FAIRSERVIS - Preliminary Report on the First Two Seasons at Hierakonpolis 1

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Preliminary Report on the First Two Seasons at Hierakonpolis: Part I

Author(s): W. A. Fairservis Jr. and Walter A. Fairservis Jr.Source: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Vol. 9 (1971-1972), pp. 7-27Published by: American Research Center in EgyptStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40001047 .

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8 JARCE (197I-I972)passed from barbarism to civilization withoutMesopotamianstimulation? Of course, the an-swerto that question must be speculative, sincethere was Mesopotamianstimulation. However,it is our belief that internal impulses are farmore compelling than external pressures; thatthe urge toward change must be strong withina culture; and that, in the absenceof that innerurge, no amount of foreign example could ef-fect any essential spiritual change" (p. 40).H. J. Kantor, though recognizingindigenousdevelopment, sees contact as catalytic (1954)"It appears that, though Egypt had nowemerged from its earlier isolation, the foreigninfluences, as far as can be judged on the basisof the available archaeological material, stillformed only fairly incidental or catalytic ele-ments supplementary to the main stream ofindigenous development" (p. 7).Kantor, however, also affirmsa direct Meso-potamian-Egyptiansea connection(1965,p. 10-14).Emery, the leading scholar of archaic Egypt,sees the possibility of a third generic source(1961): "Indeed the existence of a third partywhose cultural achievements were passed inde-pendently to Egypt and Mesopotamia wouldbest explain the common features and the fun-damental differences of the two civilizations"(P. 31).Previous work of archaeologists n Egypt hasbrought out a sequence of late prehistoric andpredynastic stages based primarilyon the typo-logical analyses and arrangement of cemeterymaterials (e.g. Petrie, Kantor, Kaiser), the oneimportant exception being Caton-Thompson'sstratigraphicsection at El-Hammamiya (1928).The continuity demonstratedby these stages isbroken relative to north-south relationshipsduringthe earlierstages (see Kantor, 1965)andis unclear at the critical developmental stagewhich saw the emergence of early dynasticEgypt. Thus the archaeologicalrecord has notbeen adequate to illustrate important aspectsof the diachronic and synchronic schemes forthe appearanceof Egyptian civilization. This isin contrast to Mesopotamiawhere a reasonable

though not altogether reliable developmentalarchaeological sequence leading to the emer-genceof Sumeriancivilization has been obtained(Adams, 1966, p. 21).Whereas most authorities agree that foreigncontact had influence on the characterand gen-esis of Egyptian civilization as outlined above,they are also generally emphatic in underliningthe indigenous character of that civilization.This writer has been equally emphatic in thecase of the Harappan civilization (Fairservis,1967). We thus find ourselves to a very realdegreein contradiction with and to some extentuncertain of the means with which to measureone or the other factor. In the case of the

Harappan civilization the problem is perhapsnow less acute (Fairservis,1971), but Egyptianarchaeologyhas still a considerableway to gobefore a measureable definition of these factorsand their integration can be obtained.The sequence of development wrhichBraid-wood initially outlined and others have sincetraced in WesternAsia, which leads fromphasesof foodgathering to the emergence of civiliza-tion, is increasingly supported in detail byarchaeologicalevidence. In contrast there hasbeen a significant gap in the Egyptian recordfrom cultural phases of food-collecting repre-sented hitherto by such industries as the Sebi-lian of the Kom Ombo region and the appear-ance of the Merimdeh-Fayum,Tasian-Badarianaspects of settled life. This can mean a gap ofover two thousand years. This gap has ledscholars to the belief that Egypt was outsidethe major line of development as representedin Western Asia. Several important researchresults in more recent years strongly suggestthat this belief is not only erroneousbut thatEgypt in turn played perhapsa moresignificantrole in the developmentof food productionthanhitherto suspected. Among these newer contri-butions are Butzer's determinationsthat a morehumid period existed in early Egypt from5000 B.C.to circa 2350 B.C. and that this cli-matic factor permitted the use by pastoralistsof the desert hinterlands is of considerablesig-nificance (Butzer, 1959a, 1969). This is fur-


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PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE FIRST TWO SEASONS AT HIERAKONPOLIS PART I 9ther corroborated,for example, by Gautier (inWendorf, 1968, p. 97) and more distantly byMcBurney oradjacentLibya (McBurney,1967).In the case of Libya there is evidence thatdomesticatedanimals at least were on the sceneas early as 5,000 B.C.(McBurney, 1967, p. 327-328). This is also supportedby Mori who foundevidence for cattle pastoralismin Fezzan at thesame time (Mori,1965). Wendorf s expeditionsin Nubia (1967, 1968) and more recently inEgypt proper(1967)have, however, openedpro-vocative perspectives. He has produced evi-dence which strongly suggests that experimen-tation with wild grasses as a source of foodduring an intensified food-collecting phase ofthe latter part of the 14th to the 17th millen-nia B.C.had taken place. Some of these grassesappearto have been triticum. In turn it appearsthat some success in this experimentation wasachieved:"....several communities were discoveredwhere there existed significanteconomicdepen-dence on ground grains as early as 12,500 B.C.or nearly 3,000 years before the earliest datedevidence for a similar economic dependence inthe 'Hilly Flanks' area/' (Wendorf and Said,1967, p. 245).In other words the basis for settled life wasseemingly available to the most ancient inhabi-tants of the Nile valley and its surroundingsperhaps as early as 7 or 8 thousand years be-fore the settlements representedby Merimdeh,Fayum, etc. were established. The mere factthat this realization has only recently comeabout suggests that archaeologistshave previ-ously overlooked a body of material evidencewhich can change our conception of the begin-ning of settled life in Egypt quite considerably.The motivation for the Hierakonpolis (Nek-hen) field research was thus largely based onthe need to produce more evidence for the be-ginningsof settled life in Upper Egypt, to traceits development, and to gather materials whichwould give us a better understandingnot onlyof the emergenceof Egyptian civilization, butfor its character in its primaryand more devel-oped early stages.

