Name___________________________________________ Date ___________ Section#___________

AP Government Some Review Items for the Final Fall 2011

Aristotle, on men and societies The best political community is, according to Aristotle, Demagogues Rampant democracies; Middle constitutional governments; Oligarchies; Madison and factions Madison and a “republican solutionAristotle and moderate democracies “tyranny of the majority”

relationship between trust government and political efficacyDefinition of Citizenship…PoliticsAutocracyPlutocracyPluralismfederal immigration policyTrends in American racial identificationPlessey v. FurgesonBrown v. Board of EducationLiberty to AmericansValue conflicts in American political culture popular sovereigntyelements that have transformed constitutional governments totalitarianauthoritarianallocation of values Political culture laissez-faire economicsvalue trade-offs Security and libertyPolitics and complex societies The bourgeoisie and the development of modern democracies prudential decisions

Be able to interpret this diagram

Dual federalismGibbons v. Ogden was : delegated powersimplied powersinherent powersconcurrent powers

Powers given to the states under the constitution are called: reserved;special;concurrent;delegated

American Dual Federalism is compared to a certain kind of cake in your text. Which kind?Layer cake;Fudge cake;Angel food cakeFruit cake

Which of the following is an example of the constitutional requirement that states grant full faith and credit to one another?

California banning fresh produce coming in from NevadaNew York recognizing a Maine birth certificate as proof of ageIllinois returning a fugitive from South CarolinaTexas allowing a New Mexican to open a business in DallasEither B or C

The Tenth Amendment states that powers not delegated to the national government or prohibited to the states are reserved to:

the statesthe states or the peoplelocal governmentthe national government

The power to license doctors is an example of a ____________ power concurrentdenieddelegatedreserved

The full privileges and immunities clause is the basis for the fact that a contract in Texas must be honored in MainePromises that a small business man moving to New York must be given the same tax breaks and protections as a native New York businessmanDefines who has a right to vote in national electionsOnly A and C

_____________ tell the states what they must do, often without Federal financial assistance. revenue sharing;unfunded mandatesgrants in aidbloc grantsrevenue sharing;

In terms of federal-state relations, federal laws take priority over state laws. This is the result of :full faith clauseprivileges and immunitiessupremacy clausecategorical clause.

A power NOT specifically mentioned in the Constitution but necessary if another specific grant of power is to be carried out is called a(n) ________ power.

Assigned powergeneral powerenumerated power

implied

Which of the following describes the constitutionally permitted relationship between the states?No state may ever enter into a contract or agreement with another state.No state shall enter into a contract or agreement with another state without the approval of Congress.States may have treaties with other states or with Indian reservations with the approval of Congress.The Senate controls all interstate relationships.

A kind of bribe or a “carrot” that Congress gives in the form of money to state and local governments with the condition that the money will be spent for a particular purpose as designed by Congress is called a

grant-in-aid.funded mandate.reapportionment.line-item appropriation.

One consequence of federalism is that when a president wishes to influence a governor he can simply order the governor to comply with his policy wishesoften has to rely on a combination of financial incentives via grants and simple persuasion;can depend on the Supreme Court and its recent interpretations of the Commerce Clausehe can depend on the supremacy clause

In the case of a national drunk driving law, it was the ________ method that got state compliance: carrot stick PatronageTrade-off

Which of the following is NOT a valid argument for returning more power and responsibilities to the states State governments can best respond to local needs and conditions state governments are physically closer to the people Different states can experiment with alternative policies to the benefit of the whole union states traditionally have done a better job of protecting racial and cultural minorities.

Under the Devolution program set in place by the Republican Revolution of 1994 Congress : sends power from the Federal government back to the states takes more power from the states and concentrates it in the Federal government reverts to the pattern of Federalism called Cooperative federalism only A and C

Preemption refers to: The decision by the Federal government to regulate in an area it had previously left to the states

The tendency of the State governments to take over regulations from the Federal government

The practice of downsizing Federal programs in favor of upsizing state programs The practice of emphasizing co-operative federalism over dual federalism.

II. MatchingFor example , the suspension of habeas corpus.

Efforts to redistribute power in the federal system by consciously sending program controls back to the

states.

Name given to federalism from the New Deal to about the Nixon administration.

For example, the power to coin money.

Symbolized by 2 interacting gears..

Trade between the states

One of the important motivations for “regulated federalism”

For example, Social Security...

Congress can’t use the commerce clause to prosecute wife abuses

Funds distributed on the basis of some mathematical rule, for example, how many students a state has on

reduced lunch programs...

For example, demanding that the states install access ramps for all public buildings, but not providing any

funds to pay for it….

For example, removing state regulation of coal power plants emissions and replacing it with Federal

regulations.

Congress can’t use the commerce clause to regulate gun possession around schools and churches.

The Court’s cases in support of New Federalism involves what some scholars call ____________ Federalism.

cooperative federalism concurrent denied Alabama syndromeunfunded mandate =AB= New Federalism=AC= devolution =AD= Lopez=AE= delegated=BC= dual federalism =BD= formula =BE= preemption=CD= Redistributive programs = CE = Antifederalist=DE= intrastate commerce=ABC= interstate commerce= ABD= Morris=ABE= State Rights =BCD= Individual Rights

Which of these are constructional provisions/articles used by the courts to restrict federal power over the states since 1980?

