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Faculty of Social Sciences
Department of Public Administration
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF INSECURITY IN NIGERIA: THE
CHALLENGES AND RELEVANCE OF THE NIGERIAN POLICE
FORCE AS A PANACEA
OKARAH CHRISTIAN IFEANYI
PG/MSC/2012/64424
Digitally Signed by: Content manager’s Name
DN : CN = Weabmaster’s name
O = University of Nigeria, Nsukka
OU = Innovation Centre
Ezeh Remigius
i
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF INSECURITY IN NIGERIA: THE CHALLENGES AND RELEVANCE OF THE NIGERIAN POLICE
FORCE AS A PANACEA
BY
OKARAH CHRISTIAN IFEANYI
PG/MSC/2012/64424
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA
JANUARY 2014
1
TITLE PAGE
CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF INSECURITY IN NIGERIA: THE CHALLENGES AND RELEVANCE OF THE NIGERIAN POLICE
FORCE AS A PANACEA
BY
OKARAH CHRISTIAN IFEANYI
PG/MSC/2012/64424
A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
STUDIES,FACULTY OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES,UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA,NSUKKA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE AWARD
OF MASTERS OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(M.Sc)
JANUARY 2014
2
APPROVAL PAGE
This research project has been read, studied, scrutinized and
approved by the undersigned personalities for the department of
public administration and local government studies, University of
Nigeria, Nsukka with reference to the Nigeria University commission
(NUC) recommendation.
BY
-------------------- --------------------
DR B.A AMUJIRI Date (Project Supervisor)
-------------------- -------------------- DR S.U AGU Date
(Head of Department) -------------------- PROF TAGBO UGWU (Dean Faculty of the Social Science) -------------------- Date
----------------------------
External Examiner
3
CERTIFICATION
This project work has been approved for Department public
administration and local Government (PALG), University of Nigeria,
Nsukka.
BY
-------------------- --------------------
DR B.A AMUJIRI Date (Project Supervisor)
-------------------- -------------------- DR S.U AGU Date
(Head of Department) -------------------- PROF TAGBO UGWU (Dean Faculty of the Social Science) -------------------- Date
----------------------------
External Examiner
4
DEDICATION
To Mr. Chinweike Asadu, a native of Amaeze in Nsukka Local Government area of Enugu State and a senior police officer who until his untimely death was the Kwara State commissioner of
police.
5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To Almighty God for the life he bestowed to me throughout my
stay in the university and presently.
The successful completion of this work is attributed to the
uncommon help, commitment and sacrifice of my parents,
colleagues and supervisor. I am immensely grateful to my parents,
Mr. and Mrs Okarah for their moral support.
I equally want to use this medium to express my profound
gratitude to God almighty and to my supervisor, Dr B.A Amujiri
(manas), for his support, guidance and painstaking efforts. He was
very instrumental to the timely completion of this work. My
appreciation also goes to all the lecturers in the Department, I really
appreciate their understanding and cooperation in refining me
academically, May God bless you all greatly.
Okarah Christian Ifeanyi chukwu
6
TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page i Approval page ii Certification iii Dedication iv Acknowledgement v Table of content vi Abstract vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study 1 1.2 Statement of the problem 9 1.3 Objective of the study 13 1.4 Significance of the study 14 1.5 Scope and limitations of the study 15 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 Literature review 17 2.2 Theoretical framework 30 2.3 Hypotheses 34 2.4 Operationalization of key concepts 35 2.5 Methodology 36 CHAPTER THREE: BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE CASESTUDY 3.1 Historical development and structure of the Nigerian police Force 41 3.2 Mission and vision statement of the Nigerian police force 56 CHAPTER FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION,ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 Data presentation 63 4.2 Findings 92 4.3 Discussion of findings 114 CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY,CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary 117 5.2 Conclusion 118 5.3 Recommendation 119 Bibliography 122 Appendices 128
7
ABSTRACT
This research work seeks to reveal the Causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria and the challenges and relevance of the Nigerian police force as a
panacea. It is on this premise that the study bases its emphasis on the Nigerian police force to appraise and ascertain efforts and limitation encountered in providing adequate security to Nigerians. The subject matter is both timely and pivotal in this era when Nigeria’s image and freedom internationally and locally is deteriorating due to the pervasive insecurity being experienced today. This has bedeviled the Nations march
towards socio-economic growth and development. The study however, focuses on the causes and effect of insecurity in Nigeria, factors that have inhibited the Nigerian police force in performing its statutory functions and steps to be made to enhance greater security in Nigeria and to make the Nigeria police force more responsive to her duties. This work also gave a chronological historical antecedent of insecurity in Nigeria. It also delves
into the purview of the history, structure, mission and vision of the Nigerian police force. Moreover, the study revealed that the relevance of the Nigerian police force in relation to the security of the country is incapacitated by the inability of the government to address root causes of insecurity and proffer solution to these root causes. This is manifested in the inequality and high rate of poverty currently experienced in the country
even in the midst of plenty. The chapters in the study address various aspect of the problem. The revelation and recommendation made in this work will be invaluable and important to the Nigerian police, government, private and corporate organization, as well as, researchers in proffering
solution that will boost security in Nigeria.
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
In recent times, Nigeria has witnessed an unprecedented
plaque of crisis and insecurity, each leading to loss of lives and
destruction of properties. According to Ezeoha (2011:38) in Causes
and effects of insecurity in Nigeria, “Security means stability and
continually of livelihood, predictability of relationships, feeling safe
and belonging to a social group. Internal security, or IS, which is
related to security can be seen as the act of keeping peace within
the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing territories.
This is done generally by upholding the national law and defending
against internal security threats. Those responsible for internal
security may range from police to paramilitary forces, and in
exceptional circumstances, the military itself.
Insecurity on the other hand, is the antithesis of security which
is the concept of insecurity. It has been ascribed different
interpretations in association with the various ways which it affects
2
individuals. Some of the common descriptors of insecurity include:
want of safety; danger; hazard; uncertainty; want of confidence;
doubtful; inadequately guarded or protected; lacking stability;
troubled; lack of protection; and unsafe, to mention a few. All of
these have been used by different people to define the concept of
insecurity. These different descriptors, however, run into a common
reference to a state of vulnerability to harm and loss of life, property
or livelihood. Beland (2005) defined insecurity as “the state of fear
or anxiety stemming from a concrete or alleged lack of protection.”
It refers to lack or inadequate freedom from danger.
In the same token, Oshodi (2011) argues that one sure way of
tackling the insecurity situation in Nigeria is to accord the field of
psychology a pride of place in policy formulation and
implementation to promote national cohesion and integration.
However it can be clearly stated that Nigeria has remained
more insecure especially during and after the April 2011
presidential elections and has suffered more than ever in history, a
battery of ethno-religious-political crises, taking the shape of bomb
blasts sponsored by the Boko Haram religious sect.
3
The unparalleled spate of terrorism, kidnappings and other violent
crimes is to say the least, alarming. Religious leaders, churches,
mosques etc are not spared in this onslaught. There is no
gainsaying the fact that Nigeria is at a cross-road and gradually
drifting towards a failed state if this insecurity trend continues.
According to Bavier, a writer who is a frequent visitor to the
northern region, told CNN that the
Federal government has completely lost control of the north-east, despite deploying thousands of troops and establishing a Joint Task Force. Now, he says, it looks like this insurgency has broken out of the north-east”. And what’s worrying, he says, is that there’s “not a whole lot of visible effort from the federal government to calm things down (Lister, 2012:14).
From the aforementioned one can posit that Nigeria has
witnessed an unprecedented level of insecurity. Inter and intra-
communal and ethnic clashes, ethno religious violence, armed
robbery, assassination, murder, gender-based violence, and bomb
explosion have been on the increase leading to enormous loss of life
and property and a general atmosphere of siege and social tension
for the populace (Ibrahim and Igbuzor, 2002:2). Furthermore
4
between 2009 to date over 3,000 souls both military and civilians
have been lost in the purported “holy” crusade; this have further
paralyzed government plans in mapping out an efficient strategy in
combating insecurity. Despite soaring security budget, insecurity
still pervades the country.
Consequently, Insecurity has taken various forms in different
parts of the country. In the South-West, armed robbers have taken
over, while in the North, cross-border bandits operate with the ease.
However in the South-South there are rampant cases of
kidnapping. Also the incessant wave of crime and armed robbery
attacks, all point to the fact that insecurity is fast becoming a norm
in Nigeria and have somewhat suddenly become attractive to certain
individuals in seeking to resolve issues that could have ordinarily
been settled through due process. The end-products lead to the
decimation of innocent lives, disruption of economic activities, and
destruction of properties among others.
Just last year and early this year, the Emir of Kano-Alhaji Ado
Bayero narrowly escaped death by the whiskers. His driver and two
others were not lucky as they were hacked to death by the
5
assailants. Somewhere in Okene, Kogi State, gunmen said to be
sympathetic to the Cause of Islamic rebels in Mali were said to have
ambushed and opened fire and killed two soldiers on their way to
been deployed to Mali. A faceless new group known as ‘’Vanguard
for the Protection of Moslems in Black Africa’’ has claimed
responsibility for this attack. Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iwela’s mother-Prof.
Mrs. Kaneme Okonjo was also kidnapped a while ago. It took a
demonstration of federal might-deployment of troops for her
abductors to free her. Also of recent the mother of Bayelsa State
House of Assembly was also kidnapped. These are prominent cases;
so many other incidents go unreported probably because the
victims lack a voice.
In an interview with Guardian Newspaper in united kingdom,
marking late Prof. Chinua Achebe’s 80th Birthday, he was quoted
as saying, “Nigeria is on the brink of a precipice” and that “we
urgently have to face up to our responsibilities before it is too late”.
Accordingly, Ogebe (1991) observed that the current
problems facing Nigeria is not the only rising incidence in crimes,
6
but also the gradual shift in the categories of crimes committed
from less serious to a more serious and heinous crimes of violence.
This poses a great challenge to the police as well as raises questions
of the police accountability and effectiveness.
The Nigerian police have been highly criticized for its inability
to stem the rising tide of crimes in Nigeria because of series of
endemic problems in recruitment, training and discipline and lack
expertise in specialized fields. Corruption and dishonesty is also
widespread in the police force thereby engendering a low level of
public confidence by the public, leading to failure to report crimes,
and tendencies to resort to self-help by the public. Ash (1971)
observed that perhaps the police performance has been entirely
dissatisfactory because there is confusion concerning what police
men actually do on the job and what they reasonably can be
expected to do to achieve a more effective police force. The range of
services that police provide are vast and crime prevention account
for only 20 to 30 percent of police work. In many cities today police
work often seem to consist mainly of reaction to emergencies. It
sometimes appears that the original emphasis on crime prevention
7
has been lost (Awake, 2000). This has greatly accounted for the
alarming rate of crimes in the country.
Corroborating the aforementioned, a total of sixteen (16)
policemen were arrested of recent in Gusau, the Zamfara State
capital by the Inspector General of Police Anti-robbery Squad for
allegedly releasing Police weapons and ammunition to armed
robbers terrorising people of the state. The affected police officers
are from various ranks, especially Inspectors and Sergeants
attached to Zamfara State Police Command. In the same vein, the
squad arrested a retired military officer based in Gusau who
specialized in selling ammunition and other sophisticated weapons
meant for the security personnel in the state to armed robbers and
people of Plateau and Kaduna States.
Subsequently, Aside from the bad eggs in the Nigerian police
force, the poor welfare of the police, military and paramilitary
personnel, with lack of adequate working tools, inadequate
personnel is another factor that promotes insecurity in Nigeria.
Olonisakin (2008:20) captures this when he posited that the police-
8
population ratio in Nigeria is 1:450. At a minimum, citizens ought
to have easy access to the police and feel safer as a result of the
protection they offer. Yet Nigeria has failed to meet the standard set
by the United Nations for effective policing.
Today the incidence of police brutality, corruption, violence
murder and abuse of power has punctuated almost every aspect of
the society. Armed robbery in Nigeria operate almost freely in the
society, using deadly weapons without being challenged and
detected by the police and where the police are dully informed, they
give flimsy excuse that they do not have weapons to fight armed
robbers. Even the ordinary man on the street who is expected to be
supportive of the police often have serious misgiving when
confronted with the massive mutual aids granted to the criminals
by the police force. Apart from the aforementioned, Incidence of
shooting of innocent people in retaliation to policing policies has
also constituted a serious problem that has impeded police efforts
in crime prevention in Nigeria.
Research have shown that most of police work is taken up in
responding to crime after it has taken place and the police force do
9
not have the resources to intervene in the circumstances which lead
to crimes being committed. The traditional approaches to crime
prevention also do little to address the causes of crime. They
assume that the high rate of crime is inevitable and that the public
must endeavor to defend itself against it.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Insecurity which is a feature of the Hobbesian state of
nature, when life was said to be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and
short, and the weak and common man lived at the mercy of the
strong. This trend is exactly the case in the country today, if not
close. According to Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) In his book entitled
Leviathan and published in 1651, he explicitly stated that in the
state of nature nothing can be considered just or unjust, and every
man must be considered to have a right to all things, even the right
to take other people’s lives. Hobbes says that the State of Nature is
a hypothetical state of affairs existing prior to the formulation of
'society' (which arises with the signing of the hypothetical 'Social
Contract').In the State of Nature, Hobbes thinks everyone acts
selfishly. He calls it a war of all against all.