THE SITEThe site of Hierakonpolisis a composite one(Figure1) consisting of prehistoric and predy-

nastic localities which are found from the edgeof the modern alluvium to at least four milesinto the desert and grouped around a majorwadi system, a series of dynastic tombs in twomajor localities in the desert, the well-knownarchaic"Fort" which is close to the modern cul-tivation and the wadi, and the Kom el-Ahmar,an artificial mound located some 300 yards intothe modern cultivated plain. The latter gainedthe attention of scientific circles owing to theexcavations of Green and Quibell there in thelatter part of the 19th century (Quibell, 1901-1902) duringwhich a number of important ob-jects were found. Among these the Narmerpal-ette, inscribedArchaic ivories and mace heads,the golden hawk's head and the copper statuesof King Pepi and son are most famous. Impor-tant too was the fact that the excavation diduncover some stratigraphicevidence (Figure2).The British excavators also clearedthe paintedtomb of late predynasticvintage which is foundon the eastern edge of what has been called the"GerzeanTown/' This area has commandedtheattention of a number of field workers andscholarsamong whom Brunton (1932),Lansing(1936), Butzer (1966), Kaiser (1958), and Kan-tor (1944)are notable. The "Fort" was investi-gated also by Lansing (1936) and by Garstang(1907)both of whom foundpredynasticremainsapparentlybelow the walls of the structure.The historic position of Nekhen as a nomecapital and seat of ancient tradition (Wilson,1955)as well as the direct evidence we have forits decline in influence and its succession byNekhab (El Kab) providesthe investigatorwithanother body of evidence bearing upon the cli-max and decline of an Egyptian center.In sum, while it is certain Nekhen is notunique among other ancient Egyptian centersin its representation of numerous periods, thelevel of preservationof archaeologicalevidencesand the time range which they cover do givethe investigator a fine opportunity for the ac-


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10 JARCE (197I-I972)quisition of fresh in context material at thatsite. Thus, its choice.

THE OBJECTIVESThe approachtaken in the two seasons so farcompleted (1967,Feb.-March;1968,Jan.-March)has been three-fold: 1. To survey the entire siteforsurface indications of archaeologicalmaterialof whatever time and at the same time to con-duct a related geomorphologicaland ecologicalinvestigation ; 2. To excavate the Kom-el-Ahmarsystematically with attention to stratigraphicevidence and settlement pattern, concomitantlywith intensive study of organic and other non-artifactual remains; 3. To recordand study allinscriptional and other extant graphic monu-ments.To date most of the first part of the firstobjective has been accomplishedwith the helpof Mr.Gregory Possehl and Mr.Hassan Shafei(1967) and Mr.Michael Hoffman (1969) (Fig-ure 1). The geomorphologicalwTork as startedby Dr. Hans Fischer (1967),but as he was un-able to join us in 1969,we were unable to carrythat work forth as well as the archaeologicalsurvey in that season. This will hopefully beresumedin the next season.The excavation of the Kom-el-Ahmar hasbeen the major emphasis of the two past sea-sons. The original strategy was to proceedfroma known point (the so-called TownWall) to an-other known point across the site (the TempleArea) (Figure 3). The "New Kingdom' wall ofthe "Temple" area was reached in the lastweeks of the season so that the initial objectivehas been reached. Our aim was to stay as muchas possible at one level so that the cross-excava-tion would be interrelated at that level beforedealingwith another. Thisplanwascomplicated,as one can expect in stratigraphicstudies andit had to be generally abandoned. Further,variation in the water table ranged in any oneseason as much as 70 centimeters and even atits lowest level no virgin soil could be reached.This was significant in our inability to solveproblems relative to the foundations of certain

structures as well as to inhibit our completingthe stratigraphic column anywhere in themound.The third objective has been begun by Dr.Klaus Baer assisted by Mrs. Kent Weeks. The17th Dynasty Tomb of Hor-em-khacuef as nowbeen completely recordedexcept for the burialchamberwhichawaits clearance.This is the firstof the several tombs which though known inthe literature have never been adequately docu-mented. The fact that the I3th-i7th Dynastywas a periodof significantchange in the statusof Nekhen makes all the more important thatthe existing records be preserved and at thesame time analyzed.

THE SURVEYThe bend in the Nile River in the vicinity ofNekhen has the effect of changing the orienta-tion one has normally in Egypt. For the riverapparently flows out of the East toward theWest. Though cultivable land is increasinglyscarceafter one moves south from the greatbayof Armant, Nekhen stands in the midst of oneof the largercultivable areas found to the southof Esna. At Nekhen the cultivation is presentlyover two kilometers wide from the edge of thedesertto the shore of the river. Around3000 B.C.the waters of the various wadis in the regionmay well have increasedthe cultivable area. Itis perhaps this geographic fact that made theNekhen region important in Archaic and earliertimes as the last truly Egyptian center beforeNubia (see Kees, 1961, p. 126).Butzer has given a general descriptionof thebroad geomorphologicalfeatures of the region(Butzer, 1966). Some modification or enlarge-ment of his descriptionwas obtained in our twoseasons though our lack of such data as will beobtained by detailed analyses of soils and byaccurate mapping still handicaps us. This wehope to remedy next season.The sketch plan (Figure 1) outlines the situa-tion as we now see it. The Nubian sandstonecliffs which mark the northern and westernside of the Nile Valley here rise to a height of


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PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE FIRST TWO SEASONS AT HIERAKONPOLIS PART I IIsome 75-150 feet above the modern flood plain(Fig. 40). The sandstone is heavily eroded andits landscapeis markedby tilted, fallen and out-cropping plates of angular sandstone (Fig. 41).Smaller examples of these strew the open flatareas and give a dark appearance to thoseareas. Innumerable small stream beds can betraced across these plains and these combineinto larger wadi channels, some of which dropabruptly in places as much as 40 feet in a hori-zontal distance of less than 100 yards. Charac-teristically these streams cut to the bedrock inthe higher levels of their descent. At the edgesof the sandstone bluffs a series of bays arefound,and at the head of each can be found one ortwo of these wadi systems. The floor of thesebays is characterizedby outwash gravels andsands, and these in turn are intersected by themore recent stream channels.The sandstone hills are crowned on theirhighest points by thick beds of roundedgravels(Fig. 42). These gravels consist of silica pebblesvarying in size from an inch to boulders of afoot or more in diameter. Within these gravelsheavily patinated flints are scattered, some ofwhichareartifactual.The types so far identified(Figure4) areLevalloisian-like flakes and cores,large scrapers,and pebble choppers. (Localities1, 2A, 4, 8, 15 on Figure 1)On the flat erosional plains among the hillsand fanning out in great tongues (Fig.43), thereare rounded gravels of the same type as theabove but generally smaller on the average,somewhat morerolled. Whereas the highergrav-els of the hills rest on the sandstone, those ofthe lower plains lie on and among sandy silts,the by-productof the erosionof the sandstones.Here, too, the pebble plates of sandstone arefound mingledwith the gravels, apparentlyhererepresentative of active erosion. Among thegravelsflint tools and debitage arefound. Theseinclude rolled examples from the higher gravelsbut including also unrolled smaller flakes, flakecores,and scrapers(Figure5, Localities 2, 9, 10,3, 7>3A).As shown in the sketch map (Figure 1) thedrainageof the regionjoins in what for a better

