Facade

Brick facade

wood facade

Stone facade

cement facade

Glass facadesmart facade

publicity facade

metal facade

BRICK

louis kahn -IIM AHMADABADlouis kahn-national assembly building dhaka bangladesh

BRICK FACADE

Types of brick bonds

Flemish bond Old English bond Stretcher bond

Brick loadbearing walls

Details for hollow brickI . Loadbearing hollow brick wall2. Timber framed window3. Internal finish4. Thermal insulation5. Hollow brick cill6. U-shaped brick, filled with reinforced concrete7. Waterproof membrane8. Damp proof course (DPC)9. Weather bar10. Hollow brick copingI I. Roof construction12. Rendered finishI3. Floor slab

Details for hollow brickI . Loadbearing hollow brick wall2. Timber framed window3. Internal finish4. Thermal insulation5. Hollow brick cill6. U-shaped brick, filled with reinforced concrete7. Waterproof membrane8. Damp proof course (DPC)9. Weather bar10. Hollow brick copingI I. Roof construction12. Rendered finishI3. Floor slab

Details for hollow brickI . Loadbearing hollow brick wall2. Timber framed window3. Internal finish4. Thermal insulation5. Hollow brick cill6. U-shaped brick, filled with reinforced concrete7. Waterproof membrane8. Damp proof course (DPC)9. Weather bar10. Hollow brick copingI I. Roof construction12. Rendered finishI3. Floor slab

Horizontal section I:I0.Window jamb Vertical section I: I0, Floor junction

Brick loadbearing walls

Details for hollow brickI . Loadbearing hollow brick wall2. Timber framed window3. Internal finish4. Thermal insulation5. Hollow brick cill6. U-shaped brick, filled with reinforced concrete7. Waterproof membrane8. Damp proof course (DPC)9. Weather bar10. Hollow brick copingI I. Roof construction12. Rendered finishI3. Floor slab

Vertical sections I: I0,Window openings

Window detailsI. Ground floor or floor slab2. External ground level3. Screed4. Waterproofing layer to roof5. Brick parapet6. Angle fillet7. External wall8. Roof substrate9. Damp proof course (DPC)10.Damp proof membrane (DPM)

Horizontal &vertical sections I:10, Bedding reinforcement between courses, diaphragm wall

Diaphragm brick wall detailsI , Loadbearing diaphragm brick wall2, Air void or thermal insulation

Isometric views of wall assemblyI,parapet level2,ground level

Brick textile home

glass

Glass walls

GLASS WALLS(I) Stick glazing(2) Unitised glazing(3) Clamped glazing(4) Bolt fixed glazing

System assembly

An essential aspect of stick systems is thatthey should be drained and ventilated in orderto avoid water being drawn through the rubber-based seals into the building.

Stick glazing:

Comparison with unitised glazingFramed glazing systems are of two types:

stick and unitised.- Stick systems are assembled mainly on site.- while unitised systemsare assembled in a factory.

- Stick systems are well adapted for non-modular construction.-unitised systems require a repetition in panel sizes in order to keep the types to a small number in order to remain economic.

-Complex geometries can be taken up much more easily by stick systems than by unitised systems.

-Stick systems are often preferred for low-rise building, where scaffolding is used.

- but the increased use of mast climbers (movingplatforms) is making stick systems viable for taller buildings ( 10 t o 20 storeys) where unitised glazing would otherwise have been used.

A criticism of stick systems has traditionally been of their poorer quality of assembly when compared to unitised glazing, but this is much less the case today.

Bringing all th e components togeth er at th e site, of double- or single glazed units,aluminium pro files, rubber-based gaskets and seals,folded metal flashings and copings, involves a much higher dependence on site- based work toachieve th e quality of const r uction of the factory-based unitised systems.

- For low rise buildin g, or where there is a high degree of variation in the facade module, stick glazing is often preferred, since the wall is assembled in place on site rather than in a wor kshop, making it very economic when compared t o unitised glazing.

