURTS IN

INDIA

It is not unknown that a gaing !ooho!" in th" In#ian Ju#i$ia%& is th" 'a$k!og o(

$as"s) Th" nu*'"% o( $as"s '"ing +!"# in th" Su%"*" Cou%t is $onsist"nt!& on th"%is") ,-./, $as"s w"%" +!"# in Su%"*" Cou%t in th" &"a% 01112 wh"%"as2 34,54w"%" +!"# in th" &"a% 644/2 th" in$%"as" '"ing a'out 04,7 nin" &"a%s) Th"%" a%"$as"s #"a!ing with a '%oa# s"$t%u* o( issu"s su$h as (a*i!& *att"%s an# %o"%t&whi$h $ontinu" (o% g"n"%ations) Su$h $as"s $ontinu" (o% at%o$ious "%io#s o( ti*"2%anging (%o* 3 &"a%s to ,4 &"a%s) In su$h a s$"na%io2 th" $hann"!!ing o( $as"s to#i8"%"nt $ou%ts s"t u s"$ia!!& (o% this u%os" not on!& "nsu%"s th"i% s""#&#isosa!2 'ut a!so "nsu%"s that th" $as"s2 '"ing #"a!t '& with "9"%ts in $ou%tss"$ia!!& s"t u (o% this u%os": a%" #"a!t with *o%" "8"$ti;"!&) Th" sa&ing that<=usti$" #"!a&"# is =usti$" #"ni"#> th"n '"$o*"s %"!";ant to tak" into $onsi#"%ation)

Fu%th"%2 "%tin"nt to not" h"%" is that Ma%%iag" as an institution has '"$o*" th"

su'="$t o( g%"at =u#i$ia! s$%utin&) Th"%" a%" a nu*'"% o( =u#i$ia! %o;isions #"a!ingwith *a%%iag" an# its ;a%ious as"$ts) Th" %"su!t is that2 in a##ition to th" ;a%iousa#;antag"s that th"s" !"ga! %o;isions *a& %o;i#": th" %i;a$& o( this institutionhas '""n th%"at"n"#) As "% stu#i"s $on#u$t"# in Mu*'ai an# D"!hi2 -4 7 o(*a%%iag"s a%" h"a#ing towa%#s #i;o%$") Th"%" a%" a!so $as"s o( *isus" o( %o;isions!ik" S"$tion -1/A o( th" In#ian ?"na! Co#"2 ?%ot"$tion o( Wo*"n (%o* Do*"sti$Vio!"n$" A$t2 S"$tion 065 C%i*ina! ?%o$"#u%" Co#"2 Chi!# Custo#& !aws to na*" a("w) Th"%" a%" issu"s !ik" a!i*on& whi$h '"$o*" th" toi$ o( g%"at $ont%o;"%s& an#$aus" ha%ass*"nt to (a*i!i"s) What (u%th"% '"$o*"s a %o'!"* is that "%sona!issu"s g"t int"%twin"# with th" !"ga! issu"s an# !"a# to th" unn"$"ssa%& %o!ongingo( th" #isosa! o( th"s" $as"s) Th" &oung"% g"n"%ation2 '"ing *a#" a s$a"goat inth" $hanging ti*"s #u" to th" "nsuing $u!tu%a! wa% '"tw""n Cons"%;ati;"s an#

Li'"%a!s2 wast"s its us"(u! &outh in th" %"$in$ts o( th" !itigating $o%%i#o%s o( th"(a*i!& $ou%ts2 $%i*ina! $ou%ts an# *agist%at" $ou%ts waiting in !ong @u"u"s '"ing"9"$tant o( %"$"i;ing =usti$")

Th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts A$t2 01/- was a%t o( th" t%"n#s o( !"ga! %"(o%*s $on$"%ning

wo*"n) B"$aus" o( th" 'ui!#ing %"ssu%" (%o* ;a%ious institutions !o''&ing (o% th"

w"!(a%" o( wo*"n a!! o;"% th" $ount%&2 th" A$t was "9"$t"# to (a$i!itat"

satis(a$to%& %"so!ution o( #isut"s $on$"%ning th" (a*i!& th%ough a (o%u* "9"$t"#

to wo%k "9"#itious!& in a =ust *ann"% an# with an a%oa$h "nsu%ing *a9i*u*

w"!(a%" o( so$i"t& an# #ignit& o( wo*"n) ?%";a!"n$" o( g"n#"% 'ias"# !aws an#

o%"ssi;" so$ia! %a$ti$"s o;"% $"ntu%i"s ha;" #"ni"# =usti$" an# 'asi$ hu*an

%ights to In#ian wo*"n) Th" n""# to "sta'!ish th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts was +%st

"*hasi"# '& th" !at" S*t) Du%ga'ai D"sh*ukh) A(t"% a tou% o( China in 015,2wh"%" sh" ha# o$$asion to stu#& th" wo%king o( (a*i!& $ou%ts2 S*t) D"sh*ukh

#is$uss"# th" su'="$t with $"%tain Ju#g"s an# !"ga! "9"%ts an# th"n *a#" a

%oosa! to s"t u Fa*i!& Cou%ts in In#ia to ?%i*" Minist"% ?t) Jawaha%!a! N"h%u)

To this 'a$kg%oun#2 a signi+$ant #";"!o*"nt has '""n th" %"$"nt s"tting u o( th"

Fa*i!& Cou%t in D"!hi) Though su$h $ou%ts ha;" '""n s"t u an# a%" (un$tioning in

oth"% stat"s2 th" s"tting u o( a (a*i!& $ou%t in th" Caita! is a signi+$ant

0



#";"!o*"nt an# a st" whi$h was n"$"ssa%& to '" tak"n) Th" *ain u%os"

'"hin# s"tting u th"s" Cou%ts was to tak" th" $as"s #"a!ing with (a*i!& *att"%s

awa& (%o* th" inti*i#ating at*osh"%" o( %"gu!a% $ou%ts an# "nsu%" that a

$ong"nia! "n;i%on*"nt is s"t u to #"a! with *att"%s su$h as *a%%iag"2 #i;o%$"2

a!i*on&2 $hi!# $usto#& "t$)

?ROCEDURE FOLLOWED BY TE FAMILY COURTS

Th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts a%" (%"" to ";o!;" th"i% own %u!"s o( %o$"#u%"2 an# on$" a Fa*i!&Cou%t #o"s so2 th" %u!"s so (%a*"# o;"% %i#" th" %u!"s o( %o$"#u%" $ont"*!at"#un#"% th" Co#" o( Ci;i! ?%o$"#u%") In (a$t2 th" Co#" o( Ci;i! ?%o$"#u%" was a*"n#"#in o%#"% to (u!+!! th" u%os" '"hin# s"tting u o( th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts)

S"$ia! "*hasis is ut on s"tt!ing th" #isut"s '& *"#iation an# $on$i!iation) This"nsu%"s that th" *att"% is so!;"# '& an ag%""*"nt '"tw""n 'oth th" a%ti"s an#%"#u$"s th" $han$"s o( an& (u%th"% $oni$t) Th" ai* is to gi;" %io%it& to *utua!ag%""*"nt o;"% th" usua! %o$"ss o( a#=u#i$ation) In sho%t2 th" ai* o( th"s" $ou%tsis to (o%* a $ong"nia! at*osh"%" wh"%" (a*i!& #isut"s a%" %"so!;"# a*i$a'!&) Th"$as"s a%" k"t awa& (%o* th" t%aings o( a (o%*a! !"ga! s&st"*) Th" sha$k!"s o( a(o%*a! !"ga! s&st"* an# th" %"gu!a% %o$"ss o( a#=u#i$ation $aus"s unn"$"ssa%&%o!onging o( th" *att"% an# th" #isut" $an wo%s"n o;"% ti*") This $an '" a ;"%&t%au*ati$ "9"%i"n$" (o% th" (a*i!i"s an# !"a# to "%sona! an# +nan$ia! !oss"s that$an ha;" a #";astating "8"$t on hu*an %"!ations as w"!!) This again oints to th"i*o%tan$" o( ha;ing gui#an$" $ouns"!!o%s an# s&$ho!ogi$a! "9"%ts to #"a! withsu$h *att"%s)

FAMILY COURTS ow *u$h th"& su$$""#"#

It is ";i#"nt that th" s"tting u o( th"s" (a*i!& $ou%ts was a #&na*i$ st" so (a% as

%"#u$ing th" 'a$k!og an# #isosing o8 $as"s whi!" "nsu%ing that th"%" is an"8"$ti;" #"!i;"%& o( =usti$" go"s) ow";"%2 as a(o%"*"ntion"#2 th"%" a%" sti!!*att"%s o( $on$"%n whi$h !agu" th"s" $ou%ts) Th" issu"s %"!ating to th" (un$tioningo( th"s" $ou%ts is to '" s""n in tota!2 as @uot"# in th" "9a*!"s %"!ating to th"%o$"#u%a! as w"!! as su'stanti;" as"$ts o( th" %o'!"*s) Th"%" a%" *an&$ont%o;"%sia! an# #"'ata'!" issu"s su$h as "ngaging a !aw&"% #u" to th" s"$i+$%o;isions o( th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts A$t)

Fu%th"%*o%"2 th" !a$k o( uni(o%*it& %"ga%#ing th" %u!"s !ai# #own '& #i8"%"nt stat"sa!so !"a#s to $on(usion in its a!i$ation) M"%"!& assing a $"nt%a! !"gis!ation is notin its"!( a $o*!"t" st": (o% i*!"*"ntation in its si%it2 it is to '" "nsu%"# thatso*" !";"! o( uni(o%*it& is *aintain"#2 at !"ast in th" initia! stag"s o( its $o*ing

into "8"$t) Fu%th"%2 th" n""# to a*"n# $"%tain !aws is a!so to '" "9a*in"# an#i*!"*"nt"# "8"$ti;"!& in o%#"% to "nsu%" that th"s" $ou%ts #o not (a$" an&hin#%an$" in th"i% wo%king) Th"s" s*a!! st"s2 i( "9a*in"# an# i*!"*"nt"# withinti*"2 wi!! go a !ong wa& to "nsu%" that th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts a%" su$$"ss(u!2 to a g%"at"%#"g%""2 to (u!+!! th" no'!" u%os" (o% whi$h th"& w"%" $%"at"#)

6



CATEORIES OF FAMILY LAW

Fa*i!& !aw in In#ia is #i;i#"# into two '%oa# $at"go%i"s

0) Co*a%ati;" Fa*i!& Institutions6) T"sta*"nta%& an# int"stat" su$$"ssions

A)G COM?ARATIVE FAMILY INSTITUTIONS0) Con$"t o( (a*i!&6) Hinshi an# *a%%iag",) Annu!*"nt-) Co**on Law *a%%iag"5) E8"$t o( To%t an# $%i*ina! !aw on #o*"sti$ %"!ations

KINSHIP

In anth%oo!og&2 kinship is th" w"' o( so$ia! %"!ationshis that (o%* an i*o%tant

a%t o( th" !i;"s o( *ost hu*ans in *ost so$i"ti"s2 a!though its "9a$t *"anings

";"n within this #is$i!in" a%" o(t"n #"'at"#) Anth%oo!ogist Ro'in Fo9 stat"s that

th" stu#& o( kinshi is th" stu#& o( what *an #o"s with th"s" 'asi$ (a$ts o( !i("

*ating2 g"station2 a%"nthoo#2 so$ia!iation2 si'!ingshi "t$) u*an so$i"t& is

uni@u"2 h" a%gu"s2 in that w" a%" wo%king with th" sa*" %aw *at"%ia! as "9ists in

th" ani*a! wo%!#2 'ut Kw" $an $on$"tua!i" an# $at"go%i" it to s"%;" so$ia! "n#s)

Th"s" so$ia! "n#s in$!u#" th" so$ia!iation o( $hi!#%"n an# th" (o%*ation o( 'asi$

"$ono*i$2 o!iti$a! an# %"!igious g%ous)

COMMON LAW MARRIAGE

Common-law marriage2 a!so known as si !ris marriage2 in"ormal marriage2

o% marriage #$ ha#i% an& rep%e2 is a !"ga! (%a*"wo%k in a !i*it"# nu*'"% o(

=u%is#i$tions wh"%" a $ou!" is !"ga!!& $onsi#"%"# *a%%i"#2 without that $ou!"

ha;ing (o%*a!!& %"gist"%"# th"i% %"!ation as a $i;i! o% %"!igious *a%%iag") Th" o%igina!