name we have been calling the "Great Wadi."This is the largest wadi on this side of the riverfor over ten miles in either direction. Its flowwas sufficient to reach to the modern cultiva-tion in contrast to other wadis in the regionwhose waters sink into the silts of the plainwhich intervenes between the sandstone cliffsand the cultivation. In its descent from thecatch basin, the wadi stream flows througha gorge (between Localities 10 and 14). Thewestern wall of the gorge is abrupt and brokenonly here and there by subsidiarywadi systems.In contrast there is a bay area on the east ofthe type previously described. On this side upto Locality 14 we encounteredfull evidence foran active erosional situation and no significantartifactual remains were found. However, atthat point, where silts which appear to be ofSebilian type are first found, important pre-historic remainswere discovered.The silts lie close to the sandstonebluffs andare mixed at that point with the high terracegravels and talus of the bluffs. Much of thegravelhere,however,apparently s derived fromor is part of the Sebilian deposition. Thus asone moves towards the cultivation the gravelsgrade down to fine silts. A terrace effect is ap-parent in the arrangement of these silts andthis is brokenonly by the outcropsof sandstone(suchas Locality 28 or what is called Old King-dom Hill) or by the Great Wadi and its tribu-taries. This wadi has cut into the silts so thatthey stand in places over 30 feet above themodern wadi floor. On the silts (Localities18,19, 36) quantities of small artifactual flints arefound (Figure 6) and even an occasional roller(grinding tone?) (Figure6, i, j). On the finersiltsnear the edge of the cultivation a number ofsignificantremains are found.The most obviousof these is the so-called "Fort" of the ArchaicPeriod which stands on a silt terraceoverlookingthe wadi. The "Fort" is on top of and in themidst of a predynastic cementery whose mainsituation appears to be west of the Fort in thefine silts. East of the wadi is the famous Ger-zean "Town" which is divided naturally by aseries of smaller wadi systems (Localities29-35).


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12 JARCE (1971-1972)One of these is the "Dune Wadi" where thePainted Tomb was found. Its character is de-scribed by Butzer (1966).The edge of this silt alluvium lies along themodern cultivation. This is an active zone whereenclaves of cultivation are found wherever alocal wadi reaches the edgeof the fields. In timesof more moisture the cultivation can extendseveral hundred feet up the wadi channel. An-other prominent feature here is the silt mounds(e.g. Localities 20, 21, 22) which are located atthe edge of the cultivation and rise in someplaces over 20 feet above it. In some placesmodern houses are found among the mounds.On several, predynastichabitation materialwasrecovered. The character of the mounds is stillto be ascertainedbut there is a good suggestionthat they are natural.The predynastic settlements fall into twomain groups: (1) those which are found at thepoint where the main wadi emerges from thearea of active erosion and deposition (Localities5, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14); (2) those which lie close tothe cultivation on either side of the mouth ofthe great wadi (Localities 20-22, 24-25, 27,29-35)-As shown in the sketch map (Figure 1) thefirst group of localities is centered about andwithin a largetriangleof flat land that is formedby the sandstone cliffs, the Great Wadi and amain tributary on the south. Surface evidenceindicates that the main habitation zone layalong the Great Wadi from Locality 14 to Lo-cality 11C. Habitation remains were also foundclose to the cliffs from Locality 14 to Local-ity 11A and northeast for about 200 yards.Acrossthe tributarywerescatteringsof materialsuggestive of habitation debris resting on thesilt terraces but lacking the density of those re-mains found along the Great Wadi. Clear evi-dence for cemeteries was found at Localities 6,6A, 12, 13, and 11E or in other words clearlyoutside the habitation zones.

Though examination of the phases of occupa-tion representedcould only be of a very limitedkind owing to the demands of the work on theKom-el-Ahmar, it is clear that at least three

main phases are evidenced. Phase A is so farfound only at Locality 11A. This locality liesclose to the cliffs and stretches up into the sad-dles found where the outcrops of those cliffsprotrude into the plain in the area betweenLocality 11A and 14 (Fig. 44). The importanceof Phase A in this locus contrasts with Local-ities 11B, 11C,and 11Dwhich arerepresentativeof Phase C. It would seem that closeness to thecliffs had some as yet unknown advantage forthe settlement of Phase A.Cuts in the badly disturbed site made appar-ently to obtain sebakh revealed the occupationlevel. No structurescould be ascertained n thesecuts. What artifactswererecovered ncludepot-tery of the rippled type. Blades, grindingstones,ostrich shell and fragments of shells of someform of mollusc complete the recoverable in-ventory. Radio carbon dates obtained fromcharcoal found in the occupation layer are:

UW 104 Revised Date4720 94 BP or 3,606 94 BC4875 108 BP or 3,892 108 BCUW10547*7 94 BP or 3>72 94 BC4745 108 BP or 3,736 108 BCPhase B is representedat Locality 14. It wasrevealed in a trench cut for sebakh clearlysealed under the modern surface. So importantwas this revelation that even with limited timeand resources it was decided to put MichaelHoffman to work on it. His report follows.Phase C represents what appears to be thelast major occupation of the occupations of thefirst group; it was found in the following lo-calities :Habitation: 11B, C, D. also spotty areas tothe northeast of 11E.Cemeteries:6, 6A, 12, 13, 11E.In addition, comparablematerial was foundon top of the so-called New Kingdom hill asLocality 16A.The Phase C habitation zone is best charac-terized by low mounds within which exposed


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PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWOSEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLISPARTI 13levels of occupation can be seen. Wind erosionhas probably compacted the layers somewhatso that the pottery accumulation s quite heavy.There is, however, evidence for the occupationof the terraceswhichdirectly overlookthe GreatWadi and indeed modern wadi erosion has cutsomewhat into those terraces and the occupa-tions surmountingthem.There may be two main stages of occupationin Phase C. The earlier is represented cerami-cally by black-toppedwareswith flat bases andfinely burnishedand constructed red or brown-ish wares and the later by crosslined, painted,wavy handled jar, black on buff painted wares(Figure7), and plumred polished wares. Coarseor semi-coarse fibre tempered plain wares arefound in both these stages. There appearsto bean overlappingof ceramictypes suggestive of ageneral continuity of ceramic traditions. Stonetools including sickle blades, grinding stones,fragmentsof slate palettes, and possible unfiredclay figures of humans are found in Phase Chabitation sites and so far appearto be charac-teristic of both stages. Precision in this awaitscomplete excavation.Thoughno structureswerefound for Phase C,sun-bakedbricksand sometimesfired bricks arefound scatteredover the habitation sites. In onecase these bricks were arranged n a semi-circleobviously from their burnt condition and tracesof ash and charcoal within as a hearth. Bakedclay objects of some size (Fig. 45) remindedusby their shapeof the dogbiscuits. Theirfunctionand that of the semi-round bricks associatedwith them are unknown.However, the fact thatthey are often partially fired or reddened sug-gests that they were used in cooking or heatingthe house.The obviously heavily looted cemeteriesseemto be all of Phase C. In Locality 6 a large cut,oriented east-west, had been made through thesilt and gravel terracesto the underlying sand-stone, whereit became a sizable rectangularcutmade into the sandstone proper whose depthswe did not have opportunity to probe. Thedebris associated with this cut included waresof Phase C. We are thus faced with the possi-

