Factors affecting the rooting of Eucalyptus cuttings

Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic)

Authors Price, Ian Cameron, 1936-

Publisher The University of Arizona.

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FACTORS A FFE C T IN G THE ROOTING OF EUCALYPTUS CUTTINGS

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B r ie f q u ota tio n s fro m th is t h e s is a r e a llo w a b le w ith ou t s p e c ia l p e r m is s io n , p ro v id ed that a c c u r a te a ck n o w led g m en t o f s o u r c e is m a d e . R e q u e sts for p e r m is s io n for ex ten d ed q u ota tion fro m or rep ro d u ctio n of th is m a n u sc r ip t in w h o le or in part m a y be gran ted by the head of the m a jo r d ep a r tm en t or the D ean o f th e G raduate C o lle g e w hen in th e ir ju d gm ent the p ro p o sed u se of the m a te r ia l is in the in t e r e s t s o f s c h o la r ­sh ip . In a ll o th er in s ta n c e s , h o w e v e r , p e r m is s io n m u st be obtained fro m th e au th or .

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E X P E R IM E N T A L M A T E R IA L S AND M E T H O D S .. , , . . . . . , . . . . 12

C utting m a t e r ia l t e s t w ith E u c a ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s is . ; . . . . . 13S p e c ie s s c r e e n in g t e s t . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . ,; 15

• G row th r e g u la to r and cu ttin g m a t e r ia l t e s t . . . , .» . 15S p e c ie s s c r e e n in g t e s t u s in g h on ey a s a grow th r e g u la to r . . 16C utting m a te r ia l and grow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a tio n t e s t . . 17S p lit p lo t t e s t fo r s p e c ie s s c r e e n in g and grow th r e g u la to r

c one exitra.ttort. . , . , . . * * . . 0 0 . . . . , 17R e sp o n se o f ju v e n ile v e r s u s adu lt m a t e r i a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 19R e s p o n s e o f m is c e l la n e o u s s p e c ie s to r o o tin g . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

D E SC R IP T IO N O F E U C A L Y P T U S SP E C IE S 23

E X P E R IM E N T A L R E SU L T S, 30

. C u ttin g m a te r ia l t e s t w ith E u ca ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s is . , , . . . 30S p e c ie s screexa in g t e s t . . . . . . . . . . * 30•Growth r e g u la to r and cu ttin g m a t e r ia l t e s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32S p e c ie s s c r e e n in g t e s t u s in g h on ey a s a grow th r e g u la to r . . 32C utting m a t e r ia l and grow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a tio n t e s t . . 33S p lit p lo t t e s t fo r s p e c ie s s c r e e n in g and grow th r e g u la to r

c otic ent r a tio n , . , . , , . . . . . . . . . , . , » . . * . . » . . . , 35R e sp o n se o f ju v e n ile v e r s u s adult m a te r ia l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38R e sp o n se o f m is c e l la n e p u s s p e c ie s to r o o tin g . , . . . . 38S u r v iv a l o f c u tt in g s fo llo w in g tr a n sp la n t in g , „ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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.SUM M ARY,:, . . .

BIBLIO G R A PH Y

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• 'T h e 'se v e r a lh v m d r e d ^ sp e c ie s o f E u ca ly p tu s ca n be grouped in to

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w t i i c t t i e B iffer en t t y p ' e s 1 w i l l g ro w 5,tH eir ‘ g e o g r a p h ic a l s itu a tio n s u s u a lly

/b e in g r e la te d to ra in fa lla F ir s t , t be r e is* the w oodland z o n e , w h ich

. c o m p r is e s w e l l - s pac ed m e d iu m h e ig h t t r e e s w i t h a lu sh g r a s s c o v e r

in b e tw een ., .T hen th e r e is th e d ry s c le r o p h y llo u s f o r e s t , w ith t a l le r and

m o r e d e n s e ly - to p p e d t r e e s and a low s h ru b under s to r y , but l i t t le

h e r b a c e o u s /p la n t l i f e , in d ic a tin g a m u ch d r ie r ^one th an th a t o f the

W opdlandt The M a lle e i s an e x tr e m e ty p e ,df th e la t t e r , th e t r e e s b ein g

l i t t le ,m or e ,than, Shrubs and g ro w in g -on t h e ed g e of th e d e s e r t a r e a s ,

w h e re ' r a in fa ll i s e v e n s c a r c e r , At the o th er e x tr e m e is the w et

s c le r o p h y llo u s f o r e s t / w ith abundant r a in f a l l / w h ich c o n ta in s th e t a l l e s t

t r e e s , a s w e l l a s an under s to r y o f t a l l sh ru b s and o ften a con tin u ou s

h e r b a c e o u s u n d e rg ro w th . : V . ■ ' • . .

2.

", . The ab ove sh ou ld s e r v e to iridic a te th at th e v a r io u s .sp ecies' o f

Euc alyptus- iv i l l be h ave . in, w id e ly d iffe r ent i n a n h e r s under; c u lt iv a tio n , ’

and th a t'c o n d it io n s s u it in g one n ia y be to ta lly u n sn ita b le fo r a n o th er .

T h is poin t m a y be o f c o n s id e r a b le c o n se q u e n c e in r e la t io n to th e r e s u l t s

of e x p e r im e n ts la te r ta b u la te d . a ' .■ ' ’■ ■ ■ . ■ . ■ ■

E u ca ly p tu s s p e c ie s h a v e ’ bepn in tro d u ced to m a n y p a r ts of the

w orld s be g inn ing in th e e a r ly 19th c e n tu r y and th e ir im p o r ta n c e h as

hot d im in ish e d , a lth ou gh h o p e d -fo r S u c c e s s e s fo llo w in g th e ir p lan tin g

in Borne Vre g ib n s has hot be en fu lly • r e a l iz e d ,;J In C a lifo r n ia , for ex a th p le

m a n y p la n ta tib h s in ten d ed for lu m h er have e ith e r p ro v ed p r o f i t le s s or

have b een o v err u n by su b d iv is io n s and c u lt iv a te d fa r m lando

Their; use, how:', a s in m o s t o f th e S o u th w estern U nited S ta te s , is

m a in ly co n fin ed to: w in d b r ea k s and fo r la n d s c a p in g ,p u r p o s e s , in th e

la t te r c a p a c ity b e in g ideally" su ited to a r id a r e a s , a s th e y a r e one o f

th e t a l l e s t and m o s t } d # o ^ s is ta h t t r e e s w h ich w i l l grow, in the

d e s e r t 'r e g io n s pf C a lifo r h ia and i^ribon.a» (M cC la tch le 14a)

; ; In the p a s t . E u ca ly p tu s t r e e s h ave b een p ro p a g a ted e n t ir e ly fr o m

seed s* F r o m th e f o r e s t e r s point o f v ie w th is m eth o d h a s g e n e r a lly

' p ro v ed s at i s fa c to r y , a s it i s in ex p en s iv e : and' a llo w s ra p id re pro -

duhtioh o f la r g e n u m b e r b o f t r e e s in a sh o r t w h ile . In d eed , th is has •

b een th e p r a c t ic e of h u r s e r y m e n and o th e r s , not m e r e ly -b y c h o ic e but »

b e c a h s e v e g e ta t iv e p r o p a g a tio n by c u tt in g s or la y e r in g h a s m e t w ith

l i t t l e B u ccess* ; b . ' - . v - " . :.'d \

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; E u ca lyp tu s, froifl- s e ed 'jw itl'ye r y • s doii" tie - ;c <5nfrpnt ed w ith th e g rea t ; ■ V

g e n e tic v a r ia b il ity w h ich o c c u r s in th is g e n u s . C o n se q u e n tly , the p r o g ­

eny' f r dm one s p e c if ic 'seed b a p s u l e i ^ a y Vs how m a r k e d ly tioh u n iform ..

grow th h a b its , su ch a s d if f e r e n c e s in v ig o r ; t r e e sh a p e , in c lu d in g

h e ig h t, cro w n 'breadth , e r e c t or d ro o p in g b r a n c h e s , am ou n t of b ra n ch ­

ing o f th e m a in trunk;'.and a ls o d if f e r e n c e s in r e s is t a n c b id c h lo r p s is . ;

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.•N onunifofrn ity p d s e s a p r o b le m fo r the la n d sc a p e n u r se r y m a n ,

a r c h ite c t ; or s t r e e t p la n n er , fo r in O rnam en ta l s itu a t io n s , r o a d s id e

a v e n u e s in ip a rticu la r :, n o th in g s p o ils an o th e r w ise h a rm o n io u s e f fe c t ,k ; d : : - d , . . ; e k •; ' ek d \ - : g . .•e fp d -m o r e than a row o f t r e e s o f UOeven grovvth 'and a r a g g ed a p p e a r a n c e ,

.. d F o llo v /in g th e th e o r y o f th e e s ta b lish m e n t , o f g e n e tic a lly ' u n ifo r m

c lo n a l m a te r ia l a s p r a c t ic e d w ith o th er h o r t lc u ltu fa l p la n ts w h ich do ,

not c o m e tr u e tO' ty p e fro m 'se e d , ap p le r o o ts to c k s p ro v id in g a n e x c e l ­

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F ig u r e 1. V a r ia tio n in E u ca ly p tu s t r e e s . A b o v e : T w o young t r e e s o f E u ca ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s is o f the sa m e a g e . On th e l e f t : 8 fe e t h igh , d a rk g r e e n and h ea lth y . On th e r igh t:12 fe e t h igh , c h lo r o t ic and w ith s c o r c h e d and w ith e r e d t ip s . B e lo w : A row o f E u ca ly p tu s sh ow in g u n ev en grow th .

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1 , B e s id e s - th e r a th e r , s p e c ia l iz e d /u aes o f E u ca ly p tu s m en tio n ed ■

a b o v e , th e r e i s an e y e r - in c r e a s in g d em an d for fu r th e r p la n ta tio n s in

a r id and su b tr o p ic a l a r e a s o f :t he ■ w o r id ■ w h e r e h a rd w ood s a r e d e fic ie n t ..

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v m u c h g r e a te r v o lu m e s o f t im b e r than co u ld be p rod u ced by reforesta* -

' t io n w ith n a tiv e s p e c ie s , w h ich have o ften -b een g r e a t ly d im in ish e d due

to in c o r r e c t land u s e ; The u se o f E u c a ly p tu s fo r t im b e r n a tu r a lly ■: - . ■ ■ .■ . , , . . w

' d em a n d s o p tim u m p ro d u ctio n and q u a lity s and for th is p u rp o se b reed in g

: w o rk and s e le c t io n i s im portant^ T h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f the la tter: h a s /

c o n se q u e n tly 5 in c r e a s e d th e d em an d fo r a quick m e th o d o f r e p r o d u c in g

e x a c t ly the g e n e tic c h a r a c te r s o f .hew- h y b r id s e

Jdryor (15) s ta te s th at '-E n ca lyp fu s m u st be r e g a r d e d a s one o f

th e grou p s o f p la n ts .y e g e ta t iv e ly h ard to p f o p a g a te . 11: H o w e v e r , in

v ie w o f th e n eed .for" a s im p le m e th o d 'o f pr op aga tin g E u c a ly p tu s ve ge -

ta t iv e ly and w h ic h w ould -be su ita b le fo r c o m m e r c ia l a p p lic a t io n .

.exp b f im e n t f w ere-'in stitu ted ' 1:959- w ith th e o b jec t o f e lu c i -,.v;,

d a tin g the fa c to r s. ih v b lv ed fh th e r o o tin g o f E u ca ly p tu s c u tt in g s .

