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FACTORS INFLUENCING ECONOMIC TRANSFORMATION IN THE PERI-URBAN AREA AROUND RAJSHAHI CITY IN BANGLADESH
by
Md. Mizanoor Rahman
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science
Examination Committee: Prof. Dr. Jayant K. Routray (Chairman)
Dr. Mokbul Morshed Ahmad
Dr. L A S Ranjith Perera
is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Nationality: Bangladeshi
Previous Degree: Master of Philosophy in Geography and Environmental Studies
University of Rajshahi
Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Scholarship Donor: Norwegian
Asian Institute of Technology
School of Environment, Resources and Development
Thailand
May 18, 2009
The urban population has been growing consistently at a higher rate than the rural
population
The world’s urban population rose from 13% (220 million) in 1900, to 29% (732 million) in
1950, to 49% (3.2 billion) in 2005 (United Nations, 2005)
About 35 million people in Bangladesh (a quarter of the population) currently live in urban
areas, compared to only 8% during independence (World Bank, 2007)
it is estimated that by 2020, about 40% of the total population of Bangladesh will live in
urban areas (DFID, 2004)
By 2025, about 85% development will occur at the urban hinterland widely referred to as
peri-urban, suburbs, urban fringe, city edge, metropolitan shadow etc (United Nations,
2005)
According to most projections, Bangladesh will in the near future assume a more peri-
urban look than at present, which may contribute more to the economic development in
urban areas as well as the country through a steady supply of foods items
Rajshahi is one of the metropolitan cities in Bangladesh, expanding spatially due to rapid
increasing of population and diversifying economic activities which has brought more peri-
urban areas under its jurisdiction.
1.1 Background
Introduction
1.2 Problem Statement
The contribution of peri-urban area is notable to fulfill the diversified urban
demand specially agricultural and non-agricultural products but the development
of the area as compared to urban area is highly uneven.
Due to economic transformation, the economic settings in the area is changing
gradually which is difficult to adopt to the dwellers, become economically looser.
So, in the context of economic transformation, it is important to examine the
vulnerability and their ability to cope with, recover from and adapt to any external
stress placed on their livelihoods and well-being as resulted from urbanization
process (Adesina, 2007)
Introduction
Based on the stated problems, the formulated research questions are:
How the economic setting of peri-urban area has been transforming over time?
What are the consequences of economic transformation in peri-urban area?
What are the factors controlling the transformation process?
1.3 Research Questions
• It is remarkable that economic transformation in peri-urban area is so rapid that, existing development policy and
planning unable to accommodate with its dynamic and intricate development.
• As a result a lot of problems merge with the expansion of urban area. So, to identify and minimize these problems, it
is utmost needed to understand how the peri-urban functioning
• So, studies are needed in order to solve the associated problems and to provide feedback to the policy makers,
administrators, and town planners to construct competent strategy to the steady development of the area
1.4 Rationale
Agriculture
Type of economic transformation in terms of land use, occupation, investment, production system etc.
Inter sectoral Intra sectoral
Subsistence to cash cropping -Horticulture-Floriculture-Livestock-Poultry-Aquaculture
Others-Howkering-Day workers in non-agricultural sectors
Industries
Business
Service(public and private)
Transportation
Within agriculture sector
Within service sectors
Within business sectors
-within public sectors-within private sectors-between public and private sectors
Agriculture sectorBusiness sectorService sector
Introduction
1.5 Conceptual Framework Peri-urban Area
Economic Impact of the transformation -Occupational change -Per capita income change - Expenditure capacity change -Land use change -Land value change -Functional change -Infrustructural change
Strategy for development
Geographical factors- Location-Land availability for agricultural and non- agricultural uses -Distance
Market/demand driven -Labours /workers -Agricultural Products -Land for non- agricultural use -Raw materials for industries
Governmental policies and planning -Landuse control and planning policy -Development programs
Employment opportunities - Primary sector - Secondary sector -Tertiary Sector
Infrastructural development -Road network -Transportation system -Growth of market centers -Telecommunication development -Other institution
Factors of Economic Transformation
Introduction
1.6 Objectives
The general objective of this research is to identify the factors that have been
influencing the economic transformation, consequences of economic transformation
and adopted governmental policy and planning in the development of the area.
The specific objectives are as follows:
To identify the peri-urban area around Rajshahi City
To analyze the economic transformation of peri-urban area and its consequences
in the area
To identify the influencing factors of economic transformation of peri-urban area
To recommend strategy for securing opportunities for the dwellers through
diversified activities
Introduction
1.7 Scope Of The Study
The scope of the research is to study how the urban settings play role to change
the economic circumstances its surroundings(peri-urban) due to failure of
accommodating huge increased population and functions
Economic transformation related issues are the main focus of the study.
The impact of the changing economy and the livelihood of the stakeholder that
bring alternatives in strategy are considered in this research
Existing peri-urban development trend and strategy of the government and its
effectiveness has been observed in the study
Finally, the study has been suggested a suitable development strategy for
integrating development between peri-urban and urban area
Introduction
Though economic transformation is vast concept but the conducted research was
on to see economic transformation in peri-urban areas of Rajshahi City. This is why
very specific indicators were considered according to the on going pattern of
changes in the locality.
