Prof. Dr. Hasan AMCA

Electrical and Electronic Engineering DepartmentEastern Mediterranean University

Jan 2017

Factors Triggering Innovation

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• Countries in Science and Technology• Major Technology Exporters & Spendings on R&D• Global Technology Map and Technology Capacity• Economic Production Capacity vs Global Creativity Index• Ways of Creating an Innovative Product• Development Models through R&D & Budget Allocation• Duties and Responsibilities of Supporting Institutions• Conclusions

Agenda

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• It is the purposeful application of information • in the design, production,

and utilization of goods and services,

• and in the organization of human activities

• Technology does not mean using machines!!!

What is Technology?

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1. Hardware + Software + Intelligence2. Procedures describing their use…

2 Sub-Dimensions of Technology

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Countries divided in 3 groups i.t.o. Science & Technology 1.Technology Producing / Exporting2.Good users of Technology3.Outside both groups

Countries in Science & Technology H.A

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Turkey is placed in third group in Sci & Tech ~ Economist, Jun. 2000

Rank didn’t change in 2014~ www.indexmundi.com (Aug 14)

Countries in Science & Technology H.A

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Turkey’s Export Volume The export capacity was

tremendously increased by

Switching from peanuts and clothes in 1960

To electronic, automotive like Technologies in 2008

What sectors can you address?

1960 – 0.5 Billion $

2008 – 112 Billion $

Countries in Science & Technology H.A

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Cou

ntrie

s in

Sc

ienc

e &

Tech

nolo

gy H.A

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AfricaPolitical

AfricanResources

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Research by Experts from Harvard University on 59 countries revealed Turkey to be at 28. position (2013)

Where are you ???

Best Users of Technology1. USA2. Finland3. Singapore4. Irland5. Germany6. Swiss7. Japan8. Israel9. Sweeden10. Luxenburg11. France12. Meksico13. Denmark14. Canada15. Holland16. Polland17. UK18. Maleysia19. Macaristan20. Belgium… …28. Turkey

Prof

. Dr.

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What is the ranking of your country?

Mining and Industry Economic ActivityAgriculture, Fishing, Forestry H

.AM

CA

• Science & Technology is • key factor for economic

development

• By developing • software, robotics, • bio-technology • production systems, • make societies and economies

more productive

Global Technology Map H.A

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• Nat Tech capacity evaluated under 3 headings

National Technology Capacity

1. Ratio of total economic capacity allocated for R&D

2. Ratio of total human resources allocated for R&D

3. Number of patents per Million people as a measure of traditional innovation capacity

Technology Production

Innovation Production

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# Professional Researchers working in

R&D / Million People

https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2015-innovative-countries/

Major Patent Generating Countries

.1. Korea2. Japan3. China4. USA5. Germany

. Finland USA

Thai

land

7,482 3,979 332

Prof. Dr. H. AMCA

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Close to Information Society

Far From Information Society

Economic / Political Environment

Spread of Technology

UsageLow High

USA Finland

Denmarka Holland

Austuria UK

Germany

Australia Irland Canada

Spain

Sweeden Norvey

Belgium Greece France

Portugal Italy Japan

Turkey

Countries Potential to Transform

into an Information

SocietySource: Gartner

Prof. Dr. H. AMCA

BloombergInnovation

Index (Dec. 2016)

http

s://w

ww.

bloo

mbe

rg.c

om/g

raph

ics/

2015

-inno

vativ

e-co

untri

es/

Prof. Dr. H. AMCA

Economic Production Capacity vsGlobal Creativity Index

Econ

omic

Pro

duct

ion

Global Creativity Index

Source: Creativity & Prosperity:The Global Creativity

Index, Martin Prosperity Institute, Sep. 2011

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Economic Production Capacity vsGlobal Creativity Index

Econ

omic

Pro

duct

ion

Global Creativity Index

Source: Creativity & Prosperity:The Global Creativity

Index, Martin Prosperity Institute, Sep. 2011

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Major Technology Exporters

Kaynak: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/TX.VAL.TECH.CD.. , SEDEFED Rekabet Kong 2007http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/countries-with-the-most-high-tech-exports.html

Where was / is / will your country be?