A lthough off-site fabrication saves time and can be of higher quality, it is often more expensive. Sometimes mullions and transoms are pre-assembled int o carrier frames that are lifted in place and fixed without glass.Th is 'semi-unitised' approach can save time on construction where there is some degree of repetition.

Vertical section - Glazed curtain wall with maintenance walkway and glazed solarshading panels in front

3-D view of glazed curtain wall with maintenance walkway and glazedsolar shading panels in front

DetailsI. Extruded aluminium transom2. Extruded aluminium mullion3.Fixing bracket4. Single glazed or double glazedunit to suit application5. Pressure plate6. Rubber-based seal7. Thermal break8. Metal-faced or opaque gjassfacedinsulated panel9. Cover cap10. Floor slabI I .Floor finish12. Ceiling finish13. Outer glazed screenproviding solarshading14.Thermal insulationI S. Metal sheet seal16. t-laintenance access deck17. W indow glazed incurtain walling18 Metal honeycomb panel19. Slot in mullion to receivef,xlng bracelet forexternal screens, etc20. Steel hollow sect ion2 1. Adjacent wall.Meta l ra inscreen shown22. Smoke seal

Section I:S.Junction between double glazed units

3-D view of connection between double glazed units

Unitised glazing

Vertical section Unitised panel connection to top of floor slabwith insulated metal slab capping

3-D view of unitised panel connection to top of floor slab

DetailsI . Interlocking transom2. Plain transom3. Interlocking mullion4. Single glazed or doubleglazed unit to suit application5. Pressure plate6. Rubber-based seal7. Thermal break8. Metal parapet coping9. Metal-faced or opaque glassfacedinsulated panelsIO. Floor slabI I . Floor finish12. Ceiling finishI 3. Outer screen providingsolar shading14. Thermal insulation15. Sheet metal sealI6. Cover cap17. Smoke seal18. Support bracket

Horizontal section Stick mullion in unitised panel

Vertical sectionstick transom in unitised panel

DetailsI . Interlocking transom2. Plain transom3. Interlocking mullion4. Single glazed or doubleglazed unit to suit application5. Pressure plate6. Rubber-based seal7. Thermal break8. Metal parapet coping9. Metal-faced or opaque glassfacedinsulated panelsIO. Floor slabI I . Floor finish12. Ceiling finishI 3. Outer screen providingsolar shading14. Thermal insulation15. Sheet metal sealI6. Cover cap17. Smoke seal18. Support bracket

Horizontal section-Unitised corner panels with glass bonded to frame

Clamped glazing

This glazing method is suited primarily to single glazingbut double glazed examples are being constructed thatavoid some of the wide joints resulting from the visibleblack edges of double glazed units.

Comparison with bolt fixed glazing

As a method of frameless glazing, clamped glazing is more economical than bolt fixed glazing.

The ability of clamp brackets to be simple and easily made allows the glass to be supported at different angles to one another in atiled, non-planar manner.

Whereas bolt fixed glazing requires drilling of glass, clamped glazing does not, as glass is fixed with patches or clamps that pass through the joint between the glass sheets or double glazed units.

A disadvantage of clamped glazing is that glassthicknesses are usually thicker than those inbolt fixed glazing,where the distances betweenfixings are reduced (reducing the span of theglass) by setting them into the material.

3-D view glazing clamped at corners and supported from cables

3-D view of corner clamped glazing system

DetailsI . Stainless steel patch plates2. Singleglazed or double glazed unit to suitapplication3. Silicone seal4. Glass fin5. Support bracket6. Floor slab7. Ceiling finish8. Floor finish9. Access ladder10. Clamped glazed wallI I . Inner framed curtain walling12. Fixing boltI 3. Maintenance access deck

3-D detail view of glazing supported by spider clamp hung from cable truss

Elevation -Spider clamp supporting glass panels Vertical section -Spider clamp hung from cable

Truss supporting glass panelsHorizontal section -Spider clamp hung fromcable truss supporting glass panels