$on$"t o( a $o**on!aw *a%%iag" is a *a%%iag" that is $onsi#"%"# ;a!i# '& 'oth

a%tn"%s2 'ut has not '""n (o%*a!!& %"$o%#"# with a stat" o% %"!igious %"gist%&2 o%

$"!"'%at"# in a (o%*a! %"!igious s"%;i$") In "8"$t2 th" a$t o( th" $ou!" %"%"s"ntingth"*s"!;"s to oth"%s as '"ing *a%%i"#2 an# o%ganiing th"i% %"!ation as i( th"& w"%"

*a%%i"#2 a$ts as th" ";i#"n$" that th"& a%" *a%%i"#)

Th" t"%* common-law marriage has wi#" in(o%*a! us"2 o(t"n to #"not" %"!ations

whi$h a%" not !"ga!!& %"$ogni"# as $o**on !aw *a%%iag"s) Th" t"%* common-law

marriage is o(t"n us"# $o!!o@uia!!& o% '& th" *"#ia to %"("% to $oha'iting $ou!"s2

%"ga%#!"ss o( an& %ights that th"s" $ou!"s *a& ha;"2 whi$h $an $%"at" u'!i$

,



$on(usion 'oth in %"ga%# to th" t"%* an# in %"ga%# to th" %ights o( un*a%%i"#

a%tn"%s

Un#"% $o**on !aw2 '"$aus" it was unusua! (o% a wi(" to ha;" a =o' an# "a%n h"%

own *on"&2 a hus'an# was o'!ig"# to %o;i#" his wi(" with n"$"ssa%i"swhi$h

in$!u#"# (oo#2 $!othing2 an# sh"!t"%'ut on!& th" n"$"ssiti"s h" #""*"#a%o%iat") To#a&2 =u#g"s ha;" tak"n th" suo%t o'!igation (u%th"% an# $onst%u"#

th" t"%* n"$"ssa%& to in$!u#" an& it"* in (u%th"%an$" o( an "sta'!ish"# stan#a%# o(

!i;ing)

ANN'LMEN(

Annlmen% is a !"ga! %o$"#u%" (o% #"$!a%ing a *a%%iag" nu!! an# ;oi#) Un!ik"

#i;o%$"2 it is usua!!& %"t%oa$ti;"2 *"aning that an annu!!"# *a%%iag" is $onsi#"%"# to

'" in;a!i# (%o* th" '"ginning a!*ost as i( it ha# n";"% tak"n !a$" though so*"

=u%is#i$tions %o;i#" that th" *a%%iag" is on!& ;oi# (%o* th" #at" o( th" annu!*"nt:

(o% "9a*!"2 this is th" $as" in s"$tion 06 o( th" Mat%i*onia! Caus"s A$t 013, in

Eng!an# an# Wa!"sG) In !"ga! t"%*ino!og&2 an annu!*"nt *ak"s a ;oi# *a%%iag" o% a

;oi#a'!" *a%%iag" nu!!)

Annu!*"nts a%" $!os"!& asso$iat"# with th" Catho!i$ Chu%$h2 whi$h #o"s not "%*it

#i;o%$"2 t"a$hing that *a%%iag" is a !i("!ong $o**it*"nt whi$h $annot '" #isso!;"#

th%ough #i;o%$"2 'ut $an '" annu!!"# i( in;a!i#!& "nt"%"# into)

Annu!*"nt is $a!!"# faskh in Is!a*

H'S)AN* AN* WI+E

A man and woman who are legally married to one another and are thereby given by

law specic rights and duties resulting from that relationship.

Th"%" is a st%ong u'!i$ o!i$& in (a;o% o( *a%%iag") B"$aus" o( this2 a hus'an# an#

wi(" a%" not a!wa&s a'!" to #"t"%*in" th"i% #uti"s an# %i;i!"g"s towa%# on"

anoth"%: inst"a#2 th"s" %ights an# %"sonsi'i!iti"s a%" s"t (o%th '& s"$ia! !"ga!

%in$i!"s that #"+n" th" a%a*"t"%s within whi$h hus'an#s an# wi;"s *ust a$t)

Un#"% $o**on !aw2 '"$aus" it was unusua! (o% a wi(" to ha;" a =o' an# "a%n h"%

own *on"&2 a hus'an# was o'!ig"# to %o;i#" his wi(" with n"$"ssa%i"swhi$h

in$!u#"# (oo#2 $!othing2 an# sh"!t"%'ut on!& th" n"$"ssiti"s h" #""*"#

a%o%iat") To#a&2 =u#g"s ha;" tak"n th" suo%t o'!igation (u%th"% an# $onst%u"#

th" t"%* n"$"ssa%& to in$!u#" an& it"* in (u%th"%an$" o( an "sta'!ish"# stan#a%# o(

!i;ing)

-



+AMIL,

In th" $ont"9t o( hu*an so$i"t&2 a "amil$ (%o* Latin familiaG is a g%ou o( "o!" aP!iat"# '& $onsanguinit& '& %"$ogni"# 'i%thG2 aPnit& '& *a%%iag"G2 o% $o

%"si#"n$" an#Qo% sha%"# $onsu*tion s"" Nu%tu%" kinshiG) M"*'"%s o( th"i**"#iat" (a*i!& *a& in$!u#"2 singu!a%!& o% !u%a!!&2 a sous"2 a%"nt2 '%oth"%2sist"%2 son an#Qo% #aught"%) M"*'"%s o( th" "9t"n#"# (a*i!& *a& in$!u#"g%an#a%"nts2 aunts2 un$!"s2 $ousins2 n"h"ws ni"$"s an#Qo% si'!ingsin!aw)

In *ost so$i"ti"s2 th" (a*i!& is th" %in$ia! institution (o% th" so$ia!iation o($hi!#%"n) As th" 'asi$ unit (o% %aising $hi!#%"n2 anth%oo!ogists g"n"%a!!& $!assi(&*ost (a*i!& o%ganiation as *at%i!o$a! a *oth"% an# h"% $hi!#%"nG: $on=uga! ahus'an#2 his wi("2 an# $hi!#%"n: a!so $a!!"# th" nu$!"a% (a*i!&G: a;un$u!a% (o%"9a*!"2 a g%an#a%"nt2 a '%oth"%2 his sist"%2 an# h"% $hi!#%"nG: o% "9t"n#"# a%"nts an# $hi!#%"n $o%"si#" with oth"% *"*'"%s o( on" a%"nts (a*i!&G) S"9ua!%"!ations a*ong th" *"*'"%s a%" %"gu!at"# '& %u!"s $on$"%ning in$"st su$h as th"

in$"st ta'oo)

MARRIAGE

Marriage2 a!so $a!!"# ma%rimon$ o% we&lok 2 is a so$ia!!& o% %itua!!& %"$ogni"#

union o% !"ga! $ont%a$t '"tw""n sous"s that "sta'!ish"s %ights an# o'!igations

'"tw""n th"*2 '"tw""n th"* an# th"i% $hi!#%"n2 an# '"tw""n th"* an# th"i% in

!aws) Th" #"+nition o( *a%%iag" ;a%i"s a$$o%#ing to #i8"%"nt $u!tu%"s2 'ut it is

%in$ia!!& an institution in whi$h int"%"%sona! %"!ationshis2 usua!!& s"9ua!2 a%"

a$know!"#g"#) Ma%%iag" is th" union o( two "o!" wh"th"% o( th" sa*" s"9 o% o(

oosit" s"9"sG who $o**it to %o*anti$a!!& !o;ing an# $a%ing (o% "a$h oth"% an# tosha%ing th" 'u%#"ns an# '"n"+ts o( #o*"sti$ !i(") It is "ss"ntia!!& a union o( h"a%ts

an# *in#s2 "nhan$"# '& what";"% (o%*s o( s"9ua! inti*a$& 'oth a%tn"%s +n#

ag%""a'!") Th" stat" shou!# %"$ogni" an# %"gu!at" *a%%iag" '"$aus" it has an

int"%"st in sta'!" %o*anti$ a%tn"%shis an# in th" $on$%"t" n""#s o( sous"s an#

an& $hi!#%"n th"& *a& $hoos" to %"a%)

It has so*"ti*"s '""n sugg"st"# that th" $on=uga! un#"%stan#ing o( *a%%iag" is

'as"# on!& on %"!igious '"!i"(s) This is (a!s") A!though th" wo%!#s *a=o% %"!igious

t%a#itions ha;" histo%i$a!!& un#"%stoo# *a%%iag" as a union o( *an an# wo*an that

is '& natu%" at (o% %o$%"ation an# $hi!#%"a%ing2, this sugg"sts *"%"!& that no on"

%"!igion in;"nt"# *a%%iag") Inst"a#2 th" #"*an#s o( ou% $o**on hu*an natu%"ha;" sha"# how";"% i*"%("$t!&G a!! o( ou% %"!igious t%a#itions to %"$ogni" this

natu%a! institution) As su$h2 *a%%iag" is th" t&" o( so$ia! %a$ti$" whos" 'asi$

$ontou%s $an '" #is$"%n"# '& ou% $o**on hu*an %"ason2 what";"% ou% %"!igious

'a$kg%oun#) W" a%gu" in this A%ti$!" (o% !"ga!!& "nsh%ining th" $on=uga! ;i"w o(

*a%%iag"2 using a%gu*"nts that %"@ui%" no a"a! to %"!igious autho%it&)

5

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(law)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinship

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrifocal_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avuncular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_group

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consanguinity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(law)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurture_kinship

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialization

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropologist

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrifocal_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avuncular

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_family

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest_taboo

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language



SPO'SE

A spose is a !i(" a%tn"% in a *a%%iag"2 $i;i! union2 #o*"sti$ a%tn"%shi o%

$o**on!aw *a%%iag" $o**on!aw *a%%iag" #o"s not "9ist un#"% Eng!ish !awG)

Th" t"%* is g"n#"% n"ut%a!2 wh"%"as a *a!" sous" is a hus'an# an# a ("*a!"

sous" is a wi(") A!though a sous" is a (o%* o( signi+$ant oth"%2 th" !att"% t"%*

a!so in$!u#"s non*a%ita! a%tn"%s who !a& a so$ia! %o!" si*i!a% to that o( a sous"2

'ut #o not ha;" %ights an# #uti"s %"s"%;"# '& !aw to a sous")

Th" !"ga! status o( a sous"2 an# th" s"$i+$ %ights an# o'!igations asso$iat"# with

that status2 ;a%& signi+$ant!& '"tw""n #i8"%"nt =u%is#i$tions o( th" wo%!#) Th"s"

%"gu!ations a%" usua!!& #"s$%i'"# in (a*i!& !aw statut"s) ow";"%2 in *an& a%ts o(

th" wo%!#2 wh"%" $i;i! *a%%iag" is not that %";a!"nt2 th"%" is inst"a# $usto*a%&

*a%%iag"2 whi$h is usua!!& %"gu!at"# in(o%*a!!& '& th" $o**unit&) In *an& a%ts o(

th" wo%!#2 sousa! %ights an# o'!igations a%" %"!at"# to th" a&*"nt o( '%i#" %i$"2

#ow%& o% #ow"%) isto%i$a!!&2 *an& so$i"ti"s ha;" gi;"n s"ts o( %ights an#

o'!igations to *a!" *a%ita! a%tn"%s that ha;" '""n ;"%& #i8"%"nt (%o* th" s"ts o(

%ights an# o'!igations gi;"n to ("*a!" *a%ita! a%tn"%s)

MATRIMONIAL REMEDIES

Res%i%%ion o" on!gal righ%s.-

Wh"n "ith"% th" hus'an# o% th" wi(" has2 without %"asona'!" "9$us"2 with#%awn(%o* th" so$i"t& o( th" oth"%2 th" agg%i";"# a%t& *a& a!&2 '& "tition to th"#ist%i$t $ou%t2 (o% %"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights an# th" $ou%t2 on '"ing satis+"# o( th" t%uth o( th" stat"*"nts *a#" in su$h "tition an# that th"%" is no !"ga! g%oun#wh& th" a!i$ation shou!# not '" g%ant"#2 *a& #"$%"" %"stitution o( $on=uga! %ightsa$$o%#ing!&)

Ma%ita! O'!igations

I( a $ons"nt #"$%"" (o% %"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights un#"% s"$tion 1 o( th" in#uMa%%iag" A$t2 01552 is ass"#2 it wi!! not '" a nu!!it&) I( it is not $ha!!"ng"# in a"a!o% '& wa& o( oth"% %"*"#& a;ai!a'!" un#"% th" !aw an# '"$o*"s +na!2 it $annot '"igno%"# an# $an (o%* th" 'asis o( #i;o%$" %o$""#ings un#"% s"$tion 0,0AG o( th"in#u Ma%%iag" A$t2 0155: Sa%o= Rani ;) Su#a%shan Hu*a% 2 AIR 01/- SC 05.6)

.



R"asona'!" "9$us"

Wh"%" it is (oun# that $on#u$t o( hus'an# $%"at"# %"asona'!" a%"h"nsion in *in#o( wi(" that it wou!# '" unsa(" (o% h"% not to sta& with hus'an#2 th" #"$%"" (o%%"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights in (a;ou% o( hus'an# $annot '" g%ant"#: Ha*a!a#";i ;)Shi;a Hu*a% Swa*&2 AIR 644, Ha% ,.)