Major High-Tech Exporting Countries (1986)

Major High-Tech Exporting Countries (2005)

Major High-Tech Exporting Countries

(2016)

Emerging Economies

USA China ChinaIapan USA Germany

Germany Japan USA

UK Germany SingaporeDeveloped Economies

France S. Korea S. KoreaHolland Hong Kong FranceItaly Taivan JapanSwiss Singapore HollandTaivan Maleysia Maleysia

UK SwissS. Korea

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G = Technology Export Volume (Billion Dollars)

Source: www.worldatlas.comSep. 2016

http

://w

ww.

wor

ldat

las.

com

/arti

cles

/cou

ntrie

s-w

ith-th

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orts

.htm

lMajor Technology Exporters

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• R & D is bedrock of innovation• Bigger investment in R&D indicates a

thriving and entrepreneurial industrial spirit• basic research, • applied research,• experimental development

Spending on R&D (World Economic Forum, 2015)

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https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/07/which-countries-spend-the-most-on-research-and-development/

Spending on R&D

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Countries Allocating Highest Budgets for

Research(Feb. 2014)

https://www.oecd.org

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Apple

Microsoft

Cisco

IBM

Apple

$625bUSA

Microsoft

$377bUSA

Cisco$141bUSA

Google

$342bUSA

Facebook$210bUSA

Oracle$189bUSA

Qualcomm$118bUSA

Intel$175bUSA

IBM$154bUSA

Tencent

$147bChina

Top 5Countries Hosting mostHigh-Tech Companies1. USA2. China3. Japan4. S. Korea5. Canada

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Development Through R&DS. Korea and Taiwan

• S. Korea: Best example to economic development by R&D through PPP model

Private Public

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Development Through R&DS. Korea and Taiwan

At end of Korea war (1957): GNPPC for S. Korea = Ghana According to Prof. Hall (Berkley Univ) Korea was very

successful in transforming lab Works to tradable products

He says USA Science Foundation also good example to this Research based companies like Samsung also played an

important role in moderniing the whole economy

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Development Through R&DSouth Korea Model

Compare with the budget of Cyprus Islandfor a good feeling

Budget (2018)= $ 11 Billion

Samsung’s Annual R&D Budget

$9.1b

$10.9b

$13.6b $14b

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no one has thought before which the customers will

find highly desirable buy for much higher price

~ iPhone and iPad

Target a new, highly acceptable & differentiable product to make innovation, one has to think & invent what…

Creating an Innovative Product H.A

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• The biggest help is----- luck-----

• İmagine you come up with a brilliant idea

Creating an Innovative Product

• If despite all your efforts, your idea is not demanded by the target audience

• The product is worthless• “if there is no market success, there is

no innovation”

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What are Duties & Responsibilities of State / Private Institutions Required for Innovation?

Is National Development through Individual Innovation Possible?

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Duties & Responsibilities of State / Private Institutions Required for Innovation

(The UK Example)

• Lord Sainsbury mentions “innovation ecosystem” • and describes the legal framework and state /

private institutions that support innovation process• and he calls for putting these activities in order and

better coordination them

In his report (2007)Race to the Top

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• Businesses, Innovation & Talent Office forming Innovation Infrastructure in UK work together~ British Standards Institute, Design Council~ Intellectual Property Office~ Budget/Donations Allocated for Science,

Technology and Art at National Level~ National Measurements Office, UK Accreditation

Services

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• is the German Innovation Center• Science and Research in Germany

is a multi-layered structure • Many disciplines work together• Well established research

laboratories• And highly talented human resoures

Duties & Responsibilities of State / Private Institutions Required for Innovation

(The German Example)•At top of institutions forming innovation infrastructure

and supporting innovation

Prof. Dr. H. AMCA

There are many different resarch environments in Germany~ Universities~ Government supported 1000 research labs~ Private research labs~ Federal research institutes~ Länder research institutes Institutions making research in similar areas cooperate

at regional levelSource: www.germaninnovation.org/research-and-innovation/german-research-landscape#sthash.h48WYStb.dpuf

(The German Example)

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German government is pursuing a sustainable environment policy at local, regional and federal level since 1970 At the basis of this policy lays green energy, green city

infrastructure and green transportationGerman experience sets example to global policy makers Germany is one of the countries which values most to

transfer research results to the society welfare There are following scientific research & support institutes

(The German Example)

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Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (FhG) Centre makes research for both

government and private sectors The largest research organization in EU with more

than 80 centers Fraunhofer Institutes makes research by contract

for industry, services sectors and the state government

Source: http://www.research-in-germany.org/en

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Helmholtz Association• Produces solutions for society,

industry and science for the basic problems encountered

Source: http://www.research-in-germany.org/en

• As the largest research center in Germany, the institution houses 18 scientific-techniq and biologic-medical research centers

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• A research union that concentrates on basic sciences and life sciences and takes a complementary role to support research at the German universities

Max Planck Society (MPG) non-profit independent institution

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• Houses more than 89 research institutes in areas which are very important for German Society (June 2015)

• Provides infrastructure support to public policy makers, academics and business people in scientific research issues such as

• promotion, consultancy and transfers

Leibniz Research Alliance

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Universities / Higher Education Institutes (HEI)• There are ~400 HEI serving at different disciplines

(June 2015)• These HEIs establish a firm relationship between

academic formation, education and research• Federal Government and Lönder developed a center of

excellence to support research activities between specific disciplines in German universities

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Science Academies• Main mission of German

Science Academies • To coordinate long term basic research and development projects

• To support inter-disciplinary dialog• To advice related institutions and peoplein general and special scientific subjects

(The German Example) H.A

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Many such institutions work together to form the infrastructure and applications environment for innovation • To name some more• Federal Research Institutes• Länder Research Institutes• German Industrial Research Unions Federation

(AiF)Kaynak: http://www.germaninnovation.org/research-and-innovation/german-research-landscape#sthash.h48WYStb.dpuf

(The German Example) H.A

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Research Infrastructure Germany houses many significant research

institutions at global scale Ex. German Physics, World Sciences, Climate

Sciences, Human Sciences Research Institutes World known German Climate Calculations

Center is at the list top (DKRZ)Source: http://www.germaninnovation.org/research-and-innovation/german-research-landscape#sthash.h48WYStb.dpuf

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Institutions Under the Prime Minister Science & Technology Higher Council (BTYK) Policy Maker

Higher Education Council & Universities (YÖK) Supports R & D activities at Heigher

Education Institutions

Duties & Responsibilities of State / Private Institutions Required for Innovation

(The Turkish Example)

Prof. Dr. H. AMCA

PA1

Slide 44

PA1 Prof.Dr.Hasan AMCA, 15-Jun-18

Institutions Under the Prime Minister• Turkish Scientific and Technological

Research Institute (TÜBİTAK) Carry out industrial research and

support innovation products and projects

• Turkish Sciences Academy (TÜBA) Develops research and science politics

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• Turkish Atomic Energy Institute (TAEK) Policy making, planning, supporting

projects, measurement, education, consultancy

• National Planning Organization (DPT)• Policy making, planning, supporting projects• TÜRKAK – Turkish Accreditation Council Accredits lab, certification and auditing

services conformity to standards

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• KOSGEB – Small and Medium Sized industries development unionProject support and incubation

services• TTGV – Turkish Technology Development FoundationProject support and financial

services

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• Turkish Standards Institute (TSE) Creating, disseminating and

verifying standards• Turkish Patent Institute (TPE) Intellectual Property Rights

• National R & D Institute (UA&GE) Provides financial and technical

support to researches

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• National Metrology Institute (UME) Makes contract research for the industry

• Ministry of Agriculture Research Centers (TBAM) Develops policies for rural areas

• Turkish Ministry of Industry and Commerce (TETB) Makes policies and supports projects

(The Turkish Example) H.A

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Prof. Dr. Hasan AMCA

Electrical and Electronic Engineering DepartmentEastern Mediterranean University

Jan 2017

Factors Triggering Innovation

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