DetailsI. Stainless steel patchplates2. Single glazed or double glazedunit to suit application3.Silicone seal4.Glass finS.Support bracket6.Floor slab7. Ceiling finish8.Floor finish9.Access ladder10. Clampedglazed wallI I. Inner framed curtainwalling12. Fixing boltI 3.Maintenance access deck14. Fixing bracketIS. Extrudedaluminiummullions16.Opaque glazing17. Ground slab18. Backing wall19. Inclined and lapped glass20.Cable support21.Corner clamp22.Cast metal fixing bracket23.Clamp bracket24.Metal parapetcoping25.Thenmal insulation

3-D view of toggle fixed glazing connection

Horizontal section -Double glazed units fixed to supporting frame with 'toggle' connection andsilicone sealed

Bolt fixed glazing

3-D views of cable supported 4 point 'spider' fixing element

Vertical section -Section through glazing

DetailsI . Cast steel connector2. Mild steel or stainless steel anglebracket3. Single glazed or double glazed unitto suit application4. Outer silicone seal with innerrubber-based extruded seal5. Insulated panel6. Bolt-based cable end7. Stainless steel bolt fixing8. Steel connector fixed to steel tube9. Stainless steel cable10. Floor slab/structural wallI I . Glazing channel at fioor level12. Structural column. Concrete shownI 3. Steel arm for lateral support14. Steel rod15. Glass fin16. Singleglazed solar shadingglass

Shard by renzo piano

Exterior Sun ShadesInterior Light Shelves

Sun ShadesExterior shading devices designed to reduce solar heat gain and glare, while allowing natural daylight into the building.

Light ShelvesHorizontal devices installed onto the interior of a window opening to redirect and redistribute natural light into the interior space of the building.

Sun ControlExterior sun shades and interior lightshelves soften the light entering near thewindow and redirect daylight deeperinto the space.

benefits of exterior sun shades

Primary benefits of exterior sun shadesinclude added diffusion of sunlight, withreduced glare.

Secondary benefits can include increasedoccupant satisfaction and productivity,through comfort and increasedlight shelf performance.

Sun Shade TypesExtruded blades:AerofoilNo-perch trapezoidsRound tubesZee bladesPerforated sheetCatwalk gridsSolid shadingUnlimited creative choices,…..

daniel apartment – tehran by : sara kalantari / reza saiadian

Polyclinic / 3LHD ArchitectsThe façade envelope is the main visual element with its horizontal bands accentuating the structure. In addition to its aesthetic qualities, the façade is a sophisticated light regulator and classic sunshade.

STONE

STONE FASADE

Villa topoject

montpellier_zaha hadid

kinds of facade stones

1.Granite

2.Sandstone2-1.Calcareous

2-2.Silicic

2-3.Iron oxide

2-4.Dolomiti3.Diorit

4.Gabbro

5.Marble

6.Quartzite

Ordering rocks

Install

Installation of stone without mortar

Install

Install

Install

3D view ot cill detail

3-D view of loadbearing masonry wall with stone cladding

3-D view of loadbearing masonry wall with stone cladding

Stone loadbearing walls

Solid brick detailsI . Loadbearing brick wall2. Timber framed window3. Internal plaster finish or dry lining/drywall4. Thermal insulation5. Stone lintel6. Stone cill7. Waterproof membrane8. Damp proof course (DPC)9. Reinforced concrete lintel10. Stone facing Blocks

3-D exploded view of loadbearing masonry wall with stone cladding

Exploded axonometric view of loadbearing masonry wall with stone cladding

Stone loadbearing walls

First building of mahalat

wood

Timber frames comprise vertical sections called 'studs' fixed to horizontal memberscalled 'rails’ .

The studs run vertically continunusly,with discontinuous horizontal members which are called 'noggins' The outer face of the timber frame is clad with plywood sheathing.

typically 12mm-18mm thick (0.5in-O,75in), dependingon the structural requirement of stiffening the frame .