10
The book looks at the structure of the society and legitimate
government, and is regarded as one of the earliest and most
influential examples of social contract theory. Leviathan ranks as a
classic western work on statecraft comparable to Machiavelli's The
Prince. Written during the English Civil War (1642–1651), Leviathan
argues for a social contract and rule by an absolute sovereign.
Hobbes wrote that civil war and situations identified with a state of
nature and the famous motto Bellum omnium contra omnes ("the
war of all against all") could only be averted by strong central
government. Having rightly observed Thomas Hobbes writings, it
can be said then that Nigeria’s central government is porous and
weak to tackle her insecurity challenges which have been endemic
and endless, that is why there have been a lot of clamor for state
police in other to spread the security base of the Nation.
Furthermore Thomas Hobbes work, explains why the police
and Successive Nigerian Government see Insecurity as a bane to
the Nation’s economic and political development and have at
different times devised various means to curb its menace.
Consequently, these various means have not yielded satisfactory
11
result. The newest security challenge is the boko haram militant
Islamist organization, which have taken numerous lives and
properties. The battle between the federal government and this
group began on 26 July when Boko Haram attacked a police station
in retaliation for the arrest of its leaders. Police responded with
their own retaliation and a curfew fell on the area. The attacks
spread and by the next day corpses were located around the police
stations. Nigerian troops then surrounded the home of the leader of
the sect, Mohammed Yusuf in Maiduguri on 28 July after his
followers barricaded themselves inside. However the worst
happened when Mohammed Yusuf was later extra judiciously killed
by the Nigerian police and ever since then Nigerians have not
known peace.
The socio-political implication of this development can only be
imagined, given the risks and agonies survivors are currently going
through.
12
According to Egburonu (2012:20)
We are afraid of Boko Haram. Daddy and Mummy keep awake all night in case the attackers decide to invade our home. They would lock all the doors tightly, pray all Night and ask us to sleep. But we never can, for we don’t know what will happen next… They said we would soon go home, so we are waiting
That was how Miss Agnes Agwuocha, a 17-Year old student in
Kano, described the terror she and the members of her family have
been passing through since the terrorist group had given the
affected non indigenes a mere three-day ultimatum, and since after
the expiration, had followed it up with pockets of attacks and
killings in Yobe, Niger, and Borno states. But though these previous
Boko Haram attacks in several cities across the north have affected
mainly Igbos and other Christians and southerners.
To this end, the research work therefore intends to find out
answers to the following problems identified as follows:
i. What are the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria?
ii. Is the Nigerian police force equipped and properly empowered
to provide security to Nigerians?
13
iii. What are the factors that have inhibited the Nigerian police
force in performing its statutory functions?
iv. Is the Nigerian police force relevant in combating insecurity in
Nigeria?
v. What are the steps to be made to enhance greater security in
Nigeria and to make the Nigeria police force more
responsive to her duties?
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The objectives of this study are:
i. To find out the specific causes and fundamental effects of
Insecurity in Nigeria.
ii. To ascertain the extent to which Nigerian Police force is
equipped and empowered to provide security to Nigerians.
iii. To identify the challenges that has inhibited the Nigerian
police in performing its statutory functions.
iv. To explore the relevance of the Nigerian police force in
combating insecurity in Nigeria.
v. To seek out solutions to insecurity in Nigeria and corrections
that can be made to better the Nigerian police force.
14
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Considering the crucial role of security in any government,
especially a democratically elected government, a study like this
has become necessary. The task of eradicating insecurity in
Nigeria is never a rosy affair but a Herculean task.
Insecurity in Nigeria has become so widespread and has
taken so many lives on the daily basis. It then follows that
something is wrong with our security affairs and also with the
state called Nigeria.
Practically, this work will help in re-emphasizing and
fostering ways by which the problem of insecurity can be
addressed. Even with the regrettably number of lives that have
been lost.
Academically, the work will be useful to the academic
environment. Post graduates and other researchers carrying out
research in related area will find the work very useful.
Theoretically, the weakness and other lapses that will be
identified in this research work will help the politicians and
policy makers in the country to restructure our security bodies.
15
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Every research endeavor has its scope and limitations; our
scope of study is the causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria,
the challenges and the relevance of the Nigerian police force as a
panacea.
Since it is impossible for a research endeavor to cover the
entire research population, the target population now becomes
Enugu and Anambra state because of the proximity of these
states. These two states was chosen because we believe that we
can get those who really know much about the Insecurity
challenges in the country and how the Nigeria police force have
been able to combat it so far. In this vein, the researcher will be
able to gather enough data that will definitely aid the study.
Apart from the inability of the researcher to cover all
members of the envisaged sample, the researcher faced some
limitations in retrieving some of the research instruments
administered to respondents especially police respondents
because of the nature of their job and their general lack of
appreciation of the value of social research. Also the police
16
stations visited were hesitant in giving out some sensitive
statistical details and information to back up the research
project. All these constituted a constraint to the research
endeavor.
Notwithstanding the above noted Constraints, the
researcher made tremendous effort to make the study a Success.
17
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
Our literature will be reviewed under the following
subheading in order to ensure clarity, consciousness and coherency
• The concept of security
• Security challenges and the Jonathan’s administration,
2007-2013
• The Jonathan administration’s response to threats of
insecurity in Nigeria
The concept of security
Security is a very important issue in the survival of any
Nation. Without adequate security of lives and property, the system
will be rife with lawlessness, chaos and eventual disintegration.
This is why security is considered as a dynamic condition, which
involves the relative ability of a state to counter threats to its core
values and interests. The security so concerned with by states, is
multifarious. It might be military, economic, ideological or cultural.
18
Accordingly, the security for any state embodies a notion of
order, or of the conditions necessary to maintain the smooth
functioning and reproduction of an existing society. According to
McGrew (1988:101), the security of a nation is predicated on two
central pillars. On one hand, it entails the maintenance and
protection of the socio-economic order in the face of internal and
external threat. On the other, it entails the promotion of a preferred
international order, which minimize the threat to core values and
interests, as well as to the domestic order.
In a similar manner, Nwolise (2006:352) explained that
security is an all–encompassing holistic concept which implies that
the territory must be secured by a network of armed forces: that the
sovereignty of the state must be guaranteed by a democratic and
patriotic government, which in turn must be protected by the
military, police and the people themselves, the people must not only
be secured from external attacks but also from devastating
consequences of internal upheavals, unemployment, hunger,
starvation, diseases, ignorance, homelessness, environmental
degradation, pollution and socio-economic injustices.
19
Furthermore, the primary objective of Nigeria’s national
security is to advance her interest and objectives to contain
instability, control crime, eliminate corruption, enhance genuine
development progress and growth, and improve the welfare and
wellbeing and quality of life of every citizen.
The second aspect of the nation’s national security entails the
preservation of the safety of Nigerians at home and abroad and the
protection of the sovereignty of the country’s integrity and its
interests. Also the concept of Internal security duties are generally
related to activities which takes place as protest against the actions
of government and non-government bodies, religious intolerance,
political thuggery and agitations which are likely to overstretch the
resources of the police and other law enforcement agencies.
Similarly, the enforcement of internal security duties have
seen the Army establishing various units like the joint task force in
the Niger Delta and deploying troops to flashpoints to douse
conflicts in these areas. The crises in these troubled areas no doubt
are manifestations of agitations and discontent exhibited by various
groups due to government policies of deprivation, marginalization
20
and social injustice – a situation, which has created avenues for
“crises of legitimacy; the struggle for ascendancy between sub-
national and national loyalties, which, tend to open the floodgates
of irredentists and separatist claims” (Omotosho, 2004:18).
Security challenges and the Jonathan administration, 2007- 2013
In Nigeria, the achievement of desired level of internal security
particularly from 2007 -2013 was elusive. The above period
witnessed the proliferation of different militia groups that posed
serious security threats to the Nigerian government. Thus, such
unwholesome behaviors which not only affected economic activities
in many parts of Nigeria have also resulted in lost of numerous lives
and property of the Nigerian citizens. This pathetic situation is
critically examined under four case studies:
i. The Niger-Delta Crisis
Conflict in the Niger-Delta arose in the early 1990s due to tensions
between the foreign oil corporations and some Niger Delta's
minority ethnic groups who felt they were being exploited,
particularly the Ogonis and the Ijaws (Osungade, 2008). Thus,
ethnic and political unrest continued in the region throughout the
21
1990s and persisted despite the enthronement of democracy in
1999. However, competition for oil wealth in the region gave rise to
agitations, violence and subsequent extra-judicial killing of Ken
Saro-Wiwa and nine Ogoni leaders by Abacha's regime (Ogbodo,
2010:1). This action by Abacha's administration was condemned
not only by many Nigerians, but also the international community.
Consequently, the international community expressed her anger by
imposing several sanctions on Nigeria during this period. Thus, the
inability of the government particularly during the military era to
address the root causes of the agitation (environmental problems,
poverty, unemployment, lack of basic amenities, etc.), in the Niger
Delta region, resulted in proliferation of ethnic groups causing the
militarization of nearly the entire region by ethnic militia groups.
Consequently, the government established some institutions or
agencies to douse the tension in the area. This includes the Oil
Mineral Producing Areas Development Commission (OMPADEC),
Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC) and Ministry of Niger
Delta (MND). In spite of these intervention regimes, the conflicts
and insecurity in the Niger Delta region persisted. To arrest the
22
challenges of insecurity in the Niger Delta, the Federal Government
of Nigeria applied minimal force in a bid to ensure that these
militias drop their arms and end their hostilities against the
government and the people of the area. In August 2008, the federal
government launched a massive military crackdown on militants
(Amaizu, 2008:11). Thus, military patrolled waters, hunted for
militants, searched all civilian boats for weapons, and raided
numerous hideouts. Also, on May 15, 2009 a military operation
undertaken by a Joint Task Force (JTF) was put in place by the
federal government against MEND and their affiliates in the Niger
Delta region (Onoyume, 2008:5). These actions by the federal
government were in response to the activities of the militia groups
which adversely affected both the residents of the area and the
Nigerian economy (Onuorah, 2009:2). Paradoxically, rather than
the measures put in place by the federal government to address the
challenges of insecurity in the Niger Delta, the situation led to
incessant kidnapping of not only the foreign oil workers, but also
the indigenes and residents of the region. Hence, on June, 2009,
the Nigerian Government under the leadership of Late President
23
Umaru Yar’adua, announced the granting of Amnesty and
unconditional pardon to militants in the Niger Delta region (Rotimi,
2009).
ii. Kidnapping in the South-East Zone of Nigeria
Kidnapping as a social problem is the act of illegally taking
somebody away and keeping him as a prisoner in order to get
money or something in return for releasing him. The history of
kidnapping in the South-East zone of Nigeria could be traced to
hostilities, conflicts and violence in the Niger Delta region. In the
South-East zone, especially in Abia and Imo States, kidnapping
activities were mainly targeted at prominent indigenes and
residents of these states. This situation was pervasive shortly after
the 2007 general elections in Nigeria. This is partly because, the
youths that were used as political thugs by politicians during the
2007 general elections in these states subsequently engaged in
kidnapping as means of livelihood after the elections. Indeed,
confession by those apprehended indicated that some politicians in
these states supplied guns to youths for the purpose of rigging the
2007 general elections. Unfortunately these guns were not retrieved
24
at the end of the elections. Consequently, kidnapping later turned
to profitable business mostly among the youths in Abia, Imo,
Ebonyi and other states in the zone. Thus, the increasing rate of
kidnapping activities in Abia State, particularly in Aba metropolis,
resulted in several foiled attempts to kidnap the Abia State
Governor, Chief Theodore Orji in 2008 (Nwogu, 2008). Thus, from
2007 to 2010, several prominent men in Aba and its environs were
kidnapped for ransom. This adversely affected the economy of Abia
State as many businessmen and manufacturing companies
relocated to other states like Enugu and Anambra. Worse still,
people were kidnapped while attending church services and village
meetings (Ajani, 2010). To address the spate of kidnapping in the
South-East zone particularly in Abia state, the federal government
deployed soldiers to Aba metropolis and its environs. This bold step
taken by the government is put in clear perspective by Okoli (2009)
who states that:
Governor Theodore Orji of Abia State formally invited the Army to the State to assist in the fight against crime and criminals, especially kidnappers. Their Governor said the menace of kidnapping seemed to have overwhelmed the police...
25
The action of the government in response to kidnapping, no doubt,
minimized the reported cases of the menace, especially in Aba and
its environs. This was partly as a result of intensive attacks
launched by the army at the hideout of kidnappers in Ukwa West
Local Government Area of Abia State (Sampson, 2010).
iii. Jos crisis
The Jos crisis is another internal security threat to Nigeria which
some observers have described as sectarian violence. This pathetic
situation which took a radical dimension from 1999 has been a
complex one.