bility that the people of Phase C did make suchdeep cuts and since the locality is of cemeterytype it is not impossiblethat this is the summitof a tomb of Phase C time.Another unusual feature of the cemetery lo-cality 6 was the widespreaddistributionof cat-tle bones within and amid the pits that markedthe looted graves. There is little doubt that thebones were once part of the grave complexwhether as deliberate cattle burial or as a frag-mented offeringwithin the funeral furniture.The physical location of the Phase C sites onthe exposed surface of the silts and apparentlyabove the level representedby Phase B gives usa stratigraphicrelationshipfor the two phases.Phase A, however, seems typologically earlierthan Phase B on the basis of the situation else-where (El Hammamiya,for example).However,we have no stratigraphicproofof this importantfact at present.Another important morphologicalfactor hasto be mentionedin this context. Its broad fea-tures are described in Figure 8. As mentionedabove, there is evidence for some cutting by theGreat Wadi stream into the habitation site

(Locality II) ;however, the bulk of ourevidencerather clearly demonstrates that the Phase Csettlement was deliberately in close proximityto the wadi channel. The presenceof fish bonesat Locality 14 with its suggestion of sufficientwater in the area for fish is partially supportedby traces of what appearto be fine silt depositsat several points above the modernwadi chan-nel. One can envision a situation where yearlyvariationsin quantity of rainfallcoupledwith alow channel gradient could cause the build-upof depositional dams near the mouth of themain channel with consequent ponding of thewadi waters in a year of low rainfall. This mayhave been enhancedby silt build-upin the NileValley properwhichwouldlower the wadi chan-nel gradient still further. Such are the specula-tions on this important phenomenon for themoment.The second group, as has been pointed outabove, consists of all those localities found alongthe desert edge of the moderncultivation. Ghar-


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14 JARCE (197I-I972)acteristicallythe habitation localities (20,21, 22,25> 32> 34* 35) are closest to the cultivationwhile the cemetery localities are furthest awayat the fringes of the habitation zones (20A, 24,27, 30, 31). Exceptions arefound at Localities 29and 33. Locality 29 is close to the main wadichannel where the cemetery area is near thatchannel and the habitation area of the eastof it. There is also some cemetery debris inter-vening between the main habitation zone ofLocality 29 and that of Locality 35 (Figure 1).Locality 33 consists of clusters of potsherdsandflint blade debris scattered over the underlyingsilts, such as is characteristic of burials. How-ever, at the center of the locality there is aconsiderableconcentrationof this material sug-gestive of a habitation area.Locality 32 is of considerable nterest since itconsists of concentrated patches of habitationdebris. Most of these patches are more than10 yards in diameter, some up to 40 yards inextent. The patches are with some regularitybetween 20 and 35 yards apart in the outer ornorth and eastern portions of the locality withmore concentrated and larger patches found to-wards the cultivation.The main concentration of habitation mate-rial of Group2 is centeredaroundthe greatstonepile (Locality 34) noted by Brunton, Lansingand others. This unfortunately badly preservedmonument is close to and dominates the smallwadi channelthat separatesLocalities33and35.It consists of small sandstoneboulders (3"to 8"in diameter) apparently overlying a layer (orlayers ?)of charcoal andclay. Amid the boulderspotsherdsand both human and animalbone arefound. Surrounding this stone monument areheavy concentrationsof pottery whichpeter outas one moves towards the cultivation. Acrossthe wadi (Locality 35) an immense accumula-tion of potsherds is found. This belongs to thesame complex of habitation that surroundsthegreat stone pile. In turn, it peters out as onemoves towards the cultivation.Whereas Localities 20, 21, 22 may representhabitation on top of natural silt mounds,Local-ity 25 is a habitation mound such as found

widely in the Near East. This tell is located ona silt bluff overlookingthe mouth of the GreatWadi. It is somewhat oblong in shape and ismuch cut up. However, its long axis is some50 yardsin extent. Distinct strata risingto some10 ft. above the silt plain can be seen. Thesestrata contain bits of firedbrick, charcoal, ash,animal bone, flint, and such pottery types asblack-top, and polished black and red wares.All the localities of Group2 arerepresentativeof Phase C settlement. However, there is evi-dence for both Phases A and B, especially inLocalities 26 (the "Fort") and 33 and 35.The surfaceevidenceas we now see it qualifiesthe idea that the area representedby Localities31-35 is a town as it has so often been labelled.The strong suggestion of scattered dwellingswith no particular overall plan garnered fromLocality 32 has to be contrasted with what weknow of the very heavy concentration foundin Localities 33 and 35, as well as that of Local-ity 25. In other words, much as with the Egyp-tian villages of today, a village of Phase C mayhave consistedof nucleated householdsgatheredabout somepublic structure (the stone pile) out-side of which were individual households thatexisted in relative isolation for hundredsof feetalongthe line of cultivable land. In the ancients'case this also meant the line of the Great Wadiwhose mouth area was and is very cultivable.Morethan this of courseis the fact that we havein an early level in Kom-el-Ahmar (see page 19)representationof Phase C as well. Thus Group2,Phase C may well be representative of a settle-ment which depended on or interrelated withother village settlements existing in the cultiva-tion.

KOM-EL-AHMARThis is a low mound located in the cultivatedzone some300 yardsfromthe edge of the desert.The site also includes two smaller mounds, theoutlinesofwhich are found some severalhundredfeet to the east and west, respectively, of themain mound. The main site as is shown onthe plan (Figure3) is partially covered on its


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PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWOSEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLIS ART I 15southern and western fringes by the houses ofthe modern village. Two canals are presentlylocated between the mound and the desert. Themore recent drainage canal was constructed in1968. During its excavation pottery (includingblacktop,early painted, black and redpolished),charcoal,brick, and flint were encountered(Lo-cality 37) indicating the possibility that the"Kom-el-Ahmar"habitationareaonce extendedto the desert. The fact that that would connectthe mound with Locality 35 is of considerableinterest since it suggests a much vaster habita-tion zone at one period than surface evidencehas previously indicated.On first encounterthe Kom-el-Ahmar s a siltmoundcovered with tall halfa grass (Fig.40). Onits eastern and southernfringesthe reliefis char-acterized by long mounds which act as bound-aries to the site itself. These representQuibelFsso-called "town wall." Within the mound therelief varies no more than 2 to 4 meters excepton the southeast where higher mounds markboth the ancient walls of temples and Quibell'sdumps. In 1967, the low points on the moundwere under water. However, the 1968 excava-tion of the drainage canal lowered the watertable and the depths of these hollows were, in1969, salt-encrustedbut dry.Few archaeologicalremains were visible onthe surfacepriorto excavation, the outstandingexception being the large granite block notedby Quibellas lying between parallelwalls of theNew Kingdom temple. This block proved to beinvaluable during the latter part of the 1969season, for it was possible by using it as anorientation point coupled with our excavationsto locate some of Quibell'sbuildingssuch as thearchaictemple with some accuracy.A depression in the "town wall" mound onthe northwest of the site suggested the locationof the small gate mentioned by Quibell. As de-scribed above, the plan was to excavate later-ally across the site to the temple unearthed inthe 19th century by Quibell and Green (Fig-ure 3). To do this a high point on the moundwas chosen as the zero point on a grid systemwhich, if need be, could be extended to the