Timber boards can also be used as sheathing, this is an expensive solution, Framing members are typically formed from IOOx50mm (4inx2in) softwood sections at 400mm ( 16in) vertical centres which are nailed together.

Trime walls:1.cladding the timber frame2.Cladding pannels and rainscreens

1.cladding the timber frame

3-D view of window jamb

Horizontal section - Window jambs

DetailsI. Metal parapet flashing2. Timber boards3. Plywood sheathing4. Timber studs5. Timber rail6. Breather membrane7. Window flashing8. Damp proof course9. Vapour barrier10. Timber fioorI I. Concrete ground slab12. Internal plaster finish or dry lining/dry wallI 3. Thermal insulation quilt set within timberframe14. Timber framed window/door15. Timber cill16. Air gap

Vertical section -Window opening

3D view of Window opening

Horizontal section -Window jambDetailsI. Metal parapet flashing2. Timber boards3. Plywood sheathing4. Timber studs5. Timber rail6. Breather membrane7. Window flashing8. Damp proof course9. Vapour barrier10. Timber floorI I. Concrete ground slab12. Internal plaster finish or dry lining/dry wallI 3. Thermal insulation quilt set within timberframe14. Timber framed window/door15. Timber cill16. Air gap

2.Cladding pannels and rainscreens

3-D view of cladding panel assembly with built-in opening window

Vertical section -Timber board cladding panel sand typical assembly

DetailsI. Timber boards2. Plywood sheathing3. Timber studs4. Timber rail5. Breather membrane6. Foundation7. Damp proof course8. Vapour barrier9. Timber floor10. Concrete floorI I. Intemal finish12. Thermal insulation quilt setwithin t imber frame13. Timber framed window/door14. Timber cill15. Air gap16. Sliding timber louvre panel17. Metal facing18. Extemal plywood facing19. Cover strip20. Extemal floor deck21. Extemal glass wall in twin wall22. Structural timber frame

types of timber cladding

location:Ljubljana, Sloveniaarchitecture:Alenka Kragelj Eržen, Studio Kragelj arhitektiyear ofconstruction:2009timber:larch

Metamorphosis 1 / Jose Ulloa Davet + Delphine Ding

Project: Metamorfosis 1, Renovation of a wooden houseLocation: Tunquén,Casablanca, chileArchitects: Renewal ( 2008)Original House (1990): Pedro Salas

cement

CEMENT FACADECONCRETE FACADE

concrete wall

An essential difference between concrete and other materials used in facade construction is that concrete is poured in place into moulds, or into form work rather than being manufactured as a standard size component in a factory .Whereas metal, glass ,masonry,plastics and timber are made to standard dimensions in the form of sheets or sect ions, concrete is cast ,either on site or in a factory as precast panels .Although there are few constraints on the size of a single cast element in concrete, in practice an essential determinant of concrete panel size is the amount of concrete that can be poured at one time .With precast concrete the essential constraint on panel size is the weight that can be lifted by a crane on site .

2.Concrete Panel

1.cast in placed concrete

Concrete facade

Cement facade

3-D view of precast concrete wall with vertical windows

3-D exploded view of window set in precast concrete wall

3-D view of window set in precast

3-D view of window set in precast concrete wall

Vertical section- Connection between insitu wall and window

DetailsI. Concrete external wall2. Concrete internal wall3. Thermal insulation4. Window frame5. Waterproof membrane6. Metal parapet flashing7. Internal finish8. Metal cill9. Drip10. Metal lined gutter

Panel types

Precast concrete panels are formed mainly by either forming the finish in the bottom of the mould, the top of the mould with another material to the face of the panel, or as an insulated sandwich panel.Sometimes ,ceramic tiles or stones are laid in the bottom of the panel in order to bond to the concrete poured on top. The small size of terracotta or ceramic tiles allows them to be laid at the bottom of the mould and be individually bonded to the concrete .