Takings clausesovereign immunity

10th Amendment11th Amendment

I,ii,iii,iv,I,iii,ivIi,iii,ivIi,iv

III. Mini-Matching:Interstate commerce includes services as well as goods.States must abide by the Family Leave Act – they cannot engage in gender discriminationStates can discriminate in the employment of the elderlyStates can violate the Federal overtime payment laws.States can’t tax the Bank of the US. The power to tax is the power to destroy.

Marbury v. MadisonGibbons v. OgdenMcCollough v MarylandKimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)Alden v. Maine (1999)=AB= Nevada v. Holmes (2003)

Which of the following are potentially valid comments about devolution? DevolutionIn theory brings control of bureaucracies closer to the average citizenIn theory allows for greater efficiencies – doing more with lessIn practice , runs into the problem that average citizens are not likely to show up at accountability hearingsAll of these

The growth of programs like Social Security, unemployment insurance, nutrition programs for children and pregnant women are all part of:

American Socialism“Welfare statism”Compassionate ConservativismPragmatic Liberalism

Which of these are expressed powers?Levying and collecting taxesBorrowing moneyRaising an armyAll of these Only A and B.

The traditional system of federalism is also called:Dual FederalismCo-operative FederalismNew FederalismRegulated Federalism

Under New Federalism, the Federal government:Places mandates on the states and expects them to legislate and administer programs to meet the mandatesProvides resources and devolved power to the states and lets them create local programs to satisfy the program requirementsWorks to create totally separate spheres of operation for the Federal and State governments.Uses mostly “stick” enforcement techniques to get state compliance.

Which of the following explains why Federalism was adopted and has worked in the US?As a recognition of the Historical status of state and local governments in the ColoniesAs a protection from overly powerful centralized government It allows for local cultural diversity which is important in light of our multicultural populationAll of theseOnly A and B.

Your text justifies federalism because of the Founders beliefs thatgovernmental power poses a threat to individual libertythe exercise of governmental power must be restraineddividing governmental power, as federalism does, is to curb it and so prevent its abuseall of theseonly A and B

____________is a system of government in which a written constitution divides the powers of government on a territorial basis between a central, or national, government and several regional governments, usually called states or provinces.

FederalismSocialismConfedederalismUnitarianism

Under the Lopez decision of 1995, the Supreme Court seems to be Signaling a new expansion of federal power at the expense of the statesthe contraction of federal powers over the states under the 14th amendmentthe contraction of federal powers over the states using the Commerce Clauseboth B and C

The greatest share of laws that touch the daily life of the average citizen are: state lawsfederal lawscity ordinancesinternational treaty laws

Which of the following are true under American Federalism? States cannot interfere with or tax the legitimate activities of the federal governmentThe federal laws are not automatically superior to conflicting state lawsThe federal government has the power to regulate intrastate commerceonly A and C

Under the Devolution program set in place by the Republican Revolution of 1994 Congress : sends power from the Federal government back to the statestakes more power from the states and concentrates it in the Federal governmentreverts to the pattern of Federalism called Cooperative federalism

only A and C

The concept of separate but related sovereignty for states and the national government is called: checks and balancesseparation of powersfederalismconfederalism

Read the following excerpt from a United States Supreme Court decision: We are unanimously of opinion , that the law passed by the legislature of Maryland, imposing a tax on the Bank of the United States, is unconstitutional and void...This is a tax on the operation of an instrument employed by the government of the Union to carry its powers into execution. Such a tax must be unconstitutional

This decision of the Supreme Court in this case upheld the principle thatthe federal government and the state government are equalCongress has only those powers specifically enumerated in the ConstitutionCongress has the power to make laws to carry out its constitutional dutiestaxation without representation is unconstitutionalthe federal government alone may levy taxes

The "full faith and credit" and the "privileges and immunities" clauses of Article IV of the Constitution both are concerned with

relations between the federal government and the state governmentsrelations between states of the unioncontrol of criminal activityslavery and its spread

What is the significance to federalism of the consolidation of categoric grants_in_aid into block grants?

They give the federal government more power over states;They give the federal government more power over local governments;They restore power to the states and localities;They have created a third level of federalism.

Studies show that people are more likely to participate in politics whenthey are paid to do so.someone asks them to get involved.government officials officially invite input and feedback.they are able to participate electronically through e-mail and computer voting.

Studies have discovered __________ to be the key element of successful mobilization efforts.

personal contactdirect mailingsextensive use of phone banksadvertising in local media

Which of the following have political parties been doing less of in recent years?

fund-raisingadvertising

mobilizing votersnominating candidates

Checkbook democracy arises when

there is a decline in political participation.fund-raising becomes the most important task for political organizations.participation levels take on an unequal economic bias.all of the above occur.

The Supreme Court

has ruled that excessive campaign contributions must be strongly regulated by Congress since the electoral process may be in danger of becoming corrupted.has ruled that campaign contributions are a form of free speech.has ruled that it is illegal for candidates to spend more than $10,000 of their own money to run for office.has made no comment pertaining to the issue of campaign contributions.