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' i,:. . ■ • O v er th e la s t - tw e n ty y e a r s 'th e r e have been' In te r m itte n t r e p o r ts , .

o f s u e c e s s w ith v e g e ta t iv e p ro p a g a tio n o f E u c a ly p tu s , T he f i r s t ,

' r e c o r d e d s u c c e s s o f ro o tin g E ucalyptus', s te m cu ttin g s c a m e fr o m the e '

' - S o v ie t U n ion in 1939. Iv a sch en k o (9 ) 'd e s c r ib e d w o rk at a ,t e a -r e s e a r c h ' ■; -' ■ ■ ■ ' '

, in s t itu te , w here, a h o r t ic u ltu r is t n a m ed Ivak in u sed c u ttin g m a te r ia l

tak en fr o m s e v e n -m o n th s o ld sa p lin g s d u r in g the w in ter.. T h e s e w e r ei -d

■ about 2 to 2 1 /2 in c h e s lo n g , w ith h a lf o f th e le a v e s r e m o v e d , and w e r e .' •

., p lan ted th r e e q u a rters ' Of: an in ch d eep in p o ts co n ta in in g sa n d . T he d ay '

. to n igh t a ir te m p e r a tu r e in the g r e e n h o u se in w h ich th e y w e r e p la c e d : ...

/.■■■■yya' ie.d & pm .71° to 4 6 ° F , d u rin g th e r o o tin g p e r io d , w h ich Was c o m ­

p le ted by M ay. ' ' ■ >•' ' ' . ' a ' '4 d f : : 4 : ' . . :j ; . ■ ' v / u

S u b seq u en t e lo n g a tio n o f sh o o ts fr o m the c u tt in g s o c c u r r e d d u r ­

ing th e fo llo w in g s ix m o n th s , w ith a. f in a l len g th o f te n to fo u r te e n i n c h e s .

b ein g r e a c h e d . 'Survival o f th e tr a n s p la n te d cu ttin g s w a s r e p o r te d to be

.• One hundred p er c e n t . 9, . ' f ' ' , - . . ', ' ' . , ' ; ■ . • ; .'

:; R e c o m m e n d a tio n s g iven fo r o b ta in in g th e h ig h e s t p e rc e n ta g e of 1 ,

■ ro o tin g ir ic lu d ed the. u s e of m a te r ia l fr o m v e r y young t r e e s , a ls o c a r e - : :

: fu l attehtiO n to a ir h u m id ity , t e m p e r a t t ir e , and .w a ter in g . H o w ev er , th e

: 6

, on ly :.o£fered on r o o tin g p e r c e n ta g e s a s ■ f o l lo w s : E 0 ,'• "

n r n ig e r a 20% rooting^ E„ t e r e t ic o r n is ,4d% -rooting* E , c in e r e a 4% r p o t- - ■

ing*; and' Evl ru d ls S 8 % rootingo , ;C onsequenfly*;:the p r o b le m o f r o o tin g ; '.

E iica ly p tn s c u ttin g s can h a rd ly be c o n s id e r e d so lved* a s c la im e d by th e ;

above au th o r . '. 1 '' / d ;

N o w o rk w a s r e p o r te d to be c a r r ie d but during"the w a r y ea rs*

and if w a s not u n t il 1948 th at F ie ld in g (4) rep o r te d th e s u c c e s s f u l r a i s ­

in g of'.a n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s o f E u ca ly p tu s fro m c u ttin g s * a s p art o f a •

b r e e d in g p r o g r a m s ta r te d in 1945, by ttie A u s tr a lia n F o r e s t r y and T im ­

b er Bureau* C anberra* - T he fo llo w in g s p e c ie s E* g lo b u lu s* ,E* / b ic o s ta ta *-

E . ,B la k e le y i* E e m a c u lo s a * E . g r a h d is * :E 0 d iv e s *; E*' B o s ls to a n a * E .

s tu a r tia n a (now E* b r id g e s ia n a )* E q o b liq u a * and E* r a c e m o s a (now E »

e r e b ra) w e r e r a is e d fr o m s e e d lin g s le a s Than a fe w : y e a r s old or fr o m

c o p p ic e sh o o ts on old tr e e s* It w a s found th a t tw ig s b e a r in g m a tu re

fo lia g e co u ld n ot be rooted* b e a r in g out th e e v id e n c e o f th e R u ss ia n

w o r k e r s th a t th e young m a t e r ia l w a s th e m o s t s a t is fa c to r y *

' , - y la c o b s (10); g iy e s a b r ie f sum m ary; ;b f ;h is iex p er ien ce ;s w ith -

r o o t in g and la y e r in g o f E u c a ly p tu s in He ,t r ie d u n s u c c e s s -

. ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ . ■■ ■■ ■ . ■ . ■ ■ to lly to p ro d u ce le a fy sh o o ts fro m E u ca ly p tu s r o o t s , but s ta te s th at it . ;

i s p os s ib ie to p ro d u ce r o o ts on s te m c u t t in g s , c it in g F ie ld in g ts w o rk

on the s u b je c t . M en tion is m ad e o f th e p h en o m en o n o f n a tu r a l la y e r in g

o f E . n ip h o p h ila in p ea ty a r e a s , E . c a m a ld u le n s is ( r o s tr a ta ) , ,and E .

m u ltiflp ra . in w e t flo o d p la in s and s w a m p s , and e v e n in sa n d y s o i l s E . ,

. m e Ilia d o ra h a s b een found to la y e r , a lth ou gh the la t te r h a p p e n s . l e s s

- fr e q u e n tly in d r y a r e a s , v v. . ^ .

P r y o r (15) p la c e s m u ch e m p h a s is on the n eed fo r an e f fe c t iv e

m e a n s o f v e g e ta t iv e p ro p a g a tio n . H e s a y s ’’M uch b r e e d in g w ork fo r ■

q u ick and e f fe c t iv e a p p lic a tio n m u st be cb u p led w ith v e g e ta t iv e propaga-

t io n and th e r e fo r e s u b s t a h t ia l 'e f fo r ts in im p r o v e m e n t in th is w ay a r e

- w a r r a n te d ,

: -v i .B ottle: g r a S in g h as -found to be a m eth o d g iv in g q u ite a h igh p e r -

: -centage o f s u c c e s s , ' but it w ould be to o e x p e n s iv e on a la r g e s c a le , .,

, P r y o r (15) q u o tes ,M aiden a s c it in g other: s u c c e s s e s w ith , v e g e ta t iv e p r o ­

p a g a tio n , in c lu d in g a p p r o a c h g ra ftin g o f B.« c a lb p h y lla v a r . r o s e a w ith

good f lo w e r c o lo r in the C atiary I s la n d s , and v e g e ta t iv e p ro p a g a tio n o f

o th er s p e c ie s in F r a n c e a fte r 1 8 7 1 , N a tu r a l g ra fts b e tw e e n b ra n ch es

h a v e b een found to o c c u r in th e f ie ld , and g r e e n s ta k e s d r iv e n in to th e

ground w i l l o ften sp ro u t and ev e n fo r m c a l lu s , but no r o o ts have e v e r

: b een d is c o v e r e d oh su ch m a te r ia l . ' • .

M en tion is ma.de by P r y o r (15) o f a tech n iq u e u s e d in India w h e r e

th e lig n o tu b e r o f a young t r e e had it s -stem and r o o ts r e m o v e d a fe w

: ’ in c h e s ab ove and b e lo w , and w a s S p lit in to fo u r , ea c h p a rt b e in g p lan ted

and su b se q u e n tly g ro w in g . S u c c e s s fu l budding o f E . g lo b u lu s and E .

■ resin ife ra in P a le s t in e in 18^3 Was a ls o r e c o r d e d by M a id e n and c ite d

- by P r y o r (IS ). . '

; . D e b a te s w e r e led by W illis and. F ie ld in g (F ie ld in g 4) a s to

w h e th e r E u ca ly p tu s cou ld be grow n fr o m c u tt in g s -o r n o t. S e v e r a l T a s -

m a n ia n s p e c ie s cou ld be, ro o ted fro m c u tt in g s , and F ie ld in g (5) did work;

in w hich: b o ttle g ra ftin g was- a ga in s u c c es;sfu l a s w a s th e ir o o tin g o f cu t -

t in g s ta k en fr o m v e r y you n g s e e d l in g s . - ; \ ' ■ • , •

P r y o r (15) a ls o r e p o r ts on m o r e r e c e n t e x p e r ie n c e w ith s te m ■

c u tt in g s , and a s th is i s one o f th e fev / .sp e c if ic d e s c r ib t io n s on the su b ­

j e c t to be found in th e l i t e r a tu r e , a f u l l q u ota tion i s w o r th w h ile .

A .n u m b e r o f t r ia l s have b een m a d e w ith s t e m c u tt in g s ■ . of d if fe r e n t s p e c ie s ta k en at d if fe r e n t t im e s o f th e y e a r ,. , .w ith d if fe r e n t r o o tin g m e d ia , su ch a s stan d ard p o ttin g s o i l , san d , sand and p eat m ix e d , and v e r m ic u l i t e , w ith o n ly ,v e r y s lig h t s u c c e s s . . It i s found, h o w e v e r , th a t E . ;

• : ’ • G unnii s t r ik e s fa ir ly r e a d i ly , g iv in g up to 3 0 -4 0 % •sue - , ■ ■.c e s s i f c u ttin g s m a d e fro m r ip e w ood s t i l l c a r r y in g :ju ven ile ' le a v e s and o f w ea k grow th, a r e u s e d . -A fe w

; o th er s p e c ie s , e s p e c ia l ly E . p a u c if lo r a and E . ' .• polyanthemos, have struck this- way, again when the

ju v e n ile m a t e r ia l w h ich i s g ro w in g w e a k ly is , .u s e d . . . -. H ow ever? f ig u r e s have b een v e r y lo w , on ly one o r tw o .

"• • . c u ttin g s h a v in g s tru ck ,' o f th e o r d e r o f 1% o f t h o s e - ■' • 'a ta k e n , and th e s e on ly in th e ju v e n ile s ta g e . T r ia ls -

w ith id o le a c e t i c a c id have so fa r g iv en n e g a t iv e r e s u l t s ,■ -. - but su ch t r ia l s h ave b een by no m e a u s e x h a u s t iv e . The ■: .

: j fact: tb at so m e cxk tin ga c a n be r o o te d .even th ou gh th e \: p e r c e n ta g e i s v e r y low ; s u g g e s t s th a t th e c o n d it io n s un der w h ic h r o o tin g ts-kes p la c e ca n be found, by a d e - ' ■'^ a t e e x p e r ir a e ik , and a .m e a n s 'p F p rop agatin g fr o m ; , v

\ • . - s te m c u ttin g s m a y y e t be, d e v e lo p e d . E xp erim en t^ i s ■ • , / ■• . • 'w a rra n ted in th is f ie ld . -

A c e r t a in . an iou n t o f s u c c e s s h a s a ls d b e e n -a c h ie v e d by u s in g lig n o tu b er< < ..

sh o o ts a -S -cu ttin gs, w h ile le a v in g a s m a ll h e e l o f lig n o tu b e r t i s s u e on the

b a s e . A number"' o f s p e c ie s fro m d if fe r e n t sy ste m a tic - g ro u p s h ave b een

ro o ted in -th is w a y / v /ith ta k e s o f 5 0 -7 5 p er c e n t. : i '; - -; . ■

- C lea r v ie w N u r s e r y , Maiffra^g Y ic to r ia , a.nd which, w a s p u b lish ed in a

... p o p u la r 'm a g a z in e , . I'Your G arde3a,,g D e c e m b e r 1958.,

•' ' :■ . ' H e ;s a y s th at c u tt in g s m u s t be' •m ade, fro m shoots:- l e s s -.: . . - th an 6 m onths, old (p r e fe r a b ly about 3 m o n t h s o ld ) ,

• ■ ■ s e le c t e d fro m n ew grow th fo r m e d a fte r c o p p ic in g th e '.. .. p a ren t t r e e - T he c u ttin g s a r e 3 - 4 in c h e s lo n g , p r e - .

■ _ p a red in th e n o r m a l w a y -w ith :3 * 4 le a v e s at th e top ," '• ■ ' : He. p r e p a r e s a. w ea k so lu tio n o f p o ta ss iu m .p erm a n - f 1 ■ , :'. v - ganate. (fa in t p in k c o lo u r ) in w a r m w a te r (te m p e r a tu r e ..

