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Fall 2013
Eugene V. Colla
Physics 401 Spring 2013 2
The main goals of the Lab:
Study of the magnetic field distribution created by
various systems using Hall probe and Gauss meter.
Calculating for simple systems the magnetic field
profile and comparing it with experimental data.
Getting understanding of the application of the Hall
effect to measurements of the magnetic fields.
This is one week Lab
Physics 401 Spring 2013 3
Magnetic field due to current loops
Helmholtz coils
Solenoid
Halbach magnets
Hall effect. Measuring of the magnetic field
Physics 401 Spring 2013 4
Jean-Baptiste Biot
(1774-1862)
Félix Savart
(1791-1841)
dl
I34
o Idl rdB
r
0 410-7 N/A2,
permeability of the
free space
dB
Physics 401 Spring 2013 5
dl
a
r
dBdBzq
I
z
(0,0,z1)
a
dl
x
z
r
qdB dBz
q
z1
dl a d
df
cosz
adB dB dB
rq
2
0
34
z
a ddB
r
2
0
3
2 2
0 0
3 3
2 2 21
4
2 2
z z
I aB dB d
r
I Ia a
rz a
Physics 401 Spring 2013 6
Hermann Ludwig
Ferdinand von
Helmholtz
(1821-1894)
Magnetic field vector in a plane
bisecting the current loops.
(courtesy Wikipedia)
Physics 401 Spring 2013 7
I I
z
N turns
0
a
a
2
0
32 2 21
2
I aB z
z a
For single loop:
For Helmholtz coils total current equals NI,
2
az z For right hand coil and
2
az z for left hand coil
B
Modern Experimental PhysicsIntroduction for Physics 401 students
Fall 2013
Eugene V. Colla
• Goals of the course
• Experiments
• Teamwork
• Schedule and assignments
• Your working mode
9Physics 401 Spring 2013
10
• Primary: Learn how to “do” research
Each project is a mini-research effort
How are experiments actually carried out
Use of modern tools and modern analysis and data-recording techniques
Learn how to document your work
• Secondary: Learn some modern physics
Many experiments were once Nobel-prize-worthy efforts
They touch on important themes in the development of modern physics
Some will provide the insight to understand advanced courses
Some are just too new to be discussed in textbooks
Physics 401 Spring 2013
11
Primary. Each project is a mini-research effort
Step1. Preparing:• Sample preparation• Wiring the setup• Testing electronics
Preparing the samples for ferroelectric measurements
Courtesy of Emily Zarndt & Mike Skulski (F11)
Step2. Taking data:If problems – go back to
Step 1.
Standing waves
resonances in Second
Sound experiment
Courtesy of Mae Hwee Teo and
Vernie Redmon (F11)
Physics 401 Spring 2013
12
Primary. Each project is a mini-research effort
Step3. Data Analysis If data is “bad” or not
enough data point – go back to Step 2
Step4. Writing report and preparing the talk
Plot of coincidence rate for
22Na against the angle between
detectors A and B. The fit is a
Gaussian function centred at
179.30° with a full width at half
maximum (FWHM) of 14.75°.
Courtesy of Bi Ran and Thomas
Woodroof
Author#1 and
Author#2
Physics 401 Spring 2013
Primary. How are experiments actually carried out ?
The procedures are not all written out
The questions are not in the back of the
chapter
The answers are not in the back of the book
You will have to learn to guide your own activities
13Physics 401 Spring 2013
Primary. Use of modern tools and modern analysis and data-recording techniques
• Lock-in amplifiers
• Digital scopes
• Precise DMM’s
• Multichannel analyzers
• Cryogenic equipment
• Temperature controllers
• Sample preparation equipment
• Microscopse
• Modern optical equipment
• etc.
14Physics 401 Spring 2013
Primary. Learn how to document your work
On line. Electronic logbook
Making an analysis report,Writing formal report
Presenting your findings orally
15Physics 401 Spring 2013
Many experiments were once Nobel-prize-worthy efforts
1913. Heike Kamerlingh
Onnes
"for his investigations on
the properties of matter at
low temperatures which led,
inter alia, to the production
of liquid helium".