Although core idea to measure economic transformation was followed, yet in data
collection, there had to face several constraints in gathering information from the
field. For example, improper land record and its value, variation in people perception
about their land and assets, scattered and uncoordinated assessments of the assets
by different departments and no proper know how to interpret the earnings and
possessions by the people to some extent might have effected the accuracy
standard of the data collection.
Another major constraint was the time limitation and research grant availability.
1.8 Limitation
Introduction
2.1 Peri-urban Area
Fringe is related to the growth of cities that lies immediately outside the designated urbanizable limits and has
strong interaction with present city and bears an urban reflection of on the physical, occupational and
demographic characteristics (Sinha, 1997).
Concentrated city or Core built-up area (Urban area)
Outer periphery
Rural area
Peri-urban area
Inner periphery
Figure 2.1 The form of the periphery and peri-urban area (redrawn and modified from Bryant et al. 1982)
Literature Review
2.2 Economic Transformation
Economic transformation is a process emerges through two main direction: first,
reallocation of factors of production from less productive sectors to more productive ones;
and second, diversification of the economy away from primary commodity sectors
(agriculture and others) into industry and services (Berthelemy and Soderling 2001).
Literature Review
Figure 2.3 Economic transformations through migrating market structure
Source: Webb and Grant (2003)
Research Design and Methodology
Literature Review
Research Problem Identification
Conceptual Framework
Objectives
Research Design
Assessment of data needsSelection of the study Area
Primary Data - Reconnaissance survey-Questionnaire Survey-Interview with Key Informant-Field Observation-Informal Discussion
Secondary Data:- Statistical Reports- Official Websites-Books/Journals-Official Documents-Development Plans
Data Entry and Processing
Mapping Analysis
Findings and Conclusion
Descriptive Statistic-Frequency Distribution-Mean-Percentage-Graphic presentation
Analytical Statistics- Correlation
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Selection Criteria of the Study Area
The area is composed of:
- Both rural and urban phenomena;
- Rapid demographic transformation area;
- Area with rapid land use change basically from agricultural to non-agricultural uses;
- Area with different types of diversifying formal and informal economic activities;
- Infrastructures more develop than rural area but less develop than urban area;
- The main economic activity is agriculture, and basically market garden agriculture;
-The area is transitory between City Corporation and its nearby rural settlements that may be
considered best to study the economic transformation;
- Economic activities in the area drive to fulfill the demand of market;
- The area is at a time under the jurisdiction of Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA) and Paba
Thana.
Research Design and Methodology
RAJSHAHI CITY STRATEGIC PLAN 2002-24
LEGENDRDA boundaryCity bourdaryOther area boundaryMajor roadGrowth center link road
#S Other urban growth center
%U Study area
#S
#S#S
#S
#S CORPORATIONCITY
RAJSHAHI
P A D M A
R I V E R
Rural Agricultural Conservation
Rural A
gricultu
ral C
onserv
atio
n
New Urban AreaNew U
rban
Are
a
NaohataPaurashava
Paurashava
Kat
akha
li
0 4 Km.
P
B
A
AT
H
A
NA
%U
%U N
RAJSHAHI CITY CORPORATION AND ITS PERIPHERY
Research Design and Methodology
Figure 3.1 Map of Study Area
3.3 Sources of Data and Collection Methods
Secondary Sources Primary Sources
Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC);
Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA);
Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Statistical Office;
Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Agriculture Office;
Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Livestock Office;
Paba Upazila (Sub-district) Fisheries Office;
Local Government Engineering Department
(LGED), Paba;
Tohosil Office, Kharkharia and Kasiadanga;
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (Divisional
office);
Center for Urban Studies (CUS);
Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB),
Rajshahi;
Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB),
Rajshahi;
Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE),
Rajshahi;
Bangladesh Small Industries Corporation (BSIC),
Rajshahi;
Regional Statistical Office, Rajshahi;
Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies
(BIDS), Rajshahi
Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization
(SPARRSO)
Reconnaissance Survey
Questionnaire Survey
Interview with stakeholders/key
informants
Field Observation
Informal Discussion
Research Design and Methodology
3.4 Sampling Design and Procedure
Peri-urban area around Rajshahi City,
Bangladesh
Total Peri-urban Villages-13
Purposive S
ampling
Sample HouseholdNumber- 91
Total Sample Size247 Households
Kasiadanga
Sim
ple Random
Sam
pling
Sample HouseholdNumber- 93
Aliganj Kharkharia
Sample HouseholdNumber- 63
N1+Ne2
n =Where, n = Sample size N = Total household e = Level of precision
To compute the sample size Yamene’s (1967) formula has been
applied which is followed:
Research Design and Methodology
Figure 3.2 Sampling Design and Procedure
1. Location 2. Population density 3. Literacy rate 4. Occupation (non-agriculture) 5. Toilet facilities (Sanitary)
6. Electricity connection 7. Land use (homestead) 8. Owner of agricultural land 9. Housing status -Pucca (Brick) -Semi-pucca (Semi-brick)
4.1 Indicators of peri-urban area identification
Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile
Indicators are developed from different data sources available with Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2001. Shading cell indicates the fulfillment of peri-urban criteria. Those villages have fulfilled at least 50% indicators requirement are considered as peri-urban area
4.2 Peri-urban identification Procedure [Location (Close to RCC boundary), Density in Sq.km. and other indicators in %.]
Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile
Location Toilet facility
(Close to RCC boundary)
(Sanitary)Semi-pucca (semi-brick)
Pucca (Brick)
RCC 11303 64.22 20.99 64.39 63.13 33.47 38.76 45.32 38.9
Paba (Rural) 935 43.62 13.31 21.53 31.76 10.75 49.46 54.5 4.2
Nabinagar 869 43.7 32 37.6 35.6 11.07 16.4 92.31 6.41 9 90
Harupur 1493 46.1 21.21 26.61 31.31 10.95 46.77 64.47 6.84 9 90
Gobindpur 5279 41.35 24.17 30.56 26.65 11.38 26.65 66.39 5.74 8 80
Balia 2592 44.72 20.76 13.06 19.97 11.85 52.58 49.07 3.72 5 50
Kashiadanga 2689 38.94 23.25 17.72 17.44 12.01 30.63 58.61 5.03 7 70
Pukuria 758 46.09 7.59 28.95 2.63 8.76 54.6 56.6 10.38 4 40
Aliganja 1748 39.69 24.35 21.91 10.58 11.83 17.75 62.81 7.13 8 80
Basua 5206 43.72 21.1 62.93 27.59 12.39 17.46 75.95 5.61 9 90
Baze Silinda 929 36.21 25.06 25.54 0 11.18 28.42 25.29 25.88 6 60
Khirshan 1641 34.2 5.84 10.24 2.26 8.95 37.67 43.79 1.98 3 30
Bara Baria 2045 27.34 14.81 36.08 0.78 8.35 56.47 26.88 3.23 3 30
Deluabari 487 40.12 21.65 18.75 72.91 9.09 33.33 20.93 0 3 30
Baish Balad 247 24.56 13.33 13.33 0 8.95 13.33 16.67 0 2 20
Birastail 930 43.49 10.8 22.61 25.93 8.49 66.8 72.44 2.27 3 30
Kechuatail 781 38.59 19.83 15.3 21.03 10.97 45.63 63.18 4.65 6 60
Musrail 2119 42.49 22.46 26.94 40.31 11.05 27.71 50.33 5.92 8 80
Narikelbari 1677 55.4 17.76 22.92 41.66 11.92 47.92 59.34 0 9 90
Lalitahar 1561 37.72 23.21 33.06 45.25 12.06 35.33 64.38 1.96 8 80
Kharkhari 2308 39.13 27.28 24.16 42.28 15.01 40.94 70.18 3.51 8 80
Baman Sikhar 1442 30.29 7.49 9.89 42.31 8.75 48.63 36.78 0 3 30
Name
Density
(Person/Km2.)Literacy
Occupation (Non-agricultural) No of indicators
fulfilling the peri-urban criteria
% of indication fulfilling the peri-
urban criteria
HouseholdElectricityConnection
Land Use (Homestead)
Owner of agricultural land
Housing Status
#S
City
RajshahiCorporation
#1
#5 #6
#3#2
#4#7
#8
#10 #11
#9
#12
#14
#17
#18#20
#19
N
PERI-URBAN AREA OF RAJSHAHI CITY
Legend
Rural area
Peri-urban area
#1#2#3#4#5#6#7#8
#9
NabinagarHarupurGobindpurBaliaKasiadangaAliganjBasuaBaze Silinda
Kechuatail
Village NameGeo-Code
#10
#11
#12
#13
NariketbariaLalitahar
Kharkharia
#14
#15
Geo-Code Village Name
Khirshan
Deluabari
Musrail
Geo-Code Village Name
#16
#17
#18
#19Birostail
Baish Balad
PukuriaBarabaria
Baman Sikhar#20
Village NameGeo-Code
#16
#13
Nawhata Paurashava
KatakhaliPaurashava
R
U
R
A
L
A R
E
A
R U R A L
A R E A
P A D M A
R I V E R
0 2 Km.
#15
Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile
Figure 4.1
4.3 Peir-urban Profiles
Population Occupation Toilet facilities Total area (km2) 16.40 Service (%) 1.35 Sanitary (%) 32 Total population 32022 Household work (%) 47.22 Others (%) 44
Agriculture (%) 17.06 None (%) 24 Population density (person/km2.)
1952
Water, electricity, Gas (%) 0.36
Households 6729 Male: Female 112:100
Construction (%) 4.29
Working population (%) 50.05 Transport (%) 5.2 Literacy rate (%) 43.62 Hotel and restaurant (%) 0.39
Household size (person/house) 4.76 Business (%) 9.9 Industry (%) 1
Others (%) 9.54 Source of drinking water
Tap (%) 0.2
Housing status Tube-well (%) 93.81
Kacha (%) 32.54 Well (%) 0.75
Semi-pucca (%) 61.75 *Income (Taka/person) 1202 Pond (%) 0.6
Pucca (%) 5.71 *Expenditure (Taka/Person) 1004 Others (%) 4.64
Sources: *BBS 2000 and BBS, 2001
Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile
Identification of Peri-urban Area of Rajshahi City and Its Profile4.3 Peri-urban Profiles
(Contd.)
Figure 4.6 Transport Network of RCC Peri-urban area-2001
Figure 4.5 Agricultural Land Use Pattern of RCC Peri-urban area-2001
Most of the land use for crop, vegetables and fruits cultivation
Figure 4.4 Land Use Pattern of RCC Peri-urban area-2001
Most of the land are occupied by two major sectors such as agriculture and residential/homestead
Agriculture51.77%
Road and railway0.53%
Water Body16.38%
Indusrial0.01%
Others16.66%
Residence/ Homestade
14.41%
Business & Mercantile
0.04%
Education/Research
0.19%
Cropped land
51.82%
Aquaculture2.25% Poultry
0.56%Livestock
0.06%
Fruits6.66%
Others7.15%
Vegetables31.49%
72
26
2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Kacha Pucca Railw ay
Leng
th (%
)
NALIGANJ
LegendVillage boundaryFeeder road (Pacca)Highway
0 600 Feet
Figure 4.8
LOCATION OF SAMPLE VILLAGES IN THE PERI-URBAN AREA
60 Meters
180 Meters
180 Meters
NPERI-URBAN AREA OF RAJSHAHI CITY
Peri-Urban Area
CC
CC
CCùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùEmbankment
Peri-urban BoundaryCity Corporation Boundary
HighwayFeeder road (A type-Pucca)Feeder road (B type-Pucca)
Legend
CCCCCCCC
C
ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC CCCCCCCCCCCCCC
ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù
ùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùùù
#1!
#2#3
#4
#6
#7
#8
#9
#10 #11 #12
#5 #13
#1!#2#3#4
Nabinagar
Haripur
Gobindapur
Balia
Geo-Code No.
Mauza Name
#5#6
#7 #8
#9#10
#11
#12
#13
Kasiadanga
AliganjBasua
Baze SilindaKechuatailMusrail
NarikelbariaLalitaharKharkharia
Mauza Name
Geo-Code No.
Geo-Code No.
Mauza Name
RU
RA
L
AR
EA
Nawhata Paurashava
KatakhaliPaurashava
RU
RA
L
AR
EA
R a j s h a h i C i t y C o r p o r a t i o n
P A D M AR I V E R
0 4 Kilometer
Natoreroad
Nawabganj Road
Saheb Bazar
NKHARKHARIA
LegendVillage boundaryRoad (Pacca)
0 200 Feet
N
KASIADANGA
Legend
Village boundaryFeeder road (Pacca)HighwayRailway
0 600 Feet180 Meters
180 Meters
90 Meters
5.1 Changes in Demographical Characteristics
Figure 5.1 Population increasing rate during 1991-2008 Figure 5.2 Household increasing rate during1991-2008 Figure 5.3 Migrated household 2001 & 2008
Figure 5.5 Literacy rate during 1991 to
2008 Figure 5.4 Population density during 1991-2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
3.74
6.49
1.16
4.924.89
1.4
3.974.03
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Cha
nge
in P
opul
atio
n (%
)
1991-20012001-2008
4.04
7.71
2.6
5.45
2.95
4.24
6.756.05
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Cha
nge
in H
ouse
hold
Num
ber (
%)
1991-20012001-2008
6.1
10.88
5
8.48
2.72
1.08
3.62
1.34
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Mig
rate
d H
ouse
hold
(%
)
20012008
26602960 2941
1510
1988
1176
19602110
2268
1751
2694
3563
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Den
sity
(/k
m2)
1991 2001 2008
18
76.1170.23
66.6672.3
22.129.824.2
38.94 39.69 39.13 39.32
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Lite
racy
Rat
e (%
)
1991 2001 2008
5.2 Change in economic characteristics
Figure 5.6 Employment Pattern in Study Area during 1991-2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
In term of employment, the contribution of primary sector is increasing while tertiary sector is decreasing
in Kasiadanga and Kharkharia Village, but in Aliganj reverse situation is found.
In all three villages the contribution of secondary sector is very limited.
13.9
21.1
32.1
25.3
16.515.0
14.2
21.4
26.4
19.1 18.9
22.8
34.4
31.0
22.6
29.5
27.0
37.139.0
34.1
26.4
32.8
29.430.5
0 .7 .5.700001.9
.100.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008
Kashiadanga Aliganj Khankaria Aggregate
Num
ber
of E
mplo
yee (
in %
)
Primary Secondary Tertiary
Secondary Sector
Tertiary Sector
Per capita
Income
Per Capita Expenditure
Remarks
Corr. Value -0.345 -.784(**) 0.473 0.479
Sig. Value 0.272 0.003 0.12 0.115
Corr. Value 0.019 0.334 0.301
Sig. Value 0.953 0.288 0.342
Corr. Value -0.423 -0.42
Sig. Value 0.171 0.174
Corr. Value .993(**)
Sig. Value 0
Tertiary Sector
Among the indicators there areweak relation found
Per Capita Income
Relation between Per CapitaIncome and Expenditurechange is positive and highlysignificant
Primary Sector
Only relation is significantbetween the change in Primaryand Tertiary sectors and that is negative.
Secondary Sector
Among the indicators there areweak relation found
Appendix 5 Table B Correlations among the change of primary, secondary and tertiary sector contribution to provide people, Per capita Income and Expenditure
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
Table 5.2 Average Annual Income and Expenditure Increasing Rate from 1991-2008
Figure 5.7 Per Capita Income and Expenditure during 1991-2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
2630
632
1070
2407
1238
640
1778
1096
552
2330
1229
591
1281
717
2092
1034
564
1775
915
486
2050
520
1027
2210
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008
Kashiadanga Aligang Kharkaria Aggregate
Taka
/Mon
th
Income Expenditure
5.2.2 Change in Income and Expenditure
Name of Village
Income (%) Expenditure (%)
1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008
Kasiadanga
7.86 13.16 6.93 13.31
Aliganj 10.79 11.19 9.75 12.45
Kharkharia 9.85 7.77 8.82 11.74
Aggregate 9.34 11.8 8.33 12.79
In all three villages, both per capita income and expenditure have been increased.
Both per capita income and expenditure are higher than the aggregate situation in Kasiadanga village for all three time periods
Change in per capita income and expenditure is more during 2001-2008 than during 1991-2001 in all three villages
In Kasiadanga, change in per capita income and expenditure is higher than the other villages during 2001-2008
Figure 5.8 Change in Saving during 1991-2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
5.2.3 Change in Saving
In all three villages, saving has been increased during 1991-2001 but during 2000-2008 it have been decreased.
11.85
16.47 15.97
12.01
16.44
12.02 11.96
16.51
0.17
11.87
16.47
13.08
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008 1991 2000 2008
Kashiadanga Aligang Kharkaria Aggregate
Sav
ing
(in %
of i
ncom
e)
Sources: Tohosil Office of Kasiadanga and Kharkharia, Rajshahi Development Authority (RDA), Unpublished report of SPARRSO
Table 5.3 Land Use (in percentage) pattern during 1991-2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
Name of Village
Agriculture Housing Road and Railway Industry Commercial
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008
Kasiadanga 65 62.17 58.01 9.65 12.01 15.9 .37 .37 .37 0 0 0 .01 .02 .05
Aliganj 60.72 58.10 54.26 9.12 11.83 15.67 .67 .67 .67 0 .02 .02 .04 .05 .07
Kharkharia 60.5 57.86 54.47 8.98 11.62 15.01 .22 .22 .22 0 0 0 .04 .06 .10
Aggregate 62.11 59.42 55.51 9.28 11.87 15.69 .53 .53 .53 0 .01 .01 .03 .04 .06
5.3 Change in Land Use Pattern
Agricultural land has been reduced while housing and commercial land have been increased in all three villages.
Housing land
Commercial land
Remarks
Corr. Value -.805(**) -.929(**)Relation between Agricultural and housing land use change is negative and significant.
Sig. Value 0.002 0Relation between Agricultural and Commercial land use change is negative and highly significant.
Housing land
Relation between housing and commercial land use change is positive but not significant
Sig. Value 0.019
Agriculture land
Corr. Value .663(*)
Appendix 5 Table A Correlations among the changes of land use types
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
1991N
0 900 Feet
N
0 900 Feet
N
0 900 Feet
2001 2008
LANDUSE MAP OF KASIADANGA VILLAGE (RAJSHAHI PERI-URBAN AREA)
270 Meters
270 Meters 270 Meters
Industrial
Railway
Agriculture
Housing
Water Body
Commercial
Road
Others
Figure 5.9
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
LANDUSE MAP OF ALIGANJ VILLAGE (RAJSHAHI PERI-URBAN AREA)1991
2001 2008
N
0 900 Feet
N
0 900 Feet
N
0 900 Feet270 Meters270 Meters
270 Meters
Industrial
Others
Agriculture
Housing
Water Body
Commercial
Road
Figure 5.10
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
N
0 300 Feet
Figure 5.11
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
N
0 300 Feet
LANDUSE MAP OF KHARKHARIA VILLAGE (RAJSHAHI PERI-URBAN AREA)
2001
1991
N
0 300 Feet90 Meters
90 Meters90 Meters
Industrial
Others
Agriculture
Housing
Water Body
Commercial
Road
2008
5.4 Change in Agricultural Land Use Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
Figure 5.12 Cultivated land under different agriculture type during1991-2008
Table 5.4 Agricultural land use change during 1991-2008
Crop land has been decreased while land under vegetables and fruits have been increased in all three villages
Change is higher during 2001-2008 than during 1991-2001
Name of Village Period Crop land Poultry Vegetables and fruits
Kasiadanga 1991-2001 -1.05 0 +1.42001-2008 -1.94 +0.1 +3.68
Aliganj 1991-2001 -1.35 0 +0.642001-2008 -1.43 +0.2 +3.72
Kharkharia 1991-2001 -1.68 0 +1.022001-2008 -1.51 0 +3.68
Aggregate 1991-2001 -1.28 0 +0.942001-2008 -1.62 +0.15 +3.70
95.62
85.09
69.52
91.56
77.9883.43
66.63
54.52
92.24
79.43
66.46
0 0 0 04 4
74.24
88.29
117.77
57.9364.33
94.15
55.17
65.42
94.87
63.33
72.71
102.37
66.48
0 0 1.62 1.1900
0.81
4.254.264.261.071.071.074
5.55.55.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008
Kashiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Cultiv
ate
d land (
% o
f to
tal agricultura
l la
nd)
Crop land Poultry Aquaculture Vegetabls and Fruits
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
Figure 5.13 Cultivated Land under Horticulture during 1991-2008
5.4 Change in Agricultural Land Use (Contd.)
Both vegetables and fruits cultivation have been increased in all three villages.