. l e s s th an 1 5 0 ° F« ) and adds 1 /3 by v o lu m e o f h o n ey , .;. ' . .s t ir r in g to a sm o o th rn ix tu re (the w a rm th is n e c e s s a r y '

; to d is s o lv e th e h on ey but it m u s t not be to o hot or th e '• i ..honey w i l l be d e n a tu r e d )„ ' T h e cu ttin g is p la c e d in 1 ■ ‘ :• .. '

. , in ch o f s o lu t io n in a. gla,s s -and l e f t Tor 8 -1 8 h o u rs in ; v ". , p.'• avdraught f r e e p o s it io n , , it i s .then p lan ted in a v f e l l t , .;

■ V, . d ra in ed f lo w e r -p o t (3 d r a in a g e .■ h o le s and .1 in c h o f v , b : ■ . ' d r a in a g e c l in k e r s ) c o n ta in in g -a propa.gating m e d iu m . . :

o f eq u a l p a r ts p ea t m o s s , c o a r s e sand and p in e o r - ; ; harhw dod .saw dustp . - %he. -pot s ' a r e p la ce d in an un - f ‘ .

•. h e a te d .fram e.'a n d :w a tered .regula.rly,:, ..Cane c l a im s . ' ' - 'a '9 0 % s tr ik e by th is te c h n iq u e .

• . : S p ech t (19) d e s c r ib e s a te c h n iq u e u.<bc|^by M r «• I f . Came: o f ',

hi the highlands ;of He# Guinea, E„ deglUpta' Is reported tO- be propagated

vegetatively around the native villages,

- ■; - W h ile w o rk in g o h th e . p ro d u ctio n o f a s tr a in o f E , f i e i f o l i a , t h e ; . ...

red f lo w e r in g gum o f W e s te r n A u s tr a l ia , w h ich w ould be im m u n e .to

S p o r o tr ic h u m d e s tr u c to r , a 'ca n k er - fo r m ih g fd u g u s , C a s s Sm ith (2 ) v. :

d e v is e d a m eth o d o f fo r m in g c a l lu s on tw ig s w h ile s t i l l on. th e t r e e , A

. r in g o f b ark w a s r e m p y e d apd th e bare, w opd ,.co a ted w ith g ra ftin g w ax '

c o n ta in in g b e ta Indole a c e t ic a c id , h i tw o w eek s c a l lu s fo r m e d and th e •'

tw ig co u ld be p la n ted . ■ H o w e v e r , no r o o ts w e r e 'e v e r fo r m e d , but in a.

s im ila r m eth o d u se d by P r y o r (16) a n u m b er of s p e c ie s h ave b een;v: ; - • : p .

su e c e s s fu lly p r o p a g a te d . In th e la t te r in s ta n c e , tw o r in g s o f bark w e r e

re m o v e d and th e w h o le w rap p ed in . d am p p eat m o s s and p o ly e th y le n e .

A s s e e n fr o m th e fo r e g o in g r e f e r e n c e s , in a lm o s t e v e r y in s t a n c e :

s u c c e s s in ro o tin g E u ca ly p tu s s te m c u tt in g s has b een coup led ' w ith th e

u se o f young c o p p ic e sh o o ts or m a t e r ia l fro m young t r e e s . In 1928

G ard n er (6 ) found th a t c u ttin g s o f a n u m b er of o r n a m e n ta l t r e e s w ould /

rop t q u ite r e a d i ly i f ta k en fro m p n e -y e a r -o ld s e e d lin g s , w h ile th o se .

t a k e i i f r P m tw o -, and t h r e e - y e a f - o l d t r e e s d isp la y e d a m a r k e d f a l l in g - o f f

.ih r p b tin g 'r u s e of m p d ern t e c h n iq u e s , ' Such as' %.

■ a r t if ic ia l 'g r o w th . substarices';'and m is t s y s t e m s , ju v e n ile m a te r ia l is ; : , ' .'

s t i l l m u c h m o r e r e s p o n s iv e to r o o tin g th a n adult m a t e r ia l , as; v /i l l be p

a p p aren t su b se q u e n tly . ; .v : : .

. ; ; f''. S c h a ffa litz k y devM uckadell' (1'7) h a s p e r fo r m e d a th b f ough in v e s ,- -

t i gat io n w ith r e g a r d to ju v e n ility and s e n i l i t y in wOody p la n ts . N u m e r ­

ous r e f e r e h c e s a r e m a d e to th e g r e a te r e a s e w ith w h ich c u ttin g s ta k e n -

fr o m ju v e n ile m a t e r ia l a r e ab le to fo r m r o o ts , and to th e fa c t that th e ...

lo w e r p o r tio n s o f a f r e e w i l l r e ta in ju v e n ile c h a r a c te r s lo n g e r th an th e -

upper p a r ts . v . j :v u.A - ' ' ,,, . ' . ■ ' " ' ' V :

. E X P E R IM E N T A L . M A T E R METHODS.

In th e fo llo w in g experiiA ent© th e s o u r c e o T cn ttin g m a te r ia l , fo r

the g r e a te r p a r t, w a s a c o l le c t io n o f b e tw een tw o and. th r e e hundred •

d if fe r e n t s p e c ie s o f E u c a ly p tu s , g ro w in g ,at the B o y ce T hom pson ' South-I.;,/;'

'w e s te r n .A rb oretum in S u p e r io r , A r iz o n a , The r e s t o f th e m a te r ia l w a s

ta k e n Tronr tr e e s ; grow in g , on the. ca m p u s o f th e U n iv e r s ity o f A r izo n a in

T u c so n . /' . ; ..V ''' . :

. ; 1 F o r th e p ro p a g a tin g w o rk g a lv a n iz e d m e ta l f la t s y /e r e e m p lo y e d , .

in co n ju n ctio n w ith t h r e e d if fe r e n t r o o tin g m e d ia p n a m e ly , sh a rp r iv e r

sand; a m ix tu r e o f p ea t, sa n d , and sa w d u st in eq u a l p r o p o r t io n s ; and

P e r l i t e , an ex p lo d ed fo r m o f “v o lca n ic , s i l i c a . The la t t e r , in ,a la r g e -

:grained' fo r m , i s ca p a b le o f h o ld in g s u ff ic ie n t w a te r fo r rb o tih g p u r p o se s

w h ile " a llo w in g a ir to p e n e tr a te fro m t h e s u r f a c e , and is c o m p le te ly .

A te r i le . : T he greehh b n .se d n ; iy h ic h f h e ff la t s w e r e p la ce d - c-phtained an ...;rf

o v e r h e a d , t im e a c tu a te d m is t s y s t e m , w h ic h sp ra y ed th e c u ttin g s w ith

w a ter , on ce e v e r y hour fo r a p r e d e te r m in e d n u m ber o f m in u te s . By

th is m e a n s d ir e c t .s u n iig h t cou ld be a llo w e d to e n ter th e g r e e n h o u se

d u rin g th e w h o le o f th e w in te r , w h ile o n ly a lig h t w h ite w a sh in g w a s n e c ­

e s s a r y to d e c r e a s e lig h t in te n s ity in th e su m m e r . N o h e a tin g w a s u se d :

in the W in ter and on ly on ce d id th e a ir te m p e r a tu r e ap p roach , f r e e z in g .

In /the su m m e r a.n e v a p o r a tiv e c o o le r kep t th e te m p e r a tu r e fo r th e m o s t

part he lo w 90° F . 'v ; ' . •' :

T hroughout th e c o u r s e o f th e e x p e r im e n ts ,, th e c u tt in g s w e r e; t: ty, ; . y ' ■ ■ ; , . .y '■ : . ; ■; ■ . .. : . ■' v .

t r e a te d w ith th r e e a r t i f ic ia l grow th r e g u la to r s in c o n c e n tr a te d fo rm and

at d if fe r e n t s f r e h g th s , w ith e ith e r ta lc or 50% e th y l a lc o h o l a s a c a r r ie r

(H artm an n and K e s te r , 8 ; M a h ls ted e and Haber., 13). F o r m o s t t r e a t ­

m e n ts Ihdoiebutyri'C a c id (IBA) and N a p h th a le n e a c e tic a c id (NAA) w e r e

co m b in ed in eq u a l p r o p o r t io n s , but in one s e r ie s o f t e s t s 2 ,4 ,5 - T r i -

c h lo r o p h e n o x y a c e tic a c id (2 ,4 ,5 T ) w a s in c o r p o r a te d at a v e r y low c o n -

■ ceu tratiO n .With. IB A ahd b lA A ..' a ' :

1. C utting m a t e r ia l t e s t ' w ith E u ca ly p tu s ,’c a m a ld u le n s is . , ; f

• ' y :;' On N o y e m h e r ■ T4 , ■ 1959): c u ttin g s w e r e tak en fr o m a m a tu r e t r e e .

o f E . c a m a ld u le n s is . ' : Of th r e e t y p e s , so ft a.ctive t ip g ro w th , f ir m d o r -

m an t t ip grow th , and ' hard w ood , th e y .w ere g iven a 5 - s e c ond dip in a ;

10, 009 p a r ts p e r n r illio h A dlntion o i and- N A A , ju s t th e bottom in ch

b e in g im m e r se d » T h e c u tt in g s , -2:5 o£ e a c h typ e o f wood,:" w e r e th en

p lan ted in sh a rp sand in f la t s and p la c e d h in d er th e m is t s y s te m in th e

g r e e n h o u s e e. A s a c o n tr o l for ro o tin g c o n d it io n s , 10 h ard w ood cu ttin g s

o f P y r a can th a c o c c in e a var* L a i and i i w e r e p la ced in th e sa m e m ed iu m

at th e sa m e t im e and un der the sa m e c o n d it io n s <,

14

F ig u r e 2 . C utting m a te r ia l and c u tt in g s o f E u ca ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s is .

‘ ■ • . ;.V ■■■; ' • ' . - ; . ■ . . 15 •

. 2». . S p e c ie s s c r e e n in g t e s t l '

■ On N o v e m b e r 20. te n t ip cuttings,■vyere m a d e of e n c h of th e f o l lo w ­

in g s p e c i e s :, E.. p.oly ant h em o s , E „ r edunc a , . E „ c r e hx a , E „ lo n g ifo l ia , E . '

c o r r n g a ta , E . o le o s a , E . le n c o zy Ion , .and E». G illiE E a ch ;gronp o f c u t ­

t in g s w a s g iv en a 5 -s e c o iid d ip in a 10 ,000 p a rts p er m illio n ' so lu tio n o f

I BA. and N A A in e q u a l p a r ts in 50% e th y l a lc o h o l and p la n ted in sh a rp -

sand in f la ts w h ich w e r e p la ce d u n d er th e m is t s y s t e m in th e g r e e n h o u se .

3. ■. G rpw th r e g u la to r and cu ttin g m a t e r ia l te S t. .. ' ' ■ •

E u c a ly ptus c a m a ld u le n s is w a s u sed , a s a s o u r c e o f m a te r ia l

th rou gh ou t th is e x p e r im e n t , w h ich w a s .d esig n ed to d e te r m in e th e e f fe c t

o f th e s ta te o f grow th o f cu ttin g m a t e r ia l and the a p p lic a t io n o f a r t i f ic ia l . A

gro-wth s u b s t3.n c e s .on th e r o o tin g r e s p o n s e . ; , .... ‘: ; -

On N o v e m b e r 2 3 , four grou p s o f 2 5 c u ttin g s e a c h w e r e m a d e

fr o m so ft t ip grow th a lm o s t ini th e w in te r ^ T h e f ir s t : ' -

group w a s tr e a te d b y d ip p in g 'th e b o ttom in c h o f each ' c u ttin g in a hor -■ ■ t: ,' . '■ r V'' t E: " : A ■' /"

in o n e -c o n ta in in g p ow d er c o n s is t in g o f 1 ,000 p a rts' p er m i l l io n e a c h of,

I B A a h d NA-A in t a lc . - 'T h e se c o n d grou p w a s tr e a te d w ith 'th e sa m e /

0 . 2 p a r t s p er m il l io n o f 2 ,4 ,-5T . T he th ir d group w a s 'tr e a te d w ith a

m ix tu r e o f 1 0 ,000 p a r ts p er m il l io n e a c h o f TEA and N A A in ta lc , w h ile

_ the 'fourth; g ro u p w a s trea ted ;.w ith th e ■aa$ne p:cw der, w ith 'tw

' m i l l io n o f 2 j4 :,5T 'add,ed:„ A l l the c u tt in g s w e r e p lan ted in sh a rp sand a s Y

be£ore a nd tm der th e s a m e . ; ^'y/' v.

