Fall 2010 Microbiology Assignment III Presentation

Hepatitis B VirusJia Ying Liu

Novenber 25, 2010

THE HISTORY OF HEPETITIS B VIRUS

had been recognized by physicians for centuries but no idea its cause until the 1940s when this disease came to suspect that a virus carried in human blood was responsible.

Intensive research confirmed to isolate the infectious agents that caused hepatitis A and hepatitis B in 80s.

Researchers continued found a protein that reacted extremely rarely with the antibodies, which is called antigen Aa. However, HBV still a mystery virus in human beings.

follow by, scientist found that there was a link between the antigen Aa and hepatitis, and significantly convinced that Aa was part of the virus that caused hepatitis B

In further continue discovery, scientist found an effective vaccine that subunits of the virus that could preventing deaths from liver cancer (BeyoundDiscovery).

DISEASE OVERVIEWCased by both acute and chronic liver infections (HBV) which infect to liver and hominodia (wikipedia)

Primary virus shape arrangement: spherical, and the viral sequence in the integrated DNA are highly re- - arranged indicated by the solid lines plotted along the outside genetic map (Stannard & Millman)

A species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus (a part of the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses) (Hunt)

Gram staining: gram negative (Norton)

Photo provided by CDC posted in Wikipedia

Double stranded DNA viruses, surrounded by a host cell-derived envelope heat- and pH resistant, The nucleic acid is enclosed in capsid structure which is composed of capsomeres (WHO)

Nutritional class: chemo-heterotrophic

HBV TRANSMISSION

Reservoir in liver and lead to liver inflammation Can easily spread by direct contact with the blood or body

fluids of an infected person Sex active with infected people who are hepatitis B virus

carriers (heterosexual / homosexual ) Live with people who with hepatitis B virus in the same

house Has hemophilia Illegal drugs injection Travel often to the area that with hepatitis B patients in

common Share dairy life supplies with people who with hepatitis B

virus

HBV TRANSMISSION (CONT’S)

Graph provided by Dr. Loh Keng Yin, IMU Clinical school

HBV EPIDEMIOLOGY IN WORLDWIDE

Estimated that 350 million individuals worldwide are infected with the virus, which causes 620,000 deaths worldwide each year (CDC). Especially in some Asian countries and Africa.

Approximately 46,000 new cases of hepatitis B occurred in the United States in 2006, from aged 25 to 44 (CDC).

HBV SYMPTOMS

Appetite disorder Tiredness Abnormal pain in muscles,

joints, or stomach Diarrhea or vomiting Jaundice (yellowing of the

skin and whites of the eyes)

Photo source from www.istockphotos.com

HBV DIAGNOSES

Blood test: measure liver function and identify HBV antigens. The following table is about  sets of results from hepatitis B blood tests ( MedicineNet):

Most Likely Status* Tests Results

Susceptible, not infected, not immuneHBsAganti-HBcanti-HBs

negativenegativenegative

Immune due to natural infectionHBsAganti-HBcanti-HBs

negativepositivepositive

Immune do to hepatitis B vaccinationHBsAganti-HBcanti-HBS

negativenegativepositive

Acutely infected

HBsAganti-HBcIgM anti-HBcanti-HBs

positivepositivepositivenegative

Chronically infected

HBsAganti-HBcIgM anti-HBcanti-HBs

positivepositivenegativenegative

LIVER DAMAGE LEVEL BY HBV

“This damage can happen even before symptoms appear. However, not all patients progress to serious liver damage. About 15% to 40% of people with chronic hepatitis B develop serious liver disease including cirrhosis, liver failure, or even liver cancer” (FaceHep.org).

*Photos and statement provided by FaceHepB.org

HBV TREATMENTS

So far, there is no treatment can cure HBV.

But multifaceted approach is the most effective way to treat this disease recently:

*Prevention - avoiding behaviors and situations that put a person at a high risk of

catching hepatitis, and getting the hepatitis B vaccination. Also, people who with HBV should prohibit from alcohol, supplement intake, over-counter-medications, or prescribed drugs without health professionals consulting, because these factors can cause the serious liver damage.

Most people with Hepatitis B will recover within weeks to months. For serious cases of Hepatitis B, which has lead to the rare complication of liver failure, and hospitalizations needed.

HBV INFECTION POPULATION & REGIONS

*Graph cited from Norah Terrault, UCSF

PREFERENCES CDC. "File:Hepatitis-B virions.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hepatitis-B_virions.jpg>.

FaceHepB. " FaceHepB - Potential Risks of Chronic Hepatitis B ." FaceHepB - Homepage . N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://www.facehepb.com/Potential-Risks-of-Chronic-Hepatitis-B.aspx>.

"Hepetitis B Virus." Doctors of Health Promotion and Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <www.dhpe.org/infect/hepb.html>.

"Malaysian Family Physicians - Review Articles: Hepatitis B infection." Malaysian Family Physicians - eJournal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://www.e-mfp.org/v1n1/hepatitis_B_infection-printcopy.htm>.

MedicineNet.com. "Hepatitis B (HBV)." MedicineNet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <www.medicinenet.com/hepatitis_b/article.htm>.

Millman, Irving, Toby K. Eisenstein, and Baruch S. Blumberg. Hepatitis B: the virus, the disease, and the vaccine. New York: Plenum Press, 1984. Print.

Norton, Jeffrey A.. Essential practice of surgery basic science and clinical evidence. New York: Springer, 2003. Print.

Stannard, Linda M . "Hepatitis B Virus." University of Cape Town / Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/hepb.html>.

Terrault, Norah . "Hepatitis B - a knol by Norah Terrault." Knol - a unit of knowledge: share what you know, publish your expertise.. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://knol.google.com/k/norah-terrault/hepatitis-b/1w026jckgcwg2/3#>.

"The Hepetits B Story." Beyonddiscovery.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=265>.

THANK YOU!

HAPPY THANKSGIVING! MERRY CHRISTMAS! HAPPY NEW YEAR!

NOV.25,2010