Which of the following is an ‘institutional barrier to voting?

the Electoral College system The Motor Voter ActThe 14th Amendment The political party system

Voter fraud, the target of new voter id laws…

Is quite widespread, especially in minority communitiesIs so minuscule as to be almost non-existentIs a growing problem which needs to be addressed before it gets out of handWas a problem in the 60’s but not any longer.

Under the Citizens United ruling of 2010,

While corporations or unions may not give money directly to campaigns, they may seek to persuade the voting public through other means, including ads political campaign communication which expressly advocates the election or defeat of a clearly identified candidate that is not made in cooperation, consultation or concert with or at the request or suggestion of a candidate, candidate’s authorized committee or a political party, cannot be limitedSuper PAC’s do not have to reveal the names of those who pay for their ads even though the ads themselves may be thinly veiled recommendations for or against a particular candidate.All of these are trueOnly A and B.

Figure 1: Selected Factors in Voting , 1998 Use figure 1 to answer the next 2 questions:

Which of these factors seemed to be the most important one in who voted in 1998?EducationEmploymentGenderRaceAge

Which of these generalizations is NOT supported by the data in this figure:

There is a “gender gap” in the voting behavior of men and women.The more education one had in 1998, the more likely you were to vote.Married people tended to voter at higher rate than those of other martial statuses.In terms of employment status, being employed was the best predictor of who did and did not vote.

In order to be successful in “marketing” an idea, it is very useful to have access to

a. financial resources.b.

the support of public or private institutions.

c. An educated support cadre.d all of the above.

.

Which of these are (a) source(s) of measurement error in polls ?a. Non-random sample selection.b. poorly worded questions.c. push polling.d. All of these

e. only A and B

A random sample is one selected by means of which of the following rules? The sample should be selected so that….

a. each element of the population is equally represented.b. need be only 15 percent of the targeted population.c. those in the target population must have the same proportional chance as everyone else

to end up in the sample population.d. all the registered voters must have the same proportional chance as everyone else to end

up in the sample population.

Which of the following is true about the role of religious identity in American politics over the last 30 years?a. Black churches played an important role in the Civil Rights movement.b. White evangelicals have found a home in the Republican Party.c. Catholics have totally deserted the Democratic Party for the Republican .d. All of these

e. only A and B.

Which of the following is not a reason for why there may be a lack of consistency between public opinion and government policy?

a. The structure of the Constitution was designed to provide checks to popular sentiment.b. Minority rights and limits placed on the judiciary may often set boundaries for majority

rule.c. Public opinion is never clear enough to provide concrete policy goals.d. An intensely committed minority may trump a majority preference that is weakly held.

In times when Corporate power surges in American politics, Populists would insist on letting the market cycle take care of the problem.Depend upon Keynesian economic theory to provide a solution.Insist upon more government regulation and supervision of corporations.Expansion of the welfare state

Libertarians:Support greater government power in order to insure greater security for the nation.Have a sense of small town propriety and thus fear too much “individual liberty”Oppose government intervention in the economy.All of theseOnly A and B.

In a reactionary ideology, which of the core American values is most important?

libertydemocracyequalityStability and order

People’s underlying beliefs and ideologiescompel them to think carefully about each opinion they hold.color their perceptions, often causing them to make automatic judgments on particular issues.prevent liberals and conservatives from sharing similar core values.are established when people are young, and rarely change as they get older.

Studies of political opinion show thatmost people do not hold specific and clearly defined opinions on all political issues.people’s ideologies guide them toward formulating an opinion on almost all political issues.people understand their keen interests with or without political knowledge.most Americans are ardently concerned with how their government works.

Why does the marketplace of ideas often have a moderating effect on people’s opinions?Given constant exposure to other people’s ideas, it is almost impossible for one not to modify one’s own viewpoints.Moderate ideas usually have the best financial backing, and the greatest publicity.The most popular ideas are usually the most moderate ones.Those who shop in the marketplace of ideas typically start with moderate viewpoints.

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the Clinton White House and public opinion polls?

Clinton relied heavily on public opinion polling to determine which positions to adopt.Positions taken by the Clinton White House were usually defined by the president’s competition with Congress.Clinton used public opinion data sparingly, preferring to take his cues from the use of elite media organizations.The Clinton White House depended on advice from both interest groups and the Democratic Party in order to build successful strategies.

An overarching and complex set of beliefs and values that form a general philosophy about the role of government is called political

science.ideology.absolutism.dogmatism.

Most people acquire their initial orientation to politics fromfamilies.exposure to new media.educational background.membership in social groups.

For example, labor unions….

Voluntary social groupgender gapDivisive opinionInvoluntary social group

Which of the following most likely caused differences between African Americans and white Americans in terms of their views on the O. J. Simpson trial [background: Simpson was accused of a gruesome murder of his ex-wife and one of her friends. He was acquitted , partially on the defenses presentation of evidence about the conduct of the LA Police Department toward minorities]

Different perspectives on the justice of trying someone for a murder that had no eyewitnesses.The two groups hold different political values.The two groups have different perspectives of and experiences with the criminal justice system.The two groups have different party affiliations.