R"stitution #"$%""Li*itation

Fo% o'taining a #i;o%$" on (ai!u%" o( g"tting %"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights ";"n a(t"%a #"$%"" a sous" has to wait (o% on" &"a%) Thus th" %"stitution #"$%"" an# th"s"$on# "tition (o% #i;o%$" *ight '" a s!ight!& *o%" "9"#itious wa& (o% g"tting%"!i"(: Ha%a'i Das ;) ?a%itosh Das 2 AIR 644, Ca! .0)

R"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights

In a "tition (o% %"stitution o( Con=uga! Rights2 a!t"%nati;" %"!i"( o( #i;o%$" $annot '"

$!ai*"#) Th"s" %a&"%s a%" *utua!!& #"st%u$ti;" o( "a$h oth"% an#2 th"%"(o%"2$annot '" *a#" tog"th"%: Ba!#"; Ra= ;) Bi*!a Sha%*a2 AIR 644. ? ,,)

S$o"

An& !aw whi$h wou!# gi;" an "9$!usi;" %ight to th" hus'an# to #"$i#" uon th"!a$" o( th" *at%i*onia! ho*" without $onsi#"%ing th" *"%its o( th" $!ai* o( th"wi(" wou!# '" $ont%a%& to A%ti$!" 0- an# un$onstitutiona! (o% that %"ason: Swa%a=a%g ;) H)M) a%g 2 AIR 013/ D"! 61.)

With#%awa! without %"asona'!" "9$us" o% =ust $aus"

Wi(" is un#"% an o'!igation to !i;" with h"% hus'an# in his ho*" an# un#"% his %oo( "9$"t in $as" o( #istin$t an# s"$i+$ *is$on#u$t on th" a%t o( th" hus'an#) Th"*a%ita! o'!igation has '""n (u%th"% 'utt%"ss"# '& $!"a% statuto%& %"$ognition '&s"$tion 1 o( th" in#u Ma%%iag" A$t: Hai!ash Wati ;) A&o#h&a ?a%kash2 0133 31G ?LR035)

/0. 1&iial separa%ion.-

K0G Eith"% a%t& to a *a%%iag"2 wh"th"% so!"*ni"# '"(o%" o% a(t"% th"$o**"n$"*"nt o( this A$t2 *a& %"s"nt a "tition %a&ing (o% a #"$%"" (o% =u#i$ia!s"a%ation on an& o( th" g%oun#s s"$i+"# in su's"$tion 0G o( s"$tion 0,2 an# inth" $as" o( a wi(" a!so on an& o( th" g%oun#s s"$i+"# in su's"$tion 6G th"%"o(2 asg%oun#s on whi$h a "tition (o% #i;o%$" *ight ha;" '""n %"s"nt"#)

6G Wh"%" a #"$%"" (o% =u#i$ia! s"a%ation has '""n ass"#2 it sha!! no !ong"% '"o'!igato%& (o% th" "tition"% to $oha'it with th" %"son#"nt2 'ut th" $ou%t *a&2 onth" a!i$ation '& "tition o( "ith"% a%t& an# on '"ing satis+"# o( th" t%uth o( th"stat"*"nts *a#" in su$h "tition2 %"s$in# th" #"$%"" i( it $onsi#"%s it =ust an#%"asona'!" to #o so)

3



) Di;o%$")

0G An& *a%%iag" so!"*ni"#2 wh"th"% '"(o%" o% a(t"% th" $o**"n$"*"nt o( this

A$t2 *a&2 on a "tition %"s"nt"# '& "ith"% th" hus'an# o% th" wi("2 '" #isso!;"# '&

a #"$%"" o( #i;o%$" on th" g%oun# that th" oth"% a%t&

0KiG has2 a(t"% th" so!"*niation o( th" *a%%iag"2 ha# ;o!unta%& s"9ua! int"%$ou%s"

with an& "%son oth"% than his o% h"% sous": o%

0Ki)aG has2 a(t"% th" so!"*nisation o( th" *a%%iag"2 t%"at"# th" "tition"% with

$%u"!t&: o%

0Ki)'G has #"s"%t"# th" "tition"% (o% a $ontinuous "%io# o( not !"ss than two &"a%s

i**"#iat"!& %"$"#ing th" %"s"ntation o( th" "tition: o%

iiG has $"as"# to '" a in#u '& $on;"%sion to anoth"% %"!igion: o%

6KiiiG has '""n in$u%a'!& o( unsoun# *in#2 o% has '""n su8"%ing $ontinuous!& o%

int"%*itt"nt!& (%o* *"nta! #iso%#"% o( su$h a kin# an# to su$h an "9t"nt that th"

"tition"% $annot %"asona'!& '" "9"$t"# to !i;" with th" %"son#"nt)

Maintenance is o(t"n us"# as a s&non&* (o% spousal support o% alimony 2 an# th"

t"%* is in (a$t %"!a$ing a!i*on&) T%a#itiona!!&2 a!i*on& was so!"!& th" %ight o( th"

wi(" to '" suo%t"# '& th" hus'an#) In Orr v. Orr 2 --4 U)S) 6./2 11 S) Ct) 00462 51

L) E#) 6# ,4. 0131G2 th" U)S) Su%"*" Cou%t h"!# that an A!a'a*a statut" A!a)

Co#" ,4650 to ,465, K0135G that %o;i#"# that on!& hus'an#s $ou!# '"

%"@ui%"# to a& a!i*on& ;io!at"# th" EUAL ?ROTECTION CLAUSE o( th" Fou%t""nth

A*"n#*"nt) Un#"% $u%%"nt !aw a!i*on& *a& '" a&*"nt '& "ith"% th" wi(" o% th"

hus'an# in suo%t o( th" oth"%)

Th" awa%# o( sousa! *aint"nan$" is g"n"%a!!& #"t"%*in"# 'as"# on a!! o% so*" o(

th" (o!!owing gui#"!in"s th" %"$ii"nts +nan$ia! n""#s: th" a&"%s a'i!it& to a&:

th" ag" an# h"a!th o( th" a%ti"s: th" stan#a%# o( !i;ing th" %"$ii"nt '"$a*"

a$$usto*"# to #u%ing th" *a%%iag": th" !"ngth o( th" *a%%iag": "a$h a%t&s a'i!it&

to "a%n an# '" s"!(suo%ting: an# th" %"$ii"nts non*on"ta%& $ont%i'utions to th"

*a%%iag")

Th" a*ount an# !"ngth o( sousa! *aint"nan$" a&*"nts *a& '" ag%""# to '& th"a%ti"s an# a%o;"# o( '& th" $ou%t2 o% *a& '" s"t '& th" $ou%t wh"n th" issu" is

$ont"st"#) So*" stat"s ha;" a#ot"# +nan$ia! s$h"#u!"s to h"! =u#g"s #"t"%*in"

th" a%o%iat" !";"! o( suo%t) A!though *aint"nan$" g"n"%a!!& tak"s th" (o%* o(

"%io#i$ a&*"nts o( *on"& #i%"$t!& to th" %"$ii"nt2 it $an a!so $onstitut" a

a&*"nt to a thi%# a%t& to satis(& an o'!igation o( th" %"$"i;ing sous")

/



Maint"nan$" *a& '" s"t in a %"#"t"%*in"# a*ount2 su$h as 02444 a *onth2 o% it

*a& '" a u$tuating "%$"ntag"2 su$h as 65 "%$"nt o( th" a&"%s g%oss in$o*")

Sousa! *aint"nan$" *a& '" t"*o%a%& o% "%*an"nt) Th" a%ti"s g"n"%a!!& *a&

a#=ust its a*ount at a (utu%" #at" '& %"tu%ning to $ou%t an# %"ass"ssing th" %"!";ant

$%it"%ia at that ti*") In so*" stat"s th" a%ti"s *a& (o%";"% wai;" th"i% %ight tosousa! *aint"nan$" '& w%itt"n ag%""*"nt)

Sousa! *aint"nan$" a&*"nts a!wa&s $"as" uon th" #"ath o% %"*a%%iag" o( th"

%"$ii"nt) So*" stat"s ha;" a#ot"# !aws that %o;i#" (o% th" t"%*ination o(

*aint"nan$" wh"n th" a&"% $an show that th" %"$ii"nt is !i;ing with anoth"%

"%son as i( *a%%i"#2 'ut has not %"*a%%i"# '"$aus" h" o% sh" wants to $ontinu" to

%"$"i;" *aint"nan$" a&*"nts) Maint"nan$" a!so g"n"%a!!& t"%*inat"s uon th"

#"ath o( th" a&"%2 a!though a *ino%it& o( stat"s wi!! g%ant th" %"$"i;ing sous" a

$!ai* on th" "stat" o( th" a&ing sous") A!t"%nati;"!&2 *an& stat"s %"@ui%" th"

a&ing sous" to $a%%& insu%an$" on his o% h"% !i("2 a&a'!" to th" %"$ii"nt sous"2

in !i"u o( g%anting th" %"$ii"nt th" %ight to *ak" a $!ai* on th" a&"%s "stat")

Sousa! *aint"nan$" that is "%io#i$ an# *a#" in #is$ha%g" o( a !"ga! o'!igation is

in$!u#"# in th" g%oss in$o*" o( th" %"$ii"nt an# is #"#u$ti'!" '& th" a&"%) Oth"%

;o!unta%& a&*"nts2 *a#" '& on" sous" to th" oth"%2 a%" not t%"at"# th" sa*"

wa& '& th" ta9 $o#"

LEAL SE?ERATION

L"ga! s"a%ation is an a!t"%nati;" to #i;o%$" (o% "o!" who $ant $ontinu" to !i;"tog"th"% 'ut #o not want to "n# th"i% *a%%iag") A $ou!" is !"ga!!& s"a%at"# a(t"%"titioning th" $ou%t to %"$ogni" th"i% s"a%ation) Si*!& !i;ing aa%t #o"s not$onstitut" a !"ga! s"a%ation)

WHA( IS A LEGAL SEPERA(ION AGREEMEN(2

A !"ga! s"a%ation ag%""*"nt is a !"ga! #o$u*"nt sign"# '& 'oth sous"s2 whi$h#"tai!s su$h issu"s as $hi!# $usto#&2 sousa! suo%t an# !i;ing a%%ang"*"nts) Inso*" stat"s2 !"ga! a#;i$" is %"@ui%"# to *ak" a s"a%ation ag%""*"nt !"ga!!&'in#ing) You% atto%n"& wi!! *ak" a!i$ation to th" $ou%t so that a =u#g" $an sign th"ag%""*"nt) I( &ou $o*" to an ag%""*"nt with &ou% sous" without *aking it $ou%t

o%#"%"#2 &ou wi!! ha;" no !"ga! %ot"$tion shou!# &ou% sous" #"$i#" not to (o!!owth" ag%""*"nt)

ESSEN(IALS (O CONSI*ER *'RING A LEGAL SEPERA(ION AGREEMEN(3

• I( &ou a%" *o;ing out2 '" su%" &ou% na*" is %"*o;"# (%o* an& %"nta! !"as"s)I( &ou% sous" #o"snt a& th" %"nt2 &ou #ont want to '" h"!# a$$ounta'!")

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• a;" &ou% *ai! (o%wa%# to &ou% n"w a##%"ss o% ost oP$" 'o9)

• H"" a $o& o( a!! a##%"ss"s2 hon" nu*'"%s an# a$$ount in(o%*ation on*o%tgag"s2 'ank a$$ounts an# $%"#it a$$ounts) a;" &ou% na*" %"*o;"#(%o* an& a$$ounts that &ou no !ong"% want to '" %"sonsi'!")

• Mak" $oi"s o( a!! in$o*" ta9 %"$o%#s (o% th" ast si9 &"a%s2 at th" !"ast)Stat" an# F"#"%a! ta9 ag"n$i"s a%" not a a%t& to *a%ita! s"a%ation an##i;o%$" so an& ta9"s ow"# wi!! sti!! '" &ou% %"sonsi'i!it&)

• ?ut a (%""" on a!! =oint 'ank an# $%"#it a$$ounts i( &ou $ant g"t &ou% sous"to ag%"" to ha;" &ou% na*" %"*o;"#) Unti! th" a$$ounts a%" (%o"n &ou a%"sti!! !"ga!!& %"sonsi'!" i( th"& a%" in 'oth &ou% na*" an# &ou% sous"sna*")

• It is not unusua! (o% a #i;o%$" =u#g*"nt to awa%# s"a%at"# sous"s th""%sona! %o"%t& that is in th"i% own oss"ssion) I( th"%" a%" i*o%tant

'"!ongings that &ou !"a;" with &ou% sous" uon s"a%ation2 &ou shou!#s"$i(& in &ou% s"a%ation ag%""*"nt that thos" things $o*" to &ou i( &oushou!# #i;o%$")

• I( &ou a%" #oing a !"ga! s"a%ation inst"a# o( #i;o%$" so that &ou $an *aintainh"a!th insu%an$" $o;"%ag" $h"$k th" o!i$& !anguag" $a%"(u!!&) So*"insu%an$" $o*ani"s in$!u#" !anguag" whi$h wi!! $aus" $o;"%ag" to !as" inth" ";"nt o( a !"ga! s"a%ation) B" su%" &ou a%" sti!! $o;"%"#2 #ont tak" it (o%g%ant"#)

• Consu!t with an a$$ountant $on$"%ning "nsion !ans an# %"ti%"*"nt'"n"+ts) You n""# to *ak" su%" that &ou *""t a!! o( th" n"$"ssa%& !"ga!

