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FACE Gasoline Fuels with Ethanol
By John Orban and Elizabeth Slone, Battelle
September 10, 2010
The selection of ten gasoline FACE fuels was approved by the FACE Committee at the October 2009 committee meeting in East Liberty, Ohio. However it was suggested that ethanol should have been one of the main factors considered in the selection process.
The purpose of this activity is to determine predicted properties of supplemental FACE gasoline fuels containing specified levels of ethanol (20% and 30%). The FACE Committee recommended using data from the American Petroleum Institute (API) report “Determination of the Potential Property Ranges of Mid-Level Ethanol Blends”, (April 23, 2010). The data contained in an appendix to the API report were downloaded from an API website for use in the analysis that follows.
The API study involved the collection of 71 ethanol-free gasoline samples collected from retail outlets or donated from API member companies and blended with various levels of ethanol ranging from 10% to 30%. The samples were analyzed for ethanol level, vapor pressure, distillation, and octane levels. The data presented in the API report can be used to develop predictions of properties for blends of the baseline fuel with specified percentages of ethanol; however, the API study did not develop any predictive relationships, except in a very qualitative and empirical manner. An attempt was made to characterize such relationships for properties of interest to the FACE program (RON, sensitivity, T10, T50, T90, vapor pressure, and specific gravity) ; but it became apparent that the effort to derive predictive formulas was beyond the scope of this activity. Instead, we chose a more practical approach using simple linear predictions of fuel blend properties based only on the baseline (0% ethanol) property and the percent of ethanol being added. Separate linear equations were used to predict properties with 20% and 30% ethanol using only data in the range of +/- 5% of the target ethanol level. Specifically, we assumed the following relationship:
Px = α + γ * Px=0 + β * Px=0 * X,
Where Px is the property of interest in the blend containing X% ethanol (X=0%, 20%, 30%); Px=0 is the baseline property; and α, γ, and β are constants (regression coefficients). Using the API dataset reveals the coefficient estimates shown in Table 1. Figures 1 though 9 contain a graphical summary of the data. The top portion of each figure contains plots of the residuals (measured – predicted) versus the predicted values for judging the goodness of fit (random scatter is a good fit) and characterizing the uncertainty in the prediction. The middle portion shows how the baseline properties in the API report (o) compare with the corresponding properties of the baseline FACE fuels (letters A-J). Finally, the bottom portion shows the predicted (lines) and observed fuel properties from the API dataset and the predicted properties of the FACE fuels with 20% and 30% ethanol blends.
An Excel spreadsheet version of the model is available upon request to CRC.
Table 1. Estimated Regression Coefficients for Predicting Fuel Properties with Blends of 20% and 30% Ethanol
α γ β RON 15 < Ethanol < 24 50.8336 0.4573 0.0032
26 < Ethanol < 35 82.0859 0.2339 -0.0010 MON 15 < Ethanol < 24 28.6880 0.6715 0.0014
26 < Ethanol < 35 55.4224 0.4579 -0.0019 Sensitivity 15 < Ethanol < 24 7.0093 0.1846 0.0170