Vegetables occupied more land than the fruits.
Vegetables cultivated land is more than the aggregate situation in Aliganj and Kharkharia for all three time
periods.
But fruits cultivated land is more than the aggregate situation in Kasiadanga village for all three time periods.
49.84
72.22
45.84
52.11
80.59
47.31
58.98
87.65
43.20
51.94
78.33
36.4
37.84
24.0420.77
20.12
7.226.447.86
13.5612.2212.09
45.55
38.45
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008
Kashiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Culti
vate
d la
nd (
in %
of to
tal a
gricultu
ral l
and)
Vegetables Fruits
5.5 Major agricultural production (in percentage) during 1991 –2008
5.5 Change in Agricultural Production
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
1991 17.75 74.29 3.53 1.13 3.29Kasiadanga 2001 14.21 81.04 2.08 0.83 1.83
2008 11.48 81.19 5.73 0.71 0.891991 22.48 67.9 3.74 1.24 4.64
Aliganj 2001 16.05 78.71 1.85 0.9 2.49
2008 12.18 82.5 3.25 0.68 1.391991 12.95 83.42 1.38 0.18 2.07
Kharkharia 2001 10.51 87.51 0.86 0.14 0.98
2008 8.69 88.66 2.17 0.13 0.351991 19.43 72.35 3.37 1.07 3.792001 14.68 80.66 1.83 0.78 2.052008 11.52 82.68 4.09 0.63 1.08
Fruits Aquaculture Other
Aggregate
Name of village Year Cereal Vegetables
Vegetables and fruits production have been increased during 1991-2008 Cereal production has been decreased during 1991-2008
Source: Thana Agricultural Office
Cereal
ProductionVegetables Production
Fruits Production
Fish Production
Total Production
Remarks
Cereal Demand Corr. Value .946(**)
Correlation between demand and production of different agri-products are
positive and highly significant
Sig. Value 0Vegetables demand
Corr. Value .994(**)
Sig. Value 0
Fruits demand Corr. Value .916(**)
Sig. Value 0
Fish demand Corr. Value .917(**)
Sig. Value 0
Total demand Corr. Value .998(**)
Sig. Value 0
Appendix 5 Table C Correlations between total demand and total production of different agricultural products in the sampled villages
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
5.6 Change in Land Value
Figure 5.14 Annual land value change of the study area during 1991-2008
Source: District Land Registry Office, Rajshahi
Table 5.6 Land value (, 000 Taka/Acre) according to major uses during 1991-2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008Kasiadanga 250 500 1,200 - - - 4,000 8,000 18,000 1,500 2,500 6,000Aliganj 550 1,200 3,000 - 600 1,500 950 3,600 8,400 800 1,600 3,000Kharkharia 180 450 750 - - - 9,00 1,800 6,500 750 1,450 3,200Aggregate 413 891 2,176 - 600 1,500 1,279 4,068 10,536 1,036 1,887 4,022
Housing landName of Village
Agricultural land Industrial land Commercial land Commercial land value is more than the others land value.
Agricultural land value is more in Aliganj village than other villages But commercial and housing land value
is more in Kasiadanga village than other villages
Aggregate land value change indicates that commercial land value change is more than other uses
10
17.5
11.8
18.75
15
8.33
11.57
0 0
10
18.75
27.8
32.6
21.8
10 119.4
18.0218.7518.75
19.87
10
16.614.14
8.21
15.1217.5
6.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008 1991-2001 2001-2008
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
Land V
alu
e C
hange (
%)
Agricultural IndustrialCommercial Housing
5.7 Change in infrastructures
Name of Village
Year Educational institution
Post office
Public Health Center
Bank Local
Market Other Total
1991 2 0 0 0 1 1 4
2001 4 0 0 1 1 1 7 Kasiadanga
2008 6 0 1 1 1 1 10 1991 1 0 0 0 0 - 1
2001 1 0 0 0 0 - 1 Aliganj
2008 5 (4 BRAC
school) 0 0 0 0 - 5
1991 2 1 0 1 2 1 7 2001 2 1 0 1 2 1 7
Kharkharia 2008
4 (2 kindergarten
) 1 1 1 2
6 (5 NGO Office)
14
Table 5.7 Number of institutions in the sampled villages during 1991-2008
Figure 5.15 Change in housing type during 1991-2008
Source: Thana Statistical Office 2008
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
11.94
65.78
50.75
37.3130.07
21.01
62.81
7.1213.21
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1991 2001 2008
Aligang
Num
ber
of H
ouse
(%)
61.72
41.94
33.87
24.19
25.4326.31
70.18
12.853.51
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1991 2001 2008
Kharkaria
Num
ber
of H
ouse
(%)
31.25
44.18
31.25
5.03
21.97
37.533.8536.36
58.61
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1991 2001 2008
Kashiadanga
Num
ber o
f Hou
seho
ld (%
)
Kacha (Mud) Semi-pucca Pucca (Brick)
32.69
27
20.79
42.09
5661.57
17
5.74
37.13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1991 2001 2008
Aggregate
Num
ber o
f Hou
se (%
)
Pacca house has been increased while Kacha and Semi-pucc house have been decreased.