Y

' 1 ,'v : ' ,

- w . ’

■YYY'tA;:;

'■ v\,' va:

On D e c e m b e r 1 four a d d itio n a l grou p s of 2 5 c u tt in g s ea ch w er e

prepared^ F if ty c u tt in g s w e r e q f firm ' d o rm a n t t ip growth.^ and f ifty

' w e r e p f hardwoqd* A s ^ f ir m d orm an t t ip cu tt in g s w e r e -

tr e a te d w ith 1 ,000 p a r ts p er m il l io n e a c h o f IBA and 'NAA in ta lc 'and: ' '/

' 2 S r e c e iv e d ; th e sa m e plus' K 2 p a r ts p e r m il l io n of 2 , 4 , 5TV T he h a r d ­

w ood cu ttin g s x e c e ived. 10,00O' p a r t s :p er m il l io n e a c h o f IBA and N A A ,

. 25 w ith tw o p a r ts p e r m il l io n o f 2 ,4 ,ST and 25 w ith o u t»

4o S p ec ie s s c r e e n in g test* u s in g h o n ey a s a grow th r e g u la to r ^

F o llo w in g a d e s c r ip t io n by S p ech t (19) of a te c h n iq u e u sed in

A u s tr a l ia , th e fo llo w in g e x p e r im e n t w a s s ta r te d on D e c e m b e r 9» A v e r y

w ea k so lu tio n o f P o ta s s iu m p erm an gan ate- w a s p r e p a r e d in w h ich w a s -

d is s o lv e d 2,5% by v o lu m e o f co ftoh h on ey ! . ■

• G uttings w e r e m ad e fr o m the; 28 S p e c ie s t e s te d and w e r e th en

a llo w e d to so a k , . s ta n d in g 4 m c h deep ,; ih . th e honey s o lu t io n , w h e re th e y

w e r e le f t fo r a p p r o x im a te ly -15 h o u r s 0 T he n ex t day th e y w e r e p lan ted

in a m e d iu m c o m p o se d o f eq u a l p a r ts o f sh a rp san d , sa w d u st , and p eat

m o s s , in f la t s , and .p la ced in th e g r e e n h o u se xinder th e m is t sy stem o

T en f ir m t ip c u tt in g s o f ea ch o f th e fo llo w in g s p e c ie s w e r e u sed : E 0

trabu ti, E» sideroxylon, E 0 m icro theca , E„ ru d is , E» longifolia, E*

co rrugata , E. m elliodOra, E 0 cam paspe, E 0 alba, E 0 pauciflora, E 0

paniculata, E, Stowardi, E * . G illii, E a la rg iflo ren s, E 0 cap ite lla ta , E 0

leucoxylon, E» o leosa, E i salufaris, E» odorata, E. leucoxylon v a r»

.1-7'

'' m a c r o c a r p s ., . bcysistoatta> ;E<, redu ixca , . E« c la d o c a ly x , K„ p o ly a n th e m o s .

E„ in c r a s s a ta , E„ .c a m a ld u le n s is , E , p a te n t in e r v is , 'E„ b rid g esia n a o

5» C utting rnateria-l a-nd grow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a tio n t e s t .

On F'ebraar'y 9> 196Q» c u ttin g m a t e r ia l w a s o b ta in ed fro m s i x •

d iffe r e n t s p e c ie s o f E n ca lyp tu s,, T he s p e c ie s u sed w e r e a s fo llo w s:

E . c a m a ld u le n s is ; E . b r id g e s ia n a , E^ p o ly a n th e m o s , E„ le u c o x y lo n ,

E„ m icr o th e ca ^ and E . G i l l i i , t h e s e b e in g m a in ly s e le c t e d fo r th e ir

o r n a m e n ta l p o te n tia l. T w o ty p e s o f c u tt in g m a te r ia l w e r e u s e d , f ir m .

’ t ip grow th and h ard w ood . , T h ree c o n c e n tr a t io n s o f g row th r e g u la to r

■ w e r e used ,, th e s e b e in g 4 , 0 0 0 ,1 0 ,0 0 0 , and 15 ,000 p a r ts p e r m il l io n of,

a h a lf and h a lf m ix tu r e o f TEA and N AA in 50% e th y l a lc o h o l . The cu t-: ,

t in g s in th e f ir s t row o f ea c h b lo ck w ere ,w o u n d ed b y s c o r in g the b ottom

in ch o f th e s te m s- w ith 'a p e n k n ife , to .in v e s t ig a te th e e f f e c t o n c a liu s in g

. .and r o o tin g , ‘P e r l i t e w a s u sed a s .a ro p tin g m ed iu m in th is e x p e r im e n t .

D ue to u n fa v o ra b le c ir c u m s ta n c e s it w a s not p o s s ib le to p lan t a l l th e

c u tt in g s at one t im e , so that, a tr u e s t a t i s t ic a l a n a ly s is w a s not p r a c t i- ,

c a l at: th e te r m in a t io h o f th e ex p er im en tV F o r th e la y o u t o f the e x p e r i -

m e n t s e e tigur-'ey;4^: - ; v,p-

6v S p lit p lo t t e s t ;fo r s p e c ie s s c r e e n in g and grow th r e g u la to r c o n e e n - ;

tr a t io n , p . ; h b w h im T p - ; ' . ; b . V ' E ; p;

Oh Ju ly 2,0 , 2 1 , 2 2 , and 23 c u tt in g s w e r e m a d e o f 20 d if fe r e n t -p-

s p e c ie s . o f E u ca lyp tu s: to' c o m p a r e th e ir .d if f e r e n t r o o tin g p o te n t ia ls a.nd

- EE; pE' "/ ■ " b

18

F ig u r e 3. G r een h o u se in w h ich th e e x p e r im e n ts w e r e c a r r ie d out, sh o w in g the m is t s y s te m in o p era tio n .

F ig u r e 4. L ayout o f f la ts and c u tt in g s in cu ttin g m a t e r ia l andgrow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a t io n t e s t . N ote w h ite P e r l i t e r o o tin g m ed iu m .

F ig u r e -5» / A R R A N G E M E N T O F F E A T S FG R SPL IT P L O T T E ST ,

■ •• \

Re p ile a tio n 1

R e p lic a tio n 2T /''' / A; '

^ , v '..

: vRow 2 ■ >

1.0,000 p p m

-/ T ra y 3 . /, T r a y 4 '

: T'. I;

, T r a y 7 ' T r a y 8 .

./^R ow 1 ■

.5 ,000 ppm"

T r a y 1" T r a y 2 .

4 T r a y 5 T ra y 6

R e p lic a tio n 3• • ■ . .

T r a y IT/ T ray: 1 2 "

T ra y 9T r a y 10

R e p lic a tio n 4 T r a y 15 T ra y 16

T ra y ,1.3 : ' ' T r a y 14:

E ach p a ir o f tr a y s . contained, th e 20 v a r ie t ie s o f E u ca ly p tu s l i s t e d on p age 19 arid r a n d o m iz e d in 8. d if fe r e n t w a y s „ T h u s, w ith 20 row s o f 10 c u ttin g s o f e a c h v a r ie ty in e v e r y 2 t r a y s , a to ta l o f 1 ,600 cu ttin g s was" p la n ted .

F ig u r e 6 . C u ttin g s o f ju v e n ile and adult m a te r ia l r e a d y fortr e a tm e n t . J u v en ile on the le f t , adult on the r ig h t.A b o v e : E . e r y th r o c o r y sB elow : E . le u c o x y lo n v a r . m a c r o c a r p a

,22

8 . R e sp o n se o f m is c e l la n e o u s s p e c ie s to r o o tin g . v V, :

, : D u r in g the. c o u r s e o f t ile e x p e r im e n ts , s e v e r a l o th e r s p e c ie s

w e r e t e s t e d for ro o tin g p o te n t ia l , . hut w e r e Hot in c lu d e d in an y d e s ig n e d •

la y o u t. . T h ey In c lu d ed 'th e fo l lo w in g : ^ E u ca ly p tu s' g lo h u lu s , E . p u lv er -

u le n ta , E . c i tr io d o r a , E . f ic i fp l ia and so m e unnam ed 'h y b r id s . T h ey

r e c e iv e d grow th r e g u la to r tr e a tm e h fs o f .3 ,000 p a r t s p er m il l io n o f IB A

and H A A 'add w e r e p la c e d .in .P e r lite u n d e r th e sa m e c o n d it io n s as a l l '

th e o th er grou p s o f c u tt in g s . A ll four- s p e c ie s n a m ed a b ove have h o r t i­

c u ltu r a l u s e s ; E . g lob u lu s and E . . p u lv e r u le n ta a r e v a lu ed fo r th e ir

w axy b lue ju v e n ile l e a y e s , E„. c itr io d o r a fo r it s s tr a ig h t-s te m m e d and. ■ ' ■

bushy topped habit, also its strongly citrOnella-scented leaves, and:gi' ...

ficifplia for its highly ornakiiehtal red tb.; scarlet flower s. : ' ■ . .

'D ESC R IPTIO N O F E U C A L Y P T US SP E C IE S

■ F o ilo w in g is- a d e s c r ip t io n o f e a c h of the s p e c ie s o f E u ca ly p tu s

em p lo y ed d u rin g th e , c-onrse; o f th e e x p e r im e n ts d e s c r ib e d in th e l a s t ;

c h a p te r , and w hich- fo llo w s th e 'o r d e r o f th e s p e c ie s in e a c h e x p e r im e n t .

E u ca ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s ls , : a ls o c a l le d E l r o s tr a ta ’ and p o p u la r ly .

known. S s R ed Gum or R iy e r R ed Gum', i s found d is tr ib u te d a l l o y e r

A u s tr a l ia in a llu v ia l v a lle y s' and on r iy e r banks* It w i l l grow to a. g r e a t

s i z e , a tru n k d ia m e te r ; of- 14 fe e t h a v in g b een reco rd ed -, 'and it s w o o d is ;:; -

w e ll knoWin 'for' it s h a r d n e s s and .durab ility* , E h g ih e e r s b u ild in g a b r id g e -

one e u n c o v e r e d th e tru n k o f a R ed Gum w h ich w a s p e r fe c t ly p r e s e r v e d

and w h ich g e o lo g is t s e s t im a te d to be 2 5 0 ,0 0 0 y e a r s old* It is w id e ly

. u sed in th e so u th w e s te r n U nited S ta te s fo r la n d sc a p e .purposes' and a : •

n u m b er o f su p e r io r , h y b r id s a r e now, a v a ila b le * .. ; ' '. -1 . - : ,

.; • E u ca ly p tu s p o lyah th e.m os or R ed B ox i s an a t tr a c t iv e t r e e , .v e r y '

d e s ir a b le fo r la n d sc a p in g , w ith a lm o s t found* le a v e s and a l iz a r d sk in d '

bark* . I t U s u a l ly f lo w e r s ' p r o fu se ly . . ' - ' 1

- • : E u ca ly p tu s -r e d u h o a ,. th e p re se n t v a r ie ty p ro b a b ly b e in g e la ta , ' -

w h ich i s k n ow n a s ’iW andoo,',f i s m a in ly u s e fu l ..for i t s 'p a r t ic u la r ly to u g h '

t im b e r ,, b e in g em p lo y ed ' for -building p u r p o se s and fo r w h e e lw r ig h t ’s w o r k

E u ca ly p tu s c r e b r a , or ':N a r r o 'w -le a f Iro n b a rk $ is:'a m e d iu m -s iz e d

t i e e w ith d e e p ly -£ u r r o w e d d ark bark and b ra n c lie s w h ich .often w eep due '

to th e ir th in n e s s . T he w ood i s v e r y hard a n d .s u p p lie s .,f ir s t grad e him-.'.

h er fo r h ea v y co n stru ctio n , w o rk , p o le s , and s l e e p e r s , - i ,

E uc a ly p tus Ion gi f o lla o r W p olyb u tt i s r athe r an o r n a m e n ta l , i

s p e c ie s w ith d ark w r in k led bark on the tru n k and lo n g le a v e s o f th e : '

sa m e d u ll sh ad e o f g r e e n on both s id e s . T h e fu lly grow n t r e e m a y r e a c h

100 feet in height when mature, ... :'v., . ; ‘

; E u ca ly p tu s c o r r u g a ta is a. s p e c ie s .n otab le fo r i t s th iek ,: ,dark -

g r e e n sh in y le a v e s and th e p ro m in en t r id g e s on th e 'c a ly x tu b e „• It g ro w s .

to about 30 fe e t and h as a sm o o th a s h - g r e y b a rk . • - .