26 < Ethanol < 35 9.6374 0.2876 -0.0003 ROAD 15 < Ethanol < 24 39.9852 0.5562 0.0024
26 < Ethanol < 35 70.0026 0.3294 -0.0015 Distillation_10 15 < Ethanol < 24 43.9954 0.5840 0.0020
26 < Ethanol < 35 52.1245 0.4889 0.0032 Distillation_50 15 < Ethanol < 24 100.0714 0.3092 -0.0009
26 < Ethanol < 35 141.2436 0.0848 0.0007 Distillation_90 15 < Ethanol < 24 -7.6085 1.0326 -0.0022
26 < Ethanol < 35 -94.2252 1.3379 -0.0034 Specific_Gravity 15 < Ethanol < 24 0.1984 0.7259 0.0008
26 < Ethanol < 35 0.2982 0.6241 -0.0003 VaporPressure 15 < Ethanol < 24 2.1512 0.9057 -0.0016
26 < Ethanol < 35 2.1904 0.9459 -0.0036
Property Ethanol Group Coefficients
The 10 FACE fuel properties are provided in the Table 2, along with estimates for fuel properties with the addition of 20 and 30 % ethanol. Baseline (0% ethanol) fuel properties are the average of KEN and CPChem measurements provided to Battelle. Aromatics and n-Paraffins have been estimated using the following calculation:
Px = Px=0 * (1 – X/100)
Fuel Ethanol RON MON Sensitivity ROAD T10 T50 T90 Specific Gravity
Vapor Pressure Aromatics NParaffins
A 0% 86.00 85.85 0.20 85.93 144.50 203.50 221.50 0.75 7.15 0.75 6.60 A 20% 95.68 88.82 7.11 91.93 134.14 159.48 211.49 0.75 8.40 0.60 5.28 A 30% 99.74 89.97 9.69 94.54 136.44 162.78 179.78 0.76 8.19 0.53 4.62 B 0% 94.95 91.95 3.00 93.45 150.00 215.50 240.50 0.71 7.25 4.45 8.10 B 20% 100.35 93.09 8.59 96.48 137.57 162.98 230.29 0.73 8.48 3.56 6.48 B 30% 101.57 92.42 10.47 96.69 139.65 164.06 203.28 0.74 8.27 3.12 5.67 C 0% 84.15 82.90 1.25 83.53 142.00 202.50 243.00 0.73 7.15 2.50 24.00 C 20% 94.71 86.75 7.67 90.48 132.58 159.19 232.76 0.74 8.40 2.00 19.20 C 30% 99.36 88.78 9.98 93.86 134.99 162.68 206.38 0.75 8.19 1.75 16.80 D 0% 93.85 87.25 6.60 90.55 140.50 240.00 359.50 0.58 7.10 28.85 19.71 D 20% 99.77 89.80 10.48 94.73 131.65 170.14 348.00 0.63 8.35 23.08 15.77 D 30% 101.35 90.53 11.47 95.86 134.11 166.65 350.49 0.66 8.14 20.20 13.80 E 0% 88.65 82.30 6.40 85.48 143.00 201.50 276.00 0.65 7.15 8.75 7.40 E 20% 97.06 86.33 10.37 91.66 133.21 158.90 265.40 0.68 8.40 7.00 5.92 E 30% 100.28 88.54 11.42 94.41 135.57 162.57 247.20 0.70 8.19 6.13 5.18 F 0% 95.15 86.35 8.80 90.75 140.00 192.00 278.00 0.63 7.45 9.20 4.10 F 20% 100.45 89.17 11.63 94.85 131.33 156.12 267.38 0.67 8.66 7.36 3.28 F 30% 101.62 90.17 12.08 95.92 133.82 161.57 249.67 0.69 8.44 6.44 2.87 G 0% 97.45 86.75 10.70 92.10 137.00 242.00 367.00 0.54 7.95 31.90 3.70 G 20% 101.65 89.45 12.63 95.67 129.46 170.72 355.42 0.60 9.10 25.52 2.96 G 30% 102.09 90.33 12.61 96.31 132.07 166.86 359.77 0.63 8.86 22.33 2.59 H 0% 86.35 78.50 7.85 82.43 143.50 229.00 325.00 0.54 7.45 34.65 21.00 H 20% 95.86 83.67 11.13 89.82 133.52 166.92 313.87 0.60 8.66 27.72 16.80 H 30% 99.81 87.01 11.82 93.54 135.86 165.48 307.81 0.63 8.44 24.26 14.70 I 0% 72.30 71.50 0.85 71.90 161.00 204.00 227.50 0.73 7.50 1.90 9.90 I 20% 88.53 78.77 7.46 83.45 144.44 159.63 217.43 0.74 8.70 1.52 7.92 I 30% 96.93 84.19 9.87 90.54 146.07 162.84 187.20 0.75 8.48 1.33 6.93 J 0% 76.25 72.05 4.20 74.15 179.00 215.50 337.00 0.59 6.75 26.80 23.10 J 20% 90.59 79.15 9.22 84.81 155.66 162.98 325.74 0.64 8.05 21.44 18.48 J 30% 97.74 84.41 10.80 91.18 156.58 164.06 322.66 0.66 7.85 18.76 16.17
Figures 10 and 11 contain two-dimensional and three dimensional plots of the main (Ethanol, RON, sensitivity, aromatics, and N-paraffins) and secondary fuel properties.