%"@ui%"*"nts to *aintain &ou% int"%"st in an& "nsion a$$ounts o% %"ti%"*"nt'"n"+ts)

*I4ORCE LAW

!G An& *a%%iag" whi$h is so!"*ni"#2 wh"th"% '"(o%" o% a(t"% th" $o**"n$"*"nt o(

th" in#u *a%%iag" A$t2 *a& '" Disso!;"# '& a #"$%"" o( #i;o%$"2 '& "ith"% th"

us'an# o% th" wi(" %"s"nting th" "tition on th" (o!!owing g%oun#s

IG Fi%st!& ha;ing ha# ;o!unta%& s"9ua! int"%$ou%s" with an& "%son oth"% than his o%h"% sous"

I aG S"$on#!& has t%"at"# th" "tition"% with $%u"!t& a(t"% *a%%iag": o%

I 'G Thi%#!& has #"s"%t"# th" "tition"% (o% a $ontinuous "%io# o( not !"ss than two

&"a%s i**"#iat"!& %"$"#ing th" %"s"ntation o( th" "tition: o%

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iiG Fou%th!& has $hang"# is %"!igion an# has $"as"# to '" a in#u '& $on;"%sion to

anoth"% %"!igion: o%

iiiG has '""n in$u%a'!& o( unsoun# *in#2 o% has '""n su8"%ing $ontinuous!& o%

int"%*itt"nt!& (%o* *"nta! #iso%#"% o( su$h a kin# an# to su$h an "9t"nt that th"

"tition"% $annot %"asona'!& '" "9"$t"# to !i;" with th" %"son#"nt)

E5plana%ion3 In %his lase-

aG th" "9%"ssion *"nta! #iso%#"% *"ans *"nta! i!!n"ss2 a%%"st"# o% in$o*!"t"

#";"!o*"nt o( *in#2 s&$hoathi$ #iso%#"% o% an& oth"% #iso%#"% o% #isa'i!it& o(

*in# an# in$!u#"s s$hioh%"nia:

'G th" "9%"ssion s&$hoathi$ #iso%#"% *"ans a "%sist"nt #iso%#"% o% #isa'i!it&

o( *in# wh"th"% o% not in$!u#ing su' no%*a!it& o( int"!!ig"n$"G whi$h %"su!ts in

a'no%*a!!& agg%"ssi;" o% s"%ious!& i%%"sonsi'!" $on#u$t on th" a%t o( th" oth"%

a%t&2 an# wh"th"% o% not it %"@ui%"s o% is sus$"ti'!" to *"#i$a! t%"at*"nt: o%

i;G has '""n su8"%ing (%o* a ;i%u!"nt an# in$u%a'!" (o%* o( !"%os&: o% ;G has '""n

su8"%ing (%o* ;"n"%"a! #is"as" in a $o**uni$a'!" (o%*: o% ;iG has %"noun$"# th"

wo%!# '& "nt"%ing an& %"!igious o%#"%: o%

;iiG has not '""n h"a%# o( as '"ing a!i;" (o% a "%io# o( s";"n &"a%s o% *o%" '&

thos" "%sons who wou!# natu%a!!& ha;" h"a%# o( it2 an# that a%t& '""n a!i;":

E9!anation) In this su's"$tion2 th" "9%"ssion #"s"%tion *"ans th" #"s"%tion o(

th" "tition"% '& th" oth"% a%t& to th" *a%%iag" without %"asona'!" $aus" an#

without th" $ons"nt o% against th" wish o( su$h a%t&2 an# in$!u#"s th" wi!!(u!

n"g!"$t o( th" "tition"% '& th" oth"% a%t& to th" *a%%iag"2 an# its g%a**ati$a!;a%iations an# $ognat" "9%"ssions sha!! '" $onst%u"# a$$o%#ing!&:

! AG Ei%her par%$ %o a marriage6 whe%her solemni7e& #e"ore or a"%er %he

ommenemen% o" %his A%6 ma$ also presen% a pe%i%ion "or %he &issol%ion

o" %he marriage #$ a &eree o" &i8ore on %he gron&

iG that th"%" has '""n no %"su*tion o( $oha'itation as '"tw""n th" a%ti"s to th"

*a%%iag" (o% a "%io# o( on" &"a% o% uwa%#s a(t"% th" assing o( a #"$%"" (o%

=u#i$ia! s"a%ation in a %o$""#ing to whi$h th"& w"%" a%ti"s: o%

iiG that th"%" has '""n no %"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights as '"tw""n th" a%ti"s to

th" *a%%iag" (o% a "%io# o( on" &"a% o% uwa%#s a(t"% th" assing o( a #"$%"" (o%%"stitution o( $on=uga! %ights in a %o$""#ing to whi$h th"& w"%" a%ti"s)

6G A wi"e ma$ also presen% a pe%i%ion "or %he &issol%ion o" her marriage

#$ a &eree o" &i8ore on %he gron&2

iG in th" $as" o( an& *a%%iag" so!"*ni"# '"(o%" th" $o**"n$"*"nt o( this A$t2

that th" hus'an# ha# *a%%i"# again '"(o%" su$h $o**"n$"*"nt o% that an& oth"%

wi(" o( th" hus'an# *a%%i"# '"(o%" su$h $o**"n$"*"nt was a!i;" at th" ti*" o(

00



th" so!"*niation o( th" *a%%iag" o( th" "tition"%:

?%o;i#"# that in "ith"% $as" th" oth"% wi(" is a!i;" at th" ti*" o( th" %"s"ntation o(

th" "tition: o%

iiG that th" hus'an# has2 sin$" th" so!"*niation o( th" *a%%iag"2 '""n gui!t& o(

%a"2 so#o*& o% '"stia!it&: o%

iiiG that in a suit un#"% s"$tion 0/ o( th" in#u A#otions an# Maint"nan$" A$t2015.2 o% in a %o$""#ing un#"% s"$tion 065 o( th" Co#" o( C%i*ina! ?%o$"#u%"2 013,

o% un#"% th" $o%%"son#ing s"$tion -// o( th" Co#" o( C%i*ina! ?%o$"#u%"2 0/1/G2 a

#"$%"" o% o%#"%2 as th" $as" *a& '"2 has '""n ass"# against th" hus'an#

awa%#ing *aint"nan$" to th" wi(" notwithstan#ing that sh" was !i;ing aa%t an#

that sin$" th" assing o( su$h #"$%"" o% o%#"%2 $oha'itation '"tw""n th" a%ti"s has

not '""n %"su*"# (o% on" &"a% o% uwa%#s: o%

i;G that h"% *a%%iag" wh"th"% $onsu**at"# o% notG was so!"*ni"# '"(o%" sh"

attain"# th" ag" o( +(t""n &"a%s an# sh" has %"u#iat"# th" *a%%iag" a(t"%

attaining that ag" 'ut '"(o%" attaining th" ag" o( "ight""n &"a%s)

E9!anation)This $!aus" a!i"s wh"th"% th" *a%%iag" was so!"*ni"# '"(o%" o%

a(t"% th" $o**"n$"*"nt o( th" Ma%%iag" Laws A*"n#*"ntG A$t 013.)

/. Correspon&ing law. This s"$tion $o%%"son#s to s) 63 o( th" Speial Marriage

A% /9:;2 s) 04 o( th" Di;o%$" A$t 0/.1 an# s) ,6 o( th" ?a%si Ma%%iag" an# Di;o%$"

A$t 01,.)

<. O#!e% an& sope. Th" o'="$t o( this s"$tion is to s"$i(& th" g%oun#s on whi$h

a #"$%"" (o% #i;o%$" *a& '" o'tain"# '& a a%t& to th" *a%%iag") This A$t is th" +%st

C"nt%a! !"gis!ati;" int"%("%"n$" in th" $usto*a%& !aw o( #i;o%$" a*ong in#us) It

%o;i#"s (o% th" g%oun#s o( #i;o%$") This s"$tion has two a%ts2 th" +%st a%t #"a!ingwith th" %ight o( #i;o%$" '& "ith"% a%t& to th" *a%%iag"2 an# th" s"$on# a%t

#"a!ing with th" %ight o( #i;o%$" '& th" wi(" on!&) Th" +%st a%t o( this s"$tion !a$"s

'oth th" hus'an# an# th" wi(" on "@ua! (ooting so (a% as th" %ight o( #i;o%$" is

$on$"%n"#) Th" s"$on# a%t !a$"s th" wi(" in a %i;i!"g"# osition (o% th" u%os"

o( #i;o%$") Th" g%oun# o( #i;o%$" as s"$i+"# in su's"$tions) 0G an# ,G o( s) 0,

a%" i#"nti$a! to thos" o( =u#i$ia! s"a%ation un#"% s) 04 o( th" A$t) Thus2 s) 040G an#

su's"$tions) 0G an# 6G o( s) 0, stan# on th" sa*" an# on" !"ga! !at(o%*)

Th" A$t %ot"$ts th" $usto*a%& #i;o%$" whi$h is outsi#" its s$o" an# not #"a!t with

in s"$i+$ t"%*s) This wi!! '" ";i#"nt (%o* th" %o;ision o( s) 616G o( th" A$t) It is"nough (o% th" "9$"tion in s) 616G o( th" A$t to o"%at" to %o;" that th"%" has

'""n as a (a$t su$h a $usto*a%& #i;o%$" o% #isso!ution o( a in#u *a%%iag") It is

n"$"ssa%& (o% th" a%ti"s to su$h a #i;o%$" o% #isso!ution o( th" in#u *a%%iag" to

go again '"(o%" th" $ou%t un#"% s) 04 o% s) 0, o( th" A$t an# o'tain san$tion o( th"

$ou%t in o%#"% that this #i;o%$" o% #isso!ution *a& '" %"n#"%"# ;a!i#) Th" wo%#s

Nothing $ontain"# in this A$t sha!! '" #""*"# to a8"$t an& %ight in s) 616G o( th"

A$t $!"a%!& in#i$at" th" !i*it"# s$o" o( s) 0, o( th" A$t2 !i*it"# in s"ns" that it wi!!

06

http://www.legalserviceindia.com/helpline/marriage.htm






not o;"%%i#" th" %o;isions in s"$ia! "na$t*"nts $on("%%ing %ight to o'tain

#isso!ution o( th" in#u *a%%iag")

MAIN(AINANCE Th" who!" $on$"t o( *aint"nan$" was int%o#u$"# in o%#"% to s"" that i( th"%" is asous" who is not in#""n#"nt +nan$ia!!& than th" oth"% sous" shou!# h"!hi*Qh"% in o%#"% to *ak" th" !i;ing o( th" oth"% "%son ossi'!" an# in#""n#"nt)?%o;i#ing *aint"nan$" *"ans that th" oth"% "%son who is g"tting th" *aint"nan$"shou!# '" a'!" to !i;" th" !i(" as h" o% sh" !i;"# '"(o%" *a%%iag" in $as" o( #i;o%$"an# in $as" wh"%" th" two a%tn"%s a%" not !i;ing tog"th"% an# th"& s""k*aint"nan$" than th" sous" g"tting *aint"nan$" shou!# '" a'!" to !i;" a !i(" aswh"n th"& !i;"# tog"th"%) Maint"nan$" is th" a*ount whi$h a hus'an# is un#"% ano'!igation to *ak" to a wi(" "ith"% #u%ing th" su'sist"n$" o( th" *a%%iag" o% uon

s"a%ation o% #i;o%$"2 un#"% $"%tain $i%$u*stan$"s) Maint"nan$" not on!& in$!u#"s'asi$ n"$"ssiti"s !ik" (oo#2 $!othing an# %"si#"n$" 'ut it a!so in$!u#"s th" thingsn"$"ssa%& (o% $o*(o%t an# status in whi$h th" "%son "ntit!"# is %"asona'!&"9"$t"# to !i;") Th" *ain ai* o( %o;i#ing *aint"nan$" is that th" wi(" shou!# not'" !"(t #"stitut" on s"a%ation o% #i;o%$" (%o* h"% hus'an#) In a !a&*"ns t"%**aint"nan$" a%" thos" things whi$h a%" in#is"nsi'!" (o% th" su%;i;a! o( hu*an'"ing)

Th" *ost i*o%tant as"$t o( *aint"nan$" is that th" a%t& whi$h %"!i"s on*aint"nan$" has no in#""n#"nt sou%$" o( in$o*" to suo%t hi*s"!(Qh"%s"!() Th"*ain oint w" ha;" to (o$us on in in#""n#"nt in$o*") Shou!# th" sous" who is$!ai*ing *aint"nan$" ha;" *o;a'!" o% i**o;a'!" %o"%t&2 th" sous" $an sti!!

$!ai* *aint"nan$" i( th" %o"%t& #o"s not &i"!# an& in$o*")

Th" "%sons who a%" "ntit!"# to *aint"nan$" un#"% th" in#u A#otions an#Maint"nan$" A$t AMAG2 015. a%" wi("2 wi#ow"# #aught"%in!aw2 $hi!#%"n2 ag"#a%"nts an# #""n#ants as "nu*"%at"# in S"$tion 60 o( th" A$t) Wh"%"as2 un#"%th" Mus!i* !aw2 th" "%sons "ntit!"# to *aint"nan$" a%" wi("2 &oung $hi!#%"n2 th"n"$"ssitous a%"nts2 an# oth"% n"$"ssitous %"!ations within th" %ohi'it"##"g%""s) Th" Mus!i* Law o( *aint"nan$" is 'as"# on th" Mus!i* "%sona! !aws an#th" !aw "na$t*"nts su$h as th" In#ian Ma=o%it& A$t2 0/352 th" C%i*ina! ?%o$"#u%"$o#" 013,2 Mus!i* Wo*"n ?%ot"$tion o( Rights on Di;o%$"G A$t2 01/.)

Maint"nan$" o( Wi(" un#"% S"$tion 0/2 Th" in#u A#otions An#

Maint"nan$" A$t2 015.

Un#"% th" s"$tion 0/0G o( th" AMA2 015. wi(" is "ntit!"# to *aint"nan$" '& h"%

hus'an# (o% !i("ti*" i)") sh" wi!! '" gi;"n *aint"nan$" unti! sh" #i"s o% h"% hus'an#

#i"s) Un#"% s"$tion 0/ o( this A$t a in#u wi(" is "ntit!"# to !i;" s"a%at"!& (%o* h"%

hus'an# without $an$"!ing h"% %ight to $!ai* *aint"nan$") Th" g%oun#s un#"%

whi$h sh" $an !i;" s"a%at"!& a%"

0,



0G us'an# is gui!t& o( #"s"%tion

6G Th" us'an# has t%"at"# h"% with $%u"!t&

,G Th" hus'an# is su8"%ing (%o* a ;i%u!"nt (o%* o( !"%os&

-GTh" hus'an# has an& oth"% wi(" !i;ing)

5G Th" hus'an# k""s a $on$u'in" "!s"wh"%"

.G Th" us'an# has $"as"# to '" a hin#u '& $on;"%sion to anoth"% %"!igion an#

3G i( th"%" is an& oth"% $aus" =usti(&ing !i;ing s"a%at"!&

But th"%" a%" two 'a%s whi$h wi!! %";"nt a wi(" (%o* $!ai*ing *aint"nan$" (%o*

h"% hus'an# i)") iG i( sh" is un$hast" o% iiG i( sh" $"as"s to '" a in#u '&

$on;"%sion to anoth"% %"!igion)

Maint"nan$" un#"% Mus!i* Law

Mus!i* Law assi;"!& $onsi#"%s *a!" to '" su"%io% to th" wo*an) It is '"!i";"#

that a *an $an tak" $a%" o( hi*s"!( wh"%"as th" wo*an $annot2 in oth"% wo%#s it is

#"#u$"# that a wo*an $annot '" s"!( %"!iant) "n$"2 in Mus!i* !aw th" wi(" has

'""n '"stow"# with an a'so!ut" %ight to '" *aintain"# an# th" hus'an# is 'oun# to

*aintain h"% %"ga%#!"ss o( th" (a$t wh"th"% sh"s oo% o% not) Wi("s %ight to

*aint"nan$" is a #"'t against th" hus'an#) In Mus!i* !aw2 wi(" is %"("%%"# o;"% a!!

th" oth"% "%sons ";"n th" &oung $hi!#%"n X oth"% n"$"ssitous %"!ationsG) ow";"%2

th" wo*ans %ight an# hus'an#s o'!igation "9ists on!& i( th" wi(" %"*ains (aith(u! to

h"% hus'an# an# o'"&s a!! his %"asona'!" o%#"%s)

Non"th"!"ss2 th" wi(" #o"s not !oos" th" %ight to *aint"nan$" i( sh" %"(us"s a$$"ss

to h"% hus'an# on !"ga! g%oun#s su$h as h"% i!!n"ss o% i( th" *a%%iag" $annot '"

$onsu**at"# i)") $annot '" $on$!u#"# '& th" s"9ua! int"%$ou%s" '"$aus" o( h"% o!#

ag"2 i!!n"ss2 his *ino%it& o% (au!t& o%gan) ow";"% i( th" wi(" '"ing too &oung (o%

s"9ua! int"%$ou%s"2 !i;"s with h"% a%"nts2 sh" #o"s not oss"ss an& %ight (o%

*aint"nan$")

Th" wi(" a!so oss"ss th" %ight to $!ai* *aint"nan$" on th" a$$ount o( a %"Qant"

nutia! ag%""*"nt i)") *aint"nan$" in th" ";"nt o( i!! t%"at*"nt) A!ong with this2 th"

wi(" a!so g"ts th" %i;i!"g" o( '"ing "ntit!"# to a s"$ia! a!!owan$" $a!!"# Hha%$hi

an#an2 gua%a un#"% su$h ag%""*"nt) Mus!i* !aw %o;i#"s %o;isions (o% th" %ight

to *aint"nan$" i( th" wi(" sta&s s"a%at"!& #u" to $%u"! '"ha;io% o% nona&*"nt o(

0-



%o*t #ow"%) But a wi(" $annot $!ai* an& *aint"nan$" #u%ing wi#owhoo# o% I##at

'"$aus" o( h"% "ntit!"*"nt to inh"%itan$".

CILD CUSTODY

Chi!# $usto#& is a t"%* us"# in (a*i!& !aw $ou%ts to #"+n" !"ga! gua%#ianshi o( a

$hi!# un#"% th" ag" o( 0/)

Du%ing #i;o%$" o% *a%%iag" annu!*"nt %o$""#ings2 th" issu" o( $hi!# $usto#& o(t"n

'"$o*"s a *att"% (o% th" $ou%t to #"t"%*in") In *ost $as"s2 'oth a%"nts $ontinu"

to sha%" !"ga! $hi!# $usto#& 'ut on" a%"nt gains h&si$a! $hi!# $usto#&) Fa*i!& !aw

$ou%ts g"n"%a!!& 'as" #"$isions on th" '"st int"%"sts o( th" $hi!# o% $hi!#%"n2 not

a!wa&s on th" '"st a%gu*"nts o( "a$h a%"nt)

This is a s"$u!a% !aw (o% aoint*"nt an# #"$!a%ation o( gua%#ians an# a!!i"#

*att"%s2 i%%"s"$ti;" o( $ast"2 $o**unit& o% %"!igion2 though in $"%tain *att"%s2 th"$ou%t wi!! gi;" $onsi#"%ation to th" "%sona! !aw o( th" a%ti"s) Th" %o;isions o( th"

MA an# oth"% "%sona! !awsG an# th" WA a%" $o*!"*"nta%& an# not in

#"%ogation to "a$h oth"%2 an# th" $ou%ts a%" o'!ig"# to %"a# th"* tog"th"% in a

ha%*onious wa&) In #"t"%*ining th" @u"stion o( $usto#& an# gua%#ianshi2 th"

a%a*ount $onsi#"%ation is th" w"!(a%" o( th" *ino%) Th" wo%# w"!(a%" has to '"

tak"n in its wi#"st s"ns"2 an# *ust in$!u#" th" $hi!#s2 *o%a! as w"!! as h&si$a!

w"!!'"ing2 an# a!so ha;" %"ga%# to th" ti"s o( a8"$tion)

Th" Eng!ish an# In#ian #"$isions a%" %"!"t" with su$h stat"*"nts that

iG Th" $hi!#%"n o( t"n#"% &"a%s shou!# '" $o**itt"# to th" $usto#& o( th" *oth"%2

iiG O!#"% 'o&s shou!# '" in th" $usto#& o( th" (ath"%2

iiiG O!#"% gi%!s in th" $usto#& o( th" *oth"%) But th"s" a%" =u#i$ia! stat"*"nts o(

g"n"%a! natu%" an# th"%" is no ha%# an# (ast %u!")

As to th" $hi!#%"n o( t"n#"% &"a%s it is now a +%*!& "sta'!ish"# %a$ti$" that *oth"%)

shou!# ha;" th"i% $usto#& sin$" (ath"% $annot %o;i#" that *at"%na! a8"$tion

whi$h a%" "ss"ntia! (o% th"i% %o"% g%owth)

It is a!so now a$ (o% %o"% s&$ho!ogi$a! #";"!o*"nt o( $hi!#%"n o( t"n#"% &"a%s

*a is in#is"nsa'!")

Th" in#u Mino%it& an# ua%#ianshi A$t2 015. $ontains a %o;ision whi$h !a&s

#own that $usto#& o( a $hi!# uon th" ag" o( +;" shou!# o%#ina%i!& '" with th"

*oth"%)

05



Un#"% oth"% "%sona! !aws2 though it is no su$h statuto%& %o;ision2 th" In#ian

$ou%ts ha;" $onsist"nt!& tak"n ;i"w)

In g"n"%a!2 $ou%ts t"n# to awa%# ?YSICAL $hi!# $usto#& to th" a%"nt who

#"*onst%at"s th" *ost +nan$ia! s"$u%it&2 a#"@uat" a%"nting ski!!s an# th" !"ast

#is%ution (o% th" $hi!#)Both a%"nts $ontinu" to sha%" !"ga! $hi!# $usto#& unti! th" *ino% has %"a$h"# th"

ag" o( 0/ o% '"$o*"s !"ga!!& "*an$iat"#) L"ga! $usto#& *"ans that "ith"% a%"nt

$an *ak" #"$isions whi$h a8"$t th" w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!#2 su$h as *"#i$a!

t%"at*"nts2 %"!igious %a$ti$"s an# insu%an$" $!ai*s) ?h&si$a! $hi!# $usto#& *"ans

that on" a%"nt is h"!# %i*a%i!& %"sonsi'!" (o% th" $hi!#s housing2 "#u$ationa!

n""#s an# (oo#) In *ost $as"s2 th" non$usto#ia! a%"nt sti!! has ;isitation %ights)

Man& o( th" %"!igions %a$ti$ing in In#ia ha;" th"i% own "%sona! !aws an# th"& ha;"

th"i% #i8"%"nt notion o( $usto#&)

Cs%o&$ n&er Hin& Law3 A *oth"% who n"g!"$ts th" in(ant $hi!# as sh" #o"s

not want to sa$%i+$" th" t&" o( !i(" sh" !"a#ing $an '" #"%i;"# o( $usto#&)

In %"s"$t o( o!#"% $hi!#%"n ou% $ou%ts tak" th" ;i"w that th" *a!" $hi!#%"n a'o;"

th" ag" o( si9t""n &"a%s an# ("*a!" $hi!#%"n a'o;" th" ag" o( (ou%t""n &"a%s2

shou!# not o%#ina%i!& '" $o*"!!"# to !i;" in th" $usto#& to whi$h th"& o'="$t)

ow";"%2 ";"n th" wish"s o( th" *atu%" $hi!#%"n wi!! '" gi;"n $onsi#"%ation on!& i(

th"& a%" $onsist"nt with th"i% w"!(a%"Z In V"nkata%a**a ;) Tu!si2 th" $ou%t

#is%"ga%#"# th" wish"s o( th" $hi!#%"n as it (oun# th"s" to in#u$"# '& who!"sa!"