F r o m Maddenhs (14) 'd e s c r ip t io n , "the. t r e e o r ig in a l ly thought to h e .:

E . . o le o s a w ou ld a p p e a r to -be. E , G j l l i i , a s th e la t te r h a s n e v e r b een

r e c o r d e d w ith ju v e n ile l e a v e s , th e adu lt •fo lia g e b e in g co rd a te , and s e s s i l e ,

w h ile E , o le o s a , d is p la y s both s e & s ile ju v e n ile T e a y e s and m u ch 'longer .

an d ;n a r r o w e r p e t io la te ad u lt le a v e s . E „ G i'llil i s a 1 s m a l l t r e e 'bf M a lle e ..'

type,' g row in g to 20 f e e t , w ith so m ew h a t cro o k ed b r a n c h e s and a ttra c - .'

f iv e e r e y -b lu e l e a y e s . ■ -w ... * ; ■ k ' '1- - a •, •k d dk; ' .: : . ;; ki:::dk.': ,ka;

. : E u ca ly p tu s le u c o x y lo h 'is a s m a l l to m e d iu m - s iz e d t r e e , c o m - y

rnonly know n as Y e llo w Gum and m u ch c u lt iv a te d fo r i t s f lo w e r s , w h ich :.

: -v a ry frbni: a r ic h c r e a m c o lo r th rou gh pink to .a .b r ig h t c r im s o n . N U re- . ;

ery m e n -.g en e r a l ly grow t h e c r i m s o n f lq w e r e d se i'ec tip n . '••

E u ca ly p tu s tr a v u t i i s r e p o r te d to be a hybrid b e tw e e n E , b o tr y -

o id e s and E . c a m a ld u le n s is , w ith a r e g u la r , s tr a ig h t tru n k and d e n s e ,

d ark green; le a v e s t " ' : ' ■

E u ca ly p tu s s id e r o x y lo n or R ed Iron b ark is a t r e e o f m ed iu m s iz e

ryith v e r y hard and d u ra b le h e a r tw o b d ., Its f lo w e r s v a r y fr o m c r e a m

c o lo r to d e e p c r im s o n , th e la t te r m a k in g v e r y o r n a m e n ta l t r e e s fo r

p a rk s and g a r d e n s ,' .. . . ';:

v . '; : E u ca ly p tu s m ic r o fh e c a or C oo lab ah is g e n e r a lly a s m a ll t r e e ::

and th ou gh l i t t l e u se d fo r -r e fo r e s ta t io n i s u se fu l fo r i t s r e s is t a n c e tOv

t e r m it e s and it s a d a p ta b ility to a r id c l im a te st

E u ca ly p tu s r u d is , th e Sw am p Gum:, though o f so m e w h a t s im ila r

a p p e a r a n c e to E„ c a m a ld u le n s is , is o f l i t t le e x c e p t b o ta n ic a l v a lu e ,

h a v in g t im b e r w o r th le s s fo r an yth in g but b u rn in g , / 1 ; ,, d

E u ca ly p tu s r n e llio d o r a or Y e llo w B ox is a t r e e v a lu e d m o r e fo r

s h e lt e r , sh a d e , and o rn a m en t th an fo r - fo r e s tr y p u r p o s e s , and i s a

h ea v y n e c ta r p r o d u c e r , w ith a s m u ch a s one h u n d red w eigh t o f the la t te r

b e in g r e c o r d e d fr o m a t r e e in a s in g le s e a s o n . It i s th u s a fa v o r ite •

w ith b e e k e e p e r s , but a ls o u s e fu l fo r i t s h ard , d u ra b le w ood w h ich i s

d iff ic u lt to w o r k , but m a k e s good fa r m t im b e r .

. E u ca ly p tu s c a m p a sp e i s a s m a ll sh ru b b y t r e e - o f v e r y o r n a m e n ta l

a p p e a r a n c e , the le a v e s - b e in g c o v e r e d on both s id e s w ith a v /h it ish bloom ,,

It i s o f l i t t le e c o n o m ic im p o rta n ce ,, . . h' ; •

. ; E u ca ly p tu s a lb a is . t h e co m m o n est- Gum T r e e in a l l o f t r o p ic a l

A u s tr a l ia and o f th e P o p la r or C abbage Gum' ty p e . T he ju v e n ile -lea v es

on sa p lin g s h h ve b e e n r e p p f te d to r e a c h one foot in le n g th and .a width,

of h a lf th at am ou n t, -while the adult lea v es; -are q u ite s m a l l = T he bark , v

i s q u ite sm o o th w ith ou t any f la k e s and th e trunk i s a good sh a p e , th ou gh

not v e r y t a l l , and th e t im b e r m a k e s e x c e l le n t f ir e w o o d , '

E u ca ly p tu s p a u c lf lo r a (sy n . E , c o f ia c e a ) i s a t r e e g ro w in g to 60 '

f e e t and v e r y u s e fu l at h ig h a lt itu d e s w h e r e it s u p p lie s s h e l t e r , fen c in g

m a t e r ia l s , and f ir e w o o d . It i s a ls o r e s is t a n t to dam p c o ld .

E u ca ly p tu s p a U icu la ta , th e G rey Iroh b ark , i s s o n a m e d for th e

a r r a n g e m e h t o f i t s f lo w e r s in te r m in a l p a n ic le s . Its grow th i s g e n e r -

a lly r a th e r s lo w , but it i s w e l l su ited t o w a rm te m p e r a te a r e a s w ith■ isu m m e r r a in fa l l and w e t s u b tr o p ic a l c l im a t e s , w h e r e it d o e s a s w e l l a s

any o th er E u ca ly p tu s s p e c i e s , -:: - . '-v , ^^ ' ; ' '

■: E u ca ly p tu s S to w a r d i. ca n be d e s c r ib e d a s a :sh r u b b y M a lle e w ith <

sm o o th b a rk . Its le a v e s , a r e a d a rk o liv e g r e e n , th ic k , and e ith e r d u ll-

h ; i . .. a ' - d , ' :

;or y ' > : ' y dv • E u ca ly p tu s la r g if lo r e n s , , s o m e t im e s c a lle d E , b ic o lo r , b e c a u se ; '-

' ...........- . . ,

; o f the w h ite and red c o lo r o f i t s flowe-r s , is c o m m o n ly k n ov /n .as S la ty ;

;:Gram„ . Its wdda. i s sa id to be a good h ard w ood , u se d rnuch in h o u se v

b u ild in g aiid d o u s tr u c t ip ii w o rk ip. geiie r a l. ''. d .

. E u ca ly p tu s c a p ite l la ta is a t r e e o f m ediuna grow th r a t e u s u a l l y -

w ith heavy , and d e n se fo l ia g e , the le a v e s b ein g th ic k , b ro a d , and u n b a l-

a h ced and o f th e s a m e 'p a le g r e e n c o lo r on both s id e s . T he m a tu r e .

w ood is d u ra b le and m a k e s good sound b o a rd s w hen sa w n d ' . " ::

. . ’ E u ca ly p tu s s a lu b r is or G im le t Gum c o m e s fr o m th e d ry sc le .ro - .

• ~ " ------------ ■ .

■ phyllous' w o o d la n d s o f so u th er n W e ste r n A u s tr a l ia , w h e r e th e s u m m e r s. ' 1 ; ' ■ . " ' ' . '

a re v e r y d r y and h o t , , 100° F . o ften b e in g e x c e e d e d and l e s s th a n four

in c h e s o f ira in fa ll in g b e tw een O ctob er and M a r c h . It i s an o r n a m e n ta l

• s p e c i e s , w ith sm o o th , sh in y , b r o w h -g r e e n .bark and sh in y d a rk g ree n • ,

m a y e s . : ,d .g -'y k : y k.:-.yd-vh''r._ v / y ':

: ■ V ■ ; ■ .. ■ E u ca ly p tu s o d o ra ta i s so n a m ed fo r th e e s s e n t ia l o i l found in i t s

le a v e s w h ich s m e l l s s tr o n g ly o f p e p p e r m in t. ; It i s a m e d iu m - s iz e d o r -

s h r u b - lik e t r e e and r a th e r lik e ' a M a lle e> ... ; ; v. ■ ;

■ E u ca ly p tu s le u c o x y lo n y a r . m a c r o c a r p a i s m e r e ly a la r g e fr u ite d

fo r m o f E . le u c o x y lo n . ■ ■ ' • ■ . , • ' . ;. . . '

E u ca ly p tu s b o s ls to a n a ord B o sisto ^ s Box is a la r g e tr e e ., and m a y

r e a c h 14:0 fe e t in h e ig h t. It h as a s tr o n g d u ra b le w o o d , w hich ' i s u s e f u l

in h e a v y c b n s tr u c t io n .d v • . • , ' .. '

. • ' ■. E u ca ly p tu s c la d o c a ly x , s o m e t im e s c a l le d E . c o r .n y o c a ly x ,• i s :

i r i : v i a - 'v-' i - . ' ':;a' : :p o p u la r ly k n ow n a s S u gar G um , due to . th e . la r g e "am ount o f nect.ar

V V- . . .

: 2 8

p rod u ced by it s ■ flow b r.sS- ■■ Its d e d v e s :.ar 6 /rbputbd’ to be edible: fo r an im als^ :■

and it s w ood , a lth ou gh not o f h igh q u a lity , i s u se fu l fo r fa r m p u rp o se si.a"-. - ' . V . u: m-'V ■ t'i i :.d'- r i ’ .f-:' : , ■ • . E u ca ly p tu s in c r a s sa ta is a tr u e l \ ia i le e w ith la r ge butt of c u r ly :;

t im b e r , s o m e t im e s .8 or ,10 fe e t in d ia m e te r . T he r o o ts a r e u se d ds i

food by th e A u s tr a lia n A b o r ig in a ls , and a c a rb o h y d ra te s im ila r to c e l l u - :

" lo s e i s fo r m e d b n th e le a v e s by an ih s e c t , 'R sy lla e u c a ly p t i; th e fo r m e r

i s c a l le d le r p -,a m y lu m . T h is s p e c ie s i s n o t a t im b e r t r e e . \ .

■ E u ca ly p tu s p a te n t in e r v is , or H a lf M ah ogan y , i s .a n o ta b ly fa s t '

g ro w in g s p e c ie s e s p e c ia l ly su ited to hot m o is t c l im a t e s , w h e re it w i l l . .

. grow to 45. fe e t in a s .lit t le a s :1 0 ,y e a rs .: • . ; . • a ’ • : ^

E u ca ly p tu s b r id g e s ia n a , p r Apple' B ox , i s o f o r n a m e n ta l v a lu e

due to i t s d e n se crow n," but i t s w ood is so ft :and b r it t le and o f n o c o m ­

m e r c ia l v a lu e .

