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3/26/2013
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David M. Schneider, MDAssociate Clinical Professor of Family & Community Medicine, UCSFFull-Time Faculty Physician, Santa Rosa Family Medicine Residency
Faculty Disclosure� Nothing to disclose.
HTN: Scope of the Problem—Prevalence� Most common reason for office visits in non-pregnant
pts in US.� ~ 30% of adults >18 y.o.� 58-65 million hypertensive adults in US.� Hypertension on the rise:� Obesity epidemic.� Elderly (>1/2 of pts >65 – systolic or systolic + diastolic).
Prevalence – 2� African-Americans >45 y.o.:� 35% of women.� ~40% of men >45 y.o.
� European Americans >45 y.o.:� 15% of women.� 25% of men.
�Worldwide: 1 billion.
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Scope of the Problem – Control
•We’re finally making some progress.•More than half of hypertensive pts still uncontrolled.•Another study showed 44% of men & 55% of women w/HTN have adequate control.
NHANES data 1988-91 1991-94 1999-2000 2005-06Aware of HTN 73 68.4 70 78Treated for HTN
55 53.6 59 68
HTN controlled 29 27.4 34 43.5
ArchIntMed 2002;162(4):413-20; JAMA 2003;289(19):2560-71; AmJMed 2006;119(1):42-9; http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db03.pdf
Making the Diagnosis of HTN� 2 or more “properly measured” readings at each of 2 or
more visits after an initial screen. � Elevation of either SBP (>139) or DBP (>89) or both. � If SBP and DBP fall into different categories, the higher
value is used.� For adults who are not acutely ill and not on HTN
meds.� Confirm elevated BP in contralateral arm.� No caffeine, exercise, or smoking for ≥ 30 min before
measurement.� Sitting quietly X ≥ 5 min, feet on floor.
AnnIntMed 2007;147:783-6; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/technique-of-blood-pressure-measurement-in-the-diagnosis-of-hypertension?source=search_result&selectedTitle=5~150
Classification of BP in Adults
•Treat pre-HTN only if compelling indication (DM, CAD, CKD, etc).•Goal in pre-HTN w/o compelling indication = reduce BP to normal range, & prevent progressive incr in BP, w/lifestyle modification.
BP Classification SBP DBPNormal < 120 AND < 80Prehypertension 120 – 139 OR 80 – 89Stage 1 HTN 140 – 159 OR 90 – 99Stage 2 HTN ≥ 160 OR ≥ 100
JNC 7—2003
BP Changes & CV Risk� In people aged 40 – 70, and from BP range 115/75 –
185/115:� For every increase of 20 mm Hg in SBP, OR 10 mm Hg in
DBP, there is a doubling (2-fold) of the risk for cardiovascular disease.� Pre-HTN doubles risk vs normal.� Stage 1 doubles risk vs pre-HTN � 4-fold > normal.� Stage 2 doubles risk vs stage 1 � 8-fold > normal.
� Treatment goal for pts w/HTN and no compelling indications: < 140/90.
JNC 7—2003
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Target BP Goals� General population: < 140/90.� Diabetes: < 130/80.� Chronic kidney disease: < 130/80.� Elderly: same goals as anybody else.� N.B.—From JNC-7:� “Impressive evidence has accumulated to warrant greater
attention to the importance of SBP as a major risk factor for CVDs.”� “DBP is a more potent cardiovascular risk factor than SBP
until age 50; thereafter SBP is more important.”JNC 7—2003
Why We Work-up HTN� 3 objectives:� Assess lifestyle & identify other cardiovascular risk
factors or coexisting disorders that may affect prognosis & guide treatment.� Reveal identifiable causes of HTN.� Assess presence of target organ damage & cardiovascular
disease.
JNC 7
Target Organ Damage� Heart:� CAD—angina, MI, h/o revascularization.� Heart failure.� LVH.
� Brain:� Stroke, TIA.� Dementia.
� Kidney: chronic kidney disease.� GFR is a better indicator than serum Cr.
� Eye: retinopathy.� Vascular: peripheral arterial disease.