Cutaway 3-D view of wall clad in precast concrete cladding panels showing wall construction

Horizantal section- wall with precast concrete cladding panels , showing junction with window

Vertical section-wall clad with precast concrete panels

DetailsI. Concrete floor deck2. Precast concrete panel3. Thermal insulation4. Vertical baffle joint between panels5. Vertical butt joint between panels6. Horizontal lap joint7. Horizontal butt joint8. Window opening9. Stainless steel dowel or angle10. Rubber-based baffleI I. EPDM or silicone-based seal12. Concrete column13. Concrete corner panel14. Concrete coping15. Roof assembly

DetailsI. Concrete floor deck2. Precast concrete panel3. Thermal insulation4. Vertical baffle joint between panels5. Vertical butt joint between panels6. Horizontal lap joint7. Horizontal butt joint8. Window opening9. Stainless steel dowel or angle10. Rubber-based baffleI I. EPDM or silicone-based seal12. Concrete column13. Concrete corner panel14. Concrete coping15. Roof assembly

3-D view of fixing elements

3-D detail cutaway view of concrete wall with precast concrete cladding panels

3-D view of fixing elements

Joints

Joints between panels are of open or closed Type .The open type has an inner membrane seal and an outer flexible mastic seal on the inner face. The closed type has a single outer seal of flexible mastic .These principles apply to both vertical and horizontal joints.In the horizontal joints, a step in the panel may be provided to assist in weat her tightness of panels,which are upwards of I50mm thick Minimum joint widths are typically I0-12mm thick for panels ranging from 1800mm wide to 2400mm wide, increasing to a joint width of 16-18mm for panels 6000mm wide .These widths help reduce visually any variations in the width of the joint as a result of joining panels .Visually, joints are recessed as shadow gaps in order to conceal small differences of alignment between panels.

Horizontal section - Panel junction at corners. In-situ cast concrete wall cast in 2 skins with rigid closed cell insulation between skins

Horizontal section I: I0. Panel junction at corners. In-situ cast concrete wall cast in 2 skins with rigid closed cell insulation between skins

Horizontal section I: I0. Panel junction at corners. In-situ cast concrete wall cast in 2 skins with rigid closed cell insulation between skins

Horizontal section I : I0. Panel-to-panel junctions. In-situ cast concrete wall cast in 2 skins with rigid closed cell insulation between skins

DetailsI , Concrete floor deck2, Precast concrete panel3. Thermal insulation4, Vertical baffle joint between panels5, Vertical butt joint between panels6, Horizontal lap joint7, Horizontal butt joint8, Window opening9, Stainless steel dowel or angle10, Rubber-based baffleI I , EPDM or silicone-based sealI 2, Concrete columnI 3. Concrete corner panel14, Concrete coping15, Roof assembly

In addition to the finishes described in the texts on both in-situ concrete and precast concrete panels, the techniques of sand blasting and tooling are commonly used on small cladding panels.

Barin Ski Resorts

METAL

The most common metals used are copper. lead, zinc .More recently,stainless steel has come into use, but primarily as a roofing material.Copper sheet is a ductile material, but not as malleable as lead.

Lead sheet is extremely durable, and its softness allows it to be formed over complex geometries and panels with a high amount of surface relief Zinc is urable, though more brittle than copper but is susceptible to corrosion from its nderside if not ventilated,

Stainless steel is a very durable material, but it still has an uneven surface ,The main disadvantage of working in stainless steel is its hardness,making it difficult to work when forming folds in jointing,

Sheet metalProfiled metal claddingmetal

Fixing methodsThere are three fixing methods for continuously supported sheet metal walls:- continuous sheet- lapped tiles - recessed joints

Sheet metal

3-D view of aluminium window in folded metal cladding system

Horizontal section - Folded metal sheetconnection to aluminium curtain wall type window

DetailsI, Folded metal sheet2, Fixing battens3, Standing seamjoints4, Window frame5, Waterproof membrane, typicallybitumen based paint6, Internal finish7, Metal clips fixed at centres8, Timber window cill9, Substrate in plywood or timberboard10. Folded metal copingI I. Thermal insulationI 2. Backing wall - timber/metal framewith plywood facingI 3. Vapour barrier14. Ventilated metal drip15. Structural concrete wall