Today most Americans share a common set of political opinions that generally include a belief in equality ofresults, community support, and tradition.results, individual liberty, and democracy.opportunity, community support, and tradition.opportunity, individual liberty, and democracy.

The main problem with voting as a form of political participation is

that citizens cannot communicate very much information by only casting a ballot.that the electoral system is rigged to favor the status quo.that voting is a form of political participation that requires the most time and commitment.all of the above.

Which of the following are nonelectoral forms of political activity?

protests and riotslobbyinglitigationAll of the above are nonelectoral forms of political activity.

What is the main difference between voting and lobbying?

Unlike voting, lobbying involves an attempt to directly influence a government official.Unlike voting, lobbying is a corrupt and undemocratic form of participation.Unlike voting, lobbying is something done by most American citizens.Lobbying is a form of voting done only by members of Congress.

When the auto industry produced an advertising campaign against a bill passed to raise fuel economy standards, it was engaged in

bribery.lobbying.public relations.protest.

Litigation can be a form of participation in which people

hire advertising firms to promote causes and policies.file lawsuits in order to change public policies.pressure members of legislatures into adopting a particular policy.send letters or e-mails to government officials.

Voting

is a form of participation most heavily favored by the wealthy.gives ordinary Americans a more equal chance to participate in politics.requires more knowledge and resources than either litigation or lobbying.is the most recent form of participation arising in Western democracies.

During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the criteria for determining one’s eligibility to vote were established by

the U.S. Constitution.the federal government.state governments.the common-law tradition.

The term turnout describes the number of people who

register to vote.actually vote.vote for the incumbent.both A and B

Approximately __________ of eligible voters turn out for midterm congressional elections.

10 percentone-thirdhalfthree-fifths

What bloc of voters has recently been called the “sleeping giant”?

African AmericansLatinosAsian Americansmiddle-class whites

What is an important difference between Hispanic Democratic voters and non-Hispanic Democratic voters?

Hispanic Democrats vote in greater numbers than non-Hispanics.Non-Hispanic voters tend to split their ticket more often.Hispanic Democrats tend to be more socially conservative than non-Hispanic democrats.All of the above are significant differences.

The political power of Asian Americans has recently been hindered because of the

diversity of national backgrounds and cultures.political apathy among Asian American voters.disfranchisement of Asian American voters in the 1990s.lack of a sufficiently large population for bloc voting.

Approximately what percentage of senators and representatives in Congress are women?5 percent15 percent30 percent45 percent

Which of the following best describes the goal of the EMILY’s List organization?

to promote the expansion of pro-choice legislationto advocate a pro-life positionto raise money for Democratic women candidates interested in running for officeto litigate sex discrimination cases in court

Which statement is correct?

Religion has played an important role in organizing political participation.Religious groups have played a relatively minor role in politically mobilizing Americans.Catholics and Protestants in the United States remain deeply divided politically.Political groups usually attempt to keep religious issues out of politics.

Evangelical Protestants are more likely to be associated with

the Republican Party.the Democratic Party.the Moral Majority Party.no party; they are typically nonpartisan.

The power of the Christian Coalition in the 1990s was due to

its ability to donate large sums of money to candidates.its success in mobilizing a large grassroots base.the number of its members who were elected to political office.all of the above.

Which of the following groups have had the highest levels of political participation?

senior citizensAsian Americansthe youthLatinos

What is the most common form of participation carried out by young people in the United States?

protest marchescommunity service volunteerismvotinglobbying

Which of the following is not a key factor in indicating one’s level of participation?ageincomegeographic regioneducation

The socioeconomic status model explains one’s political participation by examining an individual’slevel of education, income, and occupational status.membership in community organizations.legal right to vote.membership in political organizations.

Which of the following is true about political participation?

African Americans and Latinos are less likely to participate in politics than whites.African Americans and Latinos participate in politics at either the same or higher levels than whites.African Americans hardly participate in politics at all, while Latinos participate at extraordinarily high level.Latinos barely participate in politics, while African Americans participate at extraordinarily high levels.

The strongest critique of the socioeconomic status model’s explanation of political participation is thatAfrican Americans with high levels of education do not participate.education levels are rising while rates of participation are falling.people from the lowest income brackets participate the most in politics.income levels are decreasing while rates of political participation are increasing.

Your level of concern about public issues is best measured by the degree of your

political connections.civic engagement.suffrage.protest.

Participation in politics depends on

resources, civic engagement, and recruitment.a good reputation, a high education, and the support of an association.civic spirit, popularity, and energy.lawyers, guns, and money.

An example of social settings influencing political participation is visible through the way __________ help(s) foster political participation in the United States.

televisionbowling leagueschurchesworkplace cooperatives

What was the original purpose of voter registration?

to reduce corruption by making it more difficult to voteto simplify the process of votingto make voters more dependent on the political partiesto raise revenues for the government

What was the effect of the National Voter Registration Act (Motor Voter Act)?

Voter registration rose, but voter turnout did not.

