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STUDIO AIR2015, SEMESTER 1, JOEL FALCONER
Joel Falconer
Born in Melbourne (1981).
Currently completing my 3rd year of bachelor of environments at Melbourne
university. My interests lie in the exploration of parametric design ‘s ability to assist
in key global ecological issues through design futuring, particularly in the realm of
Structural innovation and ESD.
Such as we have never seen before, cutting edge algorithmic computation and digital
fabrication has given us the ability to create a form and technical system that is able to
emulate the way in which nature functions and then incorporate with every aspect of
the built environment to create a more human oriented urbanism.
I am also interested in the way in which Digital fabrication has the potential to draw
a strongly emotive and personal response within individuals through developing
complex organic shapes and systems relating very strongly to human biology
My previous work in 3D modelling has involved using the Rhino Interface to create a
‘second skin’ Prototype for the Bachelor of environment’s studio Virtual Environments.
In this Project I explored the way in which psychological concepts of ‘Personal Space’
could be mapped and then translated into a physical structure with the mechanism to
‘protect’ the wearer from encroachment into their personal space.
PERSONAL PROFILE
PERSONAL PROFILE
Fig.2: Images of author’s previous experiments in Rhino
Fig.1: Images of author
Computation has allowed the architect to enlarge the potential of what and how
they design and fabricate. Beyond ‘computerisation’ ,which is the act of digitizing
existing process, computation is the transformation of that process using the new
digital tools as the driver behind the design process. Computing has been used to
redefine practice by making the architect a designer/coder of algorithms, and one
whom establishes and manipulates the parameters of a project, rather than one whom
generates a pre-established ‘form’ which the practice then works towards realizing.
Architects have become more concerned with managing the process of exploration
and analysing appropriate parameters (construction techniques, environmental
performance, site conditions, programmatic requirements etc.) which has resulted in
a forms previously unrealisable.
In this new design paradigm the emphasis is on the ‘declaring parameters of a
particular design...not its shape.’1 The process is a lot more generative - large variants
of designs can be quickly modelled that can be either more rational and customized
and/or more experimental because the algorithmic process has enabled a highly
complex (often organic) and surprising outcome which could never have been
considered by a form oriented architect.
1 Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) Suggested start with pp. 3–62 pdf
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Figure 3 : Shows the computational design process for a project by Defne Sunguroglu Hensel (2010)1 in which structure and forces are analyzed to determine the perfect form for a self supported Nested Catenarie arch structures.The design process here is through the critical and sophisticated manipulation of inputs. By defining the relationships between elements of the project the designer was able to quickly generate multiple iterations of potential designs from which suitable results could be selected and constructed.
1 Sunguroglu Hensel, Defne, Baraut Bover, Guillem, (2015) ‘A developmental Route to Local Specifity. nested Catenaries’ 85,2,pp120-127
Another benefits of Parametric design are that it enables
ease of change through every step of the process
without having to re-construct the entire work. One can
adjust parameters which are ‘downstream’ causing all
resultant relationships to alter ‘upstream’ . Not only does
this aid the creative ‘sketching’ process but it can also
have huge cost-benefit justifications by eliminating the
need to spend time reworking and reworking the design
with each change.
For Centre Pompidou, Metz (2010)Shigeru Ban utilized 3D modelling to create a non-
linear self supporting structure comprising of 1,800 doubly curved wooden beams.1
Each beam was manufactured using CNC Laser cutting to slightly different
specifications requiring that each element connected with each other using slightly
different detailing. This required a mass customization of the detailing that would,
a process that would not have been possible utilizing a manual detailing technique.
Using C.A.D. Ban was also able to establish direct communication between the digital
model and the CNC cutting ensuring an efficient and quick production and assembly
process. As Fabian Scheurer2 noted, in order to create such a process “the mass-
customisation system that translates the design input into production data has to be
developed first”. Once this construction system is established the restraints of this
system are key parameters in the digital algorithm.
1 Schreurer, Fabian, (2010) ‘ Materialising Complexity’. Architectural Design,80,4, pp86-93,
2 Schreurer, Fabian, (2010) ‘ Materialising Complexity’. Architectural Design,80,4,93,
Figure 5: Shigeru Ban’s Centre Pompidiu, Metz, 2010, Source
Figure 4: Shigeru Ban’s Centre Pompidiu, Metz, 2010, Source:
SURFACE AND SKIN EXPLORATIONS
The computationally modelled facade
of the centre of ideas by Minfie van
Schaik Architects is an early application
of exploratory design based on
Parametric digital modelling.
The reflective cladding is formed into
in-versed cones arranged using the
Voronoi pattern. This has created a
dynamic surface that acts as an analogy
of the creative process which the
building is designed to house (i.e. the
outer world of the built environment/
society is funnelled into a finite location
in which a new idea can be generated).