According to Oladoyinbo (2010):
the crisis in Jos, Plateau State is a very complex one... it is tribal, religious and social...we discovered that politics is the major cause of some of these crises that erupted in that part of the country... there is no need for some people to use all means to dominate others or use people to subjugate others...the government in Nigeria has no courage...the government is not the solution but rather the problem...the government knows those behind all these riots, those importing arms into this country...
Thus, the Jos crisis has claimed numerous lives of Nigerians and
property worth millions of naira. However, the Jos crisis has
resulted to several attacks on Christians by Muslims. Indeed, from
26
2007 - 2010, over 10,000 Christians were slaughtered during the
Jos crisis. In 2010 crisis for instance, about 500 Christians lost
their lives (Oladoymbo, 2010: 15). Precisely, the Jos crisis has
resulted in unimaginable confrontation, killings, bombings and
other forms of violence. Many observers have argued that the root
cause of the crisis was the inordinate desire by Muslims to
forcefully convert Christians in the area as Muslim Faithfull’s,
others assert that the root causes of Jos crisis are culture and land
disputes. Thus, whatever the argument over the remote causes of
frequent crisis in Jos may be, the fact remains that it is one of the
greatest internal security threats to corporate existence of Nigeria.
Also, available evidence has shown that the crisis in Jos which has
been fought on sectarian lines may be traced to 'sour relationship'
between the Christian and Muslim communities in the area. This is
crucial because as Human Right Watch Report argues:
...Jos lies on the border between Nigeria's Muslim majority North and Christian majority South. Access to land resources is often determined by whether one is a native or 'indigene'... Jos is historically Christian city... Settlers are most often Muslims from the North... (Human Right Report, July 10, 2010).
27
iv. Boko Haram Crisis
Another major security challenge in Nigeria which has adversely
affected the Nigerian economy is the activities of Boko Haram
group. Etymologically, the term 'Boko Haram' is derived from Hausa
word 'Boko' meaning 'Animist', western, otherwise non-islamic
education; and the Arabic word Haram figuratively meaning 'sin' or
literally, 'forbidden' (Olugbode, 2010). The Boko Haram is a
controversial Nigerian Militant Islamist group that seeks the
imposition of Sharia law in the northern states of Nigeria.
Ideologically, the group opposes not only western education, but
western culture and modern science (Dunia, 2010). Historically, the
Boko Haran group was founded in 2002 in Maiduguri by Utaz
Mohammed Yusuf. In 2004, it moved to Kanama in Yobe state,
where it set up a base called 'Afghanistan', used to attack nearby
police stations and killing police officers (Awowole-Browne, 2010).
However, the founder of the group, Mohammed Yusuf was hostile to
democracy and secular education system; this is why the activities
of the Boko Haram group constitute serious security challenges in
the contemporary Nigerian state.
28
The Jonathan administration’s response to threats of
insecurity in Nigeria
President Jonathan administration has taken certain measures to
make Nigeria a more secure place for peace and development to
thrive. The government responded by taking several measures
which can aptly be described as a “carrots and stick” approach but,
which have also generated a lot of debate within the country. Initial
government response was predominantly the use of physical force
that was later expanded to include a combination of verbal
admonitions and warnings; moral persuasion; deployment of troops
to flashpoints where the protesters are domiciled; the inauguration
of committees and panels to investigate the causes of the threats
and proffer necessary solutions and; the passage of a bill in to
tackle terrorist activities. Thus In showing concern over the threats,
President Jonathan in his broadcast to the nation remarked that
the time has come for the country to review its national security
policy as well as the functions and operations of the various
security agencies therein. To further show his seriousness President
Jonathan emphasized that the culprits and other perpetrators, “no
29
matter how remotely connected to these incidents, must be brought
to justice” (President Jonathan’s May 29th 2011 inauguration
speech Broadcast to the nation), (http: //www.peoplesdailyonline.
com).President Jonathan in his address the nation (National
Broadcast April 21, 2011).
Justified his action to use force against the perpetrators viz:
I have authorized the security agencies to use all lawful means, including justifiable force to end all acts of violence… I have directed that all perpetrators of these dastardly acts… and all those who continue to breach the peace and stability of this nation be apprehended and made to face the full wrath of the law.
Furthermore, the government has also embarked on an intensive
training of her security personnel especially police officers under
the special-anti-terrorism squad. Consequently to ensure the
effectiveness of the police, the government embarked on the
acquisition and distribution of bulletproof and armored vehicles to
various police commands.
30
2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
For the purpose of this work, the theoretical framework of
analysis of this work is the theory of class struggle by Karl Marx
and Friedrich Engels, which was first expressed literally in the
Communist Manifesto 0f 1848.
Accordingly, Marx in his communist manifesto declared
that:
The history of all existing society is the history of class struggles. Freeman and Slave, patrician and plebeian, lord and serf, guild-master and journey man, in a word, oppressor and oppressed, stood in constant opposition to one another carry on uninterrupted now hidden now open fight, a fight that each time ended either in a revolutionary reconstitution of society at large, or in the common ruin of the contending classes (Bhatia,1978:291).
The struggles for the control of material values in the process
of production have given rise to the emergence of two main classes
in the society. Though classes are formed at the level of production,
the struggle between different classes revolve around the
organization of power as they seek to dominate one another (Nnoli:
2003). The dominant class emerges to protect and guard a
particular mode of production and mediate and moderate inter-
class and intra-class struggles in order to maintain stability.
31
Karl Marx in volume III of Capital, defined class in the following
words:
The owners merely of labour power, owners of capital and landowners, whose respective sources of income are wages, labourers, capitalists and landowners Constitute the three big classes of modern Society based upon the capitalist mode of production (See shivji, 1976:5)
Similarly, Lenin has also see classes as:
Large groups of people differing from Each other by the place they occupy in the historically determined system of social production, by their relation (in some cases fixed and formulated in law) to the means of production by their role in the social organization of labour, and consequently by the dimensions and mode of acquiring the share of social wealth of which they dispose. (See Nnoli, 2003:167)
The concept of class is essentially about ownership or non-
ownership of the means of production. Ownership here includes
both the control and appropriation of surplus value generated by
the society. Thus, the surplus-labour is unpaid labour appropriated
by employers in the form of work-time and outputs, on the basis
that employers own and supply the means of production worked
with. Consequently, for any division of labour to produce classes,
32
one social group must control and appropriate the labour of
another.
According to Karl Marx, bourgeoisie is meant to be the class
of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and
employers of wage labour. While proletariat is the class of modern
wage labourers who, having no means of production of their own,
are reduced to selling their labour power in order to live, this why
the interest of the owners of the means of production (capitalist) is
at variance with the interest of the non-owners of the means of
production (wage labourer), for instance the interest of the owners
of a factory (capitalist) is to maximize profit but this is countered by
the worker’s interest or demand for higher wages. Thus class
relations are therefore contradictory (Nnoli, 2003:40). There is the
notion of class-in-itself and class for-itself. In the former, members
of the group, play a similar role in the production process, but are
not aware or conscious of their common interest. In the latter
group, the member are not only aware that they share similar role
in the production process but are also conscious of their common
33
interest and are prepared to defend such interests whenever
occasions demand.
Application of the theory
The struggle among social classes for the control of state power
has been the propelling force in the development of many societies
including Nigeria. However, the basis of the struggle between the
two classes is the control of the state so as to determine social
policies especially the authoritative allocation of values and scarce
resources. This is why the Nigerian state has become a volatile state
with several security challenges. While the oppressed class agitates
for a new social order that ensure fairly equitable distribution of
resources, the bourgeois (the federal government, multinational oil
companies, and the rich) class preoccupies itself with maintaining
their class advantage, by extension the structural inequality which
has led to the insecurity currently faced by Nigeria.
According to karl Marx and some keen observers, the current
insecurity is as a result of so many issues, but most importantly, is
the unwillingness of the ruling class to willingly surrender power (in
34
other words not prepared to commit class suicide), Thus this have
constituted a major cause of insecurity in Nigeria because some
sects and groups are discontented with the ruling class, thereby
leading them to engage in intense struggle and violence. Thus such
agitations and struggles have resulted in class conflicts and
insecurity in Nigeria. Accordingly, Karl Marx opined that the class
struggle may lead to the overthrow of the ruling class or compel it to
embark on reforms such as increase in wages, welfare, bonuses,
political liberties, democratic participation in industrial affairs etc.
(Bangura 1985:39). Consequently, whether or not this will be the
case in Nigeria, it is left for time to tell.
2.3 HYPOTHESES
Based on the pervasiveness of insecurity in Nigeria and its
attendant consequences which as militated and dwarfed the
country’s march towards socio-economic cum political development
and the challenges the Nigerian police have to grapple with in
fighting the escalating insecurity situation which has generated
both positive and negative comments from the citizenry, the
researcher therefore formulated the following hypothesis:
35
1, There is a significant relationship between the ineffectiveness in
the Nigerian police and the insecurity situation in the country.
2, Shortage of crime fighting facilities by the Nigerian police has
direct link with the insecurity situation in the country.
3, Insecurity in the Nigerian society is aggravated by lack of social
protection programme for the poor and unemployed.
4, There is a significant relationship between Nigeria’s insecurity
and her slow socio-economic growth.
2.4 OPERATIONALIZATION OF KEY CONCEPTS
1, Security: For the purpose of this work, it is defined as a secure
condition or feeling and is also seen as the act of keeping peace
within the borders of a sovereign state or other self-governing
territory. This is done generally by upholding the national law and
defending against internal and external security threats.
2, Insecurity: It is a situation which is unsafe or inadequately
guarded or protected.
36
3, Panacea: It is known as a universal remedy which can help put
back something into a normal working condition.
4, Social security programme: is the action programs of government
intended to promote the welfare of the population at large.
5, Ineffective: not producing an intended effect or not capable of
performing efficiently or as expected.
6, Crime fighting facilities: equipments and facilities used in the act
or process of working to reduce the numbers of crimes.
2.5 METHODOLOGY
Research design and methodology
Design implies outlining the name of the equipment, sample
size and sampling technique, study design, scope and other
materials the researcher intends using and applying same to
successfully execute the practical aspect of the research.
Odo (1992:43) opined that design serves as a plan showing
what the researcher will carry out in a step by step procedure of
carrying out the entire study. Based on this premise, the
37
methodology adopted by the researcher was designed in such a way
as to collect data that will give a broader knowledge on the causes
and effects of insecurity in Nigeria, the challenges and the relevance
of the Nigerian police as a panacea.
In the course of collecting data, the questionnaire was
designed to meet the needs of the questionnaire items. Therefore,
the 5 point likert scale and other related option peculiar to the
items was also used. The data collected for the study will be
organized into frequency distribution table and percentages and will
be explained concisely.
Method of data collection
The data used in the study were collected from the primary and
secondary sources of data collection. The structured questionnaire
was based on one major sampling technique, which is the stratified
random sampling technique. In analyzing the data collected for this
research, the use tables were employed. The information tallied,
arranged and grouped in simple percentage and was carefully
explained. Similarly In the course of this study, the researcher
38
conducted the research in Nsukka, Enugu metropolis and Anambra
state respectively with an estimated population of 8000 people
which constitute the population of study; however 600 people were
selected as the sample size. Given the selected sample size, the
breakdown is as follows:
CATEGORY NO REPRESENTED PERCENTAGE%
Police officers 130 21.7
Academics 200 33.3
Students 150 25
Business men and
women
120 20
600 100
Source: field work
A Total of 600 respondents make up the total percentage of respondents.
The number of police officers who made their contributions are 103
respondents (21.7%). While respondents from the academics constituted 200
persons (33.3%) which is the highest. Also students from University of Nigeria
and environs added their opinion, 150 respondents (25%) represented this
39
group. The business environment also added their opinion, 120 respondents
(20%) from this group were given questionnaires.
Validity and reliability of the measuring instrument
According to Saunders, Lewis and Thorn hill (2003), the validity
and reliability of the information a researcher collects, as well as
the response rate achieved, depend to a large extent on the design
and structure of the researcher’s information. A theoretical
framework showing all assumed relationships between the causes
and effects of insecurity in Nigeria, the challenges and relevance of
the Nigerian police force as a panacea was developed for the study.
A quantitative method was identified as the main study paradigm.
Data was collected by means of a questionnaire which was carefully
constructed. In order to validate the reliability of the questionnaire,
a pretest was conducted. The instrument was piloted on 200 M.Sc
students in the Faculty of the social sciences, University of Nigeria,
Nsukka. The result of the pretest proves that the questionnaire is
valid and reliable.
40
Source: Field work
INSTRUMENT RETURN RATE
From the table above, it is observed that out of the total number of 600
questionnaires distributed, 120 were distributed to police officers out of which
100 were returned while 10 were not returned. 200 were distributed to
Academics of which 180 were returned and 20 were not returned. 150 were
distributed to students of which 120 were returned while 30 were not returned.
And 120 were distributed to business men and women out of which 100 were
returned and 20 were not returned.
The percentage returned is 86.7% while percentage not returned is 13.3%
of the total questionnaires distributed. Therefore 520 questionnaires (86.7%)
were used for the work.
CATEGORIES Police
officers
Academics Students Business
men and
women
Total %
Number
Returned
120 180 120 100 520 86.7
Not returned 10 20 30 20 80 13.3
Total 130 200 150 120 600 100
41
CHAPTER THREE
BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON THE CASE STUDY
3.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE
NIGERIAN POLICE FORCE
Matters of safety and security are topical issues in today’s
Nigeria. Life has become precarious in our country, that is why
when matters of security becomes an issue of discuss, the Nigerian
police is mentioned because of her constitutional role as the body
setup to maintain internal security within Nigeria territorial
borders. The Nigeria Police Force is designated by Section 194 of the
1979 constitution as the national police of Nigeria with exclusive
jurisdiction throughout the country. The Nigeria's police began with
a thirty-member consular guard formed in Lagos Colony in 1861. In
1879 a total of 1,200-member armed paramilitary Hausa
Constabulary was formed. In 1896 the Lagos Police was
established. A similar force, the Niger Coast Constabulary, was
formed in Calabar in 1894 under the newly proclaimed Niger Coast
Protectorate. In the north, the Royal Niger Company set up the
42
Royal Niger Company Constabulary in 1888 with headquarters at
Lokoja. When the protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria
were proclaimed in the early 1900s, part of the Royal Niger
Company Constabulary became the Northern Nigeria Police, and
part of the Niger Coast Constabulary became the Southern Nigeria
Police. Northern and Southern Nigeria were amalgamated in 1914,
but their police forces were not merged until 1930, forming the NPF,
headquartered in Lagos. During the colonial period, most police
were associated with local governments (native authorities). In the
1960s, under the First Republic, these forces were first regionalized
and then nationalized (source: www.npf.gov.ng)
The Nigerian Police Force performed conventional police
functions and was responsible for internal security generally; for
supporting the prison, immigration, and customs services; and for
performing military duties within or outside Nigeria as directed.
Plans were announced in mid-1980 to expand the force to 200,000.
By 1983, according to the federal budget, the strength of the NPF
was almost 152,000 and there were more than 1,300 police stations
nationwide. Police officers were not usually armed but were issued
43
weapons when required for specific missions or circumstances.
They were often deployed throughout the country, but in 1989
Babangida announced that a larger number of officers would be
posted to their native areas to facilitate police- community relations
(source: www.npf.gov.ng)
Furthermore, the structure of the Nigeria Police Force is
provided for in section 214 (2) (a) and 215(2) of the 1999
Constitution. These sections provide inter area,
SECTION 214(2) (a):-“Subject to the provisions of this constitution
(a) the Nigeria Police shall be organized and Administered in
accordance with such provisions as many be prescribed by an Act
of the National Assembly
SECTION 215 (2) “The Nigeria Police Force shall be under the
Command of the Inspector-General of Police and any contingents of
the Nigeria Police Force stationed in a state shall; subject to the
authority of the Inspector-General of Police, be under the command
of Commissioner of Police of that state” (source: www.npf.gov.ng)
44
From the provisions above, three different structures in the
Police Force can be identified. These are:-
a. Command (Authority) Structure.
b. Administration structure and
c. Organization structure
These structures are patterned to meet the constitutional
expectations of the Police, to perform effectively the duties assigned
to it.
A) Command (authority) structure
The Command structure, also referred to as authority
structure, of the Police Force is predicted on the regimental nature
of the Force and conducted along the Force badges of ranks. Thus,
in accordance with section 215(2) of the 1999 Constitution, section
6 of the Police Act, 1990 laws provide that “the Force shall be
commanded by the Inspector-General of Police”. This simply means
that orders, directives and instructions to perform or carry out the
duties with which the Police is carried, flows from the Inspector-
45
General of Police, through the chain of Command, to any Officer
positioned to implement such order. Disobedience or failure to carry
out such instruction, directive or order, attract punitive sanctions.
According to Section 7 (1) of the Police Act, the next in the line to
the Inspector General of Police, is the Deputy Inspector General of
Police. Though this rank is not specially mentioned in the
Constitution, it has legal backing, because the Police Act is a law
made by the National Assembly in accordance with the constitution.
According to section 7(1) of the Police Act, the Deputy Inspector
General of Police is the second in Command of the Force and shall
so act for him in the Inspector-General’s absence. Section 5 of the
Act makes room for as many DIGs as the Nigeria Police Council
considers appropriate. Every other rank below the IG, takes order of
Command from him, in the performance of their lawful duties.
(Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
The Office of the Assistant Inspector-General of Police is
provided for by section 5 and 8 of the Police Act. He shall act for the
Inspector-General of Police in the event of the absence of the
Inspector-General of Police and Deputy Inspector-General of Police.
46
Section 5 of the Police Act, in accordance with the provisions of
section 215 (2), of the Nigeria Constitution, provides for the Office
and rank of a Commissioner of Police who shall be in Control of
contingents of the Police Force stationed in a State. He is subject
however, to the command of the Inspector-General of Police or who-
so-ever acts for him, in his absence. Every other rank in the Force
is legally provided for by section 5 of the Police Act. The Command
structure of the Nigeria Police can be presented in the order of
hierarchy.
Command (authority) structure
1, The Inspector-General of Police
2, The Deputy Inspector-General of Police
3, The Asst. Inspector-General of Police
4, The Commissioner of Police (In-charge of contingents in a state)
5, The Deputy Commissioner of Police
6, The Asst. Commissioner of Police
7, The Chief Superintendent of Police
47
8, The Superintendent of Police
9, The Deputy Superintendent of Police
10, The Asst. Superintendent of Police
11, The Inspector of Police
12, Sergeant Major
13, Sergeant
14, Corporal
15, Constable
(Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
B) Administrative structure
The Nigeria Police is administratively structured and divided into
seven (7) departments: ‘A’ – ‘G’ with each department charged with
peculiar duties. Though their duties are inter-woven, they are
distinguishable.
48
1. ‘A’ Department: - Administration
• Direction, supervision and co-ordination of the various
department within the Directorate; Standardization of policies
and procedure of administration and finance of the Force;
• Periodical review of all standing force Orders, Regulations and
other relevant instruments;
• Maintenance of Force discipline by directing and reviewing
relevant policies and instructions;
• Convening of conference of the Directors, Zonal Police
Commanders (Z.P.Cs) and the Command Commissioner of
Police with the Inspector-General of Police;
• Planning, administration and monitoring of the budget and
finances of the Force;
• Organization, planning and supervision of Research
programmes, Management Information;
• Collating data for and publication of Annual Police Report;
49
• Convening the Force Tenders’ Board; and Planning and
Administration of welfare schemes, e.g., Medical;
• Laison, co-ordination and interaction with other Directorates
of the Nigeria Police Force, (Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
2. ‘B’ Department: - Operation
a. Planning and organizing internal security measures and
monitoring the execution of such security measures in time of
emergency;
b. Direction and co-ordination of Force policies on crime prevention;
c. Utilization of Force Animals
d. Formulation of Force policies on traffic control;
e. Planning coordinating and monitoring of the Force
communication network;
f. Reviewing and formulating policies on tactical operation schemes
for crime control and prevention;
50
g. Periodical inspections of various units for effective
implementation of the operational policies of the Police;
h. Planning and coordinating joint operation;
i. Formulating policies, planning and management of incidents such
as disturbance, riots, national disasters, elections, suppression of
insurrections and trade union disputes or conflicts;
j. Formulation and implementation of policies on antiterrorism;
k. Liaison, coordination and interaction with other Directorates of
the Nigeria Police Force;
l. Preparation of annual budget for the Directorate. (Source:
www.npf.gov.ng)
3. ‘C’ Department: - logistics and supply
a. Purchase of stores, clothing and Accoutrement;
b. Planning of building programmes;
c. Construction and maintenance of Police Buildings and quarters;
51
d. Arrangement of Board of Survey and Disposal of
unserviceable/Boarded vehicles, equipment etc.
e. Determination of costs of all equipment, e.g. vehicles, planes,
Helicopters; Wireless equipment, Bomb Disposal equipment, Force
Animals, Arms & Ammunition and other riot equipment, Boats,
Medical, Stationers, Spare parts, Printing equipment;
f. Responsibility for the procurement of all technical equipment.
Aircraft, Wireless, Medical, Armaments, Transport etc, clothing and
accoutrements, Stationers and office equipment;
g. Responsibility for the allocation and distribution of the
equipment procured for the various Police Commands and
Directorates;
h. Organization and direction Board of survey;
i. Responsibility for the planning and execution of building projects
and accommodation;
j. Erection and supervision of the maintenance Barracks, quarters,
office buildings and equipment;
52
k. Preparation of annual budget for the Directorate;
l. Liaison, coordination and interaction with other Directions of the
Nigeria Police Force.
4. ‘D’ Department: - investigation and intelligence
a. Criminal Investigations b. Interpol c. Antiguitics d. Crime
Prevention Policies e. Narcotics f. Forensic Matters g. Crime Records
h. Prosecution i. Criminal Intelligence;
5. ‘E’ Department: - training and command
a. Formulation and implementation of supervision of Force Training
policy
b. Supervision and coordination of the activities of the Police and
Police Staff Colleges
c. Liaison with Police and Civilian Institution of higher learning at
home and abroad for effective interchange of ideas;
d. Establishment of effective staff development programme;
e. Formulation training, research to keep pace with modern thought
in the field of training, staff development and equipment;
53
f. Formulating a uniform standard of training in all in all Police
Colleges/Training Schools;
g. Preparation of annual budget for the Directorate;
h. Liaison coordination and interaction with other Directorates in
the Nigeria Police Force;
6. ‘F’ Department
a. Research; b. Planning c. Inspectorate Division; d. Management
Information; e. Organization and Method
7. ‘G’ Department (ICT)
As it is known globally, technology plays significant role in modern
law enforcement to enhance efficiency and effectiveness of the
agencies. Thus, it is imperative for modern law enforcement agency
to have the capability to manage electronic databases and
communication systems as global crime has become more
sophisticated.
54
8. Office of the force secretary
a. Promotion and appointment of Superior Police Officers;
b. Deployment of Superior Police Officers;
c. Records of Superior Police Officers;
d. Discipline of Superior Police Officers;
e. Police Council meeting;
f. Inter-Ministerial matter; and
g. Promotion Boards
C. Organizational structure
The Nigerian police Force is further structured in line with the geo-
political structure of the Country, with provisions for supervisory
formations. The structure formation enables Police operational of
the internal Territory of Nigeria. The organizational structure of the
Police Force is represented as shown below:
• Force Headquarters
• Zonal Headquarters
55
• State Commands Headquarters
• Divisional Police Headquarters
• Police Station
• Police Post
• Village Police Post
By this nature, the Police Operational crime fighting function
is felt by the populace. The relevance of the structuring of the Police
to the defence and internal security of the nation can be
appreciated by the totality of Police role in internal security. The
whole weight of the powers and duties of the Police are spread on
the balance of these structures. A periodic assessment and review
of these structures to determine their relevance in the scheme of
the nation’s defence mechanism has remained a traditional exercise
in the Force, in order to catch-up with current global policing
strategies as prescribed in international defence policies.
(Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
56
3.2 MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT OF THE NIGERIAN
POLICE FORCE
Mission Statement
1. To make Nigeria safer and more secured for economic
development and growth; to create a safe and secured environment
for everyone living in Nigeria.
2. To partner with other relevant Security Agencies and the public
in gathering, collating and sharing of information and intelligence
with the intention of ensuring the safety and security of the
country;
3. To participate in efforts to address the root causes of crime while
ensuring that any criminal act is investigated so as to bring the
criminals to justice in a fair and professional manner.
4. Working together with people irrespective of religious, political,
social or economic affiliations. (Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
57
Vision statement
A. Deliver quality police service that is accessible to the generality of
the people;
B. Build a lasting trust in the police by members of the public;
C. Protect and uphold the rights of persons, to be impartial and
respectful in the performance of Police duties;
D. Continuously evaluate and improve Police services;
E. Provide equal opportunities for career developments for all
members of the force;
F. Cooperate with all relevant government Agencies and other
stakeholders.
G. Liaise with the Ministry of Police Affairs and the Police Service
Commission to formulate and implement policies for the effective
policing of Nigeria. (Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
58
Code of conduct and professional standards for police officers
To achieve the Mission and Visions illustrated above, it is expedient
to formulate a Code of Conduct for all Police officers employed into
the Service of the Nigeria Police Force. The code will be regarded as
an accountability code that will apply to all officers (irrespective of
rank) and will reflect International conventions for Law
Enforcement Agents, the provisions of sections 353-368 of Part XV
of the Police Act (cap 359) and other relevant Force Orders as well
as Public Service Rules. However, the purpose of having a code of
conduct is to provide all members for the Nigeria Police Force with a
set of guiding principles and standards of behavior while on or off-
duty. It is intended to be used by Police officers in determining what
is right and proper in all their actions. The code should set an
outline which every member of the Force can easily understand. It
will enable Policemen to know what type of conduct by a Police
officer is right and what is wrong. The code will encompass the
following:
59
Primary Responsibilities of a Police Officer – A police officer acts
as an official representative of government who is required and
trusted to work within the law. The officer’s powers and duties are
conferred by statute. The fundamental duties of a police officer
include serving the community, safeguarding lives and property,
protecting the innocent, keeping the peace and ensuring the rights
of all to liberty, equality and justice.