desert sites. The grid squares are 10 meters ona side and a meter wide baulk was usually (butnot always) left between squares. The excava-tions werebegunin 1967at the "gate"in squares26N6W, 25N6W, and 24N6W. The northeastcorner of 26N5W touched on the modern culti-vation.Clearance of the wall revealed a mud brickstructure 9.50 meters thick (Fig. 47). This wallwas constructed in two phases (Figures 9, 10).An initial wall (A) was constructed on a layerof clay that was possibly brickbut whose char-acter we were unable to ascertain owing to thewetness of the clay in 1967. This wall (A) wasapparently buttressed in its inner (southeast)side. This wall was 5.15 meters thick made upof bricks (24.5X 14X 7 cm.) set with thinly ap-plied mortar(1-1.50 cm.). The constructionwasof alternate rows of headers and stretchers.After this first wall was built there followed aperiod which saw people build habitationsagainst both faces of the wall.Apparently t hadlostits functionas a defenseor enclosure tructure.Later the wall was much enlarged.A parallelwall (B) (2.50 m. thick), made this time withsimple header construction, was built on theearlierhabitations, which were presumably ev-elled for this purpose. This wall was situated1.85 m. away from the earlier wall. The spacebetween was then packedwith earth.The wholewall was made higher than previously. We as-sume this because a room was constructed onthe earlier wall (A). The floor of this room waspaved with bricks the same size as those whichwere used in the construction of the secondwall (B) (28x 14-16 x 8.5-10 cm.). On the outerface of the second wall there are indicationsthat some kind of decorative niching or pilas-tering was carried out for we have units madeup of 7 or 8 header bricks protrudingfrom thewall at regularintervals (1.57 m.) (Figure9).The so-called "gateway" is still something ofan unsolved problem. For though the stages ofwall construction can be traced as describedabove, those of the gate are by no means simi-larly clear.As it now stands, the evidence showsthe following history (Figure9):


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l6 JARCE (197I-I972)(1) A gap was left in the first wall (A). Thisgap was paved and the paving in an unknownnumberof tiers interlockedwith the wall.(2) When the first wall (A) lost its apparent

initial utility and habitations were built againstit, similarhabitations were built within the gateand in its approacheson both sides.(3) With the construction of the second wall(B) and the consequent enlargement of thewhole, the habitations within the gate werelevelled off and a brick pavement laid down.A wall facing on either side was made. Thepavementwas extended northwardsas a kind ofplatformnowintersectedby modern cultivation.(4) Both the wall and the gate fell into disuse,and, as can be seen in the section (Figures 10,11), this final major occupation (Phase 2) ex-tended not only to both sides of the structuresbut on top of them as well.A sondage (Test 1) in front of the wall (B)was sunk but had to be stopped since waterwas reachedaround50 cm. down (Fig. 48). Thisdid, however, show that occupation did occurbelow the clay level on which Wall B rested.The stratigraphic picture in this part of thesite is thus quite clear (Figure 10):(1) The surface layer consisting of humus,modern grasses, and surface debris which inplacesmingleswith layer (2) and which is every-where over the wall and associated occupationlevels.(2) The first occupation level which is every-where over the wall. This has brickbats init- probably the debris of disintegrated walls,potsherdswith orange-red ypes dominant, andcharcoal.(3) A layer of loose clay or, in the case of thegate, brickpaving. This layeris generallysterile.It is found in all sections against the wall butnot over it. This is the level of Wall B.(4) The second occupation level found sealedin below (3)which everywherebutts against thewall (A). This is also the lower occupationwith-in the gate. On the northeast side of the wall(Figure 10) a charcoal layer with occasionalsherds and part of what may be an early phaseof this layeris foundunder he wall on that side.

(5) A layer of clay on which Wall A rests andis presumably a part of its foundation. This isfound under(4) in the sondagetest 1.(6) The third occupationlevel, most of whichwas under water in 1967, and which was onlyfound in the test sondage 1 to the northeast ofWall B, where it is under (5).The areato the west of the gate was exploredonly in a limited fashion in 1967. The platformextending in front of the gate and Wall B wasalso found opposite this part of the wall. At itsnortheastern end (Figure 11) a rounded ovalshaped mass (trough?) of brick was found. Itcontained a largevessel with a flat stone (not inplace), presumablyonce its cover, but we haveno explanation for the object.The definition of the main wall here was mostdifficult, presumably because a large buildingwas a part of the wall complex at this point.There is some evidence that, in a part of thebrick mass we encountered, a clayey earth fillwas used, as occurs between Walls A and B.What is clear is that the Wall here was steepon its southern side and very possibly revetedon its northern. From this point in the wall,leadingin a northwesterlydirection,was a largespur. This was paralleledby a similar but nar-rower mound in the south, which began at thesouthern mouth of the gate. In turn, still athird parallelspurmound takes off fromWall A(Figure 3).On these spurs, only tentative results couldbe obtained, owing to our initial decision toexcavate horizontally in one major settlementhorizon,whether for good or for bad, a decisionwe all have had mixed feelings about in theseearly campaigns.The part of the central spur opposite the gateproved to be largely made up of uncompactedearth in which modern and ancient materialsare mixed. Among these a British machine boltand an inscribedfragmentof limestone were re-covered. The fragment, which presumably be-longs to an as yet unlocated stela, reads unex-pectedly "Ipetsut" Karnak.Below this undifferentiated material, whichwe assume is one of Quibell's dumps made in