JNC 7
Mnemonic: Target Organ Damage“Heart, BrainExtremity PainKidneys FailVision wanes”� (Extremity pain � PAD)
� Any musical genre
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Mnemonic: CV Risk Factors� Per JNC-7:� Age—65 F (or premature menopause), 55 M� BP (HTN)� Cigarettes (smoking)� DM� Exercise lack (physical inactivity)� FH—65 F, 55 M� Good cholesterol too low (HDL-C <40)� High LDL-C� Kidney dz (microalbuminuria, GFR < 60)� Obesity (BMI > 30)
Diagnostic Workup of HTN� Assess risk factors and comorbidities.� Reveal identifiable causes of hypertension.� Assess presence of target organ damage.
� Conduct history and physical examination.� Remember BP in both arms.
JNC 7
Diagnostic Workup of HTN – 2� Laboratory tests:� UA� Hematocrit� Lipid panel� Blood chemistry tests:� Blood glucose� Serum potassium, creatinine, and calcium� Optional (unless DM or CKD): urinary
albumin/creatinine ratio. � Obtain electrocardiogram
JNC 7
Why Should We Treat HTN?� DASH diet has been shown to reduce CAD & stroke.� Pharmacologic treatment of HTN has been shown to
reduce cardiovascular events (NNT to prevent 1 death = 11; NNT = 9 if CAD or target organ damage).� In unselected population, outcomes are improved
regardless of drug regimen.� More intensive BP lowering leads to more favorable
outcomes (↓ stroke & major CV events) – regardless of regimen (for the most part—ACEI + CCB may be more beneficial per one study).
Lancet 2003;362(9395):1527-35; ArchIntMed 2008; 168:713-720; ArchIntMed 1993;153:578-81; JACC 1996;27:1214-18; Lancet 2010;375:1173-81
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The Whole EnchiladaAlgorithm for Tx of HTN—1
Algorithm—2a Algorithm—2b
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Algorithm—3
JNC 7
3 Simple Steps to HTN Tx1. Lifestyle—everybody!2. Compelling indication?
a. Yes � use appropriate med.b. No:
i. Stage 1� 1 drugii. Stage 2� 2 drugs
3. Increase or add.
Non-Pharmacologic Therapy for HTNModification Recommendation ~ SBP Reduction
Weight reduction Maintain Nl body wt (BMI 18.5 – 24.9)
5 – 20 mm/10kg wt loss
DASH diet Fruits, veges, lowfat dairy, low saturated & total fat
8 – 14 mm
Dietary Na restriction Max 2.4 g Na = 6 g NaCl 2 – 8 mm
Physical activity Regular aerobic activity, ≥30 min/day, most days
4 – 9 mm
Moderate ETOH (vs higher intake)
Max 2/day in men, 1/day in women or lighter persons
2 – 4 mm
JNC 7
Pharmacologic Therapy of HTN� Monotherapy will control 30-50% of pts.� Majority of pts require ≥ 2 meds for control.� The average hypertensive pt is on 2-3 meds (depending
on study).� Vast majority of hypertensives w/diabetes will require 2
or more meds.� Key points to consider:� How high is the BP?� Other conditions or risk factors?� Target organ damage?
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/choice-of-therapy-in-essential-hypertension-recommendations?source=related_link
3/26/2013
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Choosing a Medication� ABCD’s:� ACE inhibitors & ARB’s.� Beta blockers.� Calcium channel blockers.� Diuretics.
� Other “forgotten” meds:� Aldosterone receptor antagonists.� Central sympatholytics.� Alpha blockers.� Direct vasodilators.� Loop diuretics (better for CKD).
Diuretics (Thiazides)� Usually the first choice antihypertensive agent.� If pt is on a med from a different class, thiazides are
usually the top choice for the 2nd med to add.� Reduce morbidity & mortality from CAD.� “Virtually unsurpassed in preventing the
cardiovascular complications of HTN.” – JNC 7� Inexpensive.� “Despite the various benefits of diuretics, they remain
underutilized.” – JNC 7
Diuretics in CKD� In pts with chronic kidney disease (CKD), use loop
diuretic if estimated GFR is below ~ 30 (thiazides less effective). � Exception is metolazone (Zaroxolyn). � In these pts, consider loop diuretic (furosemide,
bumetanide, torsemide, etc)
Diuretic Adverse Effects� Increased electrolyte excretion:� Hypokalemia (average ↓ of 0.3-0.4 mmol/L; dietary Na
restriction can minimize thiazide-induced K loss).� Hypomagnesemia.� Hyponatremia.
