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Faculty of allied medical sciences. Environmental Health (NREH-101). Pollution. SUPERVISION Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah. Outcomes :. 1-To know the meaning and classification of pollution 2-To understand biological pollution 3-To know water related diseases - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Faculty of allied medical sciences
Environmental Health(NREH-101)
PollutionSUPERVISION
Prof. Dr. Mervat Salah
Outcomes:
1-To know the meaning and classification of pollution2-To understand biological pollution3-To know water related diseases4-To study control and prevention of pollution
Pollution DefinitionAny undesirable change in physical , chemical or biological characteristics of air , land , water
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can be classified according to source:-
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Soil Pollution
Solid Waste (domestic waste- medical waste- industrial waste- construction waste- Agricultural waste )
Pollution is divided into global pollution and local pollution .
Water pollution• Water resources• Surface water (rivers)• Ground water (wells)• Rain water
Polluted water & contaminated water: Polluted water: water contain physical and chemical
pollutantsContaminated water: water contain biological
pollutants
Sources of water pollutionPoint and Non-point Source pollution
Point Sources include sewers, industrial discharges, street drains
combined sewer outfalls
Non-point Sources include agricultural runoff, road runoff, landfill
drainage, erosion & sedimentation processes, dead aquatic life and boats& ships
• Types of Water Pollution
• Physical: temp, pH, color, turbidity, taste &odor
• Chemical:Inorganic: Ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, hardness, chloride, solids, fluoride, heavy
metalsOrganics: pesticide, phenol, oil & grease , biodegradable
organic matter and non-biodegradable matter .
Biological: Bactria, virus, parasites, protozoa
Physical pollution• To identify any problem; it must follow 3 steps: Sources – Effect – control measures
• Temp S: cooling water, power station waste discharge
E: Raising water temp and affect on aquatic life in the stream and uses of stream
C: Apply waste minimization rule (4 R) and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams
pH, turbidity, color, taste & odor
S : natural source (aquatic life, erosion , runoff water) and man-made source( industrial waste, sewage)
E : affecting on quality of water and its uses as recreational area (bathing) and navigation, affecting on aquatic life living in the stream, and on uses of water in industrial purposes (corrosion problem)
C : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams
chemical pollution• Hardness(calcium and magnesium salt), chloride, Sulphate
• S: desalting units discharge, industrial waste
• E: increase dissolved salt content affecting on water uses as drinking water, domestic uses or industrial uses and needs to softening process.
• C: Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams.
Amonia,Nitrates
• S: fertilizer industrial waste, agricultural run off
• E: in drinking water , it causes blue babies for infants less than 2 years
• In surface water: cause eutrification problem (over growth of algae forming algae bloom) affecting on water treatment plant and uses of water in industrial purposes
• C : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams
• Phosphate: as mentioned before except blue babies
fluoride• S : natural sources• E : if water contain more than ≥ 1.5 ppm
causes dental fluorosis االسنان تسمم بالفلواريد. If ≤0.5 ppm causes dental caries تسوساألسنان
• C: follow up and monitoring of fluoride concentration in water supply and adjust it
• Heavy metals
• (lead, mercury, arsenic, copper, iron & manganese
• S: industrial waste
• E: Toxicity effect on aquatic life as lead, mercury, arsenic poising. While iron & manganese from ground water cause rusty taste and red color in water
• C: : Apply waste minimization rule (4R: reduction; recycle ; reuse; recovery) before discharge, and environmental laws that control discharge of wastewater on receiving streams
Biological pollution• Bacteria• Protozoa• Parasites• Virus
Bacteria• Campylobacter• Cholera• E. Coli• Typhoid• Salmonella• Coliform bacteria , Streptococcus, Enterococcus
that are used as indicator for contamination with pathogenic microorganism
• Protozoa• Amoeba----ambiosis------sewage or untreated
water• Giardia lamblia----Giardiasis---- poor disinection,
crossconection due to pipeline break • Cryptosporidia----cryptosporidiosis---poor
disinfection
• Parasite• Ascarias is an infection of the small intestine
caused by water contaminated with eggs Ascarias
• Viruse• Enteritis, diarrhea, and dysentery
– Rotavirus• Paralysis
– Polio• Liver damage
Two of the viruses that cause hepatitis (hepatitis A and E) can be transmitted through contaminated water and food;
Diseases Related to Water
Water-borne Diseases
Water-washed Diseases
Water-based Diseases
Water-related Diseases
Quiz 1• Complete the following:
• Pollution can be classified into: ----,-----,----,-----,--------• Global environmental problems are---,-----,------- Types of water pollution are:-----,------,-------- Any Environmental problem can be solved through ---------, --------,----------- Sources of water pollution and its impacts------,-------- Physical pollution as-----,----,-----, -------- Effect of temp. on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of turbidity on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of pH on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of color on receiving stream-------,------- Effect of odor on receiving stream-------,------
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Recommended text book• Basic Environmental Health