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PRELIMINARYREPORT ON THE FIRSTTWOSEASONS AT HIERAKONPOLIS ARTI 17his clearance of the gate, we encountered thewalls and habitation debris of phase (2) of theTown wall just described.The long spurto the south of the central spurnext claimed our attention. It was decided toexcavate some 20 meters to the SE. Its surfaceappearancesuggested that we were in the pre-sence of a major wall spur, perhaps as a flankwall to the gate. Appearancescertainly deceive,fordespite extensive excavation efforts to locatethe "assumed" wall we were only able to un-cover a veritable rabbit warren of small rooms(Figure 12, 22N7W 21N7W). These occur intwo main phases. The uppermost(shaded n theplan) is fragmentary, and the lower relates toBuilding I (locatedin 20N7W to the southeast).The small size of the roomsof the lower phasesand the regular occurrencein situ of potholesand whole vessels suggest that these were in-tended as storage or service rooms. Interesting,however, is the fact that these rooms occur be-tween the two spurs (central and southern) aswell as in the latter. The excavations were ex-tended to the west into the central spur itself.It was here that the first evidence was foundthat at least one of the spursrepresentsa majorwall. The line of the wall is representedin thefigureas a dashed line. A mass of brick was en-countered which formed apparently the north-western wall of the complex of rooms of theearlierphase. Unfortunately we were unable tofollow this up in the 1969 season. It may wellbe that under the southern spur the remnantsof an earlier wall will be found leveled for afoundation for the later structures, but so farno trace of it has been found.Curious,however,is the fact that the principalwalls of the earliermain building phase, not only here but in ad-joining areas, are oriented in the direction ofthe spurs as if they were deliberately followingan earlier settlement plan during which moremassive walls were constructed. This idea be-comes even more probable when we examinethe generaldirectional trend of other structuresso faruncovered n the excavations, particularlythat of the niched fagade (Figure 13).The stratigraphic situation here places the

later building phase as generally contemporarywith Phase (2) of the Town Wall and the earlierbuilding phase with Phase (4) of that structuralcomplex.Extension of the excavations to the southeastin six quadrantsrevealed parts of at least threebuildings (Figure 12: I, II, III), all of whichwent through a series of minor building phases(floor and wall renewals and rebuilds princi-pally).Building I is contiguous with the main phaseof the spur complex just described.Its functionwould appearto be utilitarian. A platformwasconstructed (or is this an upper remnant of astill hypothetical earlier more massive buildingcomplex?) on the northwest of the building,and on it several circular structures were built(I 1, 2). One of these (I 2) was apparentlyused as a hearth or oven, for the earth andmuch of the brick was fired, and both ash andcharcoal were associated with it. Mudbrickcir-cles and semi-circles (I 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) are theprincipalfeatures of Building I, however.Theseare usually no more than one or two tiers ofbrick in height. In the case of the largest circle(I 5) much charcoal and ash was found bothwithin and aroundthe feature.Soilsamplesweretaken from within these circles as a possiblemeans of obtaining evidence for their use. Wehave assumedthat they wereprobablythe foun-dations for ovens and for storage structures,asin the case of El Amarna, and as is evidencedin the villages of modernEgypt. However, thelack of any evidence forsuperstructurepreventsus for the moment from confirmingthese prob-abilities.The narrow lanes and the compartmentedrooms (I- A, B, C, D, E, F, G) of this buildingcontained scatteringsof whole vessels, charcoal,ash, and flint objects with, however,only a fewbones. I am unfamiliar with dynastic Egyptianhabitation debris, but the lack of much bone isin contrast with comparable debris in otherparts of the Near East and India, where it isoften more than common. This suggestsperhapsthat the inhabitants of Building I (and otherbuildingsso far investigated on the site where a


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PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWOSEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLISPART I 19the plan that the main wall of the niched build-ing as it runs to the southwest consists actuallyof two walls (A&B). The evidence (see Part II,Weeks) is that Wall A was built first followedat some later time by Wall B. Wall B in turn isdirectly tied to the structureslying to its south-east. Stratigraphically,too, the mudbrickcircles(BuildingVI- 2,4), some of which are over onemeterdeep, arelater than the buildingof Wall Band evidently in part contemporarywith it andits related structures.These structures in turn appear to have twomain phases (traces of a third and later phaseshaded on the plan are also found), but toomuch is eroded to define this adequately. Theearliermain phase includes Wall B, the pavingin quadrant 14N5W (Building VI- N) and thebadly cut-upstructuresof13N6W-5W 10N5W(Figure14) The later main phase consists of allthe main walls of BuildingVI- A-L definedonthe plan and usually characterizedby wall con-struction of header-stretcher ype.Excavation of the quadrants14N6W, 14N5W,13N6W, and 13N5W revealedstratigraphicevi-dencewhichprovideslinks between the buildingphases related to the niched fagadeand the restof the excavated site (Figure16). This was thediscovery of a layer of deliberately placed sand,in places a meter in thickness [I- (4)], lyingunder the brick paving [II-(2)] and belongingstratigraphicallyto the earlier of the two phasesof buildingrelatedto Wall B. This layer of sandin turn overlies an occupation level clearlymarked by brick walls, charcoal, flint, and anabundanceof pottery [I-(5)]. In the latter cate-gorywas foundwavyhandled cross-linedpaintedware and a variety of red and black burnishedwareswhicharetraditionally typologicalceramicmarkersfor a late predynastic or protodynastichorizon (Figure 17). The sand layer was almostcompletely sterile though occasional enigmatictraces of charcoalwere found in it.A review of this evidence then strongly sug-gests some relationship of the sand layer to aperiod priorto the construction of Wall B of theniched fa9ade complex. The fact that the strati-graphy of the niched fagade proper (Wall A ?)

(see page 15) does not reveal ceramic materialof the type connectedwith the pre-sandoccupa-tion layer would indicate a rough stratigraphicapproximation of Wall A of the niched fagadewith the sand layer. Of interest in this regardwas the apparent re-use of a round pillar basein an occupation phase of Wall B just described,presumably as a support for some unknownutility (Figure13: Building VI-F). One cannothelp but feel that all this evidence, poor as itpresently is, points to the existence of an elabo-ratebuildingwhich was partof the nichedfagadedescribedby Weeks. We can hope that deeperand wider excavation will reveal moreproofsofits characterand relationships.The extension of the excavations to the NewKingdom temple previouslyrevealedby Quibelland Green was made in the latter part of theseason(Figures14, 15).Thiswas carried acrossawide depression n the contour of the site whichat first suggestedto us the possibility of a broadavenue.Thesection, however,revealedquite an-other situation (Figure18).As it turnsout, whenthe New Kingdom temple was built (Phase IA)earlierlevels were cleared away down to and inplaces into the pre-sandlevel (Phase 6), markedusuallyby a yellow clay stratum. Thequadrants12N5W to 9N5W thus revealed structures ofNew Kingdom time resting directlyon remainsof the earliest habitation level yet found in theKom-el-Ahmar.This was also true of the NewKingdomtemple wall as far as we can defineitsfoundationsat present.The availability of this pre-sandlevel due toits exposureenabled us to begin a special studyof the characterof these early habitations (seePart III). Little can be said about the NewKingdom buildings since so little of their planhas been uncovered. It does appearthat elabo-rate buildings related to the temple were con-structed and these may turn out to have a func-tional role in that connection.The New Kingdom temple wall appears tohave been built in two phases (Figure 15) Thefirst being that just described, in which thestructurewas laid down on the pre-sandhabita-tion levels (WallA) This was the main period


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22 JARCE (1971-I972)can be measured in the stratigraphy quantita-tively much as we could measurethe popularitysay of kinds of hats in America from 1890 tothe present by obtaining a percentage of eachkind relative to the total number of hats usedat any given date.The ceramic type, as with any cultural typederived by an investigator, is to some extentsubjective. However, its validity as a classifica-tory device rests on the ability of other investi-gators to recognizeit. Thus every effort is madeto broaden the data by which the type is de-fined. Hardness of surface and paste, characterof paste and temper, and average thickness areoften as important in defining the type in thiscontext as are the more usual descriptive de-vices of shape, decoration, rims and bases. Allthese data are critical in defining the type andit is perhapsthe failure to use the whole of themthat makes the utility of so many archaeologicalpublicationson Egypt very limited for our pur-poses. It should be emphasized, however, thatthe ceramic type as we define it is a means ofclassifying a body of ceramics through time. Itmay or may not be a type coincident with atype deliberately and consciously made by theancient Egyptian potter. Ideally, of course, thetwo types should coincide and in the case ofdecorated ware, for example, they often do. Ina sense our types are an effort to second-guessthe potter. For what we have is, of course, asurvey of what his problemswere in the man-ufacturing of his (or her) vessels and howthey were solved (moretemper, other tempers,thicker or thinner walls, greater or less firingtemperatures, etc.). The quantitative measure-ment of the type based on such descriptivedatashows tendencies in the overall phenomenonoftechnological and creative change. One typecan merge into another type: reds can becomebrownsor grays without change of the essentialtype except as a classificatorydevice wheregraymay be more popular than red while all othercriteria are essentially unchanged.Ourstudy inthese early stages of the field work is far fromcomplete enough for us to judge all but thebroadest frequency tendencies. Our types then

are provisionaland must be consideredonly as afirststepinwhat wehopewill beadefinitivestudy.In practice our method has been to makehighly controlled sondages at critical points onthe site. These controlled sondages are severalmeters square and are sunk usually in twentycentimeter levels which are imposed across theactual stratigraphy. At the same time carefulnote is taken of that stratigraphy (Figure20).All ceramic fragments are collected from eachlevel down to those of thumbnail size. The typesare established and their number relative to thewhole of the fragments found at each level isthen calculated. A percentage for each is thenobtained and charted on a bar graph as can beseen in the figure (Figure21).Of the foursondagesmade in the two seasonsof field work, the one shown in Figures 20, 21is most representative purely on the basis of thefact that it contained representations of thelowest level we were able to reach in the twoseasons. As the section shows, a major occupa-tion level (Phases [2] [3A] on the North Wall;[2] on the East Wall) overlies a layer of sand([3B-D]- [4] on the North Wall, and [4]- [5]on the East Wall) which in turn overlies phasesof occupation [6] [8]. Phase [8] continues be-low the water level.

Twenty-fourceramictypes wereprovisionallydetermined from the mass of 9,708 sherds re-covered. (Detailedceramicanalysis of these willbe forthcomingin succeeding reports).Figures22-25 as we^ as 2^ (alsosee Figure17)illustrate the basic pottery forms identified inthe sondages.The "junk"level material is clear-ly a mixture of the ceramics of many periodsofoccupationand as such is not consideredin thiscontext except qualitatively. An attempt to iso-late ceramics of the fragmentary ate occupationof the site was made in 18N7W (shaded area),Level 1 (Figure 25) the uppermost and Levels 2and 3 phase of the occupation (Figs. 26, 26a).THE PROVISIONAL TYPES

The descriptive material that follows mainlyconcerns tself with the salient features of paste,surface, decoration,andthickness. Later reports


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PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWOSEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLIS ARTI 23will provide the complete details of the typesfinally defined (rims and bases associated withthe types can be identified in the figures).Sandwich wares - This type is defined by afiring techniquewhich leaves the outer and veryfrequentlythe innersurfacesof the vessel coloredin the range brown to orangewhile the interioris left darkgray or black. The paste is generallycoarse though there are thinner examples of asmooth paste.Finger-made ndentationsin the exteriorbodyare common in this type as presently defined.Three varieties have been determinedCoarse sandwich- handmade, very coarse inpaste, and often poorly fired. Thickness varia-tion: i cm. 4 cm.Mediumsandwich mostly wheelmade,thoughhandmadeexamplesarefrequent.Paste and sur-facessmoother than in the coarsevariety. Thick-ness variation: 0.4 cm. 1.4 cm.Orange sandwich - A firing variant of themedium variety in which the outer and fre-quently the inner surfaces of the vessel are of abright yellow-orangehue.CoarseBrown- A thickish brown ware coarsein paste, handmade with roughish exterior andinterior surfaces. This surface is frequentlymarked by long, thin pockings as if a fibre-temper had been used in mixing the clay andthen burnt out in the firing. Probably a firingvariant with CoarseSandwich.Thickness varia-tion: 0.5 cm. 5.5 cm.Coarse Red - Probably a firing variant ofCoarse Brown to which it is similar in everyrespect but exterior colour which is a distinctbrick or soft red on both surfaces.Grit temper- A type defined as vessels whichhave a smooth grayish, sometimes blackenedexterior and often interior and are handmadeof a gritty paste with apparent pebble or othercoarse tempers.Parallel striations as if from a fine-toothedinstrument occur on the exterior of this type.These striations, in groups from a few to adozen or more lines, are decoratively used inhorizontals and diagonals. This type varies inthickness from 0.6 to 1.5 cm.

Fine Red - A distinctive ware type which iswheelmade, soft red or even orange-redon thesurfaceor throughoutand of a very fine,smoothpaste, fired hard. Its surfaces are frequentlypolished. Thickness variation: 0.3 0.6 cm.Medium Red - A fine pasted, well-firedware,wheelmade and smooth on both surfaces. Itspaste, though generally smooth, appears to bemore sandy and somewhat coarserthan in thefine red and brown types we have classified.It is brick or soft red in colour throughout.Thickness variation: 0.3 1.8 cm.Red-Burnished- A distinctive ware type; ithas a fine smooth paste and is of a soft redcolor. Its surface is hard and marked by bur-nishing which frequently takes the form ofhorizontal or vertical lines or streaks generallyon the exterior of the vessel. It is handmadeorwheelmade. In this type vestigial wavy-handlemarkings occur (Fig. 49). Thickness variation:0.3- 1.0 cm.Burnished wares other than Red-burnished:This groupis apparentlyconfinedto the lowerlevels of the site, and so far as known consistsof handmade or slow wheel manufacturedpot-tery generallyfine and sandy in fabricand well-fired. It is particularly distinctive in its bur-nished or burnished-polishedexterior surface.The wares are hand or slow wheel made. Thick-ness variation: 0.3 0.8 cm.The groupconsists of the followingtypes :Dark-Burnished- A gray, sometimes almostblack, waretype of fine paste, apparentlyhand-made. Its surface is burnished almost to apolish.Red-Polished The rim of the vessel is slippeddull red both inside and out and the slippedarea is burnished or polished. The fabric isusually reddish brown.Plum Burnished- A smooth-surfaced,sandypasted ware type made distinctive by a plumred slip or fired exterior surface over a core,brown to black in color.Redand Black Polished- The body of the ves-sels of this type are soft red or sometimesplumred while the area about the rim is black incolour. It is a handmade ware generally and