Figure 1. RON versus Ethanol with Predicted Values (Note that Data is Restricted to that in the Ethanol Modeling Group Range)
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
RON
88 90 92 94 96 98
100 102 104
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A
A B B
C
C D D
E
E F F G G
H
H
I
I
J
J
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o
o o o
o
o
o o o
o
o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o o o o
o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
RON
70 80 90 100
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
predicted
92 94 96 98 100 102 104
o o
o o
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o
o o
o o
o o o
o o
o o
o
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o o
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o
o
o o o o
o o
o
o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-1
0
1
2
predicted
99 100 101 102 103
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o
o
o
Figure 2. MON versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
MON
78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E F F G G
H
H
I
I
J
J
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o o o o o o
o
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o o
o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
MON
70 80 90 100
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
predicted
84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93
o o
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o
o o
o
o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o o
o o o o
o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-2
-1
0
1
2
predicted
87 88 89 90 91 92
o
o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o
o
o o
o o
Figure 3. Sensitivity versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
Sensitivity
6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A
A B
B
C
C D D
E E F F
G G
H H
I
I J
J o
o o
o
o o
o
o
o o o o
o o
o
o o
o o o o
o
o o
o o
o o o
o o o o o
o o
o
o o
o o o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o o o
o o o
o o o o o
o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
Sensitivity
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
predicted
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
o o o
o
o o o o
o o
o o o
o o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
predicted
10 11 12 13
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
Figure 4. ROAD versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
ROAD
82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98
100
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A A
B B
C
C D D
E
E F F G G
H
H
I
I
J
J
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o
o o
o
o o o o o
o o o
o o o o o o
o o o
o o
o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
ROAD
70 80 90 100
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-2
-1
0
1
2
predicted
88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
o o
o o
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o
o o
o o
o o o o
o
o
o o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o o
o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-1
0
1
2
predicted
93 94 95 96 97
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o
o
o
Figure 5. Distillation at 10% versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
10% Distillation (F)
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J
o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o
o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
o
o o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o
o
o o o
o o o o o
o o
o o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o o o o
o o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o
o o
o o
o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
10% Distillation (F)
90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
predicted
100 110 120 130 140 150
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o
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o o
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o
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o o o o
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o o
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o
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o
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o o
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o o
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o o
o o
o o o o o o o o
o o
o o o
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o o o
o
o o
o o o
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o o
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o
o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o
o
o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
predicted
100 110 120 130 140 150
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o
o
o o
o
o o
o
o
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o o
o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
o
o o
o
o o
o
Figure 6. Distillation at 50% versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
50% Distillation (F)
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A A B B C C D
D E E F
F G
G H H I I J J
o o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o
o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o
o o o
o
o
o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
50% Distillation (F)
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-10
0
10
20
30
40
predicted
140 150 160 170 180
o o o
o o o o o o o
o
o o o o o o o
o o o
o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o
o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
predicted
156 158 160 162 164 166 168
o o
o
o o
o
o o
o o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
o
o
o o
o
o o
o o o
o
o o o o
o o
o
o
o
o o
o
o o o
o o o o
o o
o o o
o
Figure 7. Distillation at 90% versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
90% Distillation (F)
160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A
A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
H H
I
I
J J o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o o o
o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
o o
o
o o o
o o o o o
o
o o
o
o o o o o o o o
o o o
o o o o
o
o
o o o o o o o o
o
o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o
o
o o o o o o