"%suasion an# w"%" ";"n to%tu%"#)

Cs%o&$ %o %hir& persons. O%#ina%i!&2 $usto#& shou!# '" gi;"n to "ith"% o( th"

a%"nts) But wh"%" w"!(a%" so %"@ui%"s2 $usto#& *a& '" gi;"n to a thi%# "%son)

Th" *o#"%n t"n#"n$& in $hi!# $usto#& $as"s is to a;oi# an& #"$isions 'as"# on an&

a %io%i assu*tion that (o% th" w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!# th" $usto#& shou!# '" gi;"n to

th" *oth"%) In$%"asing!& =u#g"s show un#"%stan#ing an# $o*assion in th"i%

#"$isions an# ha;" *o;"# awa& (%o* th" "a%!i"% att"%n o( =u#g*"nts) A ("w In#ian

#"$isions show how th" *u$h sok"n o( a%a*ount w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!# has '""n

sa("gua%#"# '& th" $usto#& o( *ino%s '"ing gi;"n to th" (ath"%s an# th"i% (a*i!i"s)

In Shoi' [ Sh"'u ;) Sa'i% A!i0 th" A!!aha'a# igh Cou%t whi!" $on$"#ing th"

"ntit!"*"nt o( th" *oth"% th" $usto#& o( h"% *a!" $hi!# unti! h" has $o*!"t"# th"

ag" o( s";"n &"a%s h"!# that th" w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!# wou!# '" k"t in ;i"w '"(o%"#"$i#ing th" $usto#&) In that $as" in (a$t th" son who was on!& - &"a%s o( ag" was

a!!ow"# to %"*ain with th" (ath"% an# th" Cou%t without a%%i;ing at an& a#;"%s"

$on$!usions %"ga%#ing th" *oth"%s $ha%a$t"% o% $on#u$t #"$i#"# that it was in th"

a%a*ount int"%"st o( th" - &"a% o!# son to a!!ow hi* to %"*ain with th" (ath"% an#

th" (ath"%s (a*i!&)

0.



In Bi!kis wQo Munn" Hhan ;) Munn" Hhan62 a Moha**"#an wi(" who was !i;ing

s"a%at"!& (%o* h"% hus'an# +!"# a "tition (o% $usto#& o( h"% *ino% son ag"#

a'out 6 0Q6 &"a%s) It was (oun# that sh" was %"si#ing at a #istan$" (%o* th"

hus'an#s ho*" an# n"g!"$ting th" $hi!# ";"n wh"n th"i% %"!ations w"%" $o%#ia!) On

th"s" (a$ts th" $ou%t h"!# that it was not in th" int"%"st o( th" w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!#

though th" $hi!# was o( t"n#"% &"a%s to gi;" his $usto#& to th" wi(") Custo#& o( th"$hi!# th"%"(o%" was gi;"n to th" (ath"%)

In Y) Va%a!aksh*i ;) Hanta Du%ga ?%asa#,2 th" Di;ision B"n$h o( th" An#h%a ?%a#"sh

igh Cou%t ga;" $usto#& o( 5 &"a% o!# 'o& to th" (ath"% in th" int"%"sts o( th" $hi!#)

Th" $hi!# ha# '""n hai!& %"si#ing with th" (ath"% an# his a%"nts wh"n th"

*oth"% ha# a!i"# (o% $usto#&) Th" t%ia! $ou%t %"(us"# $usto#& to th" *oth"% an#

th" a"a! $ou%t uh"!# th" %"(usa!)

In L"kh Ra= Huk%"=a ;) S*t Ra&*on-2 th" Cou%t was $on$"%n"# with th" @u"stion o(

th" int"%i* $usto#& o( a *ino% *a!" $hi!# ag"# 00 &"a%s) Th" t%ia! $ou%t ga;" th"

$usto#& to th" *oth"% on th" g%oun# that th" *ino% son wou!# th"n '" in th"$o*an& o( his sist"% whos" $usto#& was with th" *oth"%) In %";ision it was h"!#

that th" (ath"% was th" natu%a! gua%#ian an# that th" w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!# a!so

#"*an#"# that h" shou!# '" in th" $usto#& o( his (ath"% "s"$ia!!& as th" $hi!#

hi*s"!( a!so show"# an in$!ination to sta& with th" (ath"%)

In "a$h $as" it is a @u"stion o( (a$t2 an# shou!# '" a *att"% o( an9ious $onsi#"%ation

(o% th" Cou%t as to wh"%" th" w"!(a%" o( th" $hi!# !i"s) Th" In#ian Cou%ts a%oa$h

has th"%"(o%" to '" w"!$o*"#) issu" o( $hi!# $usto#&) Th" %o;isions in th"

*at%i*onia! A$ts $an2 how";"%2 '" in;ok"# on!& wh"n th"%" a%" so*" %o$""#ings

"n#ing un#"% th" A$t) in#us ha;" an a##itiona! A$t2 ;i th" in#u Mino%it& an#

ua%#ianshi A$t 015. MAG) Aa%t (%o* this2 th"%" is th" ua%#ians an# Wa%#s

A$t 0/14 WAG)

NON MARITAL RELATIONSI?S

A!though *ost "o!" #ont %"a!i" it2 *a%%iag" is a !"ga! $ont%a$t '"tw""n two"o!") It #"+n"s th" %ights an# o'!igations that "a$h a%t& ow"s "a$h oth"%) Itshou!#nt '" su%%ising th"n2 to !"a%n that un*a%%i"# $ou!"s $an $%"at" $ont%a$ts'"tw""n th"*s"!;"s that a!so #"+n" th" %ights an# o'!igations that "a$h a%tn"%ow"s th" oth"%) Th"s" $ont%a$ts go '& #i8"%"nt na*"s in #i8"%"nt stat"s 'ut a%"

o(t"n %"("%%"# to as non*a%ita! ag%""*"nts o% !i;ing tog"th"% $ont%a$ts)

Th"s" $ont%a$ts (un$tion si*i!a%!& to %"nutia! ag%""*"nts2 an# s"t (o%th how*on"&2 %o"%t& an# #"'t a*ong oth"% things wi!! '" han#!"# #u%ing an# ";"n a(t"%th" %"!ationshi) It *a& s""* "9t%"*"!& un%o*anti$ to ask &ou% a%tn"% to *ak" a$ont%a$t with &ou2 'ut in th" %o$"ss it wi!! t"!! &ou a !ot a'out &ou%s"!(2 &ou% a%tn"%an# th" *atu%it& o( &ou% %"!ationshi)

*ei&ing Whe%her ,o Nee& a Li8ing (oge%her Con%ra%

03



It #o"snt *ak" s"ns" to "nt"% into an ag%""*"nt in ";"%& %"!ationshi that &ou *a&ha;") You wou!# *ak" @uit" th" i*%"ssion showing u to a +%st #at" with a "nan# a"% in han#) Rath"%2 !i;ing tog"th"% $ont%a$ts a%" *o%" a%o%iat" (o% !ongt"%* %"!ationshis wh"%" a signi+$ant a*ount o( *on"&2 %o"%t& an# #"'t a%""9"$t"# to a$$u*u!at") Th"s" ag%""*"nts *a& a!so '" a goo# i#"a (o% o!#"%$ou!"s2 to "nsu%" that %o"%t& is #ist%i'ut"# uon th"i% #"ath as th"& wish) Fina!!&2

$ou!"s who =ust #ont '"!i";" in th" institution o( *a%%iag"2 (o% what";"% %"ason2shou!# st%ong!& $onsi#"% su$h an ag%""*"nt) E;"n i( &ou%" *o%a!!& o%hi!osohi$a!!& oos"# to *a%%iag"2 its sti!! s*a%t to #"+n" th" %"!ationshis%ights2 o'!igations an# how %o"%t& is to '" #ist%i'ut"#)

Legali%$ o" Li8ing (oge%her Con%ra%s

Cont%a$ts that (un$tion si*i!a% to *a%%iag" '"tw""n un*a%%i"# $ou!"s ha;" nota!wa&s '""n on soun# !"ga! g%oun#) Th" un$"%taint& '"hin# non*a%ita! ag%""*"nts$a*" to an "n# in 013.2 how";"%2 wh"n th" Ca!i(o%nia Stat" Su%"*" Cou%t"sta'!ish"# th" now wi#"!& h"!# =usti+$ation '"hin# a!!owing non*a%ita!ag%""*"nts) In th" $as"2 Ma%;in ;) Ma%;in2 th" Ca!i(o%nia Su%"*" Cou%t h"!# that

• Un*a%%i"# $ou!"s *a& "nt"% into w%itt"n an# o%a! $ont%a$ts that $o;"% %ightso(t"n asso$iat"# with *a%%iag" su$h as th" %ights to %o"%t& a$@ui%"##u%ing th" %"!ationshiG)

• Un*a%%i"# $ou!"s *a& $%"at" i*!i"# non*a%ita! ag%""*"nts2 without";"% w%iting it #own o% "9%"ss!& s"aking a'out it) Rath"%2 a $ou%t $an";a!uat" th" $ou!"s a$tions to #"t"%*in" i( su$h an ag%""*"nt has '""ni*!i"# in th"i% %"!ationshi)

• I( no i*!i"# ag%""*"nt is (oun#2 a =u#g" $an %"su*" that th" a%ti"s

int"n#"# to #"a! (ai%!& with "a$h oth"%2 an# g%ant on" a%t& %ights an#o'!igations $onsist"nt with "@uit& an# (ai%n"ss)

Wha% Goes In a Li8ing (oge%her Con%ra%

Li;ing tog"th"% $ont%a$ts #ont n""# to '" o;"%!& $o*!"9 o% $ontain !"ga!soun#ing!anguag") To th" $ont%a%&2 its a '"tt"% i#"a to *ak" th" ag%""*"nt in !ain!anguag"2 an# in$!u#" as *u$h o% as !itt!" #"tai! as th" $ou!" (""!s is n"$"ssa%&)"%" a%" so*" it"*s to $onsi#"%

• Proper%$ amla%e& &ring %he rela%ionship its i*o%tant to #"+n"how %o"%t& a$@ui%"# #u%ing th" %"!ationshi shou!# '" t%"at"#) Fo%

"9a*!"2 i( on" "%son 'u&s so*"thing #u%ing th" %"!ationshi2 #o 'otha%ti"s own 547 o( it Do"s who";"% 'ought it own it What i( th" it"* isu%$has"# using "%sona! sa;ings

• Proper%$ a=ire& #$ gi"% or inheri%ane g"n"%a!!&2 "o!" !ik" to k""it"*s %"$"i;"# as gi(ts o% '& inh"%itan$" as s"a%at" %o"%t&) I( &ou an# &ou%a%tn"% want to #o this2 &ou n""# to w%it" it #own so th"%" is no $on(usion)

0/



• Proper%$ "rom #e"ore %he rela%ionship3 *an& "o!" !ik" to k"" it"*s%"$"i;"# '"(o%" th" %"!ationshi '"gan as s"a%at" %o"%t&) I( &ou an# &ou%a%tn"% want to #o this2 &ou n""# to w%it" it #own so th"%" is no $on(usion)

• E5penses *ak" su%" &ou $o;"% how "9"ns"s wi!! '" ai#) This $an '" ahug" a%"a o( #isag%""*"nt2 so its i*o%tant to w%it" #own th" "9"$tations)Fo% "9a*!"2 &ou *ight s!it th"* 54Q542 *ak" it %oo%tiona! to in$o*"2 o%

=ust oo! &ou% %"sou%$"s into on" a$$ount an# a& =oint!&)

• Separa%ion or &ea%h a!though &ou *a& not want to $onsi#"% it2 itsi*o%tant to #"+n" what ha"ns wh"n th" %"!ationshi "n#s) Its i*o%tantnot to !"a;" th" status o( %o"%t& an# *on"& in !i*'o i( a $ou!" s!its u)

• *isp%e resol%ion in th" $as" that a #isut" a%is"s2 $ou!"s *a& want to#"+n" how it shou!# '" %"so!;"#) A t&i$a! "9a*!" wou!# in$!u#" using*"#iation o% a%'it%ation '"(o%" taking th" *att"% to $ou%t)

R"%o#u$ti;" %ights• Repro&%i8e righ%s a%" !"ga! %ights an# (%""#o*s %"!ating to %"%o#u$tion

an# %"%o#u$ti;" h"a!th) Th" Wo%!# "a!th O%ganiation #"+n"s %"%o#u$ti;"

%ights as (o!!ows

• R"%o#u$ti;" %ights %"st on th" %"$ognition o( th" 'asi$ %ight o( a!! $ou!"s

an# in#i;i#ua!s to #"$i#" (%""!& an# %"sonsi'!& th" nu*'"%2 sa$ing an#

ti*ing o( th"i% $hi!#%"n an# to ha;" th" in(o%*ation an# *"ans to #o so2 an#

th" %ight to attain th" high"st stan#a%# o( s"9ua! an# %"%o#u$ti;" h"a!th)

Th"& a!so in$!u#" th" %ight o( a!! to *ak" #"$isions $on$"%ning %"%o#u$tion

(%"" o( #is$%i*ination2 $o"%$ion an# ;io!"n$")

• R"%o#u$ti;" %ights *a& in$!u#" so*" o% a!! o( th" (o!!owing th" %ight to !"ga!

an# sa(" a'o%tion: th" %ight to 'i%th $ont%o!: (%""#o* (%o* $o"%$"#

st"%i!iation an# $ont%a$"tion: th" %ight to a$$"ss goo#@ua!it& %"%o#u$ti;"

h"a!th$a%": an# th" %ight to "#u$ation an# a$$"ss in o%#"% to *ak" (%"" an#

in(o%*"# %"%o#u$ti;" $hoi$"s) R"%o#u$ti;" %ights *a& a!so in$!u#" th" %ight

to %"$"i;" "#u$ation a'out s"9ua!!& t%ans*itt"# in("$tions an# oth"% as"$ts

o( s"9ua!it&2 an# %ot"$tion (%o* g"n#"%'as"# %a$ti$"s su$h as ("*a!"

g"nita! *uti!ation FMG)

• R"%o#u$ti;" %ights '"gan to #";"!o as a su's"t o( hu*an %ights at th"

Unit"# Nations 01./ Int"%nationa! Con("%"n$" on u*an Rights) Th"

%"su!ting non 'in#ing ?%o$!a*ation o( T"h"%an was th" +%st int"%nationa!

#o$u*"nt to %"$ogni" on" o( th"s" %ights wh"n it stat"# that ?a%"nts ha;"

a 'asi$ hu*an %ight to #"t"%*in" (%""!& an# %"sonsi'!& th" nu*'"% an# th"

sa$ing o( th"i% $hi!#%"n) Stat"s2 though2 ha;" '""n s!ow in in$o%o%ating

th"s" %ights in int"%nationa!!& !"ga!!& 'in#ing inst%u*"nts) Thus2 whi!" so*"

01



o( th"s" %ights ha;" a!%"a#& '""n %"$ogni"# in ha%# !aw2 that is2 in !"ga!!&

'in#ing int"%nationa! hu*an %ights inst%u*"nts2 oth"%s ha;" '""n *"ntion"#

on!& in non 'in#ing %"$o**"n#ations an#2 th"%"(o%"2 ha;" at '"st th" status

o( so(t !aw in int"%nationa! !aw2 whi!" a (u%th"% g%ou is &"t to '" a$$"t"# '&

th" int"%nationa! $o**unit& an# th"%"(o%" %"*ains at th" !";"! o( a#;o$a$&)

• Issu"s %"!at"# to %"%o#u$ti;" %ights a%" so*" o( th" *ost ;igo%ous!&

$ont"st"# %ights issu"s wo%!#wi#"2 %"ga%#!"ss o( th" ou!ations

so$io"$ono*i$ !";"!2 %"!igion o% $u!tu%")

• Th" issu" o( %"%o#u$ti;" %ights is (%"@u"nt!& %"s"nt"# as '"ing o( ;ita!

i*o%tan$" in #is$ussions an# a%ti$!"s '& ou!ation $on$"%n o%ganiations

su$h as ?ou!ation Matt"%s)

• R"%o#u$ti;" %ights a%" a su's"t o( s"9ua! an# %"%o#u$ti;" h"a!th an# %ights)

B)G TESTAMENTARY AND INTESTATESUCCESSION

Fo% u%os"s o( this not" th" t"%* <su$$"ssion> %"("%s to th" %o$"ss wh"%"'& th"h"i%s o( a #"$"as"# "%son su$$""# to th" ass"ts whi$h th" #"$"as"# !"(t '"hin# at#"ath) "i%s $an on!& su$$""# to th" ass"ts o( a #"$"as"# "%son whi$h %"*aina(t"% a!! th" "stat" "9"ns"s an# #"'ts whi$h th" #"$"as"# ha# at #at" o( #"ath a%"(u!!& ai#) Th" t"%* <"stat"> %"("%s to a!! th" ass"ts an# !ia'i!iti"s whi$h a #"$"as"#"%son !"a;"s '"hin# at his o% h"% #"ath) I( th" #"$"as"#s ass"ts a%" *o%" than his

o% h"% #"'ts2 w" s"ak o( a so!;"nt "stat"2 an# wh"%" th" #"$"as"#s #"'ts a%"*o%" than his o% h"% ass"ts2 w" s"ak o( an inso!;"nt "stat") In th" !att"% instan$"a!! th" ass"ts o( th" #"$"as"# *ust '" so!# an# th" %o$""#s th"%"o( *ust '"#i;i#"# a*ong th" #"$"as"#s $%"#ito%s) In an inso!;"nt "stat" th"%" a%" usua!!& noass"ts !"(t that $an '" inh"%it"# '& th" h"i%s) Th" %o$"ss in t"%*s o( whi$h th"#"$"as"#s ass"ts a%" $o!!"$t"#2 a!! #"'ts an# a#*inist%ation $osts a%" ai#2 an# th"'a!an$" o( th" "stat" ass"ts t%ans("%%"# to th" h"i%s2 is known as th" a#*inist%ationo( th" "stat") Th" "%son aoint"# to a#*inist"% th" "stat" o( a #"$"as"# "%sonis known "ith"% as an "9"$uto% wh"%" th" ;a!u" o( th" "stat" ass"ts "9$""# R065444G o% a Mast"%s R"%"s"ntati;" wh"%" th" ;a!u" o( th" "stat" ass"ts a%" !"ssthan R065 444G) Th" h"i%s to an inh"%itan$" (%o* a #"$"as"# "stat" a%" #"t"%*in"#"ith"% in a ;a!i# wi!! !"(t '& th" #"$"as"#2 o% (ai!ing whi$h2 as #"t"%*in"# in t"%*s o(

th" %u!"s o( int"stat" su$$"ssion) Wh"n th" h"i%s a%" #"t"%*in"# in a ;a!i# wi!! !"(t'& th" #"$"as"# w" s"ak o( t"stat" su$$"ssion an# wh"n th" h"i%s a%" #"t"%*in"#'& a!i$ation o( th" %u!"s o( th" Int"stat" Su$$"ssion A$t2 /0 o( 01/3 it is %"("%%"#to as int"stat" su$$"ssion) Both t"stat" su$$"ssion an# int"stat" su$$"ssion wi!! '"#"a!t with *o%" (u!!& (u%th"% on in this not")

Wha% happens %o a person>s es%a%e when he or she &ies2At #"ath th" "stat" o( th" #"$"as"# "%son is (%o"n2 an# noon" *a& with#%aw(un#s (%o* th" #"$"as"#s 'ank a$$ounts o% #"a! with an& o( th" "stat" ass"ts

64



without th" n"$"ssa%& "%*ission (%o* th" Mast"% o( th" igh Cou%t) I( th" #"$"as"#was *a%%i"# in $o**unit& o( %o"%t&2 th" =oint "stat" is (%o"n) This situation o(t"n$%"at"s ha%#shi (o% th" su%;i;ing sous"2 "s"$ia!!& wh"%" th" 'ank a$$ounts w"%"

a!! in th" na*" o( th" =oint "stat" o% in th" na*" o( th" #"$"as"#) Repor%ingo" %he es%a%e %o %he Mas%er o" %he High Cor%

In t"%*s o( th" A#*inist%ation o( Estat"s A$t2 .. o( 01.52 i( a "%son #i"s in th"R"u'!i$ an# !"a;"s an& ass"ts o% a wi!! o% 'othG2 th"n his o% h"% "stat" *ust '"%"o%t"# to th" Mast"% o( th" igh Cou%t within 0- #a&s a(t"% his o% h"% #"ath) Th"#ut& to %"o%t th" "stat" %"sts on th" su%;i;ing sous" i( an&G2 a!t"%nati;"!& on th"n"a%"st %"!ati;" o% $onn"$tion who %"si#"s in th" a%"a wh"%" th" #"ath o$$u%%"#) I(th"%" is no su$h %"!ati;" o% $onn"$tion to %"o%t th" "stat"2 th"n th" #ut& %"sts onth" "%son who i**"#iat"!& a(t"% th" #"ath has $ont%o! o( th" %"*is"s at whi$hth" #"ath o$$u%%"#) In %a$ti$" it o(t"n ha"ns that wh"%" th" #"$"as"# no*inat"#a 'ank2 t%ust $o*an& o% an atto%n"& as "9"$uto% in a wi!!2 that th" (a*i!& usua!!&%"o%ts th" #"ath o( th" #"$"as"# to th" no*inat"# "9"$uto%2 who in tu%n th"n%"o%ts th" "stat" to th" Mast"% o( th" igh Cou%t on '"ha!( o( th" (a*i!&) Wh"n%"o%ting an "stat" to th" Mast"% th"%" a%" a nu*'"% o( %"s$%i'"# (o%*s an#

#o$u*"nts whi$h *ust '" !o#g"# in th" %"o%ting %o$"ss) Th" #"$"as"#so%#ina%i!& !a$" o( %"si#"n$"2 an# not th" !a$" wh"%" h" o% sh" #i"#2 #"t"%*in"swhi$h Mast"% has =u%is#i$tion an# $ons"@u"nt!& wh"%" th" "stat" *ust '" %"o%t"#)It is th" Mast"% in th" a%"a o( =u%is#i$tion wh"%" th" #"$"as"# "%son no%*a!!&%"si#"# to who* th" "stat" *ust '" %"o%t"#) , I( th" ;a!u" o( th" "stat" is !"ssthan R54 444 an# th" #"$"as"# #i# not !"a;" a wi!!2 th"n th" "stat" $an a!so '"%"o%t"# at a S"%;i$" ?oint o( th" Mast"%) E;"%& Magist%at" has '""n #"signat"# asa S"%;i$" ?oint2 an# th"%"(o%" th" S"%;i$" ?oint in th" a%"a wh"%" th" #"$"as"# was%"si#"nt $ou!# ossi'!& ha;" =u%is#i$tion in th" "stat") A!though an "stat" $an '"%"o%t"# at a S"%;i$" ?oint2 it shou!# '" not"# that a!! "stat"s a%" a#*inist"%"# an##ist%i'ut"# un#"% th" su"%;ision an# $ont%o! o( th" Mast"% o( th" igh Cou%t)

IN(ES(A(E S'CCESSION Th" !aw o( int"stat" su$$"ssion #"t"%*in"s th" h"i%s to a #"$"as"# "stat" in th"(o!!owing $i%$u*stan$"saG Wh"n th" #"$"as"# has (ai!"# to #"t"%*in" how an# to who* his o% h"% %o"%t&*ust '" awa%#"# '& wi!! o% ant"nutia! $ont%a$t: o% 'G Wh"%" it is i*ossi'!" to $a%%& out th" wish"s o( th" #"$"as"# '"$aus" th"'"n"+$ia%i"s a%"2 (o% "9a*!"2 una'!" to inh"%it2 o% #o not wish to inh"%it o% a%"%"#"$"as"#)It is ossi'!" (o% a "%son to #i" $o*!"t"!& int"stat" o% on!& a%t!& int"stat") An"9a*!" o( th" !att"% is wh"%" a t"stato% s"$ia!!& '"@u"aths on" o%tion o( his"stat" in a ;a!i# wi!!2 'ut o*its to #"a! with th" %"st o( his o% h"% ass"ts) In this

instan$" th" o%tion that has '""n '"@u"ath"# '& wi!!2 wi!! #";o!;" t"stat" in t"%*so( an# su'="$t to an& $on#itions $ontain"# in th" wi!!2 whi!" th" %"st o( th" "stat"wi!! #";o!;" a$$o%#ing to th" %u!"s o( int"stat" su$$"ssion)?%io% to th" #"$ision in Bh" an# Oth"%s ; Magist%at" Hha&"!itsha an# Oth"%s2 64450G SA 5/4 CCG th" %u!"s o( int"stat" su$$"ssion #i# not a!& to '!a$k "o!" who#i"# int"stat" an# wh"%" *a%%i"# '& $usto*a%& !aw) Th" Bh" #"$ision has now$hang"# this2 an# %"s"nt!& th" "stat"s o( a!! "%sons2 i%%"s"$ti;" o( %a$" o%$u!tu%"2 who #i" int"stat"2 wi!! '" go;"%n"# '& th" %u!"s o( int"stat" su$$"ssion ass"t out in th" Int"stat" Su$$"ssion A$t2 /0 o( 01/3)

60



(ES(A(E S'CCESSIONWha% is a will2In its si*!"st (o%*2 a wi!!2 a!so known as a t"sta*"nt2 is a #o$u*"nt in whi$h a"%son s"ts out what *ust ha"n to th"i% "stat" wh"n th"& #i") A "%son $an a!sono*inat" th" "%son o% "%sons2 known as "9"$uto%s2 who shou!# a#*inist"% th"i%

"stat" on th"i% #"ath) Th" "%son who *ak"s a wi!! is known as th" t"stato% *a!"G o% t"stat%i9 ("*a!"G) A"%sons "stat" $onsists o( a!! th"i% ass"ts '"!ongings2 %o"%t&G an# !ia'i!iti"s#"'tsG whi$h th"& ha# as at #at" o( #"ath) To a#*inist"% an "stat" *"ans to $o!!"$to% tak" $ont%o! o( a!! th" ass"ts o( th" #"$"as"#2 to a& th" #"'ts whi$h th"#"$"as"# !"(t at #at" o( #"ath2 an# th"n to a& th" 'a!an$" !"(t (o% #ist%i'ution toth" %ight(u! h"i%s o( th" #"$"as"# as #"t"%*in"# in th" wi!!2 o% i( &ou #o not ha;" awi!!2 to th" h"i%s as #"t"%*in"# in t"%*s o( th" %u!"s o( int"stat" su$$"ssion)E;"%& "%son $an *ak" his o% h"% own s"a%at" wi!!2 wh"th"% *a%%i"# o% un*a%%i"#2in whi$h h" o% sh" #isos"s o( his o% h"% own s"a%at" ass"ts2 o% in th" $as" o(so*"on" *a%%i"# in $o**unit& o( %o"%t&2 #isos"s o( his o% h"% ha!( sha%" o( th"