Performance of duties as a police officer – a police officer shall
perform all duties impartially, without favor of affection or ill will
and without regard to status, sex, race, religion, political belief or
aspiration. All citizens will be treated equally with courtesy,
consideration and dignity. Officers will never allow personal
feelings, animosities or friendships to influence official conduct.
Laws will be enforced appropriately and courteously and in carrying
out their responsibilities, officers will strive to obtain maximum
cooperation from the public. They will conduct themselves both in
appearance and composure, in such a manner as to inspire
confidence and respect for the position of public trust they hold.
60
Discretion - a Police officer will use responsibly, the discretion
vested in his position and exercise it within the law.
Use of Force – a police officer will never employ unnecessary force
or violence and will use only such force in discharge of duty, as is
reasonable in all circumstances. The use of force should be used
only after discussion, negotiation and persuasion have been found
to be inappropriate or ineffective. While the use of force is
occasionally unavoidable, every police officer will refrain from
unnecessary infliction of pain or suffering and will never engage in
cruel, degrading or inhuman treatment of any person.
Confidentiality – Whatever a police officer sees, hears or learns
which is of a confidential nature, will be kept secret unless the
performance of duty or legal provision requires otherwise. Members
of the public have a right to security and privacy, and information
obtained about them must not be improperly divulged
Integrity – a police officer will not engage in acts of corruption or
bribery, nor will an officer condone such acts by other police
officers. The public demands that the integrity of police officers be
61
above reproach. Police officers must therefore, avoid any conduct
that might compromise integrity and that undercut the confidence
reposed by the public, in the Police. Officers will refuse to accept
any gifts, presents, subscriptions, favours, gratuities or promises
that could be interpreted as seeking to cause the officer to refrain
from performing official responsibilities honestly and within the law.
Police officers must not receive private or special advantage from
their official status. Respect from the public cannot be bought; it
can only be earned and cultivated.
Cooperation with other Police Officers and Agencies – Police
officers will cooperate with all legally authorized agencies and their
representatives in the pursuit of justice. An officer or agency may be
one among many organizations that may provide law enforcement
services to a jurisdiction. It is imperative that a police officer assists
colleagues fully and completely with respect and consideration at all
times;
Personal Professional Capabilities - Police Officers will be
responsible for their own standard of professional performance and
62
will take every reasonable opportunity to enhance and improve their
level or knowledge and competence. Through study and experience,
a police officer can acquire the high level of knowledge and
competence that is essential for the efficient and effective
performance of duty. The acquisition of knowledge is a never ending
process of personal and professional development that should be
pursued constantly. (Source: www.npf.gov.ng)
63
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS
4.1 DATA PRESENTATION
This chapter focuses on the Data presentation, analysis and
findings of the work. The collected Data for this study will be
organized into frequency distribution table and percentages.
Concise descriptive analysis will be used in analyzing them.
The data presented in this chapter for a thorough analysis are
those collected from our primary source through structured
questionnaire.
Out of the 600(six hundred) responses expected only 520
representing 86.7% actually responded while 80 (eighty)
representing 13.3 failed to respond.
64
TABLE 4.1 Demographic characteristics of respondents
A. SEX
Categories No of responses percentage
Male 320 61.5
female 200 38.5
Total 520 100
Source: field work
From the above the Demographic characteristic of the respondents,
includes 320 males (61.5%) and 200 females (38.5%).The total of the
two categories of respondents is 520 respondents.
B. AGE
Categories 18-30 31-40 41-50 51-Above
No. of
responses
100 100 200 120
percentages 19.2% 19.2% 38.5% 23.1%
Source: field work
The Age characteristic of the respondents above, are between 18-30, 31-
40, 41-50 and 51-above.100 respondents represented the 18-30 age
category(19.2%), the same 100 respondents also represented 31-40 age
category(19.2%). While 200 respondents represented the 41-50 age
65
category (38.5%) and 51-Above category were represented by 120
respondents (23.1%).
C. MARITAL STATUS
Categories single married divorced separated widow
No. of responses 40 220 60 150 50
Percentage 7.6% 42.3% 11.5% 28.8% 9.6%
Source: field work
From the above the marital status category of the respondents includes 40
single persons (7.6%), 220 married persons (42.3%), 60 divorcee(11.5%),150
separated persons(28.8%) and 50 widows(9.6%).
D. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION
Source: field work
Categories FSLC O
LEVEL
NCE/OND HND/BSC PGD/MSC/PHD
No of
responses
50 50 60 200 160
percentages 9.6% 9.6% 11.5% 38.5% 30.8%
66
The educational qualification category includes FSLC, O LEVEL, NCE/OND,
HND/BSC and PGD/MSC/PHD. The number of respondents includes FSLC 50
respondents, O LEVEL 50 respondents, NCE/OND 60 respondents, HND/BSC
200 respondents and PGD/MSC/PHD 160 respondents.
In Summary:
Table 4.1 shows the demographic characteristics of the respondents.
Table A shows that 320(three hundred and twenty) respondents representing
61.5% are male while 200 (two hundred) respondent representing 38.5% are
female.
Table B shows the age distribution of the respondents as well as the number of
responses from each category and their percentage. Age group 18-30 has 100
(hundred) responses representing 19.2%, 31-40 has 100(hundred) responses
representing 38.5 while 51 and above got 200(two hundred) responses
representing 23.1% of the total responses.
Table C on the other hand, analyzed the marital status of the respondents
statistically. 380 (three hundred and eighty) respondent representing 73.1%
are married while 140 (one hundred and forty) respondents representing 26.9%
are single.
Table D on the other hand, shows the educational qualification of the
respondents. FSLC has 50 respondents representing 9.6% O/A level has 50
67
respondents representing 9.6%, NCE/OND got 60 respondents representing
11.5% HND/BSC has 200 respondents representing 38.5% while
PGD/M.sc/PhD has 160 respondents representing 30.8%.
QUESTION 1: Is the current insecurity in Nigeria on the high side?
TABLE 4.2
Responses No. of Responses Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 420 8O.7%
Agree 50 9.61%
Undecided 10 1.92%
Disagree 22 4.23%
Strongly Disagree 18 3.46%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
From table 4.2 above, 90% of the respondents agree altogether that the current
insecurity in Nigeria is on the high side, while 1.92% of the respondents were
undecided and 7.69% respondents disagreed totally. From the Data been show
above it evident that the current insecurity is pervasively on the high side, thus
most of the respondents attribute this to the Boko haram insurgence and
68
inability of the Nigerian police to adequately provide needed security to lives
and properties despite the efforts been made by the government to sanitize the
police.
QUESTION 11: The Nigeria police force is effective in tackling the
insecurity in Nigeria
TABLE 4.3
Responses No. of Responses Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 6 1.15%
Agree 4 0.76%
Undecided 65 12.5%
Disagree 250 48.0%
Strongly Disagree 200 38.4%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
From table 4.3, 86.4% of the respondents responded that the Nigerian police is
not effective in tackling the current insecurity in Nigeria, while 12.5%
respondents were undecided and 86.4% respondents disagreed totally. Since
86.4% constitute a large size of the respondents then it can be deduced that
69
the Nigerian police is ineffective in tackling the current insecurity in Nigeria.
Most of the respondents attributed the ineffectiveness of the Nigeria police to
inadequate crime fighting equipments, poor working condition and bad eggs in
the Nigerian police force. They opined that for the Nigerian police force to be
effective, more personnel should also be recruited in other to limit the ratio
between police personnel and the populace.
QUESTION 111: The Nigerian police force is empowered with
necessary crime fighting equipment
TABLE 4.4
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agreed 50 9.61%
Agreed 30 5.76%
Undecided 20 3.84%
Disagree 120 23.0%
Strongly disagree 300 57.6%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
70
From the above table, 15.7% of the respondents agreed that the Nigerian police
is properly empowered to tackle the current insecurity in Nigeria, 23.0% of the
respondents were undecided, while 80.6% of the respondents did not agree to
the above question. This shows that the Nigerian police is not properly
empowered with necessary equipment to tackle the current insecurity in
Nigeria. The respondents had diverse view on this, but since majority carries
the vote, it can be deduced then that the Nigerian police force do not have the
needed equipment to tackle the current insecurity in Nigeria, this is as a result
of low funding and bad eggs in the Nigerian police force who hire some of this
equipments out to armed robbery gangs.
QUESTION IV: Insecurity is aggravated by the high level of poverty
and unemployment situation in Nigeria
TABLE 4.5
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 250 48.0%
Agree 70 13.4%
Undecided 30 5.76%
Disagree 40 7.6%
Strongly disagree 130 25%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
71
In the table above, 61.4% of the respondents responded positively that
insecurity in Nigeria is aggravated by the high level of poverty and
unemployment. 5.76% of the respondents were undecided, while 32.6% of the
total respondents responded negatively. Since 61.4% is greater than 32.6%, we
therefore conclude that insecurity is aggravated by poverty and unemployment.
However most of the respondents also agree to the fact that unemployment and
poverty have direct relation to insecurity but were indifferent to the remote
cause of boko-haram.
QUESTION V: The provision of social security programme for the
poor and the unemployed will reduce the scourge of insecurity in
Nigeria
TABLE 4.6
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 150 28.8%
Agree 320 61.5%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 0 0%
Strongly disagree 50 9.61%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
72
The table above shows that 90.3% of the respondents agreed to the fact that
insecurity can be reduced by the provision of social security programme for the
poor and the unemployed, while 9.61% of the respondents did not agree with
the aforementioned. Since 90.3% is greater than 9.61%, we therefore conclude
that insecurity can be reduced by the provision of social security programme
for the poor and the unemployed. Similarly the respondents proposed a
monthly stipend for the unemployed and the poor. Also the respondents opined
that the provision of housing, education, water and power will go a long way in
quenching the sufferings of the masses.
QUESTION VI: The Nigerian government is doing its best in
providing necessary crime fighting equipment to the Nigerian police
TABLE 4.7
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 70 13.4%
Agree 10 1.92%
Undecided 20 3.84%
Disagree 120 23.0%
Strongly disagree 300 57.6%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
73
From the above table, 3.84 % of the respondents were undecided, while 15.3%
of the respondents agreed that the government is doing its best in providing
necessary equipment for the police to tackle the current insecurity in Nigeria.
Furthermore 80.6% of the respondents did not agree to the above question.
This shows that the government is not doing its best to tackle the current
insecurity in Nigeria. However the respondents disclosed that the state
governments is doing more in the provision of security vans and other needed
equipments, that the Federal government should be vested with this
responsibility so as not to compromise security operations.
QUESTION VII: Does insecurity affect the socio-economic growth of
Nigeria?
TABLE 4.8
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 200 38.5%
Agree 320 61.5%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 0 0%
Strongly disagree 0 0%
Total 520 100
Source: field work
74
From table 4.8 above, the whole 100% of the respondents says that Insecurity
affects the socio-economic growth of Nigeria. Most of the respondents gave
insights on how notable companies have left Nigeria due to the pervasive
insecurity in the country, consequently this have affected the socio-economic
growth of Nigeria. Apart from the current insecurity the respondents also
attributed the slow rate of economic growth to the epileptic power supply in the
country.
QUESTION VIII: Will insecurity reduce if the Nigerian police
become effective?
TABLE 4.9
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 250 48.0%
Agree 130 25%
Undecided 20 3.84%
Disagree 10 19.2%
Strongly disagree 110 21.1%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
75
From table 4.9 above, 73% of the respondents say that Insecurity will reduce if
the Nigerian police become effective. While 19% of the respondents were
undecided and 40.3% of the respondents disagreed. The respondents were
rational in giving insights towards this question they expressed confident that
the Nigerian police is not effective enough that is why the current insecurity in
the Country still persist, they however gave numerous reasons such as
corruption and poor working condition as substantive reasons for the
ineffectiveness in the Nigerian police force.
QUESTION IX: Is business activities in Nigeria affected by the
current insecurity?
TABLE 4.10
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 200 38.5%
Agree 320 61.5%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 0 0%
Strongly disagree 0 0%
Total 520 100
Source: field work
76
The Table above shows that 100% of the respondents answered positively
and agreed upon the fact that business activities are affected by the current
insecurity in Nigeria. The case of the south-east constitute a clear example
were numerous Banks and businesses have been closed down as a result of
incessant kidnapping and robberies. Aba a town in Abia –state, Onitsha in
Anambra –state and owerre in Imo state have been worst hit in recent times.
However some of these cities are now experiencing tight security because of the
strategic role they play in the economy of theses states.
QUESTION X: Is social activities in Nigeria affected by the current
insecurity?
TABLE 4.11
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 120 23.0%
Agree 230 44.2%
Undecided 50 9.61%
Disagree 50 9.61%
Strongly disagree 120 23.0%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
77
In the table above, 67.2% of the respondents responded positively that social
activities in Nigeria are affected by the current insecurity and 9.61% of the
respondents were undecided, while 32.6% of the respondents disagreed totally.
Since 67.2% is greater than the rest. We therefore conclude that social
activities in Nigeria are affected by the current insecurity in Nigeria. Thus the
respondents how ever gave instances how night life in some cities have been
affected by insecurity, people no longer feel free to attend social activities that
may last till late in the night because if the pervasive insecurity in the country.