Semi-pucca Pucca Remarks
Kacha Corr. Value 0.014 -0.507Relation between kacha and semi-pucca houses change is positive butnot significant
Sig. Value 0.967 0.093Relation between kacha and semi-pucca houses change is negative butnot significant
Semi-pucca
Corr. Value -.869(**)
Sig. Value 0
Relation between semi-pucca andpucca houses change is negative andhighly significant
Appendix 5 Table D Correlations among the changes of housing types
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level.
Table 5.8 Road Type During 1991-2008
Source: Local Government Engineering Office (LGED), Paba Thana.
Table 5.9 Type of vehicles (number of Vehicles/100 households) during 1991-2008
Source: Bangladesh Road Transport Authority and Field Survey 2008.
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
Type of Roads Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008
Metal(4 lanes)
Length (km.) 0 .09 .09 .93 .93 .93 0 0 0 .93 1.02 1.02Density (Km./Km2) 0 .07 .07 .43 .43 .43 0 0 0 .24 .27 .27
Metal(2 lanes)
Length (km.) .36 .36 .36 .7 .7 .7 .34 .34 .34 1.4 1.4 1.4Density (Km./Km2) .29 .29 .29 .32 .32 .32 .97 .97 .97 .37 .37 .37
Metal(Single lane)
Length (km.) 0 1.2 3.14 0 .5 2.5 0 0 .9 0 1.7 6.54
Density (Km./Km2) 0 .96 2.53 0 .23 1.15 0 0 2.57 0 .45 1.73
Gravel Length (km.) 3.78 2.58 .64 6.4 5.9 3.9 1.11 1.11 .21 11.29 9.59 4.75
Density (Km./Km2) 3.05 2.08 .51 2.72 1.8 3.17 3.17 .6 3 2.55 1.26
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008No. of motor bike 0.37 0.55 2.03 0.4 0.62 1.78 0.85 1.97 5.4 0.43 0.71 2.15No. of microbus 0 0 0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.07No. of bicycle 20.4 27.85 41.45 25.07 34.77 65.56 24.03 30.8 49.33 22.72 31.4 54.44No. of rickshaw 0.37 0.59 1.53 0.96 1.57 2.72 1.76 2.93 4.05 0.76 1.26 2.33No. of rickshaw-van 0 1.46 3.06 0 2.28 4.88 0 1.65 4.05 0 1.87 4.07Total 21.14 30.45 48.24 26.43 39.24 74.94 26.63 37.36 62.83 23.91 35.24 63.07
AggregateType of Vehicles
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia
5.7 Change in infrastructures
There is no change in metal 2-lanes road for all three villagesGravel road has been converted into single metal road in all three villages
All types of vehicles owner have been increased during study period
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
Table 5.10 Sources of drinking water (percentage) during 1991-2008
Table 5.11 Number of household electrified and their consumption during 1991-2008
Sources: Power Development Board, Rajshahi
Sources: BBS 1991 and 2001, Field Survey 2008
Table 5.12 Number of cell phone users during 1991-2008
Source: Field Survey, 2008
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008Tap 0 0.41 4.17 0.22 0.12 2.98 0 1.34 3.23 0.09 0.35 3.49Tube-well 95.55 69.08 95.83 99.55 93.2 97.02 100 98.66 96.77 97.68 83.17 96.51Well 4.45 1.78 0 0.23 2.01 0 0 0 0 2.23 1.73 0Pond 0 0.41 0 0 4.53 0 0 0 0 0 2.33 0
Type of Sources
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008 1991 2001 2008
No. of household (%) 6 17.44 79.1 8.02 10.57 85.07 0 42.28 87.09 6.2 16.38 82.77
Monthly consumption (Kilo-watt/household)
62 63 63.87 59.1 60.31 62.35 0 57.81 60.28 60.55 60.37 62.16
AggregateKasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia
Kasiadanga Aliganj Kharkharia Aggregate
2008 2008 2008 2008
No. of cell phone (Per 100 households)
60 95 84 80
5.7 Change in infrastructures
Number of tap water users have been increased
Almost 100 % people have been used tube-well water
Number of electrified household has been increased
Change after 2001 is more than before 2001
5.9 Consequences of the Changes
Process and Pattern of Change and Its Consequences
Potentiality of the area
Change in Demand -Food -Land -InfrastructureInstitutionTransport networkTransportationsCommunicationMarketHousing statusFacilities
Land Use Change-Agricultural -Non-agricultural
Land Price Change
Demographic change-Rising Population-Rising Household-Increasing Literacy rate
Increasing Income
Occupational Change
Higher Expenditure capacity
More Savings
More Investment
Agricultural SectorNon-agricultural Sectors
6.1 Distance From Market
Factors Influencing Economic Transformation
Name of Village Within 1 Km. 1-3 Km. 3 -5 Km. 5 -7 Km.