=oint "stat") It is a!so ossi'!" (o% two o% *o%" "%sons2 (o% "9a*!" sous"s2 to*ak" a =oint wi!!2 in whi$h th"& #isos" o( th"i% s"a%at" "stat"s)

Wh$ shol& a person make a will2 Th" '"n"+ts o( ha;ing a ;a!i# wi!! a%" %i*a%i!& two(o!#) Fi%st o( a!! '& *aking a wi!!2th" "%son who #o"s so2 "9"%$is"s his o% h"% %ight to #"$i#" who shou!# inh"%it hiso% h"% %o"%t& wh"n h"Qsh" #i"s) Shou!# a "%son (ai! to !"a;" a ;a!i# wi!!2 th"n hiso% h"% %o"%t& a(t"% a!! "stat" #"'ts ha;" '""n ai#G wi!! '" awa%#"# to his o% h"%h"i%s as #"t"%*in"# '& an A$t o( ?a%!ia*"nt2 na*"!& th" Int"stat" Su$$"ssion A$t)A!though a "%sons int"stat" h"i%s a%" usua!!& his o% h"% n"9t o( kin2 su$h h"i%s a%"not n"$"ssa%i!& th" "o!" who* th" #"$"as"# wou!# ha;" want"# to inh"%it his o%h"% ass"ts)

A!though th" in#u Su$$"ssion A$t <%he A%>G is not a i"$" o( $o**"%$ia! o%$o%o%at" !"gis!ation 'ut its i*o%tan$" in to#a&s 'usin"ss wo%!# is '"ing ("!t

'"$aus" o( (a*i!& s"a%ations an# (a*i!& ("u#s '"$o*ing th" o%#"% o( th" #a& th"

A$t) Th" A$t go;"%ns th" !aw %"!ating to int"stat" su$$"ssion a*ong in#us) In#ian

'usin"ss"s ha;" t%a#itiona!!& '""n (a*i!& own"# an# %un an# o(t"n wh"n th" (a*i!&

at%ia%$h #i"s int"stat" it !"a#s to (a*i!& #isut"s o;"% su$$"ssion issu"s) Th"s"

#isut"s a%" not =ust %"st%i$t"# to non$o%o%at" "ntiti"s 'ut $o%o%at" In#ia too has

a!so witn"ss"# so*" o( th" *ost 'itt"% su$$"ssion issu"s)

It is @uint"ss"ntia! to not" that this A$t wou!# ha;" no a!i$ation in $as" o( a

t"sta*"nta%& su$$"ssion2 i)")2 in a $as" wh"%" th"%" is a wi!!) Th" A$t wou!# thus2

on!& a!& in a $as" wh"%" a in#u *a!" o% ("*a!" #i"s without *aking a wi!! an#!"a;"s '"hin# ;a%ious $!ass"s o( h"i%s an# %o"%t&)

In%ro&%ion o" %he Hin& Law

Conep% o" *harma3 in#u Law is a 'o#& o( %in$i!"s o% %u!"s $a!!"# \Dha%*a)Dha%*a a$$o%#ing to in#u t"9ts "*'%a$"s ";"%&thing in !i(") A$$o%#ing to th"in#us2 \Dha%*a in$!u#"s not on!& what is known as !aw in th" *o#"%n s"ns" o( th"

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t"%* 'ut a!! %u!"s o( goo# an# %o"% hu*an $on#u$t) Dha%*a is us"# to *"an =usti$" what is %ight in a gi;"n $i%$u*stan$"2 *o%a!2 %"!igious2 ious o% %ight"ous$on#u$t2 '"ing h"!(u! to !i;ing '"ings an# things2 #ut&2 !aw an# usag" o% $usto*ha;ing in th" (o%$" o( !aw an# a!so a ;a!i# Ra=ashasana.

Na%re an& sope o" Hin& Law3 in#u !aw2 though '"!i";"# to '" o( #i;in"

o%igin2 is 'as"# "ss"ntia!!& on i**"*o%ia! $usto* an# *an& o( th" a$ts o( th""o!" whi$h w"%" u%"!& o( a s"$u!a% natu%") But th" s"$u!a% natu%" o( th" a$tsha;" '""n *o#i+"# to suit th" %"!igious %"("%"n$"s o( a B%ah*in $o**unit&) Witha #"si%" to %o*ot" th" s"$ia! o'="$ts o( %"!igion o% o!i$&2 th"& ha;" us"# th"i%int"!!"$tua! su"%io%it& an# %"!igious inu"n$" to *o!# th" $usto*s o( th" "o!")

Who are Hin&s3 Th" t"%* \in#us #"not"s a!! thos" "%sons who %o("ss in#u%"!igion "ith"% '& 'i%th (%o* in#u a%"nts o% '& $on;"%sion to in#u (aith) In

,agnaprs &as!i 8. Ml&as KAIR 01.. SC 00012 th" Su%"*" Cou%t a$$"t"# th"wo%king (o%*u!a ";o!;"# '& Ti!ak %"ga%#ing in#u %"!igion that \a$$"tan$" o(;"#as with %";"%"n$"2 %"$ognition o( th" (a$t that th" nu*'"% o( o#s to'" wo%shi"# at !a%g"2 that in#""# is th" #istinguishing ("atu%" o( in#u %"!igion)

In Shas%ri 8 Ml&as SC AIR /9?/2 SC has h"!# that ;a%ious su' s"$ts o( in#ussu$h as Swa*ina%a&an2 Satsangis2 A%&a Sa*a=is a%" a!so in#us '& %"!igion '"$aus"th"& (o!!ow th" sa*" 'asi$ $on$"t o( in#u ?hi!osoh&) Con;"%ts an# R"$on;"%tsa%" a!so in#us)

I( on!& on" a%"nt is a in#u2 th" "%son $an '" a in#u i( h"Qsh" has '""n %ais"# asa in#u) In Sapna 8s S%a%e o" kerala2 H"%a!a C2 th" son o( in#u (ath"% an#Ch%istian *oth"% was h"!# to '" a Ch%istian

(o whom Hin& Law appl$

0) in#us '& 'i%th

6) O8 shoots o( in#uis*

,) ?"%sons who a%" not Mus!i*s2 Ch%istians2 ?a%sis o% J"ws

-) Con;"%ts to in#uis*

5) R"$on;"%ts to in#uis*

.) a%i=ans

3) A'o%igina! T%i'"s

(o whom Hin& law &oes no% appl$

• to $on;"%ts (%o* th" in#u to th" Moha**"#an (aith

• to th" in#u $on;"%ts to Ch%istianit&

6,



• to th" i!!"giti*at" $hi!#%"n o( a in#u (ath"% '& Ch%istian *oth"% an# who a%"'%ought u as Ch%istians

Cons%i%%ion o" In&ia an& %he Ena%men%s n&er %he Hin& Law3 ?%"s"nt!&2in#u Law is a!i"# th%ough th" in#u Ma%%iag" A$t2 0155: th" in#u Su$$"ssionA$t2 015.: th" in#u Mino%it& an# ua%#ianshi A$t2 015.: an# th" in#u A#otionsan# Maint"nan$" A$t2 015.

Cons%i%%ional ena%men%s are3

• in#u Wo*"ns Rights to ?%o"%t& A$t2 01,3

• in#u Su$$"ssion A$t2 015.

Impa% o" Hin& Law Ena%men%s in +n&amen%al Righ%s S";"%a! %in$i!"s o( in#u Law ha;" '""n h"!# in;a!i# on th" g%oun# that th"& in(%ing" th" Fun#a*"nta!Rights) Fo% "9a*!"2 th" %u!" o( Da*#uat is hit '& A%ti$!" 050G o( th" Constitution

an# as su$h wou!# '" ;oi# un#"% A%ti$!" 0,0G)

Mo&ern Sores

1&iial *eisions @Pree&en%s3 Th" #o$t%in" o( sta%" #"$isis sta%t"# in In#ia(%o* th" B%itish %u!") A!! $as"s a%" now %"$o%#"# an# n"w $as"s a%" #"$i#"# 'as"#on "9isting $as" !aws)To#a&2 th" =u#g*"nt o( SC is 'in#ing on a!! $ou%ts a$%oss In#iaan# th" =u#g*"nt o( C is 'in#ing on a!! $ou%ts in that stat")

Legisla%res B S%a%%es @Co&ia%ion o" Hin& Law3 In *o#"%n so$i"t&2 this isth" on!& wa& to '%ing in n"w !aws) Th" a%!ia*"nt2 in a$$o%#an$" with th" n""#sso$i"t&2 $onstitut"s n"w !aws) Fo% "9a*!"2 a n"w wa& o( "%(o%*ing in#u

*a%%iag"s in Ta*i! Na#u that got %i# o( %itua!s an# %i"sts was %"="$t"# '& th" SC onth" 'asis that n"w $usto*s $annot '" in;"nt"#) ow";"%2 TN !at"% ass"# an a$tthat %"$ogni"# th"s" *a%%iag"s)

CHIL* MARRIAGE RES(RAIN(S AC(6/9<9 an& PROHI)I(ION O+ CHIL*

MARRIAGE AC(6 <00?

0) Sho%t tit!"2 "9t"nt an# $o**"n$"*"nt) 0G This A$t *a& '" $a!!"# th"?%ohi'ition o( Chi!# Ma%%iag" A$t2 644.)6G It "9t"n#s to th" who!" o( In#ia "9$"t th" Stat" o( Ja**u an# Hash*i%: an# ita!i"s a!so to a!! $iti"ns o( In#ia without an# '"&on# In#ia?%o;i#"# that nothing $ontain"# in this A$t sha!! a!& to th" R"non$ants o( th"Union t"%%ito%& o( ?on#i$h"%%&),G It sha!! $o*" into (o%$" on su$h #at" as th" C"nt%a! o;"%n*"nt *a&2 '&noti+$ation in th" OP$ia! a"tt"2 aoint: an# #i8"%"nt #at"s *a& '" aoint"#(o% #i8"%"nt Stat"s an# an& %"("%"n$" in an& %o;ision to th" $o**"n$"*"nt o( thisA$t sha!! '" $onst%u"# in %"!ation to an& Stat" as a %"("%"n$" to th" $o*ing into(o%$" o( that %o;ision in that Stat")

6-



6) D"+nitions) In this A$t2 un!"ss th" $ont"9t oth"%wis" %"@ui%"s2aG $hi!# *"ans a "%son who2 i( a *a!"2 has not $o*!"t"# tw"nt&on" &"a%s o(ag"2 an# i( a ("*a!"2 has not $o*!"t"# "ight""n &"a%s o( ag":'G $hi!# *a%%iag" *"ans a *a%%iag" to whi$h "ith"% o( th" $ont%a$ting a%ti"s is a$hi!#:$G $ont%a$ting a%t&2 in %"!ation to a *a%%iag"2 *"ans "ith"% o( th" a%ti"s whos"

*a%%iag" is o% is a'out to '" th"%"'& so!"*nis"#:#G Chi!# Ma%%iag" ?%ohi'ition OP$"% in$!u#"s th" Chi!# Ma%%iag" ?%ohi'itionOP$"% aoint"# un#"% su's"$tion 0G o( s"$tion 0.:"G #ist%i$t $ou%t *"ans2 in an& a%"a (o% whi$h a Fa*i!& Cou%t "sta'!ish"# un#"%s"$tion , o( th" Fa*i!& Cou%ts A$t2 01/- "9ists2 su$h Fa*i!& Cou%t2 an# in an& a%"a(o% whi$h th"%" is no Fa*i!& Cou%t 'ut a $it& $i;i! $ou%t "9ists2 that $ou%t an# in an&oth"% a%"a2 th" %in$ia! $i;i! $ou%t o( o%igina! =u%is#i$tion an# in$!u#"s an& oth"%$i;i! $ou%t whi$h *a& '" s"$i+"# '& th" Stat" o;"%n*"nt2 '& noti+$ation in th"OP$ia! a"tt"2 as ha;ing =u%is#i$tion in %"s"$t o( th" *att"%s #"a!t with in thisA$t:(G *ino% *"ans a "%son who2 un#"% th" %o;isions o( th" Ma=o%it& A$t2 0/35 is to'" #""*"# not to ha;" attain"# his *a=o%it&)

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