QUESTION XI: Can the Nigerian police compete favourable in terms
of effectiveness with other police of other developing countries?
TABLE 4.12
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 90 17.3%
Agree 90 17.3%
Undecided 20 3.84%
Disagree 80 15.3%
Strongly disagree 240 46.1%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
78
In the table above, 61.4% of the respondents disagreed that the Nigerian police
cannot compete favourable in terms of effectiveness with other police of other
developing countries. 3.84% of the respondents were undecided, while 34.6% of
agreed otherwise. Since 61.4% is greater than the rest. We therefore conclude
that the Nigerian police cannot compete favourable in terms of effectiveness
with other police of other developing countries. Thus the respondent were of
view that the Nigerian police is faced with the enormous task of policing more
than 140million Nigerians, which is a large number compared to other
developing countries.
QUESTION XII: Is recruitment, placement and promotion in the
Nigerian police by merit?
TABLE 4.13
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 0 0%
Agree 0 0%
Undecided 20 3.84%
Disagree 180 34.6%
Strongly disagree 320 61.5%
Total 520 100
Source: field work
79
The Table above shows that 96.1% of the respondents disagreed upon the
fact that recruitment; placement and promotion in the Nigerian police is not
done by merit, 3.84% were undecided. A good example that was given by most
of the respondents was the last recruitment done by the Nigerian police which
was characterized with abnormally and lacked due process. However the
respondents had strong believe that the recruitment; placement and the
promotion process in the Nigerian police will get better.
QUESTION XIII: Businesses and other institutions closed shop
because of Nigerian’s insecurity challendge
TABLE 4.14
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 250 48.0%
Agree 130 25%
Undecided 30 5.7%
Disagree 30 5.7%
Strongly disagree 80 15.3%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
80
From table 4.14 above, 73% of the respondents say that businesses and other
institutions closed shops because of Nigerian’s insecurity challendge. While
5.7% of the respondents were undecided and 21% of the respondents
disagreed. The respondents gave real examples of banks in Aba, Owerri and
Enugu that closed shops as a result of insecurity; they however gave numerous
reasons such as the inability of the Nigerian police to adequately secure lives
and properties of businesses.
QUESTION XIV: Is there any social protection programme for the
poor and the unemployed in Nigeria.
TABLE 4.15
Responses No. of Responses Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 0 0%
Agree 0 0%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 250 48.0%
Strongly Disagree 270 59.1%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
From table 4.15, 100% of the respondents responded that there is no social
protection programme for the poor and the unemployed. Most of the
81
respondents attribute this to greed and lack of care for the masses by the
Nigerian government. They opined that this has been one of the underlying
cause of insecurity in Nigeria.
QUESTION XV: The Nigerian police is equipped with adequate
forensic and other investigative tools for investigating crimes.
TABLE 4.16
Responses No. of Responses Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 0 0%
Agree 0 0%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 490 94.2%
Strongly Disagree 20 3.84%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
From table 4.16, 94.2% of the respondents responded that the Nigerian police
is not equipped with adequate forensic and other investigative tools for
investigating crimes. They opined that if the Nigerian government is sincere
enough to curb the menace of insecurity, it should start with providing the
82
Nigerian police with necessary forensic and other investigative tools for
investigating crimes. This will help boost crime detection in the country.
QUESTION XVI: The rate of poverty and unemployment is high
TABLE 4.17
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 160 23.0%
Agree 330 44.2%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 10 1.9%
Strongly disagree 20 3.84%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
In the table above, 67.2% of the respondents responded agreed that the rate of
poverty and unemployment is high, while 5.74% disagreed. Since 67.2% is
higher than 5.74%, We therefore conclude that the rate of poverty and
unemployment is high. Thus the respondents were bittered because even in the
midst of plenty there is much suffering and dissatisfaction which is
perpetuated by only a few selfish opportuned ones.
83
QUESTION XVII: The Nigerian police force is equipped with
adequate data and data management system for criminals and ex
convicts.
TABLE 4.18
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agreed 30 5.76%
Agreed 50 9.61%
Undecided 0 0%
Disagree 120 23.0%
Strongly disagree 320 61.5%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
From the above table, 15.3% of the respondents agreed that the Nigerian police
is equipped with adequate data and data management system of criminals and
ex convicts, while 84.5% of the respondents did not agree to the above
question. This shows that the Nigerian police is not properly empowered with
adequate data and data management system of criminals and ex convicts. The
respondents had diverse view on this, but since majority carries the vote, it can
84
be deduced then that the Nigerian police force do not have the data to tackle
the current insecurity in Nigeria, this is as a result of low funding for capital
project such as this.
QUESTION XVIII: There is no comprehensive and sustainable
welfare policy for the average Nigerian police.
TABLE 4.19
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agreed 230 44.2%
Agreed 250 48.0%
Undecided 5 0.9%
Disagree 20 3.84%
Strongly disagree 15 2.88%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
From the above table, 92.2% of the respondents agreed that there is no
comprehensive and sustainable welfare policy for the average Nigerian police
officer, while 6.72% of the respondents did not agree to the above question.
This shows that the Nigerian police have no comprehensive and sustainable
85
welfare policy for the average Nigerian police officer; this is as a result of
underfunding and corruption in the Nigerian police force.
QUESTION IXX: Most of the personnel of the Nigerian police force
operate in an unhygienic environment.
TABLE 4.20
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 220 42.3%
Agree 190 44.2%
Undecided 10 1.9%
Disagree 50 9.61%
Strongly disagree 50 9.61%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
In the table above, 67.2% of the respondents responded positively that most of
the personnel of the Nigerian police force operate in an unhygienic
environment. 1.9% of the respondents were undecided, while 19.2% of the
respondents disagreed totally. Since 67.2% is greater than the rest. We
therefore conclude that Most of the personnel of the Nigerian police force
86
operate in an unhygienic environment. Thus the respondents how ever gave
instances of the unhygienic nature of most police stations, with respect to lack
of adequate power supply, dilapidated structures and lack of some essential
office materials.
QUESTION XX: Have the Nigerian police been able to achieve
optimum result with the arms and ammunition giving to them?
TABLE 4.21
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 19 3.65%
Agree 90 17.3%
Undecided 10 1.9%
Disagree 250 48.0%
Strongly disagree 151 29.0%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
In the table above, 77.0% of the respondents responded disagreed that the
Nigerian police have been able to achieve optimum result with the arms and
ammunition giving to them by the government. 1.9% of the respondents were
87
undecided, while 20.9% of the respondents agreed totally. Since 77.0% is
greater than the rest. We therefore conclude that the Nigerian police have not
been able to achieve optimum result with the arms and ammunition giving to
them. The respondents how ever gave instances of the Nigerian police hiring
out the scarce arms and ammunition to the dare devil arm robbers.
QUESTION XXI: Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been
hampered by insecurity in Nigeria.
TABLE 4.22
Responses Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 119 22.8%
Agree 290 55.7%
Undecided 10 1.9%
Disagree 56 10.7%
Strongly disagree 45 8.65%
Total 520 100%
Source: field work
In the table above, 78.5% of the respondents responded agreed that foreign
direct investment (FDI) has been hampered by insecurity in Nigeria. 1.9% of
88
the respondents were undecided, while 19.3% of the respondents disagreed.
Since 78.5% is greater than the rest. We therefore conclude the Foreign direct
investment (FDI) has been hampered by insecurity in Nigeria. The respondents
used themselves as examples and opined that they will not invest their
resources in a volatile environment, if they were foreigners.
TESTING OF HYPOTHESIS
In testing of hypothesis, four (4) distinct hypotheses were
postulated at the onset of the project. Having analyzed the data
collected, it is important to test our hypothesis in order to
determine whether they are verifiable in the case of causes and
effects of insecurity in Nigeria and the challenges and relevance of
the Nigerian police force as a panacea.
HYPOTHESIS 1
“That there is a significant relationship between the ineffectiveness
in the Nigerian police and the insecurity situation in the country”
Table 4.3, 4.9, 4.13, 4.19 and 4.20 confirm this hypothesis. Table
4.3 shows that the Nigerian police is not empowered with necessary
crime fighting equipments. Table 4.9 also shows that insecurity in
89
Nigeria will reduce if Nigerian police becomes effective, however
most respondent were of the view that the Nigerian police is not
doing enough security wise, also table 4.13 opined that
recruitment, placement and promotion in the Nigerian police is not
done on merit. Table 4.19 and 4.20 points to that the fact that the
Nigerian police operate in an unhygienic environment and that
there is no comprehensive welfare policy for the average Nigerian
police officer. In order words, there is a consensus among
respondents on the ineffectiveness in the Nigerian police and the
insecurity situation in the country.
HYPOTHESIS 2
“That shortage of crime fighting facilities by the Nigerian police has
direct link with the insecurity situation in the country”
Table 4.4, 4.7, 4.16, 4.18 and 4.21 shows that respondents
responded positively to this, the table therefore upheld the above
hypothesis. Table 4.4 and 4.7, shows that the government is not
doing enough to equip the Nigerian police with needed equipment.
While table 4.16 and 4.18 clearly opined that the Nigerian police
90
those not have adequate forensic and good data management
system to track criminals, similarly table 4.21 shows that the
Nigerian police have not been able to achieve much with their arms
and ammunition, thus some of this arms are either sold or hired
out to the men of the underworld.
HYPOTHESIS 3
“That Insecurity in the Nigerian society is aggravated by lack of
social protection programme for the poor and unemployed”
Table 4.5, 4.6, 4.15, 4.17, 4.19 proves this hypothesis. Table 4.5
and 4.6 give credence to the above hypothesis and shows that there
is a need to provide social protection programme to the poor and
the unemployed. Responses from the respondents show that
Insecurity in the Nigerian society is aggravated by lack of social
protection programme for the poor and unemployed. Also Table
4.15 and 4.17 shows that the rate of poverty and unemployment is
high and that there is no social protection programme for the poor
and the unemployed, apart from the pension that is been paid to
retired government workers, thus there is no meaning full provision
91
for citizens that did not work for the government. However Table
4.19 proves that the police should not also be left out of the social
protection programme in Nigeria because this will also help curb
the insecurity challendge in the country.
HYPOTHESIS 4
“That there is a significant relationship between Nigeria’s insecurity
and her slow socio-economic growth”
Table 4.8, 4.10, 4.11, 4.14, 4.22 upholds this hypothesis. In other
words, table 4.8 and 4.10 opined to the fact that there is a direct
relationship between Nigeria’s insecurity and her slow socio-
economic growth. Table 4.11 and 4.14 also attested to the fact that
businesses closed shop because of insecurity, examples of such
areas where businesses closed shop include Aba, Owerri and some
parts of Enugu, this however affected the socio-economic growth of
those areas and this places recorded loss of jobs. Table 4.22 proved
that foreign direct investment (FDI) is hampered by insecurity in
Nigeria. To this end, there is a consensus on the relationship
between Nigeria’s insecurity and her slow socio-economic growth.
92
4.2 FINDINGS
As part of efforts to unravel the main tenents of this work.
Our findings will be revealed under the following subheading in
order to ensure objectivity in the work.
• Causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria
• Challenges confronting the Nigerian police force and its relevance in curbing insecurity in Nigeria
Causes and effects of insecurity in Nigeria
To tackle insecurity, a key starting point should be to
understand the causes of insecurity as well as to investigate their
sources of social disorder and instability. According to Andrew and
Kennedy (2003), it is necessary to distinguish between different
causes as each may require different remedy. Consequently, it is to
provide a holistic view to the suggestion or recommendations of
solutions, thus like in many other societies, the sources of
insecurity in Nigeria have been traced to a number of factors and
explained by different people. These factors have been classified or
grouped into external and internal factors. Beyond the external-
internal dichotomy, sources of insecurity have also been classified
93
as either remote or proximate and immediate sources/causal
factors. In Nigeria, the challenge is not so much about insecurity of
external sources, but rather that of internal sources. Hence, our
focus in this work is on the internal sources. We recognize that
some internal factors have been enhanced and strengthened by the
presence of external forces, but, there is no doubt that, if the
internal situations did not present themselves, the external forces
would be unable to infiltrate. We present the internal causes of
insecurity in Nigeria using the dichotomy of remote and immediate
factors.
Remote (Root) factors
• Lack of institutional capacity resulting in government
failure
This result from what Fukuyama (2004) described as the
corrosion or breakdown of institutional infrastructures. The
foundations of institutional framework in Nigeria are very shaky
and have provoked a deterioration of state governance and
democratic accountability, thus, paralyzing the existing set of
94
constraints including the formal and legitimate rules nested in the
hierarchy of social order. Evidently, as Igbuzor (2011) observed, the
state of insecurity in Nigeria is greatly a function of government
failure, or can be linked to government failure. This is manifested
by the incapacity of government to deliver public services and to
provide for basic needs of the masses. The lack of basic necessities
by the people in Nigeria has created a pool of frustrated people who
are ignited easily by any event to be violent. The argument here, is
that, Nigeria has the resources to provide for the needs of its people,
but corruption in public offices at all levels has made it impossible
for office holders to focus on the provision of basic needs for the
people. Hazen and Horner (2007) described the Nigerian situation
as a ‘Paradox of Plenty’. A situation where the country earns a great
deal of revenue through oil sales, but fails to use these earnings to
meet the needs of its people and to develop infrastructure as well as
the economy. When these situations exist, crime rate is bound to
rise and the security of lives and properties cannot be guaranteed.