o
o
o
o
o o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
90% Distillation (F)
220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-20
-10
0
10
predicted
240 260 280 300 320 340 360
o o o o
o
o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o
o o
o
o o
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o o o o o
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o o o
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o o o o o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
0 10 20 30
predicted
220 240 260 280 300 320 340
o o o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o
o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o
o
o
o o o o o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o
o o o o o o o
o
o o o o o
Figure 8. Specific Gravity versus Ethanol with Predicted Values
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
Specific Gravity
0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A A
B B C C
D
D E
E
F F
G
G
H
H
I I
J J
o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o
o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o
o o o o o o o o o o
o o
o
o
o o o o
o o o
o o o o o o
o
o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
Specific Gravity
0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-0.017
-0.012
-0.007
-0.002
0.003
0.008
0.013
predicted
0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o
o o o o o
o o o
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o o
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o o o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o o o
o
o o
o o o o
o o o o o
o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-0.008 -0.006 -0.004 -0.002 0.000 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008
predicted
0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78
o o
o o o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o o
o
o
o
o o o
o
o
o
o o
o
o o o
o
o
o o o
o
o o
o
o
o o o o
o
o o o o o
o o
o
o
o o o o
o
o o o o o o
o o o o o
o
Figure 9. Vapor Pressure versus Ethanol with Predicted Values (Red Letters)
All Data Estimates/Observed vs. Ethanol
Vapor Pressure
6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Ethanol (%)
10 20 30 40
A A B B C C D D E E F F G G H H I I J J
o o o o
o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o
o o
o o
o
o o o o o o o o o
o
o o
o
o o o
o o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o
o o o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o
o o o
o
o o
o o o o
API vs. FACE at Ethanol = 0
API
FACE
Vapor Pressure
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A B C D E F G H I J
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (15 < Ethanol < 24)
Residual
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
predicted
6 8 10 12 14 16
o o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o o
o o o o o o o
o o
o o o
o o o o o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o o o
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o
o o o o o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o
API Pred. vs. Residuals (26 < Ethanol < 35)
Residual
-1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
predicted
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
o o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o o o
o o o
o
o
o
o o o o o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o
o
o o o o
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o
o
o o o o
o o
o o o
o
o o o
o o
o o
o o
o
o o o
Figure 10a. Scatter-plot Matrix for Main Effect FACE Fuel Properties
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X0
+ X0+ X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X0
+X0+X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0 + X0 + X0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 + X
0+ X
0+ X
0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 +X0 + X
0+X
0 + X0 +X
0+X
0+ X
0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 + X0 + X
0+X
0 +X0 +X
0+X
0+X
0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 + X
0+
X0
+ X
0 + X0 + X0 + X
0+ X
0 + X
0+
X
0 + X0 +X
0+
X0
+X
0 + X0 +X0 +X
0+ X
0 + X
0+
X
0 + X0 + X
0+
X0
+X
0 +X0 +X0 +X
0+X
0 + X
0+
X
0+X0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X 0+X 0+X
0+X
0+X
0+
X
Ethanol
RON
Sensitivity
Aromatics
NParaffins
0 10 20 30
70
80
90
100
70 80 90 100
0
5
10
15
0 5 10 15
0
20
40
0 20 400
10
20
Ethanol: 0 = 0%; + = 20%; X = 30%
Figure 10b. Scatter-plot Matrix for Secondary FACE Fuel Properties
0+
X 0+X
0
+X
0+X
0+
X0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0+X
0+X0
+ X0
+X0
+ X0+X0+X
0+ X
0
+ X
0
+ X0
+ X
0+X0
+ X0
+X0
+ X0+X
0+X
0+ X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0 +X
0+X
0 +X
0 +X
0 + X0 +X
0 +X0 + X
0 +X
0 + X
0 +X
0 +X
0 +X
0 +X
0 + X0 +X
0 +X0 + X
0 +X
0 + X
0+X
0+X0+
X
0+X
0+X0+X
0+X0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X0+X
0+X0+X
0+X
0+X
0 +X0+X0 + X
0+X0
+ X
0+X
0+X
0+
X
0 + X
0+
X
0 + X0 +X0 + X
0+X0
+ X
0+X
0+X
0+
X
0 + X
0+
X
0+X0+X0+X
0+X 0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X0+X 0+X
0+X 0
+X
0+X
0+
X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X0+X 0+X
0+X0
+X
0+X
0+X
0+
X
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
MON
ROAD
T10
T50
T90
SpecificGravity
VaporPressure
70 80 90
70
80
90
100
70 80 90 100
120
140
160
180
120 140 160 180
150
200
250
150 200 250
200
300
400
200 300 400
.5
.6
.7
.8
.5 .6 .7 .8
7
8
9
Ethanol: 0 = 0%; + = 20%; X = 30%
Figure 10c. Scatter-plot Matrix for Main versus Secondary FACE Fuel Properties
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X0
1020
30Et
hano
l
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
70 80 90 100ROAD
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
160 180 200 220 240T50
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
70 80 90 100ROAD
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
0+ X
0+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
160 180 200 220 240T50
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X0
+ X0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X0
+ X0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
70 80 90 100ROAD
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+ X0
+ X0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X0
+ X0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
160 180 200 220 240T50