E u c a ly p tu s s id e r o x y lo n y a r . r o s e a .is m e r e ly a p ink c o lo r e d

fo r m d is t in g u is h e d by so m e b o ta n is t s . . ;. , ■

" E u ca ly p tu s e r y th r o c o r y s i s an e x a m p le o f a S p ec ie s ' o f E u c a ly p ­

tu s in w h ich th e ju v e n ile le a v e s a r e t o t a l ly b i f f e r e n t fr o m , th e adu lt .

l e a v e s . T he fo r m e r a r e s m a ll , o v a l, and c o v e r e d w ith s t e l la t e h a ir s ,

w h ile th e la t te r a r e .u p to s e v e n in c h e s lo n g and qu ite g lo s s y (F ig u r e 6 ),

T he fr u its a r e a b r ig h t red c o lo r , th e f lo w e r s a fin e y e l lo w and th e . ' :

• le a v e s a sh in in g g r e e n , a l l th e s e fa c to r s m a k in g th is s p e c ie s pne o f th e

fin e s t in . th e g e n u s . "■ V-'i"; ■ ■ A ; , :-v. ‘

o'

a:':

E u ca ly p tu s S tr ic k la n d i is a m e d iu m - s iz e d t r e e c o m in g fro m th e

d r y a r e a s o f W est^ rh A u stra lia p It has v e r y c o r ia c e o u s le a v e s and th e

; la r g e s t fr u its o f any o f th e t r e e E ucalyp ti^ , :

, E u ca ly p tu s to r q u a ta is a m o s t o r n a m e n ta l s p e c ie s / h av in g th ic k ? >•

glancduSy p e t io la te le a v e s and f lo w e r s in w h ich the f i la m e n ts o f y e llo w - ■

:. is d -w h ite "or ^ c -p in k r is e , fr o m a r e d c a ly x - t u b e » It i s found in th e

Areas': t'Ke 'p^e.^ions' s p e c ie ": '' \ w. ' ■ . . . ' ::

." - E u ca ly p tu s g o m p h o cep h a la or T u art o c c u r s in a narrow : s tr ip '

about 250 m i le s lo n g on the so u th w e st c o a s t of W e s te r n A u s tr a l ia . It i s .

a la r g e t r e e , ' g ro w in g to 140 fe e t h igh and 6 to 8 fe e t in d ia m e te r . T he

, wood. :is :o f h igh .tjualiiy, ahd m u sed , fo r A?©hicle b u ild in g .

■Eucalyptus a s tr 'in g e n s , th e B row n m a lle t , i s a s m a ll t r e e le s s ,

th an 50 f e e t h igh and .a lso c o m e s fr o m so u th w e st W e s te r n A u s tr a l ia .

It'groW S W e ll on p oor s o i l s in d,:ry . s itu a t io n s , the w ood i s hard. and. m a k e s

good to o l h a n d le s> w h ile th e bank is u se d fo r ta n n in g . . ■.' :

; . . E u ca ly p tu s a lg e r je n s is 'is a h yb rid b e tw een E . c a m a ld u le n s is .

■ ' and E . xudis. w h ich w a s d is c o v e r e d in A1 g ie r s . It i s a lm o s t in d is t in - '’

- g u |sh a b ie fr o m E.; c a m a ld u le n s is a p a rt fr o m th e n ip p le on th e end o f th e

o p e r c u lu m . . The E . c a i i ia ld u le n s is h yb rid l is t e d w a s a n ew unnam ed •; ; ■ ■ a a . 1 ; : , . . ; ■

: tb tra p lo id o f r a th e r f in e /and, V igorous, .grow th . -' ; : ■

E X P E R IM E N T A L R E SU L T S

L C utting m a t e r ia l t e s t w ith . E u ca ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s is . .v . ,

T he c u ttin g s p lan ted on N o v em b er , 14 w e r e r e m o v e d fr o m th e

ro o tin g m ed iu m on January. 14 fo r exam ination.;. T he s o f t t ip cu ttin g s

w e r e found to be c o m p le te ly dead due to a b a s a l ro t la t e r id e n tif ie d a s

a s p e c ie s p f th e fungus P h o m a , On th e d o rm a n t t ip grow th 72% of t h e .

c u ttin g s had fo rm ed c a llu s ,a n d r o o t p r im o r d ia fo r m a tio n w a s ev id en t on

a l l of'the. c u tt in g s . The hardw ood cu ttin g 's , h o w e v e r , w e r e in the m o s t

ad van ced s ta g e and 2 0 % o f th e s e w e r e c o m p le te ly r o o te d . T h e Pryya.-

. cant ha c u ttin g s p lan ted a s a c o n tr o l sh o w ed 40% fu lly fo o te d and 60%

. w e l l c a l iu s e d . In one m o n th a l l t h e s e w e r e r o o te d , p r o o f th a t the c o h -

d it io n s w e r e at l e a s t su ita b le for r o o tin g P y r a c ant h a . It d id n o t fo llo w ,

how ever^ th at th e s e sa m e .c o n d it io n s : w e r e i d e a l .fo r a l l s p e c ie s of ' .1 >

• E u c a ly p tu s , a s la te r e x p e r im e n ts ten d ed t o s how (F ig u r e 7),: r ' - r , . c c ; c ( ^ ;

2 , S p e c ie s - s c r e e n in g t e s t .

a d' On Janua-ry i ' 4 f he sev en ' s p e c ie s o f E u ca ly p tu s p lan ted on N o v - '

e m b e r ,20 w e r e lifted ' and exam ined„ : ' d f ih e t ie , five-; o n ly f esp o n d ed in ' f-

any w a y t b : t r e a tm e n t . : Due' to th e s m a ll n u m b er o fc u t t in g s . h s e d in th e ';:; : : ; v ; ' . c t : . , ' d - V

e x p e r im e n t , an a c c u r a te a n a ly s is and a s s e s s m e n t o f ,th .e.'rdspph6® : ; •

31

F ig u r e 7. C u ttin gs o f E u ca ly p tu s c a m a ld u le n s is ro o ted and c a l lu s e d .

F ig u r e 8 . R ooted c u ttin g s o f E u ca ly p tu s b r id g e s ia n a tr e a te d w ith 1 0 ,000 ppm of IBA and NAA.

e a c h s p e c ie s p e r c e n ta g e w is e w a s n ot p o s s ib le . The f ig u r e s ob ta in ed

w e r e a s fo llo w s : E , red o n e a 10% r o o tin g and 10% c a l lu s , E„ c r e b r a

10% c a l lu s , E , lo n g ifo l ia 70% c a l lu s , E . le u c o x y lo n 30% callus" and n e g ­

a tiv e r e s u lt s fo r th e rem ain d er^

3. G row th r e g u la to r and cu ttin g m a t e r ia l te s te - /

• T he c u ttin g s o f so ft t ip grovvth p lan ted on N o v e m b e r 23 w e r e

l i f te d and ex a m in ed on J a n u a ry 14. . ' : ' •;

•- Of th e f i r s t grou p , on ly 10% of th e c u ttin g s sh o w ed any s ig n s pf

c a l ln s in g , w h ile th e r e m a in in g .90% w ere' q u ite r o tte d . T h e seco n d

group , w h ich "vtas tr e a te d w ith 2 ,4 ,5 T in a d d itio n , sh o w ed 15% c a l lu s in g , .

w h ile the th ird and fo u r th grou p s w h ich received : 2 0 , 000. p a r t s : p er m ilM on.

o f grow th su b s ta n e e , sh ow ed 15% "and 2 5 % 'c a llu s in g , r e s p h c t iy e ly i . : 'f:.;

T he fou r groups' o f c u ttin g s p lan ted oh D e c e m b e r 1 w e r e a ls o

. l i f te d and ex a m in e d on Januar y '14, . A t th is ;d a te a b o u t 7 5 % of' a l l th e

cu ttin g s w e r e c a l iu s e d , and at th is t im e th e r e w a s no r o ttin g ; h o w e v e r ,

w ith in one m on th a l l th e c u ttin g s e x c e p t one or tw o , in both d o r m a n t .t ip . '

grow th and h a r d w o o d , had • d ied d ue f o „ |)a sa l;rpto , . V

4^;,•■.Species screening test using Hone % as a gydwth regulators. '.

• ; Qf the 28 s p e c ie s tested , b y th e-m ethod w hich v/as r e p o r te d ly a o

' s ucc e s s fuT in A u str a lia , ' only five 'shpy^e^' ° ^ T - ■

m e n t, .T h e s e w e r e E , c a p it e l la t a , ' E . "redunca, E , b r id g e s ia n a , E . - • _ , - — ---------- k- “ ----------— ~ -------------------- -

.p a u c if lo r .a ,-: -and; E , , ru d lS &'•:.,Of t h e . f i v e , • E , , r n d is '# a s th e f orily one to

co n tin u e g row in g a fte r p o ttin g , and e v e n th en on ly one' c u ttin g su r v iv e d .

T w o c u ttin g s o f B , p a u c if lo r a ca llu s.ed but fa ile d to s u r v iv e for lo n g / ■

w h ile 8:0 % o f th e E . . c a p ite l la ta cuttings, rern a in ed g r e e n fo r th ree' . ■' . .

m o n th s and tw o c a l lu s e d but f in a lly d ied a fte r p la n tin g out (F ig u r e 9). -

.5, . C utting m a t e r ia l and grow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a tio n t e s t . ■

'.:.g - v :■ 'v:• A s m e n tio n e d b e fo r e j, due to u n fa v o ra b le c ir c u m s t a n c e s , th e c u t ­

t in g m a t e r ia l p lan ted on F e b r u a r y 9 cou ld not a l l be e x a m in e d on one-

• d ay , and the p e r c e n ta g e o f r o o tin g w a s su b se q u e n tly cou n ted a fte r p e r -

iods; o f 8 , 10, and 12 W eek s, A lth ou gh th e r e s u l t s , l i s t e d in T ab le 1, -give

a fa ir ly good id e a o f th e d if fe r e n c e in r e s p o n s e b e tw een .hardw ood and

t ip c u tt in g s and th e e f f e c t s o f-v a r io u s grow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a t io n s .

a c c u r a te s t a t i s t ic a l a n a ly s is w a s not p o s s ib le due to th e u n eq u al t im e

f a c t o r s . .H o w ev er ,' the fo llo w in g in te r e s t in g fa c ts e m e r g e : on one o f

th e m o s t U n r e sp o n s iv e s p e c i e s ; n a m e ly ,' E u ca ly p tu s C i l l i l , w ound ing o f

a s p r e v io u s r e s u lt s w e r e e n t ir e ly n e g a t iv e w h en t ip c u tt in g s o f th e

above w e r e u se d . It.W as a ls o found th a t cu ttin g s w ith ste m d ia m e te r s

of 3 to 5 m il l im e te r s gave the b e s t rootin g r e s u lt s . T h ere w as found

to- be great v a r ia tio n betw een s p e c ie s ; of the she, EU b r id g es ia n a Was th e

e a s ie s t tb';root, w itb .E . ca m a ld u len sis seco n d . Flardv/oqd, i. e = , th ick er

cuttings su rv iv ed lon ger aga in st a ttack s of fungus than did:'m ore s le n d e r

'tip c u tt in g s t . E i : p o ly apt hem o s, show ed n o , f e sp o n se at a l l to c a llu s in g n r

34

F ig u r e 9. R ooted and c a l lu s e d E u ca ly p tu s c u tt in g s .

1. E . b r id g e s ia n a (wounded and R oot one tr e a te d )2. E . b r id g e s ia n a (honey tr e a te d )3. E . ru d is (honey tr e a te d )4. E . red u n ca (honey tr e a te d )5. E . c a p ite l la ta (honey tr e a te d )

r o o tin g , w h ile E„ G ill i i a lw a y s show ed, l e s s th an 10% c a l lu s in g and n o t

m o r e than 6 % r o o tin g , E . -le u c o x y lo n shov/ed in c r e a s in g , am ou n ts q f ,

c a llu s in g o f t ip sh o o ts w ith ih c r e a sh ^ o f h o r m o n e c o n c e n tr a t io n , w h i le ' . - , :

./w ith hardw ood .cu ttings 4 , 000 p a r ts p er rn iliio n gave th e h igh e st’ c a l lu s - .

in go E . m ic r o th e c a s h o v /e d th e s a m e r e s p o n s e fro m t ip c u tt in g s , w h ile

hardwood' c u ttin g s tr e a te d w ith 4 , 000 and 15 ,000 p a r ts p e r m il l io n o f

h o rm o n e s sh ow ed little /d idE fehance'in r e a c t ib n , • V - -pd .-' ' '/d /' i

■ ' i .