95
• Pervasive material inequalities and unfairness
Greater awareness of disparities in life chances is a major root
cause of insecurity in Nigeria. This is a rooted general perception of
inequality and unfairness which has resulted in grievance by a
large number of people. This perception stems from the perception
of marginalization by a section of the people, government
development policies and political offices and this has become a
primary source of disaffection and resentment.
As noted by Onuoha (2011) a large number of the Nigeria
population is frustrated and have lost hope, especially the youths,
and have now emerged to express their disillusion about the
pervasive state of inequality.
• Ethno-religious conflicts
These have arisen from distrust among various ethnic groups
and among the major religions in the country. Ibrahim and Igbuzor
(2002), Hazen and Horner, (2007), Salawu (2010) and Igbuzor,
(2011) identified ethno-religious conflict as a major source of
insecurity in Nigeria. Ethno-religious conflict was defined as a
96
situation in which the relationship between members of one ethnic
or religious group and another of such group in a multi-ethnic and
multi-religious society is characterized by lack of cordiality, mutual
suspicion and fear, and a tendency towards violent confrontation.
Frequent and persistent ethnic conflicts and religious clashes
between the two dominant religions (Islam and Christianity),
present the country with a major security challenge. In all parts of
Nigeria, there exist ethno-religious conflicts and these according to
Ibrahim and Igbuzor (2002) have emerged as a result of new and
particularistic forms of political consciousness and identity often
structured around ethno-religious identities. The claim over scarce
resources, power, land, chieftaincy, local government, councils,
control of markets and sharia among other trivial issues have
resulted in large scale killings and violence amongst groups in
Nigeria (Adagba, et al, 2012).
• Conflict of Perceptions between the public and government
Over the years, there has been a standing mismatch between
public and government perceptions. A situation in Which often
result in the reactions of the public to the excesses of the military
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regimes which governed Nigeria and has continued after the end of
military regimes and created sensitivity by those in government at
public intrusion in matters of state. Frequently, on any given
incident, public and government reactions diverge. In such
situations, the media has never helped matters. Media practices
have always focused on the dramatic and the spectacular view of
the given situations. Such reports have always been capitalized on
in sophisticated ways by various groups, some of which are violent
to incite public clamor for a change and immediate reaction through
strategically provocative violence. The point here is that the
approach of media report over the years has contributed to
exacerbate insecurity or perception of insecurity in Nigeria.
President Jonathan alluded to this situation when he made
reference to the popular axiom that the pen is mightier than the
sword. In his statement, “The sword is used to kill and destroy but
what we use the pen to do is also very critical. When you have a
society with these unending political conflicts, it is there on the
media whether print, electronic or social media and this brings a lot
of insecurity to the system” (Bello and Oyedele, 2012).
98
• Weak Security system
This results from inadequate equipment for the security arm of
government, both in weaponry and training. This is in addition to
poor attitudinal and behavioral disposition of security personnel. In
many cases, security personnel assigned to deal with given security
situations lack the expertise and equipment to handle the
situations in a way to prevent them from occurring. And even when
these exist, some personnel get influenced by ethnic, religious or
communal sentiment and are easily swallowed by their personal
interest to serve their people, rather than the nation. Thus, instead
of being national watch dogs and defending national interest and
values, and protecting people from harm by criminals, they soon
become saboteurs of government effort, by supporting and fuelling
insecurity through either leaking vital security information or aiding
and abetting criminals to acquire weapons or to escape the long
arm of the law.
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• Loss of Socio-cultural and communal value system
The traditional value system of the Nigerian society like most
African societies is characterized by such endearing features as
collectivism, loyalty to authority and community, truthfulness,
honesty, hard work, tolerance, love for others, Mutual harmony and
coexistence, and identification of individual with one another
(Clifford, 2009). Other distinctive features of Nigerian traditional
society are abhorrence for theft and high value for live. Stealing was
considered extremely disgraceful and lives were also highly valued.
• Porous Borders
One major immediate factor which has enhanced insecurity in
Nigeria is the porous frontiers of the country, where individual
movements are largely untracked. The porosity of Nigeria’s borders
has serious security implications for the country. Given the porous
borders as well as the weak and security system, weapons come
easily into Nigeria from other countries. Small Arms and Light
Weapons proliferation and the availability of these weapons have
enabled militant groups and criminal groups to have easy access to
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arms (Hazen and Horner, 2007). Nigeria is estimated to host over 70
percent of about 8 million illegal weapons in West Africa (Edeko,
2011). Also, the porosity of the Nigerian borders has made it
possible for unwarranted influx of migrants from neighboring
countries such as Republic of Niger, Chad and Republic of Benin
(Adeola and Oluyemi, 2012). These migrants which are mostly
young men are some of the perpetrators of crime in the country.
• Rural /Urban Drift
The migration of jobless youths from rural areas to urban centers is
also one of the causes of insecurity in Nigeria (Onuoha, 2011).
Nigeria is one of the countries in the world with very high
rural/urban drift. Most urban areas in Nigeria have grown beyond
their environmental carrying capacities and existing infrastructure
and this has resulted to increased poor quality of the living
conditions in urban areas in Nigeria (Adedeji and Eziyi, 2010). Out
of frustration, these youths are drawn into crime.
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• Social Irresponsibility of Companies
Corporate social irresponsibility is a set of actions that
increases externalized costs and/or promotes distributional
conflicts (Kotchen and Moon, 2011). Companies engage in corporate
social responsibility in order to offset corporate social
irresponsibility. The rise of terror groups in some parts of the
country is directly related to the neglect of social responsibility by
companies to the community where they are operating. This was
the case of the Niger Delta crisis.
• Unemployment/Poverty
As a result of the high level of unemployment and poverty
among Nigerians, especially the youths, they are adversely attracted
to violent crime (Adagba, et al, 2012). Nwagbosa (2012) argued that
the failure of successive administrations in Nigeria to address
challenges of poverty, unemployment and inequitable distribution of
wealth among ethnic nationalities is one of the major causes of
insecurity in the country.
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• Terrorism
At the most proximate and least disputable level, terrorism is
the most fundamental source of insecurity in Nigeria today, and its
primary bases and sources of support have generally been located
in religious fanaticism and intolerance particularly in Islam
dominated states of Nigeria. Terrorism which is a global
phenomenon where no one is safe was defined by Sampson and
Onuoha (2011) as “the premeditated use or threat of use of violence
by an individual or group to cause fear, destruction or death,
especially against unarmed targets, property or infrastructure in a
state, intended to compel those in authority to respond to the
demands and expectations of the individual or group behind such
violent acts”. Terrorism in Nigeria is an Islamic insurgence with a
political undertone by a faceless group based in the Northern region
of the country, which called itself Boko Haram, which takes into
account the legitimate political, social and economic grievances of
the Northern population. Nigeria has lost up to 1000 lives in the
North since 2009 to the insurgency of this infamous Islamic sect,
Boko Haram. Many theories have explained the terrorism challenge
103
in Nigeria both in terms of personal motives of the terrorists, the
underlying causes of terrorism, and the values of the communities
that host the terrorism and sustain it. The theories commonly
linked terrorism in Nigeria to religious, socio-political, economic and
cultural parameters. Impliedly, while terrorism may originate in
Islamic fanaticism, it is now driven as much by other factors such
as inequalities within the country and lack among Nigerians, in
terms of livelihood (economic) resources, education or access to
education and good values. Consequently, the factors above are
succinctly summarized in the views expressed by foreign observers
about the causes of insecurity in Nigeria. Kufour (2012) located the
sources of insecurity in Nigeria in four factors: political conflicts;
unbalanced development that involves horizontal inequalities;
religious/ethnic distrust; and leadership failure.
Furthermore, the effect of the Insecurity situation Nigeria can
better be felt in the social economic fabrics of the society in respect
to Business Activities. In this work, we contend that when there is
wide spread insecurity, it could affect business investment, the
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entire business organization or some aspects of its operations which
include production, marketing, finance and human resource (H/R).
The implication of the insecurity situation in Nigeria for
business activities can be viewed from two broad perspectives, viz,
the perspective of potential business investment and the perspective
of existing business enterprise.
• Potential Business Investment
Insecurity discourages investment as it makes investment
unattractive to business people. This is because it increases the
cost of doing business either through direct loss of goods and
properties or the cost of taking precautions against business risks
and uncertainty. These costs could have a negative impact on
business development and progress. The thick arrow connecting the
insecurity environment and business investment means that
insecurity can be a huge blockade to business investment. Ujah
and Eboh (2006) reported a study by World Bank on investment
climate in nine African countries in which it was found that 29% of
business operators in Africa and 36% in Nigeria perceived
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insecurity as a major constraint on investment. This situation has
the damaging consequence of giving signal to the international
community that Nigeria is not a safe and secure place and as such
not suitable for investment and business activities. In that case,
foreign firms and entrepreneurs would decline to invest and this is
particularly important in view of the efforts being made to create the
desired atmosphere to attract foreign direct investment. So, it is a
strong disincentive to business investment as it scares away
potential investors. This is because such environments or
economies are considered high risk zones due to the high level of
uncertainty about the safety of investment and lives of the
managers and their staff.
Evidently, there has been a decline of foreign direct investment
in Nigeria. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is usually investment
targeted at building new factories or investing in actual production
activities which create jobs. Foreign investors in the Nigerian
economy are moving away from starting new companies or
production plants and are buying up shares of quoted companies
instead. This can largely be attributed to the state of insecurity in
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the country besides the issue of lack of regular electricity supply,
which itself is a source of economic insecurity in the country.
• Existing Business Enterprise
The Nigeria insecurity situation can, and in many cases,
actually halted business operations during the periods of violence
and also caused the outright closure of many enterprises especially
in the areas or zones where incidences of insecurity is rife and are
on daily occurrence, in a bid to protect lives of operators and
business property. Generally, if there is no peace and security, it is
extremely difficult for businesses to survive. Ordinary citizens
having small and medium scale businesses cannot open shops for
business transactions. Insecurity everywhere is a risk factor which
business owners and managers dread and wish to avoid by
relocating their businesses elsewhere. In the case of Nigeria, there
is also evidence of some businessmen and manufacturing
companies having to relocate particularly from the North in recent
time, to other peaceful parts of the country (Nwagbosa (2012)). Non
indigenes especially Igbo’s and Yoruba’s have to return to their
home states before they are killed by Boko Haram (Suleiman, 2012).
107
In addition, some firms may shift their operations to other countries
like Ghana which is deemed to be more peaceful. Apart from
outright closure of a business enterprise, an existing business can
also be affected in the four functional areas. These include
production, marketing, finance and human resource.
• Production
Business enterprises rely on availability and regular supply of
raw materials for production. Security problems can cut off supply
of such raw materials. When a firm is unable to access raw
materials needed for production due to insecurity in the source, it
can disrupt production activities. There is no doubt that businesses
whose source of raw materials are in the North would be faced with
that threat, if the insecurity situation becomes worse.
• Marketing
It is not only that a business enterprise must get raw materials
for production; it also must dispose off their output. Insecurity
limits market availability. In addition to the fact that areas pruned
to insecurity will not be attractive for marketers from outside, there
108
will be restrictions on mobility. Besides, Migration of people from
the areas to other parts of the country or outside as a result of
insecurity will affect the customer base of businesses operating in
the environment where the insecurity exists. Nigeria is currently
experiencing this situation in many parts of the country especially
in the terrorist fields of the northern part of Nigeria.
• Finance
Insecurity also increases security spending by business
organizations. This emanates from the cost of taking precautions
and payment for private security services. From general
observation, most business organizations operating in Nigeria
maintain security personnel as well as security infrastructure in
order to ensure the security of their properties and the lives of their
staff and customers. It could also result to the loss of capital
through burning of business buildings and properties. Beyond
these, it also limits sources of fund to the business.
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• Human Resource
When there is a high level of insecurity in a particular area or
region, there will be migration of people which could lead to a
dearth in skilled labor. Insecurity affects the general human
security of the people as the situation promotes fear, while at the
same time limiting the peoples’ ability to work effectively. There are
also circumstances when employees of a business enterprise
become victims of attack and the firm losses its experienced staff
through death or injury. As such, workers resign to run away from
such areas and fresh people do not want to go there for
employment. The implication is manpower shortage for the
business which ultimately affects the success and survival of the
business. This exerts pressure on the business for manpower at
any cost. Due to the impact of insecurity on businesses, we support
the position of Ujah and Eboh (2006) that the government must
ensure the availability of public security at all times. This is crucial
because if businesses fold up and investors are no longer
forthcoming, then the future is bleak.