3-D view of folded metal sheet with recessed seams,Type I

Vertical section -Aluminium curtain wall typewindow cill detail in folded metal sheet with recessed joints

recessed joints

DetailsI, Folded metal sheet2, Fixing battens3, Standing seam joints4, W indow frame5, Waterproof membrane,typicallybitumen basedpaint6, Internal finish7, Metal clips fixed at centres8, Timber window cill9, Substrate in plywood or timberboardI0, Folded metal copingI I, Thermal insulation12, Backing wall - timber/metal framewith plywood facing13. Vapour barrier14, Ventilated metal drip15, Structural concrete wall

Vertical section -Typical wall build-up with interlocking folded metal panels

continuous sheet lapped tiles

Horizontal section -External corner with seam connection

Profiled metal cladding

3-D view of recessed aluminium window in profiled metal facade

Vertical section - Aluminium window recessed into profiled metal cladding system

DetailsI , Metal cover strip set2, Horizontally-set profiled sheet3, Vertically-set profiled sheet4, Z section steel fixing rails5, Thermal insulation6, Backing wall,typicallytimber/metal frame withplywood facingand waterproofmembrane, or concrete block7, Vapour barrier8, Internal finish9, Roof,typically profiledmetal sheet10. Curved eaves profileI I. Concealed gutterI2. Exposed gutter13. Supporting structural frame14. Structural slab15. Window frame16. Metal trim to window17. Metal parapet coping

3-D view of composite panel facade assembly with flush glazing and concealed parapet

Vertical section-lntegrated parapet. Window and doors all flush with face of composite panels.

DetailsI , Vertically-set composite panel2, Horizontally-set composite panel3. Silicone-based seal4, Outer metal facing5, Inner metal facing6, Inner insulation core7, Metal capping8, Concealed fixing9, Supporting structure10, 4-way interlocking composite panelI I , Window frameI 2, Sectional roller shutter formed fromcomposite panelsI 3. Roof construction. composite panels14. Metal trim15. Exposed gutterI 6. Concealed gutter17. Metal parapet copingI 8. Stick glazedcurtain walling19. Door frame

composite panel

guggenheim museum by frank gehry

Figure 1: Cardboard and wood model of the Bilbao Guggenheim

Figure 2: Guggenheim site after demolition of abandoned industrial buildings

Figure 3: Foundation with piles

Figures 4 :Atrium with primary, three-meter structural grid; Secondary, horizontally-curved structure

Figure 5: Tertiary structure attached to secondary structure

Figure 6: Galvanized steel cladding

Figure 7: Detail of titanium sheet clamping

Figure 10: Three “moods” of the Bilbao Guggenheim

Figure 8 : Climbers affix titanium sheathing panels

Figure 9: Triangular glass panes create a curved surface

PUBLICITY FACADE

future system,london

details

Kring Kumho Culture Complex

elevation

installation

installation

installation

The facades of the future…

The following is a list of the issues that will define facades design in the near and longer future. Let's put a time lag to this: by 2020? That's rather soon. 2030 is better: twenty years from now.

a) Media facades - they tell us a changing message, Ned Kahn's façade moved by the wind :

Ned Kahn, Technorama facade - Swiss Science Centre, Winthertur

In 2002, Ned Kahn worked with the staff of Technorama, the major science center in Switzerland, and their architects, Durig and Rami, to create a facade for the building which is composed of thousands of aluminum panels that move in the air currents and reveal the complex patterns of turbulence in the wind.

N Building, Tokyo - The facade is covered in QR codes. Click a pic of this building and you will get info of all its inhabitants in your mobile.

b) Interactive facades - we can ask them for something, and they will answer.

c) Dynamic facades - they will move, in order to perform better, but also in a way we will consider aesthetically pleasant

Kiefer Technic Showroom, Giselbrecht + Partners - The louvers move constanty depending on the day and light conditions, and on the inner use of the rooms