1973. Ivar Giaever
"for their experimental discoveries
regarding tunneling phenomena in
semiconductors and
superconductors, respectively"
1976. Pyotr Leonidovich
Kapitsa
"for his basic inventions and
discoveries in the area of
low-temperature physics"
1986. Gerd Binnig
"for their design of
the scanning
tunneling
microscope"
1952. Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell
"for their
development of
new methods for
nuclear magnetic
precision
measurements and
discoveries in
connection
therewith"
16
Secondary: Learn some modern physics
Physics 401 Spring 2013
All experiments are divided in three main groups: Condensed Matter (CM),
Nuclear/ Particle Physics (NP), Atomic/Molecular/Optics (AMO)
• Condensed Matter (CM)– Superconductivity
– Tunneling in superconductors - new
– Contactless detecting of the superconductivity. Penetration depth.
– 2nd sound in He4 superfluid state
– Ferroelectrics and ferroelectric phase transition. Dielectric and pyroelectric study (Ferro1)
– Optical Investigation of the ferroelectric phase transition and domain formation (Ferro2)
– Polarization of the ferroelectrics. Hysteresis loops (Ferro3) –new
– Low temperature thermometry. Sensors calibration.
– Pulsed NMR
– Special Tools:
• Vacuum film deposition
• Atomic Force Microscope
• Polarizing microscope
17Physics 401 Spring 2013
• Nuclear / Particle (NP)– Alpha particle range in gasses
– Cosmic ray muons:
– Angular correlations in nuclear decay
– Angular distribution of cosmic rays
• Atomic / Molecular / Optics (AMO)– Optical pumping of rubidium gas
– Berry’s phase
– Quantum erasure
– Quantum Entanglement
– Florescence spectroscopy
18Physics 401 Spring 2013
Ferro1
Samples on the cryostat
stage
(1)
Sample preparation
setup150 200 250 300 350 400 450 5000
3
6
9100Hz
T (K)
'/1
000
1K/min
(2)
(3)
Results:
Temperature
dependence of the
dielectric constant
of barium titanate
19Physics 401 Spring 2013
Ferro2
Courtesy of Dave Grych and Thomas
Hymel (F10)
Setup
Domains in tetragonal phase of BaTO3
Idea of operating
20Physics 401 Spring 2013
Transmitter
Receiver
To lock-in
L
R1
R2
T<2.17KIdea of the experiment
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
40 50 60 70
0.25
0.50
0.75
T = 1.57K
ƒ (Hz)
R
V
R
V
Raw dataFinal result
Second sound
21Physics 401 Spring 2013
Muon counting
Main stock of scintillators
Wiring Courtesy of Deniz Köksal, Emily Zarndt
Muons precession in magnetic field
22Physics 401 Spring 2013
Optical pumping
5.14 5.16 5.18 5.20 5.22 5.24 5.26 5.28
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.50
0.52
Inte
nsit
y (
a.u
.)
f (MHz)
Energy transitions of Rb85 for 10.8 G.
Double quantum transitions can be seen
and occur when two photons are
simultaneously absorbed. Courtesy of Natasha
Sachdeva (S2011)
85Rb
23Physics 401 Spring 2013
24
An example of Lab manual
• Many are just guides
• A few purchased experiments have “real” manuals
• We serve as your guides … like real research
Physics 401 Spring 2013
25
Item Points
Expt. documentation: elog reports, shift summaries, plot quality; paper logbooks
180 Total
60 / cycle
Formal reports: physics case, quality of results, depth of analysis, conclusions
600 Total
100 / report
Oral reports: motivation, organization of presentation; fielding questions
225
75 / oral
Total
Effective point total will be
1005
1000 grade
Physics 401 Spring 2013
26Physics 401 Spring 2013
27Physics 401 Spring 2013
• Total 18-20(?) seats
• The course is more appropriate for juniors and
seniors
• Prerequisite: Credit or concurrent registration in
PHYS 486.
• Instructor Approval Required
28Physics 401 Spring 2013