Both voter registration and voter turnout rose.Neither voter registration nor voter turnout rose.Voter registration did not rise, but voter turnout levels did.

Studies of political opinion show thata. most people do not hold specific and clearly defined opinions on all political issues.b. people’s ideologies guide them toward formulating an opinion on almost all political

issues.c. people understand their keen interests with or without political knowledge.d. most Americans are ardently concerned with how their government works.

While an individual’s underlying beliefs help shape his opinions on particular issues, two other important factors area. one’s knowledge of political issues and the outside influences affecting that person’s

views.b. the relative popularity of liberalism and conservatism, along with one’s ideological

history.c. the state of the economy and whether the United States is at war.d. the wording of public opinion poll questions and the illusion of saliency.

The concept of a marketplace of ideas refers toa. important changes in copyright and patent laws that have restricted Americans’ access to

free information.b.

the competition between varying opinions and ideas that are aired in public forums.

c. the use of opinion pollsters who market a politician’s speeches, ideas, and votes.d.

the explosion of information brought on by the Internet and other advances in electronic communication.

Which of the following, concerning the marketplace of ideas, is true?a. The English created the marketplace of ideas in the seventeenth century.b. Very few ideas emerge in the marketplace spontaneously.c. The marketplace of ideas involves political controversies, but not scientific or religious

ones.d. Only since the 1960s has the First Amendment been interpreted as a protective force for

the marketplace of ideas.

Which of the following shapes public opinion?a. the governmentb. private groupsc. the news mediad. all of the above

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between the Clinton White House and public opinion polls?a. Clinton relied heavily on public opinion polling to determine which positions to adopt.b. Positions taken by the Clinton White House were usually defined by the president’s

competition with Congress.c. Clinton used public opinion data sparingly, preferring to take his cues from the use of

elite media organizations.d. The Clinton White House depended on advice from both interest groups and the

Democratic Party in order to build successful strategies.

Which of the following has not been part of the Bush administration’s effort to maintain support for its war on terror?a. presidential speechesb. press conferencesc. donations to academic institutionsd. press releases

Groups market ideas most effectively with access toa. financial resources.b.

the support of public or private institutions.

c. education.d.

all of the above.

Which statement concerning the news media is not true?a. The methods used to report the news help shape the underlying attitudes and opinions

of those consuming the news.b. In a free democracy, the news media provide information without framing or interpreting

it in any particular way.c. The news media are often a tool for politicians to use.d. The amount of investigative reporting has increased over the past thirty years.

In public opinion surveys, a sample of the total populationa. must be at least 50 percent of the targeted population.b. need be only 15 percent of the targeted population.c. must be representative in that the views of those in the sample must accurately and

proportionately reflect the views of the whole population.d. must be based on all the registered voters in the targeted population.

The failure of major pollsters to predict Jesse Ventura’s 1998 victory in Minnesota’s gubernatorial election demonstrates thata. pollsters placed too much emphasis on the two major parties’ candidates.b. researchers polled only people who had voted before, ignoring potential new voters.c. poll takers believed that voters would actually show up to vote if they said they would.d. the wording of the polls overemphasized Ventura’s past career in wrestling.

Question formats can cause errors in polling that affect the polls’a. validity.b. bellwether effect.c. quota.d. hypothesis.

The practice of push polling involvesa. polling services like Harris and Gallup attempting to sell their polling data to major news

media at higher prices during election seasons.b. the system of calling people during dinner and evening hours to assure that as many

people as possible will be home.c. the procedure of asking loaded questions in order to subtly shape the respondent’s

opinion.d. the effect of polls having to push politicians into adopting policy proposals they would

not otherwise adopt.

During presidential elections, there is often a post-convention __________ in the popularity of a presidential candidate resulting from increased media attention.a. slumpb. horse racec. bounced. lull

An important reason for why public policy and public opinion may not coincide in the United States is thata. the American system of government includes arrangements, such as an appointed

judiciary, which may produce policy decisions that run contrary to prevailing popular sentiment.

b. the American system of government was not designed to account for public opinion.c. the American system of government was designed to account for the elite’s needs and

demands.d. American society fears a “tyranny of the majority.”

In times of economic recession Libertarians would insist on letting the market rebound by itselfKeynesian economic solutionsincreased government regulationexpanding the welfare state

A political ideology is best defined asthe specific preferences individuals contemplate while discussing an issue the basic principles that shape particular attitudes.a cohesive set of beliefs that form a general philosophy about the government.the concrete interests that people try to defend through public policy.

Populist…Fear big institution such as banks and large corporationsHave a sense of small town propriety and thus fear too much “individual liberty”Support government intervention in the economy.All of theseOnly A and B.

The transition many white southerners made from the Democratic to the Republican Party is a good example ofa. the shifting political values of white southerners over time.b. the changes in political conditions and circumstances in the South, rather than in

opinions or values.c. the growing conservative ideology in the South.d. the rise of labor unions and other associations in the South.

In a liberal ideology, which of the core American values is most important?a. libertyb. democracyc. equalityd. Justice

__________ is the core political value most highly prized by American conservatives.a. Democracyb. Libertyc. Equalityd. Family

People’s underlying beliefs and ideologiesa. compel them to think carefully about each opinion they hold.b. color their perceptions, often causing them to make automatic judgments on particular

issues.c. prevent liberals and conservatives from sharing similar core values.d. are established when people are young, and rarely change as they get older.