0 + X0 +X0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 + X
0+
X
0+
X
0 + X
0+ X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0 + X0 +X0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 + X
0+
X
0+
X
0 + X
0+ X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
70 80 90 100ROAD
0+ X0+ X 0+ X
0+ X
0+ X0+ X
0+
X
0+
X
0+ X
0+X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0+ X0+X 0+ X
0+X
0+ X0+ X
0+
X
0+
X
0+ X
0+X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
160 180 200 220 240T50
0 + X0 +X
0
+X
0+
X
0 + X0 + X0 + X
0+
X
0+ X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NP
araf
fins
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0 + X0 +X
0
+X
0+
X
0 + X0 + X0 +X
0+
X
0+ X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NP
araf
fins
70 80 90 100ROAD
0+ X0+ X
0
+X
0+
X
0+ X 0+ X 0+ X
0+
X
0+ X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NP
araf
fins
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0+ X0+X
0
+X
0+
X
0+ X 0+ X 0+X
0+
X
0+ X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NP
araf
fins
160 180 200 220 240T50
Ethanol: 0 = 0%; + = 20%; X = 30%
Figure 10d. Scatter-plot Matrix for Main versus Secondary FACE Fuel Properties, Continued
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Eth
anol
200 250 300 350 400T90
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Eth
anol
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Eth
anol
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0+
X0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
7080
9010
0R
ON
200 250 300 350 400T90
0+
X0
+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0+ X
0+ X
0+ X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+X
7080
9010
0R
ON
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0+
X0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
7080
9010
0R
ON
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
0+X 0
+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
05
1015
Sen
sitiv
ity
200 250 300 350 400T90
0
+X
0
+ X
0
+X
0+ X
0+ X
0+ X0
+ X
0+ X
0
+X
0
+ X0
510
15S
ensi
tivity
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
0+X0
+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
05
1015
Sen
sitiv
ity
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0+X 0+X 0+X
0+X
0+X 0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
010
2030
40A
rom
atic
s
200 250 300 350 400T90
0+X0 + X0 + X
0+ X
0 + X0 + X
0+ X
0+ X
0 + X
0+ X
010
2030
40A
rom
atic
s
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0 +X0 +X0 +X
0+X
0 +X0 +X
0+X
0+X
0 +X
0+X
010
2030
40A
rom
atic
s
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0+X0+X
0+X 0
+X0+X 0+X 0+X
0+X
0+X
0+X
051
0152
025
NP
araf
fins
200 250 300 350 400T90
0+X0 + X
0+ X0
+ X0 + X0 + X0 + X
0+ X
0 + X
0+ X
051
0152
025
NP
araf
fins
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0 +X0 +X
0+X0
+X0 +X0 +X0 +X
0+X
0 +X
0+X
051
0152
025
NP
araf
fins
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
Ethanol: 0 = 0%; + = 20%; X = 30%
Figure 10e. Scatter-plot Matrix for Main versus Secondary FACE Fuel Properties (Figures 10C and D combined)
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X0
1020
30Et
hano
l
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
70 80 90 100ROAD
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
160 180 200 220 240T50
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
200 250 300 350 400T90
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
0
+
X
010
2030
Etha
nol
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X70
8090
100
RO
N
70 80 90 100ROAD
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+ X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
160 180 200 220 240T50
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
200 250 300 350 400T90
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+ X
0
+X
0
+ X0
+ X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+
X
7080
9010
0R
ON
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+ X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+ X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
70 80 90 100ROAD
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+ X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
160 180 200 220 240T50
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
200 250 300 350 400T90
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+ X0
+ X
0
+ X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
0
+X
0
+X0
+X
0
+X
0
+
X
0
+X
05
1015
Sens
itivi
ty
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0 +X0+X0 + X
0
+X
0 + X0 +X
0
+X
0
+X
0 + X
0+
X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0 + X0 +X0 + X
0
+X
0 + X0 +X
0
+X
0
+X
0 + X
0+
X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
70 80 90 100ROAD
0+X0+X0+X
0
+X
0+X0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0+X0+X 0+X
0
+X
0+X0+ X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
160 180 200 220 240T50
0+X0+X 0+X
0
+X
0+X0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
200 250 300 350 400T90
0+X0 +X0+X
0
+X
0 + X0 + X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X
0+
X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0 +X0 +X0 +X
0
+X
0 +X0 +X
0
+X
0
+X
0 +X
0+
X
010
2030
40Ar
omat
ics
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+ X0 +X0 +X
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
70 75 80 85 90 95MON
0+ X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+ X0 +X0 +X
0
+X
0+ X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
70 80 90 100ROAD
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X 0+X 0+ X
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
130 140 150 160 170 180T10
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X 0+ X 0+X
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
160 180 200 220 240T50
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X 0+X 0+X
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
200 250 300 350 400T90
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+ X0 + X0 + X
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
.55 .6 .65 .7 .75Specific Gravity
0+X
0+X
0
+X
0
+X
0+X0 +X0 +X
0
+X
0+X
0
+X
05
1015
2025
NPa
raffi
ns
6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9Vapor Pressure
Ethanol: 0 = 0%; + = 20%; X = 30%
Figure 11. Three-Dimensional Plot for Main Fuel Properties
