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Constitutionalising Social Rights CE Â CILE FABRE Politics, Worcester College, Oxford L et us assume, with egalitarian liberals, that people have social rights to minimum income, housing, education and health care, and that civil and political rights should be constitutionalised. Let us also assume that rights are interest-based. 1 The purpose of this article is neither to defend nor to dispute those propositions. It is instead to argue: (1) that if one is committed to these claims, one must also advocate the constitutionalisation of social rights; 2 and (2) that one cannot object to constitutional social rights on the grounds that social rights are positive rights. The differences between negative and positive rights have been classically expounded by Charles Fried: A positive right is a claim to somethingÐa share of material goods, or some particular good like the attention of a lawyer or a doctor or perhaps the claim to a result like health or enlightenmentÐwhile a negative right is a right that something not be done to one, that some particular imposition be withheld. Positive rights are inevitably asserted to scarce goods, and consequently scarcity implies a limit to the claim. Negative rights, however, the rights not to be interfered with in forbidden ways, do not appear to have such natural, such inevitable limitation ... It is logically possible to respect any number of negative rights without necessarily landing in an impossible and contradictory situation ... Positive rights, by contrast, cannot as a logical matter be treated as categorical entities, because of the scarcity limitation. 3 There is thus a fundamental distinction between negative and positive rights, which I call the duty distinction: some rights are negative in that they ground The Journal of Political Philosophy: Volume 6, Number 3, 1998, pp. 263±284 1 Along the lines of Raz's de®nition of rights: ` ``X has a right'' if and only if X can have rights and, other things being equal, an aspect of X's well-being (his interest) is a suf®cient reason for holding some other person(s) under a duty'; Joseph Raz, The Morality of Freedom (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 166. 2 Two points. First, I do not mean to imply that civil, political and social rights are the only rights that there are. There is now talk of cultural and environmental rights. The reason why I focus on the ®rst three categories is because they are uncontroversial in the egalitarian liberal literature. Second, by constitutionalisation, I mean that rights are enshrined in the constitution and protected by an institution such as the judiciary, by way of judicial review and/or judicial preview, which is the review of the law after it is enacted but before it is implemented. 3 Charles Fried, Right and Wrong (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1978), p. 110. For arguments to the effect that there are differences between the two sets of rights, see Thomas Nagel, `Equality', Mortal Questions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979), at pp. 114±15; Maurice Cranston, What Are Human Rights? (London: Bodley Head, 1973), ch. 8; Hugo Adam Bedau, `Human rights and foreign assistance programs', Human Rights and U. S. Foreign Policy, ed. Peter G. Brown and Douglas MacLean (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1979), pp. 29±44. The difference which is usually made in the literature between negative and positive rights is the duty distinction. #1998 Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA.

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