� Sexual dysfunction in men.
JAMA 2003;289(19):2560-71; JAMA 2002;288(23):2981-97
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Diuretic Adverse Effects – 2� Hyperglycemia – but not contraindicated in DM.� Minimal increase in glc w/low dose thiazides (3-5 mg/dl). � Proven beneficial outcomes in DM.
� Hyperlipidemia� Little effect at 12.5 mg HCTZ.� May be temporary (< 1 yr).� Proven beneficial outcomes – ↓ risk of CV events.
� Hyperuricemia – ↑ gout risk, though frank gout is less common.� Hypercalcemia.
Commonly Used Thiazide Diuretics� HCTZ 12.5 – 25 mg.� Chlorthalidone 12.5 mg.� 1.5 – 2 times as strong as HCTZ (i.e., 12.5 mg
chlorthalidone ≈ 25 mg HCTZ).� May have longer duration of action & may be more
effective.� Many outcomes studies done w/this drug.
Thiazide Contraindications� Drug allergy.� RARE crossover w/sulfa
� Anything else (gout, hypoK, h/o arrhythmia, etc) is a caution, not absolute contraindication.
� Negative effect on erectile function.� Reduce excretion of lithium� risk of toxicity.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors� Preferred med in:� CHF� DM 1 & 2� CAD� High risk for CAD� Nephropathy
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ACEI Adverse Effects� Dry cough (5 – 20%).� Reduced GFR (consider D/C med & w/u for RAS if
>30% reduction).� More common in renovascular HTN, CHF, polycystic
kidney disease, or CKD.� Hyperkalemia (3.3 – 11%).� More common in: renal failure, DM, use of other K-
sparing drug (K-sparing diuretic, NSAID), elderly.� Hypotension, dizziness, syncope.� More likely in CHF, volume depletion (diuretics).
AnnIntMed 1992;117(3):234-42; ArchIM 1998;158(1):26-32; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-and-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers?source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150
Oddball ACEI Side Effects� Angioedema (rare).� Swelling of lips, tongue, mouth, face.� May be more common in African-Americans (2-4-
fold more common), possibly in elderly.� Skin rash (a possibility with just about any med).� Dysgeusia (taste disturbance) – esp captopril.� Neutropenia (rarer).� Bonus effect: may reduce glc & HbA1C in DM!
AmJHTN 1993;6(5 Pt 1):337-43; AnnIntMed 1992;117(3):234-42
Angiotensin Receptor Blockers� “ACE inhibitors without the cough.”� Similar efficacy to ACEI’s (both are slightly less potent
antihypertensives than other agents like thiazides, CCB’s).� Similar side effect profile to ACEI’s.� Lower incidence of cough (rare, but it happens).� Most pts w/ACEI-induced cough tolerate ARB’s.� ~ 1/3 the (already rare) incidence of angioedema.� More hypotension than ACEI’s (~2X).
NEJM 2008;358:1547-59; AnnPharmacother 2003;37:1024-7; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors-and-angiotensin-ii-receptor-blockers?source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~150
What if Creatinine Rises?� Renal dysfunction associated with antihypertensive
treatment is independent of the agent used (but more common w/ACEI & ARB).� <30% ↑ in creatinine, which then stabilizes, represents a
hemodynamic change, and not a structural change.� Slight rise in Cr �IG pressure has been reduced.� ACE-I/ARB also dilate efferent arteriole, exaggerating decline
in IG pressure.� If Cr ↑ > 30%, agent should be discontinued and other
causes of renal dysfunction should be evaluated (esp RAS).
NEJM 2002;347(16):1256-61
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Beta Blockers� Not usually a 1st choice any more unless a compelling
or other indication:� Post-MI (non-intrinsic sympathomimetic)� CHF� CAD—control of angina� Rate control in A fib
EurHeartJ 2007;28:1462-536; Circulation 2008;117:2706-15; Circulation 2008;117:2691-705; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/choice-of-therapy-in-essential-hypertension-
recommendations?source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150
Beta Blockers – 2� Still useful:� Resting tachycardia.� LVH.� Migraine.� Essential tremor (non-cardioselective).
� Labetolol – alpha + beta blocker� Hypertensive emergencies.� Pregnancy – preexisting HTN or pre-eclampsia
(unlabeled).