Although the visual effect is striking the
use of digital process has been limited
to a facade effect rather than a deeper
interrogation of structure, material or
functional innovations. (as was seen in
the Shigeru Bans work)
Fig.6: The facade of the centre for ideas ... Source: http://www.archello.com/en/project/centre-ideas-0#
COMPOSITION/GENERATION
In this research project undertaken be Defne Sunguroglu1 the innovative use of brick
as a material have been explored via computation and parametric analysis. Sunguroglu
has focused on examining how bricks could be formed and assembled to form a
doubley curved surface that could be utilized (with minimal structural asssembly) to
achieve maximum performance on a range of criteria. - “Curvature yields structural
capacity and curvature helps orient surface area towards or away from environmental
impact.”2 Considerations such as the ability for the bricks to filter light, modulate
airflow as well as the thermal behaviour of the brick surface, were all examined under
various digitally moddelled itteraions with adjustments ot paramaters such as spacing
of brick and placement within the curve. The porosity fo the material (effecting the
amount of air trapped) could also be examined and through parametric modelling
via explorations in biomimicry based research on the fibre distribution of abnominal
shells of lobsters. This has led to the discovery, amongst others, that “ A varied fibre-
composite enables continuous variation in structural morphology and topology; a
surface can transform seamlesssly into a beam or an dopening”3 thus allowing for
more insightfull knowledge on how the brick’s internal material structure could be
manipulated. To create “greater scope of mechanical and environmental properties”.
1 Sunguroglu, Defne, (2008_ ‘ Complex Brick Assemblies’, Architectural Design, 78,2,
2 As above p.71
3 As above p. 73
Fig.7 An iterative process was utilized to analyse the shading potential of differentiated structural assemblies
Opposite Fig.9: The Digital process could be translated into scaled models through digital fabrication.
Fig.8: Exploring Bio-mimicary - The Molecular structure of the brick could be examined for porosity and structural ability.
Examples of the use of Building information modelling as a generative tool can be
found in Nicholas Grimshaw’s International Terminal at Waterloo station in London
by Nicholas Grimshaw (Figure 11) and the Smithsonian Institute update by Foster +
Partners (figure 12).
Grimshaw was able to generate 36 Dimensionally different but identically configured
three-pin bowstring arches. The shape of these arches was generated based on
an input of structural performative parameters related to site conditions, structural
requirements and program requirements etc. “Instead of modelling each arch
separately, a parametric model was created based on the underlying design rules in
which the size of the span and the curvature of individual arches were related”1 This
modelling was then used to inform the design and construction of the rest of the
structure and cladding resulting in a highly efficient. result.
In the Smithsonian Institute Foster uses parametrics to analyse solar intake and
acoustic performance of a space- “computer code was used to explore design options
and was constantly modified throughout the design process. It was also used to
generate the final geometry and additional information needed to analyse structural
acoustics performance, to visualise the space and to create fabrication data for the
physical model.”2
1 Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press, 2003) Suggested start with pp. 3–62 pdf2 Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15
PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION
Fig.10 Waterloo Train Station Nicholas Grimshaw: Each individual element was derived from the parametrics of site constraints and structural requirements
Fig.11: Smithsonian Institute Foster and Partners : Light and acoustic parameters resulted in a waved courtyard roof structure.
CONCLUSION
The key benefits of utilizing a Parametric and Algorithmic design process is the
ability to explore previously unknown potentials of form, structure and material
performance by shifting the focus from ‘form led’ design to ‘process/outcome’ led
design. Through the volume in customized output (generated through exploration of
and experimenting with parametric) we can generate structures based on principles
of mass customization that are more suitable for program, site and environmental
particulars. The rise in computation has also led to developing innovative techniques
in construction and construct-ability and in the ability to analyse a building
performance throughout its entire life-cycle which has lead to greater sustainability
within building practice. This can lead to a more holistic approach do designing which
considers more deeply the human and environmental impacts that building has on
the users and on the environment.
CONCLUSION REFERENCES
Derix, C. and Izaki, Å. (2013), Spatial Computing for the New Organic. Archit Design, 83: 42–47. doi: 10.1002/
ad.1552
Kolarevic, Branko, Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing (New York; London: Spon Press,
2003) Suggested start with pp. 3–62 pdf
Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp.
08-15
Sunguroglu, Defne, (2008) ‘ Complex Brick Assemblies’, Architectural Design, 78,2, pp.64-73
Sunguroglu Hensel, Defne, Baraut Bover, Guillem, (2015) ‘A developmental Route to Local Specifity. nested
Catenaries’ 85,2,pp120-127
Schreurer, Fabian, (2010) ‘ Materialising Complexity’. Architectural Design,80,4, pp86-93,
Woodbury, Robert F. (2014). ‘How Designers Use Parameters’, in Theories of the Digital in Architecture, ed. by
Rivka Oxman and Robert Oxman (London; New York: Routledge), pp. 153–170 ed.
FIGURESCover Image: Authors own image1.2. Authors own images3. Sunguroglu Hensel, Defne, Baraut Bover, Guillem, (2015) ‘A developmental Route to Local Specifity. nested Catenaries’ 85,2,pp120-1274.5 Schreurer, Fabian, (2010) ‘ Materialising Complexity’. Architectural Design,80,4, pp86-93, 6. http://www.archello.com/en/project/centre-ideas-0#7..8.9. Sunguroglu, Defne, (2008_ ‘ Complex Brick Assemblies’, Architectural Design, 78,2, pp.64-73
10.(waterloos.1 (http://grimshaw-architects.com/project/international-terminal-waterloo/)11. Peters, Brady. (2013) ‘Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought’, Architectural Design, 83, 2, pp. 08-15