_________ refers to a complex set of beliefs and values that, as a whole, form a general philosophy about government.For example, the “opinion” reflected in the Alien and Sedition Acts…. For example, one’s socioeconomic class at birth. _________ term used to denote citizens’ attitudes about political issues, leaders, institutions, and events.The small but relevant difference in voting tendencies between men and women. The processes that form political beliefs and values are collectively called _____________________ are a person’s basic orientation to politics For example, labor unions…. Family, popular movements, professional associations…

Sexual divideVoluntary social groupgender gapPublic opinion  Values Agents of socialization Divisive opinion Involuntary social group

Political ideology political socialization Consensus opinion

II. Multiple Choice:

Which of the following terms describe America’s fundamental political values?.liberal and conservativeRepublican and Democratinternationalist and isolationistliberty, equality, and democracy

The difference between a political value and a political attitude is that

values are conservative while attitudes are liberal.values are held for a short term while attitudes are held for a long term.values are basic principles while attitudes are specific preferences.There is no difference.

Fundamental political values

unify Americans around a common set of goals for the government.divide those Americans who are in sharp disagreement over political values.are vague and nearly useless during political debates.are unknown in the United States because of the nation’s diversity.

People’s political party preferences are primarily acquired through the influence oftheir families.the region of the country they inhabit.their education.the media they consume.

Which of the following most likely caused differences between African Americans and white Americans in terms of their views on the O. J. Simpson trial [background: Simpson was accused of a gruesome murder of his ex-wife and one of her friends. He was acquitted , partially on the defenses presentation of evidence about the conduct of the LA Police Department toward minorities]

Different perspectives on the justice of trying someone for a murder that had no eyewitnesses.The two groups hold different political values.The two groups have different perspectives of and experiences with the criminal justice system.The two groups have different party affiliations.

Which of the following causes differences in political opinions?

raceincomeeducation

all of the above

The controversial nature of affirmative action reveals thatAmericans have varied outlooks on the importance of equal opportunities.different policy outcomes can be based on the same fundamental principle.Americans are forever separated by racial differences.Americans are very politically active.

After WWII, the law school cases and the white primaries case were part of the Supreme Court’s effort to ….

Reinforce the Southern strategy of separate but equalUndermine the Plessey decisionGradually win over Southern leaders and persuade them to end racial segregation on their ownOnly B and C.

President Obama remarked during the campaign that: “If you look at the victories and failures of the civil rights movement, and its litigation strategy in the court” , it had certain successes and certain limitations. Which of the following did he point out?

The successes in vest formal rights in previously dispossessed peoples The inability of the movement to solve the underlying social and economic injustices The success of the movement in building a long term political movement that kept minority people political engaged and active.The inability of the movement to get beyond the expansion of positive liberties so as to protect negative ones from state violation. All of these=AB= A and B only. =A,B,C= only A,B and C.=BCD= B,C and D only.

The Supreme Courts dilemma in enforcing the Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was that courts could impose racial preferences on foot-dragging or inept institutions and violate the letter of the law or :

It could admit it lacked the authority to enforce the law ( and thus violate the spirit of the law)They could order less onerous steps they knew would be ineffective, thus letting discrimination continue (and by doing so violate their duty under Title VII). They could declare the Act unconstitutional and return the matter to Congress, thereby admitting they had no role to play in this important constitutional issue.Return to the “separate but equal” doctrine and there fail to carry out the intention of the law.

Which of the following are true, given Aristotle’s analysis of equality and justice?To treat people equally is to always do them justiceEqual treatment is hardly ever just treatment

Sometime treating people equally is just, sometimes treating people differently or unequally is just.[There is NO alternative D]

According to the lector’s analysis of the purpose of affirmative action’s “selection by race or gender” it was—and is to:

Compensate individuals for past harms caused by racismTo change institutions so that they can meet the nondiscrimination mandate of the Civil Rights ActTo solve the problem of economic inequality and injustice All of theseOnly A and B.

The protections won by the African American civil rights movement

Had no consequences for other minorities Provided tactics and legal tools for women in their fight for rightsspilled over to protect other groups as well, Latinos, Asian Americans, Native Americans, among others.All of theseOnly B and C.

In the 1970s, the Supreme Court helped to establish gender discrimination as a major and highly visible civil rights issue and it

Held that the burden of proof in gender discrimination suits would be the same as racial discrimination suits.Would be “intermediate scrutiny” which placed some of the burden of proof on both the person bringing the suit and on the company or institution accused. Held that the burden of proof in gender discrimination suits would be “traditional” burden of proof found in criminal cases.[There is NO alternative D]

The situation of Latinos seeking more recognition and protection for their rights was that:

Unlike the ethnic groups of larger Northeastern cities , they could not create ethnic voting blocs and create political machinesThe rights they sought were denied by the terms of the treaty that ended the Mexican-American warThe patron system had produced such effective protections for Latino rights (even though these rights were limited) that there was no support for change.Only A and C.