β-Blocker Adverse Effects� AV block.� Bronchospasm.� Increased PAD symptoms.� CHF exacerbation if given in acute stage.� CNS – overstated, but probably more common in
elderly.� Fatigue – NNH = 57.� Depression – no significant increase.
� Sexual dysfunction – NNH = 199.http://www.uptodate.com/contents/choice-of-therapy-in-essential-hypertension-
recommendations?source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-beta-blockers?source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~150
β-Blocker Adverse Effects – 2� May increase stroke or overall mortality, esp > age 60.� Impaired glc tolerance; ↑ risk of new onset diabetes.� Vasodilating β-blockers like carvedilol appear OK.� Effect may be temporary.� Still given to post-MI diabetics.
� Adverse lipid effects (labetolol may be least likely).
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ß-blocker Contraindications� Active bronchospasm� Severe bradycardia� Heart block > 1° (if no pacemaker)� Pulmonary edema� Hypotension with or without shock� Overt heart failure should be brought under medical
control 1st� Most pts w/MI d/t cocaine should not be treated with
beta blockers (risk of coronary artery spasm)http://www.uptodate.com/contents/major-side-effects-of-beta-
blockers?source=search_result&search=beta+blocker+contraindications&selectedTitle=1~150; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/use-of-beta-blockers-in-heart-failure-due-to-systolic-
dysfunction?source=search_result&search=beta+blocker+contraindications&selectedTitle=2~150
Common/Significant Drug Interactions With ß-BlockersDrug Effects Recommendation Amiodarone Cardiac arrest Extreme cautionAntidiabetic agents HTN, [poss ↓ glc] Monitor Rate-sparing CCB (diltiazem, verapamil)
Brady, CHF, hypotension
Avoid (few clinical issues, however)
Digoxin Worsening bradycardia
Monitor. OK in angina + low EF (? benefit)
Epinephrine, sympathomimetics
HTN crisis Avoid if possible
Lidocaine ↑ lido level ↓ lido dose (NOT listed in ACLS protocol)
Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB)� Dihydropyridines: use long acting meds.� Amlodipine� Felodipine
� Non-dihydropyridines:� Diltiazem� Verapamil
� Avoid short acting dihydropyridines.� Nifedipine (this is often an incorrect answer, esp if
another CCB option).
CCB Candidates� African-Americans.� Elderly.� Angina, incl Prinzmetal’s (amlodipine, felodipine).
� ?↑ CV complications in DM?:� Small studies suggested ? incr MI in DM (2° outcome).� Mult large studies (incl ALLHAT) found no adverse CV
effects.
NEJM 1998;338:645-52; Lancet 1998;351:1755-62; CurrHTNRes 1999;1:225-31; NEJM 1999;340:677-84; JAMA 2002;288:2981-97; AmJMed 2004;116:44-9
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CCB Adverse Effects� Edema� More likely w/DHP’s
� Dizziness� HA� BUT: Verapamil may be used in migraine prophylaxis.
� Reflex tachycardia – DHP’s� Non-DHP (verapamil, diltiazem) SE’s:� Bradycardia� AV block� CHF exacerbation
CCB ComparisonDrug Periph
ResisHR Conduction Contractility
DHP’s ↓↓↓ ↑ +/- +/-Diltiazem ↓↓ ↓ ↓ ↓Verapamil ↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓
•DHP’s � more peripheral effects.•Non-DHP’s � more cardiac effects.
Alpha-Adrenergic Blockers� Prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin.� Orthostatic hypotension & syncope, esp 1st dose.� Not usually used in initial monotherapy, except
sometimes in men w/BPH, esp if low-mod CV risk.� More CV events & CHF than thiazide—but there was no
control (untreated) group.� May enhance hypotensive effects of PDE-5 drugs for
erectile dysfunction (sildenafil, vardenafil, tadalafil).� Tadalafil (Cialis) not recommended, or 48 h after α1 blocker.� Allow 24h after last sildenafil (Viagra) or vardenafil (Levitra)
dose.
AnnIntMed 2002;137:313-20; JAMA 2000;283:1967-75
Central Sympatholytic Agents� Clonidine� Dry mouth, constipation, sedation (anticholinergic).� Can cause bradycardia, heart block.� Rebound HTN upon withdrawal (most agents can).
