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1
Sept
embe
r 20
04
Ref
eren
ces
upda
ted
and
min
or c
orre
ctio
ns, O
ctob
er 2
005
Mon
itori
ng
Tre
nd
s in
Glo
bal
Com
bat:
A N
ew D
ata
set
of
Batt
le D
eath
s
Docu
men
tati
on
of
Cod
ing D
ecis
ion
s II
: C
orr
elate
s of
War
Data
B
etha
ny L
acin
a1
Cen
tre
for
the
Stud
y of
Civ
il W
ar (
CSC
W)
Inte
rnat
iona
l Pea
ce R
esea
rch
Inst
itute
, