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Factors that Changed the World View of Europeans
SSWH13 The student will examine the intellectual, political, social, and economic
factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
a. Explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world
view.
Background to the Scientific Revolution • Medieval scientists did not make
observations of the natural world. • These scientists relied on a few
ancient authorities such as Aristotle for their scientific knowledge.
• Rediscovery of ancient mathematicians challenged the ideas of previous generations.
• New inventions such as the telescope and microscope made fresh scientific discoveries possible.
• The Printing press above all allowed ideas to spread quickly & easily.
A Revolution in Astronomy• Ptolemaic system is called
geocentric and places the Earth at the center of the universe.
• May 1543, Nicholas Copernicus published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres arguing that the Sun, not Earth, was at the center of the universe.
• Also declared the Earth rotated on its axis & the Earth around the Sun each year.
Nicholas Copernicus
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
• German Mathematician• Used detailed astronomical data
to arrive at his laws of planetary motion.
• Confirmed that the Sun was at the center of the universe & showed that the orbits of the planets were not circular, but elliptical.
• Completely contradicted the Ptolemaic System.
Johannes Kepler
Galileo Galilei • The scientists now wanted to know, what
are the planets made of. • An Italian scientist & math teacher
answered this question. • First European to make observations of the
heavens using a telescope and discovered mountains on the Moon, 4 moons revolving around Jupiter among other things…
• Published The Starry Messenger in 1610 stating that the planets were made of material substance, just as Earth, not as pure orbs of light as they were viewed in the Ptolemaic conception.
Galileo
Opposition to Galileo • Galileo’s discoveries made more
Europeans aware of the new view of the universe
• The Church ordered Galileo to abandon the Copernican idea.
• Threatened the church’s concept of the universe & seemed to contradict the Bible
• Most astronomers accepted the heliocentric conception despite the church’s position, but the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo were yet to be tied together…
Isaac Newton • Born in 1642; considered the greatest
genius of the Scientific Revolution• Defined three laws of motion in his major
work Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, also known as Principia.
• Universal law of gravitation- every object is attracted to every other object by gravity
• Created a new picture of the universe as a world-machine that worked according to natural laws
• Dominated the world view until the 20th century
Isaac Newton
How did the ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, and Newton
change European’s view of the world?
What impact would these men have on future
scientific discoveries?