� Methyldopa� Can be used in pregnancy.� Rare lupus-like syndrome.� Rare hemolytic anemia.� Can cause hepatitis, esp in pts with liver dz.
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Direct Vasodilators� Mainly for resistant HTN.� Hydralazine� Can be used in pregnancy (unlabeled).� ANA + lupus-like syndrome.� HA, tachycardia (caution in angina/CAD).� May be useful for CHF in African-Americans (unlabeled).� Minoxidil� Hirsutism.� Pericardial effusion.� EKG changes (T wave changes common).
Compelling IndicationsCompelling Indication Diu Beta-
blkrACEI ARB CCB Ald
AntHeart failure X X X X XPost-MI X X XHigh coronary dz risk X X X XDiabetes X X X X XChronic kidney dz X XRecurrent stroke prevention
X X
JNC 7
Reverse-Engineering Compelling Indications� CAD/Angina:� Beta-blocker.� Add if needed: long acting DHP CCB, ACEI, diuretic.� Long acting DHP OK if contraindication to β-blocker.� Caution w/β-blocker + non-DHP CCB (verapamil,
diltiazem) – bradycardia, heart block, CHF.� Post-MI: β-blocker; may add ACEI.� CHF: Diuretic, ACEI or ARB, β-blocker (carvedilol,
metoprolol succinate, bisoprolol), aldosterone antagonist.
JNC 7
Reverse-Engineering Compelling Indications – 2� DM: � Diuretics (yes, they are safe and reduce mortality), ACEI
or ARB, CCB.� β-blocker OK if CAD.
� CKD: ACEI or ARB.� 2° prevention of stroke: thiazide diuretic or diuretic +
ACEI.
Lancet 2001;358:1033-41; JNC 7
3/26/2013
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Special Populations: Demographic� Elderly & African-Americans respond best to
thiazide diuretics or CCB’s.� Less responsive to ACEI, ARB, & β-blockers—still give if
compelling indication.� ACEI/ARB responsiveness improves if given diuretic.� Still use β-blocker after MI.
� African-Americans may respond better to Na+restriction.� Young pts may respond better to ACEI’s & beta-
blockers.Lancet 1999;353:2008-13; BMJ 2004;328:634-40; NEJM 1993;328:914-21; AmJHTN 2001;14:241-7; JNC 7—2003
Special Populations: Diabetes� HTN is common in diabetics. � Diabetes and HTN � ~ 2X risk of CV disease as
nondiabetics with HTN.� BP ≥ 120/70 is associated with increased CV event rates
and mortality in diabetics.� UKPDS: ↓ BP � ↓ risk of:� Any complication related to diabetes� DM-related death� MI� Microvascular complications
BMJ 2000;321:412-9; BMJ 1998;317:703-13
Special Populations: Diabetes—2� Reduction in CV events and microvascular
complications in diabetics is seen with multiple drug classes, including:� ACEIs� ARBs� Diuretics� β-blockers
JAMA 2002;288:2981-97
Special Populations: Diabetes—3� Calcium channel blockers:� Dihydropyridine CCBs appear inferior to ACEIs and β-
blockers in reducing MI and heart failure.� Non-DCCBs (esp diltiazem) have been shown to reduce
albumin excretion.� No long-term studies of the effect of α1-blockers, loop
diuretics or centrally-acting α2-agonists on long-term complications of diabetes.� α1-blocker arm of the ALLHAT study terminated d/t
increase in new-onset heart failure vs chlorthalidone—but NO placebo.
JAMA 2002;288:2981-97
3/26/2013
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Special Populations: Erectile Dysfunction� Neutral effect on erectile function: ARBs, ACEI’s,
CCBs.� Negative effect on erectile function: Centrally-
acting α2-agonists, β-blockers, diuretics.� Contraindicated with PDE-5 inhibitors:� Nitrates (severe hypotension / circulatory collapse).� α1-blockers should be used with caution; combination
may trigger hypotension.� Initiate PDE-5 inhibitor at lowest dose.
Combination Therapy� Preferred combinations:� ACEI or ARB + diuretic.� ACEI or ARB + CCB.
� Acceptable combinations:� Thiazide + most others (β-blocker, CCB, K-sparing
diuretic).� β-blocker + DHP CCB.
� UNnacceptable combinations:� 2 RAA inhibitors (ACEI, ARB, aliskiren)—dangerous.� β-blocker + RAA inhibitor or adrenergic blocker
EurHeartJ 2010;31:2205-2209; http://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm300889.htm
Resistant HTN� Persistent HTN despite > 3 drugs.� Poor adherence most common cause.� Suboptimal therapy.� Typically inadequate diuresis.� Move to loop diuretic.� Add spironolactone.
�Med interactions.� 2° HTN.
HTN 2008;51(6):1403-19; JNC 7—2003
Identifiable Causes of HTN—1 (i.e., Secondary HTN)� 2 – 10% of hypertensive pts.
� Chronic kidney disease (2.5 – 6%).� Primary aldosteronism and other mineralocorticoid
excess states (1 – 10%).� Renovascular hypertension – renal artery stenosis (0.2
– 4%).� Drug induced or drug related.� Mnemonic: CARD or KARD.
JNC 7; http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/241381-overview#aw2aab6b2b3aa
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Identifiable Causes of HTN—2� Sleep apnea.� Thyroid or parathyroid disease.� Obstructive uropathy.� Cushing’s syndrome and other glucocorticoid excess
states, including chronic steroid therapy.� Coarctation of the aorta.� Pheochromocytoma (rare).
“DOG & CAT PARK”� Drugs� Obstructive uropathy� Glucocorticoid excess
� Coarctation of aorta� Aldosterone� Thyroid/parathyroid
� Pheochromocytoma� Apnea (sleep)� Renovascular� Kidney Dz (CKD)
Whom to Screen for 2° HTN� Severe or resistant HTN (uncontrolled on 3 meds of
different classes).� Malignant HTN (severe HTN + signs of end-organ
damage). � An acute rise in blood pressure over a previously stable
value.� Age <30 years in non-obese, non-black patients with a
confirmed negative family history of and no other risk factors (e.g., obesity) for hypertension.� Proven age of onset before puberty.
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/who-should-be-screened-for-renovascular-or-other-causes-of-secondary-hypertension?source=see_link
Additional Clues to 2° HTN� Hypokalemia—aldosteronism.� Don’t just automatically assume it’s due to diuretic.
� ↑ Cr, abnormal UA – renal dz.� Snoring, fatigue, daytime somnolence – sleep apnea.
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Clinical Clues to Renovascular HTN� Acute elevation in the plasma creatinine (>30%) after
starting ACEI or ARB.� Systolic-diastolic abdominal bruit that lateralizes to
one side.� And more….
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/who-should-be-screened-for-renovascular-or-other-causes-of-secondary-hypertension?source=see_link; Circulation 2006;113:1474-1547
Clinical Clues to Renovascular HTN—2� Severe HTN w/4 A’s (Age, Atherosclerosis, Atrophic
kidney, Acute pulmonary edema).� Onset of stage II HTN (BP ≥160/100) after age 55.� Moderate to severe HTN in pts w/diffuse
atherosclerosis, esp > age 50. � Moderate to severe HTN in a pt with an unexplained
atrophic kidney or asymmetry in renal sizes of >1.5 cm. � Moderate to severe HTN in patients with recurrent
episodes of acute (flash) pulmonary edema or otherwise unexplained heart failure.
Drug Related Causes of HTN� Nonadherence� Inadequate doses� Inappropriate
combinations� Oral contraceptives� NSAID’s, COX-2 inhibitors� Sympathomimetics
(decongestants, anorectics)
� Cocaine, amphetamines, other illicit drugs� Adrenal steroid hormones� Cyclosporine, tacrolimus� Erythropoietin� Licorice (including some
chewing tobacco)� Some OTC supplements
and medicines (e.g., ma huang, bitter orange, ginseng, St John’s wort)
Screening Tests for 2° HTNDiagnosis TestCKD eGFRCoarctation of aorta CT angioCushing’s, glucocorticoid excess Hx, dexamethasone suppression testDrugs Hx, drug screeningPheochromocytoma (RARE) 24-hr urinary metanephrine and
normetanephrinePrimary aldosteronism and other mineralocorticoid excess states
24-hr urinary aldosterone level or specific measurements of other mineralocorticoids
Renovascular HTN Doppler flow study, MRASleep apnea Sleep study with O2 saturationThyroid/parathyroid disease TSH; PTH
JNC 7
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White-Coat HTN� Up to 20-35% of HTN pts.� 37-44% of resistant HTN pts.
� Slightly greater risk for CV events than normotensives, less than hypertensives.� High risk for developing sustained HTN.� Ambulatory BP monitoring:� 24-hr average BP ≥ 138/85.� At equivalent office BP, those w/higher ABP have higher
risk.
HTN 2011;57:898-902; AmJHTN 2005;18:1534-40; HTN 1998;31:712-8; JHTN 2012;6:1211-6; AmJHTN 2005;18:1422-8; BPMonit1999;4:333-41; NEJM 2003;348:2407-15; AmJHTN 2011;24:52-8; JACC 2005;46:508-15; HTN 1998;31:57-63; JHTN 1996;14:327-32
Hypertensive Emergencies� Def: acutely elevated BP with end organ damage (also
called malignant HTN).� Eye: retinal hemorrhages, exudates, or papilledema.� Brain: hypertensive encephalopathy.� Heart: angina, ischemia, CHF, dissecting aortic
aneurysm.� Kidney: hematuria, proteinuria, ARF.
� Goal: reduce BP by 25% within 1st hr, then to 160/100-110 within next 2-6 hrs.
JNC 7; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypertensive-emergencies-malignant-hypertension-and-hypertensive-encephalopathy-in-adults?source=search_result&selectedTitle=1~122
Treatment of HTN Emergencies� Na+ nitroprusside.� Rapid action, short duration = titratable drip.� Cyanide toxicity with prolonged use, esp w/renal failure.� Caution w/high intracranial pressure.� Continuous BP monitoring.
� Nicardipine—longer half-life, harder to titrate.� Avoid in acute CHF.� Caution in coronary ischemia.
� Clevidipine – shorter acting, more titratable.
JNC 7; http://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-treatment-of-hypertensive-emergencies?source=related_link
Treatment of HTN Emergencies� Labetolol—safe in CAD; caution/avoid in asthma,
COPD, CHF (avoid in acute HF), bradycardia, >1° heart block.� Esmolol—ultra-short acting β-blocker. � Aortic dissection.
� [Fenoldopam—dopamine receptor agonist.� Useful in renal failure.� Contraindicated in glaucoma.
� Phentolamine—catecholamine excess (pheochromocytoma).]
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Switch Gears: Valvular Heart Dz� Valvular heart disease generalizations:� Most valvular abnormalities give CHF-like sx (DOE).� Regurgitations are often treated with ACEI’s to
vasodilate & improve forward flow (“Regurgitations are relieved by RAA blockers”).� Stenoses are often best treated via surgery or procedures
(“Stenoses are served by surgery”).� Almost all can lead to atrial fibrillation (less w/aortic
regurg) .� Acute regurgitation can lead to cardiogenic shock.
Who Gets SBE Prophylaxis?� Prosthetic heart valves� Prosthetic material used in valve repair� Prior h/o endocarditis� Transplant valvulopathy� Congenital heart dz:� Unrepaired cyanotic dz� Repaired w/prosthetic material—for 6 mo p-procedure� Repaired w/residual defects at or near prosthetic device
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/antimicrobial-prophylaxis-for-bacterial-endocarditis?source=search_result&search=endocarditis+prophylaxis&selectedTitle=1~80
Circumstances for Prophylaxis� Dental procedures involving manipulation of gums or
periapical tissue, or perforation of mucosa.� Incision or bx of respiratory tract mucosa (T & A,
bronch w/bx).� Infected skin or musculoskeletal tissue undergoing
surgery.
NO Prophylaxis� Other valve lesions.� No GI or GU procedures.� Exception: established UTI w/hi risk CV condition
� Vaginal or Cesarean delivery.� Exception: hi risk lesion w/chorioamnionitis or
pyelonephritis.
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Meds for Endocarditis Prophylaxis� Single dose 30 – 60 min before procedure — no more 2nd
dose!� Amoxicillin 2 g� NPO: IV/IM amp (2g), cefazolin, ceftriaxone (1g).� PCN allergic:� Po cephalexin 2g, clinda 600 mg, or azithro or clarithro 500 mg.� IM/IV cefazolin, ceftriaxone, or clinda.
