f2 Notes Chap 8

8/12/2019 f2 Notes Chap 8

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Support system in humans and animals is

called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM

3 typesofskeletalsystems

ENDOSKELETON

HYDROSTATIC

SKELETONEXOSKELETON


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Inner Frame

Refers to

bones or

cartilage

that is

inside the

body of

vertebrates.

Outer Frame

Consists of

one layer of

hard skin

derived

from

substances

like calciumcarbonate

Formed

from fluid

pressure in

space that is

enveloped

by a

muscularsystem.


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ackbonemainlysupported byPelvic Girdle

Pelvic Girdlestrongest bone inhuman body


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ANIMALS

Vertebrates

Land Aquatic

Invertebrates

ExoskeletonHydrostaticSkeletal


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Pelvicirdle

Pectoralirdle


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Birds: Have hollow bones and ir sp cesinside so that the body is lighterAdvantages of hollow bones :LighterRequires less calcium and phosphorous forits formation


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Examples : Whales, dolphins

Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than

land vertebrates.

Pectoral and pelvic support that is

smaller and lighter.Most of body weight is supported

by buoyancyof the water.


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The buoyancy of the water allows the sizeof

the aquaticvertebrate animals to be bigger

that landvertebrate animals.


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SIMILARITIES

ENDOSKELETON

VERTEBR TEBONES REFLEXIBLEPECTOR LND PELVICGIRDLE


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SUPPORT IN

LAND

VERTEBRATES

Pectoral and pelvicgirdle support the

body weight

Big and strong

Big

DIFFERENCES

SUPPORT

SKELETON

PECTORAL AND

PELVIC GIRDLE

SUPPORT IN

AQUATIC

VERTEBRATES

Water buoyancysupports the

body weight

Small and

weak

Small


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Invertebrates are animals that do not have a

backbone.Its body is supported by :

External skeletal system (exoskeleton)

Body fluids (hyd ros tat ic skeletons)


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Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or

shell.

Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin :

Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions.

Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels


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For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle.

Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeableto water)

Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.


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Leeches, worms and octopus do nothave exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft.

Use the body fluid (also known ashydrostatic skeleton system) as support

system.

The body fluids exert a pressure on their

body walls to form a hydrostat ic

skeleton.


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SUPPORT IN

LAND

INVERTEBRATES

Soft bodies

with external

shells

Hard and made

of chitin, for

example,

insects.

DIFFERENCES

SUPPORT

SKELETON

SUPPORT IN

AQUATIC

INVERTEBRATES

Water

buoyancy

Hard and made

of calcium

carbonate, for

example, crabs.


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Support system of plants are different based

on the type of plant.

PLANTS

Land

WoodyNon-woody(herbaceous)

Aquatic


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Examples: rubbertree, durian tree,

rambutan tree, and

teak tree.

Supported by woodytissues.

Woody tissues

dense, hard on tree

trunk.made up of xylem

tissues.

Most of the woody

plants are tall.


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Also supported

by special

structures :- Buttress roots

- Clasping roots


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Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees,

and yellow flame trees.

Occurs at the base of the trunk where the

main roots branch off at the groundsurface and enter the soil.

Examples : money plant, certain wild

orchid.

Enable a plant to climb by growing around

and clasping its support.


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Examples: roses, bougainvillea.

Supported by turgid cells.


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Supported by special

structures :

- Thorns, Tendrils, Prop Roots

(Adventitious Roots)


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Examples: yam, water lily and lotus.Supported by water buoyancy.

Have soft stems that have air space and

their leaves broad with stomata on the

surface.

Aquatic plants that live in the water have

fine leaves.


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f2 Notes Chap 8