110
Furthermore the effects of insecurity is also most felt in
Sustainable Development of Nigeria, thus Insecurity has been
identified as one of the obstacles to sustainable development. As
noted by Akpobibibo (2003) the principle behind sustainability is to
make life meaningful to all. Therefore, security is crucial for
sustainable development. In the absence of security, economic
growth and development cannot be sustained as it destroys
economic, human and social capital. Under conditions of peace and
security, people and government can direct their efforts and
resources towards improving human life, This is why the
importance and implications of the security situation in Nigeria
have been emphasized by a number of world leaders, both in words
and in action, and the need for the Nigerian government to brace up
to the challenge. For instance, the former president of Ghana, John
Kufour stated that the bane of Nigeria development is insecurity
(Kufour, 2012). He observed that insecurity situation in Nigeria is
costing Nigeria its leadership role in Africa in terms of development.
As a result, it is unable to claim its rightful position as ‘giant of
Africa’ from which other African nations could benefit or copy as a
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role model and that “if there is no security, there is no liberty, and if
there is no liberty, life is not meaningful and society reverts back to
the law of the jungle and man’s primary objective of forming a state
is defeated”. To drive further the relationship between the security
situation in Nigeria and her development, Eunice Reddick has also
acknowledge the insecurity situation in Nigeria as the major factor
hindering Nigeria’s development efforts. As she put it, “Security is a
prerequisite for successful development in Nigeria”. She observed
that prevalent pervasive insecurity in the country, threatens to
erode the country’s economic progress (Oluwarotimi, 2012).
Consequently, more sustainable development initiatives regarding
insecurity are needed in Nigeria and this is imperative, since
security is central to development, and the national transformation
agenda of the current administration may not be achieved if there is
no solution to the menace of insecurity ravaging the country.
Challenges confronting the Nigerian police force and its
relevance in curbing insecurity in Nigeria
The major problem confronting the Nigerian police force is it
continued inability to effectively perform its duty of preventing
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crimes. This basic dilemma stems from the fact crime fighting needs
skills, clear, and unequivocal command, the inability to adhere to
the criminal laws and procedures, insulations from political
pressures, investigating control over the community and
unquestioned honesty (James 1967).
Furthermore, other challenges include the following:
(a) Inadequate manpower in terms of quantity but indeed more of
quality;
(b) Inadequate funding. Has been funded only for mere existence
rather than performance;
(c) Poor crimes and operational information management including
inaccurate recording and collation, poor storage and retrieval,
inadequate analysis and infrequent publications of criminal
statistics.
(d) Poor remunerations and unimpressive conditions of service;
(e) Inadequate initial and on-the job training. Deficient or obsolete
syllabus which places too much emphasis on law enforcement and
order maintenance without adequate liberal and broad training that
can illuminate the nature and source of law and criminality;
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(f) Poor resource management;
(g) Inadequate logistics, arms and ammunition, uniforms and
accoutrements, telecommunications and transportation facilities in
terms of quality and quantity;
(h) Inadequate office and residential accommodation;
(i) Inhuman conditions under which suspects are held in Police
cells;
(j) Un-hygienic working environment;
(k) Limited contacts or relationship with citizens outside law
enforcement and order maintenance functions;
(l) Indiscipline, involvement in crimes or collusion with criminals;
(m) Lack of integrity; Absurd attitudinal chemistry (must change);
(n) Perversion of the course of justice (i.e. procuring or supplying
false evidence, tampering with exhibits and false accusations);
(o) Poor knowledge of law and disregard for human rights;
(p) Corruption and extortion. Reiner (2000)
This is why the spate of kidnapping, armed robbery and
terrorism have overtime persisted in Nigeria. Consequently,
Virtually all the state police commands rely on the assistance of
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state governments for the provision of vehicles, communications
and necessary logistics, thus the personnel of the police do not have
necessary logistics to work with in all the states of the country
because there are no sufficient vehicles to perform its statutory
duties of protection of life and property, maintenance of law and
order, apprehension of offenders and enforcement of all laws with
which the force is directly charged with. These have constituted a
serious bane on the overall organizational effectiveness of the
Nigerian police force and have also undermine the relevance of the
police force in adequately policing Nigerians.
4.3 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The statutory duties of the Nigerian police force as spelt out in
section 194(2)(b) of the 1979 constitution as enacted in section 4 of
the police act 1967 as amended by act no 23 of 1979 charges the
police among other duties, the duty of investigation, prevention and
detection of crime. As a basic general duty of the Nigerian police,
prevention of crimes and provision of security appears to be a
simple expression applied to its real sense, thus prevention of crime
is fostered by good and efficient crime investigation and detective
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ability and actions, the prompt apprehension and prosecution of
offenders, produces repressive and deterrent effects on habitual or
potential offenders (membere, 1978). Crime prevention therefore
presents to the police officer perhaps the greatest challenge which
may confront him in the performance of his duties. The inability of
the police to effectively tackle insecurity in Nigeria is traceable to
low funding of the force, inadequate logistics, poor motivation and
remuneration, lack of modern communication facilities and crime
fighting equipment, inadequate and deplorable barrack
accommodation, indifference, corruption, police brutality and lack
of public support. Added to this, the image of the Nigerian police
has been seriously damaged with the public knowledge that high
ranking police officers are involved in abating and aiding crimes in
Nigeria, thus the issues of crime should not be left to the police
alone such factor like motivation, good working conditions
inadequate crime fighting facilities, good salaries and logistics are
positively related to reducing insecurity in Nigeria.
Accordingly Gbenga and Augoye (2011), perceive the cause of
insecurity to be as a result of the malignant environment dominated
116
by man’s insensitivity to man, thus many people in authority take
advantage of their positions to force down policies that impoverish
‘the many’ in so much as it benefits them and a few others.
Furthermore, the inability of the managers of Nigeria's security
apparatus to address the country's security challenges raises yet
another critical question on the preparedness of Nigeria to attain
desired political, social and economic heights in the year 2020. It
further poses serious threats to the unity and corporate existence of
Nigeria as a sovereign state. Therefore, addressing the security
challenges in Nigeria ultimately requires not only the causes of
threats but also a critical evaluation of the performance of security
agencies in handling the security situation in Nigeria and
effectiveness of the security agencies in Nigeria to perform their
statutory responsibilities.
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CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDTION
5.1 SUMMARY
Nigeria's security concerns and threat perception emanated
from many quarters. Over the years, the inability of the government
to address the root causes of dissatisfaction, anger and agitation
among various groups in the country resulted to serious security
challenges confronting the contemporary Nigerian state. This ugly
situation has not only denied the Nigerian government enormous
revenues, but also led to serious problems such as unemployment,
infrastructural decay, poor health status, poor image of Nigeria at
regional and global scene, low participation of investors in Nigeria's
economic development, relocation of existing investors to peaceful
states in Nigeria, among others. These problems are traceable to
internal security challenges in Nigeria occasioned by the activities of
militias in Niger Delta region, kidnapping in the South-East, the
Islamic extremists in Jos crisis, Boko Haram group, armed robbery
in many parts of the country, bunkering of Nigeria's oil outlets by
saboteurs, among others. In consideration of the consequences of
118
these challenges on the economy of the Nigerian state and to save
the country from the brink of total collapse, the need for an effective
Nigerian police force is needed despite various shortcomings which
includes absence of comprehensive and sustainable welfare policy;
inadequate and improper budgetary allocations by government; and
corruption both in the budgeting and expenditure processes of the
Nigerian police force.
From the foregoing, it is obvious that there is still a long way to
go in other to rid the Nation of insecurity. The onus is on the
government to work hand in hand and also aid the Nigerian police
force with more human, financial and material resources as well as
monitor and ensure the optimal utilization of these resources.
5.2 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our study on the Causes and effects of
insecurity in Nigeria: The challenges and relevance of the Nigerian
police force as a panacea has shown that the Nigerian police though
statutorily empowered to fight insecurity, has been highly limited by
Inadequate manpower in terms of quantity and quality; Inadequate
funding, Poor crimes and operational information management
119
including inaccurate recording and collation, poor storage and
retrieval, inadequate analysis and infrequent publications of
criminal statistics, Poor remunerations and Un-hygienic working
environment. Even with these various limitations, the Nigerian
police force has also made some effort in redeeming her image in
some instances, but it is crystal clear that its operations were
affected and rendered incredible by the spate of pervasive
kidnapping and the boko haram criminality, which saw the army
coming in to act on what is statutorily within the purview of the
Nigerian police force.
One can conclude that the relevance of the Nigerian police
force in relation to the security of the country can be questioned
and is incapacitated by the inability of the government to address
root causes of insecurity and proffer solution to these root causes.
5.3 RECOMMENDATION
After careful analyses of the insecurity challenges confronting
the country today, there is a great consensus among analysts that
the country is currently in a state of siege, not by acts being
perpetrated by Boko Haram, but also by other issues and
120
developments. Those who hold this view have called on government
to be very careful and tactful in dealing with these issues and
developments in the country, so that things do not spiral out of
control. They contended that so many issues tackled by government
rather than assuage the hurt of Nigerians increased it, citing the
fuel subsidy removal strike and protests which they claimed
government mismanaged.
Therefore, a cardinal responsibility of any government properly
so-called is the control of the instruments of coercion and provision
of security, which by statutory provisions is in the purview of the
Nigerian police. The Nigerian police having been saddled with this
responsibility must be able to secure the life and property of the
average Nigerian. It is on this basis that the following
recommendations are made:
i. The act of policing should not be left in the hands of the Nigerian
police force alone. States and other organs like the traditional
institution, the clergy and civil organizations should be actively
involved.
121
ii. The Police Force should be well equipped to perform its functions
well and in compliance with the rule of law.
iii. Presently, the police are highly and visibly subservient to the
rich and powerful politicians. Policies should be put in place to
withdraw police men attached to these politicians.
iv. Sensitization exercise should be taken as a priority in addressing
relationship that exists between the public and personnel of the
Nigerian police force.
v. As a matter of urgency, police personnel who are no longer
productive as well as those who are corrupt should be retrenched
and more skilled youths be injected into the system.
Finally, President Jonathan has a duty to restore security and
maintain the country’s unity. He should borrow a leaf from the
strategy his predecessor, President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, used to
deal with the Nigeria Delta Insurgency. He should seek out
competent persons and set up new security strategies to deal with
the current pockets of attacks. He should also exercise caution in
dealing with foreign interests, to avoid being drawn into a terror
orbit far greater than our present predicament.
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WEBSITES
Clifford, C. (2009) New Beginnings, Retrieved from: www.cliffordchance.com/content/.../cliffordchance/.../new beginning
www.npf.gov.ng
128
Department of Public Administration,
University of Nigeria Nsukka,
Nsukka.
17th of June, 2013
Dear respondent,
REQUEST TO FILL QUESTIONNAIRE
I am an M.sc student of the Department of public
administration. I am carrying out a research on the Causes and
effects of insecurity in Nigeria: The challenges and relevance of the
Nigerian police force as a panacea, as part of the requirement for
the award of M.sc in public administration.
You are kindly requested to fill the attached questions as
sincerely as possible. The research is purely for academic purpose
and your information will be treated confidentially.
Thanks for your cooperation
Yours faithfully,
Okarah Christian Ifeanyi
129
QUESTIONNARIE
Instruction: please tick in the appropriate boxes below to indicate your answer to the question.
SECTION A:
Background information
1. Sex- Male Female
2. Age-18-30
31-40
41-50
51 and above
3. Marital status-single married Divorced
Seperated Widow
4. Educational qualification
FSLC
O/A level
NCE/OND
HND/BSC
Post graduate dip/masters/PhD
5. Religion -Christian Muslim ATR
130
SECTION B
1. Is the current insecurity in Nigeria on the high side?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
2. Is the Nigeria police force effective in tackling the insecurity in
Nigeria?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
3. Is the Nigerian police force empowered with necessary crime
fighting equipment?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
4. Is insecurity aggravated by the high level of poverty and
unemployment situation in Nigeria?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
131
5. Can the provision of social security programme for the poor and
the unemployed reduce the scourge of insecurity in Nigeria?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
6. Is the government doing its best in providing necessary crime
fighting equipment to the Nigerian police?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
7. Does insecurity affect the socio-economic growth of Nigeria?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
8. Will insecurity reduce if the Nigerian police become effective?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
9. Is business activities in Nigeria affected by the current
insecurity?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
132
10. Is social activities in Nigeria affected by the current insecurity?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
11. Can the Nigerian police compete favourable in terms of
effectiveness with other police of other developing countries?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
12. Is recruitment, placement and promotion in the Nigerian police
by merit?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
13. Businesses and other institutions closed shop because of
Nigerian’s insecurity challendge?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
133
14. Is there any social protection programme for the poor and the
unemployed in Nigeria?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
15. The Nigerian police is equipped with adequate forensic and
other investigative tools for investigating crimes?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
16. The rate of poverty and unemployment is high?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
17. The Nigerian police force is equipped with adequate data and
data management system for criminals and ex convicts?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
18. There is no comprehensive and sustainable welfare policy for
the average Nigerian police?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
134
19. Most of the personnel of the Nigerian police force operate in an
unhygienic environment?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
20. Have the Nigerian police been able to achieve optimum result
with the arms and ammunition giving to them?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree
21. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has been hampered by
insecurity in Nigeria?
Strongly agree Agree Undecided Disagree
Strongly disagree