Kasiadanga 1 2 0 1
Aliganj 0 2 1 1
Kharkharia 1 0 2 1
Table 6.1 Distances from Village to Different Market Centers (Km.)
Within 7 kilometers every village has 4 market centers
Kasiadanga and Aliganj have local market center.
Factors Influencing Economic Transformation
Figure 6.1Marketing Channel of Kasiadanga
Kasiadanga Bazar
(Local Market)
Court Bazar(Secondary
Market)
Saheb Bazar(Main Market)
Dhaka and Other Cities
Producer/Field
Fulfill the local and national demand
Fulfill the City and its surrounding area’s demand
Fulfill the local and surrounding area’s demand
Damkura Hat(Local
Market)
Fulfill the local and surrounding area’s demand
Figure 6.2 Marketing channel of Aliganj
Dangerhat(Local Market)
Court Bazar(Secondary
Market)
Saheb Bazar(Main Market)
Dhaka and Other Cities
Producer/Field
Fulfill the local demand
Fulfill the City and its surrounding area’s demand
Fulfill the local and surrounding area’s demand
Figure 6.3 Marketing channel of Kharkharia
Kharkharia Bazar
(Local Market)
Nawdapara(Secondary
Market)
Saheb Bazar(Main Market)
Dhaka and Other Cities
Producer/Field
Fulfill the local and national demand
Fulfill the City and its surrounding area’s demand
Fulfill the local and surrounding area’s demand
Talaimary(Local
Market)
Fulfill the local and surrounding area’s demand
Saheb Bazar(Main Market)
Dhaka and Other Cities
Producer/Field
Fulfill the City and its surrounding area’s demand
Local Market
Fulfill the local and national demand
Figure 6.4 Marketing Channel of Peri-urban Area
6.2 Growth of Market Centers : There are 5 growth center and 8 hats those have been created a suitable marketing environment for the agricultural and non-agricultural product.
6.3 Market Demand: Due to market demand land use in peri-urban area has been changed. For example, agricultural land has been converting into housing land. Moreover, agricultural land use is also changing in order to fulfill the market demand.
6.4 Land Availability, Price and Investment Opportunity: As compare to urban area land is available in peri-urban area for any using purpose; and price also low which creates investment opportunity for the investor. For example Bishal Group has brought land in Kharkharia village for shopping center.
6.5 Employment Opportunity: Due to change of overall situation like land use, agricultural land use, infrastructural development etc more employment opportunity have been created for the dwellers in peri-urban area as well as urban area, which has been influenced the economic transformation of the area.
6.6 Infrastructure: The development of infrastructures create employment opportunity for the dwellers. Such as, lot of people are involved in transport, educational institutes, NGOs activities etc that has brought economic change in the peri-urban area
6.7 Availability of Urban Facilities in the Area: Urban facilities like electricity, dish cable, education facilities, better housing opportunity with low rent etc attract migrant to settle in the area.
6.8 Land Use Control Planning: According to the RDA Master Plan the area is conserved for residential uses and they have development plan of the area, which attracts investor to invest here and the migrants to residence here.
Factors Influencing Economic Transformation
Factors Influencing Economic Transformation
Figure 6.4 Influencing Factors of Economic Transformation
Land Use Control Planning
and Policy+
EconomicTransformation
Distance from Market
+
Employment Opportunity
++
Land Availability, Price and Investment
Opportunity++
Infrastructure+++
Communication
Number of Institutions
Transport Network and
Mode of Transportation
Growth of Market Center
LandDemand
FoodDemand
Market Demand+++
+++ Strong Factor++ Moderate Factor+ Average Factor
Conclusion
It could be concluded that the spatial and temporal variation in the change of
economic setting have been observed in the peri-urban area of Rajshahi City.
Such as, change in some areas is rapid than other areas, and change in recent
time is more rapid than previous. In addition, the change in term of some
indicators similar to the other cities and some are not. Moreover, the change
depends on numerous local and external factors.
Summery and Conclusion
Recommendations
Implementation of development plan
-It is necessary to implement the existing development plan of Rajshahi Development Authority(RDA). Because the area is under the Master Plan of RDA and it contains several development plan such as industrial development basically small and medium, and agro-based industry in the peri-urban area for creating job opportunity for the dwellers.
-Moreover, it has plan to develop the business center in order to increase commercial activities
Development of Road Network
Though the area has metal road connection with city and nearby area but it has no direct access to the urban center. So, planed road network is necessary to enhance the mobility of goods and people.
Increase Urban Facilities
The area is not facilitated by drainage system, municipal water supply system, LAN telephone, internet etc. So, it is needed to bring the area udder those facilities.
Integration of Peri-urban Area to Urban Area
The area has proximity to be urban in near future so that in order to develop the peri-urban area integration is needed between the development work of urban and peri-urban area.
Thanks for your kind
attention