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PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWO SEASONS AT HIERAKONPOLIS ART I 27Kaiser,W.1957 "Zur nnerenChronologie erNaqadakultur,1Archaeologia Geographica, 6: 69-771958 "Zur vorgeschichtlichen Bedeutung vonHierakonpolis,11MDAIK 16: 183-92Kees, H.1961 AncientEgyptLansing,A.1937 "The Egyptian Expedition, 1935-1936/'BMMA 32, Jan. suppl.McBurney,C. B. M.1967 TheHavaFteah(Cyrenaica)Mori,F.1965 TadrartAcacus

Quibell, J. E.1901-1902 Hierakonpolis, ol. I, IIWendorf,F.1967 (with R. Said) "Palaeolithic Remains inUpperEgypt,11Nature,215: 244-481968 The Prehistory of Nubia. 2 vols.Wheeler,SirM.1968 The Indus CivilizationWilson, J. A.1951 TheBurdenof Egypt1955 "Buto and Hierakonpolis n the Geographyof Egypt,11 NES, 14: 209-36


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Fig. 2 Section of the northwestcornerof the Kom el-Ahmaras derivedfromdata describedby Quibell(1902).


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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)00 j,us .9

CO ^ V0 o ft

HH r^ CD

43 ~ &2 in o ft,D2 H a Ph

IS ^ p. 1^

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'ft \oO CO43 CD'00 O^-


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WALTERA. FAIRSERVISJR., PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWO SEASONS AT HIERAKONPOLIS

to 0.2o -S4J ClJ

.. COO S .a .5 'Sc ^ 'C

s? -ICo "i "

1 1 2h i *o I"Gvd d

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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)

Fig. 10 Sectionof "TownWall"lookingEast

Fig. 11 Sectionof "Town Wall'* ookingWest


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Fig. 12 Plan of buildingsin quadrants22N7W-19N7W.Shaded area represents atestoccupation dentifiable.


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Fig. 14 Plan of buildingsunearthed n quadrants13N6W-5W-10N5W


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WALTERA. FAIRSERVISJR., PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWOSEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLIS

Fig. 15 Plan of buildings unearthed in quadrants9N5W-7N5W

HiOHCO

.9go

HE


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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)

Fig. 17 Ceramicsof Phase (5), pre-sand ayer.(a) fine brown, (b) dark-burnished, (c) coarse brown, (d) bright brown, (e) dark-burnished, (f) fine brown, (g) dark-burnished, (h) dark-burnished, (i) fine brown, (j) medium sandwich, (k) coarse brown, (1)coarse sandwich, (m) dark-burnished, (n) red and black polished, (o) red-burnished, (p) red-burnished, (q) fine brown, (r) dark-burnished, (s) finered, (t) painted black on buff, (u) painted black on red surface, (v) coarse brown, (w) coarse sandwich, (x) mediumsandwich, (y) mediumsandwich, (z) coarsered, (aa) coarse brown.


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Fig. 18 Sectionacrossquadrants12N5W-7N5W

WALTERA. FAIRSERVISJR., PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWO SEASONSAT HIERAKON

YELLOW CLAY


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:erakonpolis


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WATER LEVEL

IIN5W


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I7N6W

Meter Scale

I5N6W


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I8N6W

NICHED FACADE

WATER LEVEL


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WALTERA. FAIRSERVISJR., PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRST TWO SEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLIS

Fig. 20 Section of seriationsondage n 13N6W


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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)

COH

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Fig. 25 Ceramicsof the later phasesof the main occupationof BuildingIV Level 1(a) fine red, (b) fine brown, (c) fine brown, (d) medium red, (e) medium red, (f) coarse red, (g) coarse red, (h) ribbedware, (i) fine brown, (j) medium red, (k) black, (1)black, (m) medium red, (n) fine red, (o) black, (p) fine brown,(q) fine brown, (r) fine brown, (s) fine brown, (t) medium red, (u) medium red, (v) medium red, (w) medium red,(x) coarsered, (y) mediumred, (z) mediumred, (a7)mediumred, (b') mediumred, (c') buff, (d') black, (e') mediumred,(f) mediumred, (g')finered, (h')finered, (i') finebrown, (j') finebrown, (k')finebuff-slip, (1')mediumred, (m')finered,(n') fine red, (o') fine red, (p') fine red, (q') medium red, (r') fine red, (s') medium red, (f) fine black, (u') fine red,(v') fine red, (w') fine red, (x') mediumred, (y') buff, (z') mediumred, (a") mediumred, (b") mediumred,(c") coarsebrown, (d") coarsebrown, (e") coarse brown.


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WALTERA. FAIRSERVISJR., PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRSTTWOSEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLIS

Fig. 26 (cont'd)- Level III(a) medium red, (b) fine red, (c) coarse red, (d) coarse red, (e) medium red, (f) red-burnished, (g) medium sandwich,(h) medium red, (i) fine red, (j) fine red, (k) fine red, (1) medium red, (m) coarse brown, (n) coarse buff-slip!(o) coarsered, (p) coarsered, (q) mediumsandwich, (r) coarsebrown.


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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)

Fig. 27 Chippedstone fromstructuralLevel III


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WALTERA. FAIRSERVISJR., PRELIMINARYREPORTON THE FIRSTTWO SEASONSAT HIERAKONPOLIS

Fig. 28 Chippedknives from structuralLevel III, Kom el-Ahmar


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Fig. 29 Stone bowls(a-h) alabaster, (i-m) stone.


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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)

1as Si O

I g|(rj co o2rj d ftH tin 2O ^O o..!!^ d ^-^H "5 ^CO Cw

*sd w

Fig. 32 Fisherman'skit ( ?)


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"g2co"Sco'oS

g.3CO

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Jarce 9 (1971-1972)

Fig. 35 Ivory and coppersickle

Fig. 36 Copperaxe

Fig. 37 Small stela from the post-Thutmosidroomsof 7N5W

Fig. 38 Sealsand amulet


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3.3Ti'55o+->

H


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60/60


CD

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Documents

FAIRSERVIS - Preliminary Report on the First Two Seasons at Hierakonpolis 1