Which of the following are true of the Asian American experience?

They faced less discrimination the African-Americans The denial of basic civil rights lead to Japanese Americans internment during WWII

camps during World War II. They formed political organizations very early on to push for rights protections. Only A and C

In the ______________ decision , the Supreme Court ruled that school districts have to provide education for students whose English is limited.

Lau v. NicholsWong Kim Arc v. United StatesSun Yet-sen v PetersonRomer v. Evans

The single most useful thing that would help lower class admissions to college would be: more money must be invested in their education earlier in their lives so that they are better prepared for college More scholarship money available with generous terms of repayment; More dedicated high school teachers and counselorsMore advanced classes in public schools.

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 prohibits

companies from paying retired persons a wage that is equal to or greater than the minimum wage standardage discrimination against people without a valid occupational reason.state governments from hiring individuals who have not yet had their 21st birthday.Social Security recipients from working any job

What barriers exist in gaining admission and then attending college?

Structural injusticesInadequate personal drive and ambitionLegal discriminationAll of theseOnly A and B.

Why does it matter who attends college?

College graduates are resources for both society and their communitiesCollege degrees are a very important way in which social mobility is made possibleThe perception of opportunity which broad and inclusive access to college provides is good for social stability and co-operation.All of theseOnly A and B

What role does public policy and programs play in who gets into to prestigious colleges? No role at all: personal effort is everythingAn important role in providing equitable opportunities for preparationAn important role in the provision of funding support for both students and institutionsOnly B and C.

The short cutting “Diversity v. White Privilege” offers a short anecdote about the author’s grandfather. The point of the cutting is that:

The current generation cannot be fairy asked to compensate for historical racism of the past.

Historical racism keeps providing benefits to the descendants of those benefitted back in the day….Historical racism was really individualized, not structural.Only A and C

The Court characterized ___________________ as any exclusionary practice not necessary to an institution's activities.

Economic discrimination

Ethnic discrimination

statutory discrimination

Social discrimination

_________________ refers to sexual discrimination which involves policies or laws which have the intention of protecting women against harms which are claimed to unique to their gender.

Pedentialism

Chauvinism

Social Discrimination

Misogyny

The metaphor which the lecturer argues best describes America's oppurtunity environment is:

Bootstrapping

The Level playing field,

The 300 year long poker game

Socrates' cave

What was the purpose of California's Proposition 187?

It barred illegal immigrants from voting.

It barred illegal immigrants from receiving most public services.

It barred illegal immigrants from ever receiving green cards.

It attempted to limit illegal immigration at the border through the use of racial profiling

Affirmative action in the United States involves compensatory action to overcome the consequences of past discrimination. mandatory strict hiring quotas, established by the Department of Labor, for all federalagencies and programs. initiating lawsuits against the U.S. government for its past discriminatory practices.all of the above.

The civil rights of Latinos and Asian Americans were assisted by the Supreme Court’s ruling thatschool districts are required to provide bilingual education to non–English-speaking students. school districts must provide instruction that students can understand bilingual ballots must be provided in several different languages.literacy tests are unconstitutional.

Under what conditions can a plaintiff successfully bring a sexual harassment charge? only if the plaintiff can prove both economic and psychological harm only if the plaintiff can prove either economic or psychological harm the plaintiff need prove neither economic nor psychological harm, only sexual harassment or a hostile work environment.only quid pro quo forms of harassment may be brought into court

To draw voting districts so that one group–or party is unfairly advantaged is calledgerrymandering. busing. logrolling. disfranchisement.

In a case of workplace discrimination, which government institution would most likely handle the complaint?

the Supreme Court Congress the Equal Employment Opportunity Commissionthe Department of Commerce

Which of the following best describes the federal courts’ trend toward school desegregation since the 1990s?

The courts increased the federal supervision of local school desegregation.

The courts decreased the federal supervision of local school desegregation. Federal courts continued the active use of busing.Federal courts ordered the withdrawal of federal education funds from school districts that do not combat de facto desegregation.

What was the Supreme Court’s ruling in Shelley v. Kraemer? Racially restrictive covenants on housing could not be enforced by courts. Universities and professional schools had to desegregate. Public universities were required to admit women, but private colleges could still segregate on the basis of gender.Only B and C.

Most of the government’s positive actions associated with the civil rights issue in the United States stem from the application of

the civil rights clause of Article VI of the U.S. Constitution. the commerce clause of Article I of the U.S. Constitution. the Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

In regards to bussing, the Supreme Court by the 1980’s :

Continued to support busing children across school districts for the purpose of desegregation.Made a school district’s intention to desegregate sufficient to meet the required burden and thus no longer mandated bussing.Turned from bussing to magnet schools as a way of satisfying the Brown decision.Only B and C.

The NAACP sought to win political rights for African-Americans by means of

political pressure Litigation.Mass demonstrationsAll of theseOnly A and B.

Issues of civil rights are;

above politics since they deal with matters of basic justice; part of the politics of rights, therefore part of the poitical push and shove; subject to the usually political battles pitting group against group , since they often create winners and relative losers; only B and C

The short answer to the question of who goes to college is: children from white upper income offspring families where one or both parents have been to college middle class offspring.