Aortic Stenosis—Key Points� May be asymptomatic even with severe dz.� Once sx appear, course tends to progress fairly rapidly (2-
3 yr avg survival).� Classic triad: Angina, Syncope, HF (once sx appear, it
turns you to ASHes). Esp w/exertion.� Exertional dyspnea is most common presenting sx (↓
exercise tolerance).� Systolic ejection murmur loudest at base, rad to carotids.� Atrial fibrillation, pulmonary hypertension are
preterminal findings.
AS Management� Risk factor reduction.� High prevalence of CAD.� Cautious treatment of HTN is appropriate.
� Exercise limitations:� Mild AS: competitive sports OK w/F/U.� Asymptomatic mod AS: exercise testing to level of
exertion.� Asymptomatic mod AS w/SVT or other complex
tachyarrhythmias: low-intensity.� Severe AS: no sports.
AS Surgical Treatment� Valve replacement.� Symptoms.� Rarely for asymptomatic pts.
� Valve replacement prolongs life and improves sx.� Complications of surgery:� Stroke.� Prolonged ventilation.� Perioperative mortality.
� Valvuloplasty may help congenital AS.
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Aortic Regurgitation (Insufficiency)� Etiology:� Congenital bicuspid aortic valve (#1 in US).� Rheumatic (#1 in world).� Aortic root dilation.� Marfan’s.� Syphilis .� Dissection .
� More common with advancing age.
Aortic Insufficiency—Clinical� Chronic:� Long asymptomatic period.� Progressive exertional dyspnea, CHF.� Pounding heart, palpitations (worse when supine or on
L side—heart vs chest wall).� Acute (e.g., ischemia/MI): cardiogenic shock.� Exam findings:� Wide pulse pressure.� Water-hammer pulse (↑ stroke vol � rapid pressure fall
d/t regurg).� Blowing, decrescendo, early diastolic murmur.
Management of AI� Vasodilators (nifedipine, ACEI) slow progression of AI
and reduce risk of CHF.� Use in symptomatic pts.� May help asymptomatic.
� Avoid ß-blockers – ↓rate � long diastole, may worsen regurg.� Activity limitations based on severity of AI + LV
diameter.� Consider surgery (AVR) if symptomatic, increasing LV
dilation, worsening LV function.
Mitral Regurgitation� Trivial (“physiologic”) MR occurs in up to 70% of
adults.� Etiology of pathologic MR:� Mitral valve prolapse (#1 in developed areas)� Endocarditis� Ischemic heart dz – MI can cause acutely� Trauma� Rheumatic (undeveloped nations)� Congenital � Drugs: cabergoline, diet pills, ergotamine
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Symptoms & Signs of MR� Chronic:� Asymptomatic until severe w/LV failure or AFib.� DOE, ↓ exercise tolerance, fatigue (↓ CO).� A fib.� Higher risk of endocarditis w/severe dz.
� Acute (e.g., ischemia/MI):� Pulmonary edema, hypotension, cardiogenic shock.
� Murmur:� Holosystolic, loudest @ apex, rad to L axilla +/- back.� Prolapse has midsystolic click, sl later murmur.
Management of MR� Vasodilators (ACEI) – controversial in asymptomatic
pts (often recommended).� Treat ischemia if present.� Treat signs of CHF.� Manage A fib.� Consider surgery if sx.� Repair preferred for most pts (better results).� Ideal to operate before EF deteriorates.� MVR if extensive Ca++ of leaflet or annulus.
Mitral Stenosis� Usually rheumatic.� Sx begin in 30’s.� SOB, DOE.� Pulmonary edema assoc w/exertion, fever, anemia.� Occasional hemoptysis (unique among valvular dz).� PE may occur.
� Endocarditis rare.
MS Exam� Loud S1.� Opening snap.� Diastolic rumbling murmur @ apex.� R sided CHF signs occur later.� Atrial Fib + Diastolic Murmur � consider MS (A fib =
a complication of MS).
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MS Management� Treat CHF.� Percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty.� Uncomplicated MS, limited valve Ca++.� Contraindicated in severe MS, LA thrombus.
� Surgical valvotomy—good results.� Valve replacement.� Moderate – severe disease + CHF.� Not candidate for valvotomy.