6« -S p lit p lo t t e s t fo r s p e c ie s s c r e e n in g and h o rm o n e c o n c e n tr a t io n .

• . On A u gu st 31 and S ep tem b er 1 th e h u ttin gs, p la n ted on July 20,

' 2 1 , 2 2 , and 2-3 w e r e r e m o v e d fr o m th e ir P e r l i t e r o o tin g m e d iu m .and , •/ . ■

e x a m in ed and. cou n ted fo r c a l lu s in g and r o o tin g . F o llo w in g - the t a b u la - .

, tion- o f r e s u lt s ob ta in ed a b o v e , a s t at i s t i c a J a n a l y s i s w as,'.perform ed: to;: : ■■■ ■" , : ■ : : . d e te r m in e s e p a r a te ly th e v a r ia n c e o f c a l iu s e d and ro o ted c u tt in g s . T h is

w a s fo llo w ed by a d e te r m in a t io n o f th e s ig n if ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s b e tw een

v a r ie t ie s w ith r e g a r d to c a l lu s in g and r o o tin g . T he r e s u l t s , a s -shown

, in ; T ab le s H and Illy in d id a ta -a .s ig n i f ic a n t :d if fe r e n c e b e tw ea n v a r ie ta l :p

36

F ig u r e 10. R ootin g and ro o ted cu tt in g s tr e a te d w ith 5 ,0 0 0 ppm I BA and NAA in a lc o h o l.

A b o v e : E . lo n g ifo lia B elow : E . c a m a ld u le n s is

a p p r o x im a te ly ’Half a s e f f e c t iv e a g a in a s th e 10,000 p a r ts p ervrn iilipn -

:V: v;. A: ■■ , v V.;; ; / y / : • VV: y : , . ^c o n c e n tra t io n , and th i s b e in g m o s t a .p p aren t in e n c o u ra g in g th e c a l lu s -

; ; in g of c u t t i n g s , ; ; ' : y , V , y ": ei . : ' ' ' : yyey- y c '

■ ^ 'd if fe r e n c e 'betw een r e p l ic a t io n s 'can o n ly be e x p la in e d . by th e '

. fact' th a tr by th e t im e th e la s t f r a y s in th e 'exp er im en t w e r e r e a d y to -be : ‘

• p la n ted , m o s t o f th e b e s t c u t t in g .m a te r ia l had b een u se d and that- '

1 r e m a in in g w a s so m ey /h a t in fe r io r to th e m a t e r ia l u se d in the. f ir s t t r a y s »' ' r

The s ig n if ic a n t d if fe r e h c e ' b e tw een v a r ie t ie s - w a s in v e s t ig a te d fu r th er. . . ' • '

by c a lc u la t in g th e m e a n for e a c h s p e c ie s , a ga in g iv in g c a liu s ed arid .' . . ............. . .

i:,,y ''- f , C':\ : i' i:^. f.ro o ted cu ttirigs s e p a r a te tr e a tm e n ts /Q u ite 'm a rk ed .d if fe r e n c e s w e r e

" •; ;a p p a f e t it . a t/b d ih t'he 5% arid/ 'i% de v e l s in s p e c ie s w h ic h ;c a llu s ed (T a b le .

• IV')...and .w h ile :1 W e d if fe r e iit .. s p e c ie s re sp o n d e d iii imuch tide -sam e- w a y to;• ■ y y ’: .■

r o o tin g , though in s m a lle r p e r c e n ta g e s , it is d ou btfu l w h e th e r E u c a ly p -

■<y;y;v'. tris c a m a ld u le n s is - ca n begre gayd ed a sy s lg r iif ic a n tly d if fe h 0r it;fr om th e ; ■/ /

o th e r s ih , ro o f in g r e sp o n s e /a s ;; t h e; l a s t h a l f /o f ’th e c u ttin g m a te r ia l had to

■ be d b ta in ed yffp n i',a • t f e e n e a r th e g r e e n h o u se ; th e o r ig in a l sripply; fro m

v■ S u p e r io r ;h a y ih g ' b een e x h a iis te d ;(T a b le ; V } ,. .. - . f. i / . . c ' i - ■ •' .

' / i ; / H o v / e v e r , : a s cad lu sin g p r e c e d e s s u c c e s s f u l r o o tin g in the m a j o r ­

ity o f c a s e s , it ca n s a fe ly be s ta te d th at t h o s e : s p e c ie s a t th e to p o f th e

:'l i s t ' on '.Table; IV. ar e e a s ie r ■ to p ro p a g a te fr pm c u ttin g s th an th o s e at th e

b ottom o f th e l i s t ,' - ‘ :y'"x;: ■■■■■yy'y;;.v.;y;y.. ' / ■,;y;.;: ■

;;; y, '; '' ■: F r o m e a r l ie r o b s e f v a tlo n s on t h e . r e sp o n se s ,;o f d if f e r en t typ e sy i .

o f E u c a ly p tu s , g u c h a s th e .ap p aren t d if f ic u lty ,of r o o tin g th o s e s p e c i e s ; y

■ fr o m d e s e r t r eg io n g •or: ha.vine r a th e r th ic k or wa%y l e a v e s , it w as-

thought th at th e r e m ig h t be so m e c o r r e la t io n b e tw e e n th e e a s e o f r o o tr

: in g a c e r ta in s p e c ie s and th e n a tu r a l r a in fa l l it; r e c e iv e d in its n a tiv e :,

by -m u ltip ly in g th e a v e r a g e r a in fa l l by th e a v e r a g e h n m h e r g o f d a y s ,ih " if

.e a c h y e a r on w h ich p rec ip ita tio n ; occurred.,, . A lthough s e v e r a l s p e c i e s - ;

. fro m d e s e r t r e g io n s , su ch as E„ c a m p a s p e , E„ o le o s a , and E . tb rq u a ta

a r e d is t in c t ly - bar 6 to. 'root, ih e , f ig w ie s -obtained d id hot b ea r out the: , .'

r a in fa l l th e o r y at a l l , and c o n v e r s e ly it w a s foiind th a t so m e s p e c ie s , -

f r o m .a r e a s o f e o m p a r a f iv e ly h igh r a in fa l l w e r e a lm o s t a s u n r e s p o n s iv e ,

7, R e sp o n se o f ju v e n ile v e r s u s adult m a te r ia l , y.. f -.

f - On S ep tem b er I fhe 60 p u ttin gs o f ju v e n ile and ad u lt m a te r ia l o f

E u ca ly p tu s le u c o x y lo n v a r . m a c r o c a fp a w e r e r e m o v e d fr o m th e r o o tin g

m e d iu m and' e x a m in ed fo r c a l lu s in g or r o o tin g . Of t h e s e it w a s found

.th a t.a ll 30 adu lt c u tt in g s w e r e d ea d , w h e r e a s 15 o f th e ju v e n ile cu ttin g s

w e r e c a l lu s e d and o n ly 15 w e r e d ea d r th u s b ea r in g ou t M u ck ad elE ’s (17)

: w o rk and p ro v in g th at ju v e n ile m a t e r ia l i s m u ch e a s i e r to ro o t "than ’ , ' ,

'h d u h -'m -ateria l,- ' ■ -• - "f".;-. ; :: ■ : ' -; 1

e n v ir o n m e n t. C o n seq u en tly , a c o n s ta n t w a s a r r iv e d at fo r ea c h s p e c ie s

'h;:

■-. ;

.8 ,-<. R e sp o n se ybf m is c e l la n e o u s s p e c ip s to fo o t in g , ; . ' :

■ • . The: fou r n a m e d : s p e c ie s ; and u tih am ed ;h yb rid s w ere; rem o v e d' ■

• - . fr:om the, r Ooting; m ed ru m ' e i ght w e e k s 6 ■. , • •

:■>'39:

E u d alyp tu s g lo b u lu s , w h ich w a s e n t ir e ly ju v e n ile m a te r ia l ,

'■showed, 30% ro o t in g, E,;t:p u ly e r u le h ta d ied : c o m p le te ly , a s d id E . ; C itr i ':.

odor a . W h ile ' 12.% o f E ,; f i c i fo lia r o o ted and .40%: o f the unnam ed h yb rid s

r o o te d p th e la t te r a ls o b e in g m a in ly ju v e n ile ' le a v e d outtingsp : ■ .

3 u f v iy d l .o f ; c u tt in gs fo llo w in g t r an s p lan tin g .

:. v.;’- A ll th o se cu ttin g s , w h ich ro o ted s u c c e s s f u l ly w e r e p lan ted in

fo u r - in c h round p la s t ic f lo w e r p ots in a m ix tu r e o f m ed iu m , lo a m , sh a rp

,.\V ■; :: ; • . < ■ ■ : . ■ -rys:and,y. and p e a t m o ss,W

T h o se c u ttin g s .w h ich ro o ted in M ay I9 6 0 , one. grou p Of E . b r id g e s -.......... ' , f' ' '...... ...... ' " ' ........... '

• 'diana- b e in g a n exam p le ,;.an d w e r e tr a n sp la n te d in the .s a m e m on th had :

extended , th e ir ftew.' grow th "hy as m u ch as 18 in c h e s at th e end. o f th e •. '

g ro w in g s e s s on :and.'; w e r e in a good h e d lth y c o n d it io n ; (iF igu r e, 11)- T h o s e

.which' rOOted by June ■ 196:0 , on ly put out 8 qr 9 in c h e s o f n ew ,g ro w th by

- 1ythe en d o f the se d sd h (E ig n re 111,,,

. ‘ In g e n e r a l, it s e e m e d th at th e c u tt in g s tr a n sp la n te d S u c c e s s fu lly . :■ . dy yrm'y' -'d? r , j r.,y d ', d .';'. ry..y:.::/d.y-y d.:? 'dd - d - -d

pr OWided that th e y w e re not le ft in the r oo tin g m ed iu m to o lo n g a fter

■ " : ■ ' ' • . .ro o t p ro d u ctio n o c c u r r e d . ;' Eh a n u m b er o f o c c a s io n s r o o ts , w e r e p r o -

d u ced on ly todbe fo llo w ed , b y r o ttin g •befqre. th ey cou ld b e 'm dyed in to a

1 e s s w a te r - la d e n m e d iu m aw ay fr o m t he • m is t s y s t e m , w h e f e fungus . •. . ■ • : ■ ' ■

a tta ck w o u ld not be so l ik e ly to O ccur. - dd.'dd d v y ’ v "- ■' ■ : : d

' y'.;y h id a ll -re#>ects. r opted c u t t in g s ' a:ppea.r toygr bw 'judt'.ds w e l l a s '

'seed lin g s, in th e. in it ia l, s ta g e s Of g r o w th , but it r e m a in s to be seienp

F ig u r e 11. R ooted cu tt in g s o f E u ca ly p tu s b r id g e s ia n a . A b o v e : A fte r 3 m o n th s grow th .B elow : A fte r 5 m o n th s grow th .

41

su b seq u en t to group p la n tin g s , w h e th e r young p la n ts o r ig in a t in g from .

th e sa m e p a ren t t r e e w i l l m a in ta in .th e u n ifo r m ity o f grow th -exp ected ,

from ' t r e e s o f g e n e t ic a l ly u n ifo rm c h a r a c t e r s , : ■ . .

•At th e s ta r t o f th e 1961 s e a s o n a l l th e p la n ts w e t e p la ce d in

one g a llo n c a n s , w h e r e s a t is f a c t o r y grow th, i s co n tin u in g .

