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8/2/2019 Fall 2011204 Lecture 13
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Machavellian intelligence
allows an individual to serve his or her own intereby interacting with others either cooperativelyor manipulatively but without disturbing the oversocial cohesion of the group
think: corrupt politicians
positive feedback between social
complexity and brain size/intelligence
seen in carnivores and their ungulate prey Red Queen Effect!
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Primate group size
minimum group size
needed for defense against predators
maximum group size
ecological factors
social factors
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Larger groups
take longer to move from place to place
more conspicuous to predators
less food per individual when located
When a group becomes too large
conflicts arise over
food
dominance
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Thresholds where groups split
Benefit of group living must be weighed against co
Social Conflicts arise because of competition for
food
mates
Order is maintained by
Dominance Hierarchies
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High ranking individuals achieve
higher reproductive success
priority of access to resources
Complex Social Interactions
success also depends on
networks of alliances
coalitions
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Competition
Social Conflict
Predator Pressure
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Grooming as a tool to dissipate aggression and co
used to solicit altruistic interactions
for reconciliation after conflict
maintains friendships
cements alliances
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The role of deception
mislead others
by giving false information
false warning calls
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Social Primates must
be able to recognize individuals
keep track of social debts - yours and others
know relatedness between individuals
be able to consider how a situation would look
to another individual
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Intentionality
zero-order: a rock unaware of its own existence
first order: self-awareness
second order: self-awareness and realization thatothers are aware also
children acquire this between 3-4
Most adults can keep track of 5-6 orders
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1storder I think
2ndorder I think you think
3rdorder I think you think I think
Etc.
Self Awarenessvery hard to measure in animals
Mirror test
Humans, Apes, Dolphins, Elephants
Convergent Evolution
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W-pc_M2qI748/2/2019 Fall 2011204 Lecture 13
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The Human Brain
three main sections
primitive core
inherited from our reptilian ancestors
mid-section
sensory perception
integrating bodily functions
white matter
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outer layer
cerebral cortex
distinctive to mammals
grey matter
in mammals makes up 35% of the total brain
In primates
50% in prosimians
80% in humans
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Neocortex enlargement
driven by advantages ofprocessing and using
socially relevant
information
Multifactoral approach
To encephalisation
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Encephalisation and Runaway Sexual Selection
females preferred smarter males
offspring are smarter
sons are preferred mates
females inherit preference for smart males
positive feedback loop
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Sexual Selection and Brain Size: Display Hypothesis
males display intelligence via
art
music
making artifacts
telling stories
resulting in science, art & literature
female choice driving encephalisation in males??
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Genomic Imprinting and brain growth
traditionally thought that autosomes act same
doesnt matter if they come from mom or dad
Genomic Imprinting
when how a gene operates depends on its origin
paternally activecame from father
maternally activecame from mother
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Maternally active genes
see maternal siblings as related r = 1
act more altruistically towards maternal relatives
benefit via inclusive fitness
Paternally active genes
see maternal sibling as unrelated r = 0
act selfishly
attempt to forcibly extract more maternal
resources than the mother is willing to give
N t
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Neoteny
small genetic changes that effect timing of
development of features
skull of juvenile chimpanzee looks like human skull
suppression of genes that control skull maturation
results in the maintaining of juvenile skullproportions in adulthood
N l S l i d Th O i i f L
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Natural Selection and The Origin of Language
Steven Pinker 1994
inherited disorders
involving grammatical errors in speech
language areas of the brain Brocas area speech
Wernickes areas comprehension
language bears signs of being designed to serve a
specialized function
like the mammalian eye or bird wing
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children learn language naturally
and quickly
the human vocal tract is adapted
to speech
larynx low in throat
allows for expansion of types of sounds
auditory apparatus specialized for decoding speech
all human languages are grammatically complex