I,II,III II,III

I,III II

Sexual harassment includes Unwanted physical or verbal conduct abuse of a sexual nature that interferes with a recipient's job performance actions that create a hostile environment actions carries and implicit or explicit threat of adverse employment consequences

I,II,III,IV I,II,III II,IV I,III

The Brown decision led to; other rulings against other forms of discrimination; speedy compliance all over the country; calls for the Chief Justice to run for president as a Southern candidate; the Civil Rights Act of 1864.

The impact of unequal access to housing for minorities was to; deny access to good quality schools in many cases; racket up the cost of housing for minorities; reinforce patterns of residential segregation; all of these only A and

In the Bakke case, the Court issued an opinion that was;unanimously in favor of affirmative action;unanimously opposed to affirmative action;divided but rejected race as a possible part of medical school admission;divided but supportive of race as one possible part of medical school admission criteria

To enforce the Fourteenth Amendment more effectively , Congress passed the;Civil Rights Act of 1964; Gramm-Ruddman-Hollings Act Social Security ActTwenty-sixth AmendmentWar Powers Resolution.

The Plessey case produced;Racial Dualism; De facto segregation in the North;separate-but-unequal schools; the birth of the Ku Klux Klan.

The Brown decision led to; other rulings against other forms of discrimination; speedy compliance all over the country; calls for the Chief Justice to run for president as a Southern candidate; the Civil Rights Act of 1864.

Segregation with a legal basis is called: affirmative action; de jure segregation; for in the Brown decision; de facto segregation.

De facto segregation is based on;residential segregation; separating black and white students in schools;the Dred Scott decision;legislative action.

Early efforts for women's rights; started in the 1830's parallel to the fight for abolition of slavery; date to the 1920's; were closely associated with the "takings movement" of the 1870's; Were aided by their experience with union strikes in the 1930's.

"Merit" , as used by colleges and universities to determine admissions:.Used to be the sole criteria used until the advent of affirmative action;Includes tests scores and grades;Includes other factors besides ""objective"" tests, such as region of origin, race, special talents, special circumstances, etShould, according to the sources cited in our handouts, be limited, in all fairness, to objective things like SAT performance and teacher recommendations.

I,II,III,IV; II,III,IV; II, III II, IV

In the case of Grutter v. Bollinger, Justice O'Connor decision held that a narrowly tailored use of race in admissions decisions is constitutional the school had proven a compelling interest in obtaining the educational benefits thatflow from a diverse student body that racial quotas were violations of the 6th amendment All of these=AB= only A and B

According to the College Board, people with a bachelor's degree will earn, on average ___________ dollars more than those with just high school diploma

10,000

100,0001,000,00010,000,000

As discusses in the handout, merit-based programs like the Georgia HOPE scholarship: Are popular with voters Show great promise in making college available to the working poor. Take up to 80 percent of their participants form among those who would have attended college anywayall of these Only A and B

Lower class kids face several environmental problems in getting into college including: Lowered self-esteem; Constant relocations Poor public school preparation; All of these

For American society in general colleges exist to serve the general good to provide job training for the affluent To ensure that the most intellectually gifted are educated to their fullest capacity;Only B and C

To what does the term "redlining" refer?the practice of banks refusing to make loans to people living in certain neighborhoods the practice of drawing districts that are biased against minority groups denying one the right to vote by drawing a red line through a citizen's name in the voter registrythe practice of denying someone rights by labeling him or her a communist

Before the 1920s, what was the political status of Native Americans? They were federal citizens but not citizens of the states in which they live They were considered as foreigners, because their tribes were regarded as separate nations. They were considered to be illegal immigrants, unless on reservations.They had no political status.

The rights of the disabled not to be discriminated against in employment and access to public businesses is guaranteed by

the Civil Rights Act of 1964. the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. the amended Civil Rights Act of 1991 the federal courts, not by laws passed by Congress

To believe in the principle of __________ means that you believe that it is a violation of civil rights for the government ever to make decisions on the basis of race, even as a remedy for past discrimination.

color blindness affirmative action equality of opportunityPro-choice

Matching:No discrimination in federally subsidized educational programsIn some instances, discrimination is not a consequence of individual actions or omissions, but of the institutional rules and social customs of a people. This is called by the lecturer…..The SAT I is less accurate in telling us about the future achievement of African-Americans.The  transmission of economic advantages and inequalities from parents to children.Monetary damages can be awarded in sexual harassment and discrimination suits.Diversity is a legitimate and constitutional justification for using race as one factor in college admissions , but rigid quotas are not permissible.Prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. The court's last word on the legality of homosexual behavior in private between consenting adults.

Firefighters Local #1784 v. Stotts Social sin Prediction bias Content biasPolitical sinTitle IX of the Civil Rights Act=AB= Title VII of the Civil Rights Act=AC= Franklin v Grinnett County Public Schools=AD= LAWRENCE ET AL. v. TEXAS =AE= Grutter v. Bollinger=BC= intergenerational transmission of economic status=BD= Title IV of the Civil Rights Act of 1964