T a b le I. R e su lts of cu ttin g m a te r ia l and grow th r e g u la to r c o n c e n tr a tio n test»

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45

T ab le V". S ig n if ica n t d iffere n c es ...b e tw een v a r i e t i e s ' r e g a r d in g r o o tin g .

■ . : S o u rce , M ean \

E . c a m a ld u le n d is , • 2 i 75 - A

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; .i:; '' ':Y ;g©t’atiiirely^:,e s p e c ia t iy : fr o m cuttixigs>• .it: was. n o t im p o s s iM e , a s w a s ."

y 1.. ; s'h.oy'ti, by.; sp o r a d ic .rep o rts o f su .eee p s fro m ' a £evy w orfce rsv ; T he fo re -

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' ■ . ; ; . : . . . .

i ; - y great'' d iv e r s i ty o f th e \gehti.s "Suealyptus:, th e r e w a s a c o n s id e r a b le .d iffe r

, : e n e e in r e sp o h se .-b e tw e e n .th e sp ec ie4 „ . f o o t in g p e r c e n ta g e s v a r ie d . / i f ,

■. frorn.' 0% in e v e r y in s ta n c e fo r so m e . s p e c ie s to a s 'm u ch as; 44% f o r . ■ ■

;■ o th ersy a fa c t h o t ab le to be1 e x p la in e d in t h is s e t o f e x p e r im e n ts (s e e ... ; , . ' ■

/pp.,/; 37 and 38). ;■.;,The■..aatic^pated.:hiffer.e;^fce^■lhetW©.'en■ g ro w th r e g u la to r ;. y,

/'..con een tration s w as. a ls o .pf'oyed a f te r /th e r e s u lt s o f e x p e r im e n t n u m b e r ' _ .

6 w e r e a n a ly z e d , 5,.QO0 (p a r ts ..p e r 'm il l io n ;b e in g q u ite s u p e r io r to 1 0 ,0 0 0 /

:parts p er m il l io n . ■/.■lPhe.rh;/W'ias,. .apparently n o d if fe r e n c e b e tw een th e ./

p ow d er and so lu tio n f o r m s .o f grow th r e g u la to r s , th e o n ly ad van tage

-K

- ;"v

' : h.' ly in g in 't h e gr e a te r e a s e o f ap p lica tion , o f the h o r m o n e s in a lc o h o licm.

'1' so lu tion ^ T h e . ad d ition o f ' s p ia l l t r a c e p o f ■ 2 , 4 , 5T r ic h lo r o p h e n o x y a c e tic ;

46

" ' .. : ; ■. V - :at:IS gave no n o t ic c a b le ■ im p r o v e m e n t in r e s p o n s e , . In e x p e r im e n t 4 th e .

n sb .o f h g # ey 'as a :g ro w th r e g u la to r prove'S quite- u n s u c c e s s fu l a s d id the \

use. o f an eq u a l p a r ts .m ix tu re of sh a rp sa n d , sa w d u st , and p e a t m o s s

-:r;va s the a cco m p a n y in g r o o tin g m e d iu m . T he la t te r w ou ld ap p ear to be.

xVm.'.

m u ch to o f ib r o u s a m edium ' f o r .u se. in con ju n ction , w ith a m is t s y s t e m ,' :Wheare .am ple a e r a t io n i s e s s e n t ia l to h e lp p rev en t r o tt in g in an e n v ir o h -

.m en t s o su ita b le fo r - fu n g a l ■. g ro w th . As: w a s in d ica te d by th e. l i t e r a tu r e ,

- ■ an.: ;e qua! p a r t s m ix tu r e of' in d o le b u ty r ic a c id and N a p h th y leh e a c e t ic a c id

' .proved quit® ■ sa tis fa c to ry , a s o p tim u m r e s u l t s W ere a c h ie v e d w ith a - *

P y r a c a n th a c o c c in e a c o n tr o l , ev en d u r in g th e d o rm a n t s e a s o n , C ons.e-

y q u en tly , no* o th er m ix tu r e o f h o r m o n e s w a s t r ie d , a p a rt fr o m th o s e m e n -

■:::' . ■ • '.tipned p r e v io u s ly . ; .y ' i ' , . ' ' a": : ' 1

T he t im e o f y e a r in w hich, c u tt in g s w e r e ta k en a ls o a ffe c te d

■: r o o tin g r e s p o n s e . It w a s found th a t th o s e cu ttin g s w h ic h w e r e s tru ck in

Ju ly c a l lu s e d m u ch m o r e r e a d ily and in a sh o r te r t im e th a n ,th o se w h ich

w e r e ta k en in F e b r u a r y and ev e n b e tte r th an th o se W hich w e r e cut fr o m

the t r e e in N o v e m b e r or D e c e m b e r , A n o th er fa c to r w h ic h p ro v ed to be

■ . o f c o n s id e r a b le , im p o r ta n c e w a s th e ty p e o f w ood u se d fo r c u tt in g s . T he

m o s t o b v io u s d if fe r e n c e w h ich e m e r g e d w a s that b e tw een ju v e n ile and

.- a adult m a t e r ia l , a s p o in ted out; on p age 3 8 . H o w ev er , it w a s a l s o found ,

. th a t V ery young a c t iv e ly g row in g t ip sh o o ts w e r e e x tr e m e ly s u s c e p t ib le •

■ to ro ttin g , and no r o o tin g w a s r e c o r d e d at a l l on th e la t t e r m a te r ia l , f

/w h ich •had-toatured a^ p r e fe r a b ly \o£ w ea k grow th , a s r e p o r te d by . : ; ;

P r y or (15). T he la t t e r m a t e r ia l ’ w a s to be found e ith e r on t r e e s ju s t a .

few y e a r s , o ld or a s c o p p ic e or a d v e n tit io u s grow th at th e b a se of or on

th e lo w e r tru n k s o f .o ld er tr b e s - (F ig u r e . 12). / ' • ••. ' . .

In g e n e r a l , th e n , it can be sa id th a t th e b e s t k in d o f ;cuttiUg is • .

■ between 3 and 5 m illim eters in diameter, from a shoot one ■year old or

less , with the nodes/.Spaced •as closely as possible and bearing juvenile

le a v e s . W ounding th e b a se of c u ttin g s o f so to e s p e c ie s s e e to e d to/ . ■ , / ' . • . /■■ ■b’-;::; ' 'a s s i s t in th e p ro m o tio n o f c a l lu s but not n e c e s s a r i ly r o o t p ro d u ction .

the la tte r h o ld in g tr u e p ro v id ed th at th e c u ttin g s w e r e th ic k enough or

w oody en ou gh to w ith sta n d -th e d a m a g e .' : ■ - • ■■

P e r l i t e w a s found to be. the b e s t ro o tin g m e d iu m p ro v id ed th at it

w a s not c o m p a c te d . It a llo w e d .b e t te r a ir c ir c u la t io n than r iv e r san d ' ,

and l e s s a lg a l grow th o c c u r r e d on th e s u r fa c e and l e s s r o tt in g of the -

■cuttings' in /s i tu . ■ : /,'. ■, / " '' ' -■ ’■' • : .. , '•:■. ' /. -y • ■ ' •■

v ', ! ' ; T h e o v erh ea d m is t s y s t e m w a s fa ir ly s a t is fa c to r y , but it w a s

thought that’ l e s s w a fe r a p p lied a t .m o r e freq u en t in t e r v a ls r a th e r th an

on ce e v e r y h ou r w ould have g iv en b e t te r r e s u l t s . T he e le c tr o n ic le a f ,

a c o n tr o l d e v ic e not: r e q u ir in g a t im e c lo c k , w ould h ave b een m o s t =

■ d e s ir a b le , but u n fo r tu n a te ly .the e x tr e m e ly h ig h s a lt c o n c e n tr a t io n in th ey ; ; : : - w;:/-'- - ' - y - v■ w a te r p ro h ib ited i t s u s e .' _ ■ . • y • . .. , '' ■■ ’: ■

f:'R oot p ro d u ctio n o ften o c c u r r e d a lo n g the s te m , w h ile 'ca llu s Was>

F ig u r e 12. C op p ice grow th at th e b a se o f a young E u c a ly p tu s .

50

in itia tion * w a s c o n s id e r e d u s e fu l in p r e v e n tin g the e n tr y o f h a rm fu l

o r g a n is m s . On o th er o c c a s io n s th e ty p e o f c a llu s sh ow n in F ig u r e 13

w as fo rm ed and tr u e r o o ts d e v e lo p e d fr o m -th e e x te n s io n s o f th is

branched fyp e o f c a l lu s in ad d ition to th o s e p rod u ced a lo n g th e s t e m .

V

51

F ig u r e 13. B ran ch ed typ e o f c a l lu s w h ich often p r e c e d e s the f ib r o u s root s y s te m on E u ca ly p tu s c u tt in g s .

SUM M ARY

Yli® ^ re^ go in g A e-ries o f e x p e r im e n ts w a s d e s ig n e d to d e te r m in e

the fa c to r s w h ich a ffe c t th e ro o tin g Of, E uc a ly p tu s c u tt in g s and the b u t-

stan d in g r e s u l t s w h ich e m e r g e a r e a s fo llo w s : .

1. M any d if fe r e n t s p e c ie s o f E u ca ly p tu s ca n b e p ro p a g a ted

v e g e ta t iv e ly fr o m s t e m cu ttin g ^ . ■- ‘

2 . C o n v e r s e ly , .m any s p e c ie s w i l l not r e sp o n d , o r on ly w ith

grea,t d if f ic u lty , to the t r e a tm e n ts p ro v id ed , :

3 . T h e a p p lic a tio n o f grow th r e g u la to r s in one fo r m or a n oth er

w a s found to a s s i s t ro o tin g ; : 5 ,000 p a r ts p e r m il l io n o f a '

m ix tu r e o f IB A and N A A in 50% eth y l a lc o h o l a p p lied to th e

b ottom in ch o f the c u tt in g s a s a f iv e se c o n d d ip w a s found to

be th e b e s t tr e a tm e n t .

4„ C utting m a t e r ia l b e a r in g ju v e n ile le a v e s r e sp e n d s to r o o t ­

in g in f in ite ly b e tte r th a n th a t w ith adult l e a v e s ,

' 5„ C u ttin g s m a d e fro m w e a k ly g ro w in g , r ip e n e d w ood , one

y e a r old o r l e s s and b e tw e e n 3 and 4 in i l l im e t e r s in d ia m ­

e t e r , and w ith fa ir ly c o m p a c t in te r n o d e s , ga v e th e b e s t

ro o tin g r e s p o n s e , ■ . '

52

6, . C u ttin gs ta k en d u r in g S lim m er w i l l s tr ik e m o r e r e a d ily than

.th o se ta k en d u rin g w in te r « 1

; 7<,: ; -By c tittiu g dow n tr a n s p ir a t io n and k e e p in g th e cu ttin g s ' ,

tu r g id , a m is t s y s te m m a k e s th e task' o f r o o t in g E u ca ly p tu s ,

c u tt in g s c o n s id e r a h ly . e a s i e r . T he h ig h er lig h t in te n s ity

w h ich th e u s e o f a. m is t s y s t e m a ls o a llo w s e n a b le s m o r e

, rap id r o o tin g to o c c u r , a s a n e a r -n o r m a l l e v e l o f p h o to ­

s y n th e s is i s m a in ta in e d u n d er su ch c o n d it io n s .

8„ U nder co n d itio n s o f h igh h u m id ity and w a te r a p p lica tio n .

E u ca ly p tu s c u ttin g s .are y c r y p ro n e to r o tt in g , th u s c o n d it io n s

sh o u ld he a s s t e r i l e as: p b s s ih le . • . ,

9„ D ead c u tt in g s on w h ich th e fu n gus P h o m a w a s la te r id e n t i­

f ie d m a y h ave o r ig in a lly tu rn ed b lack fro m a p h y s io lo g ic a l

i vbre;akdotyri o h ly t o .be ih v a d ed by the fungus; at a, la te r s t a g e . •■■ V

■ --V

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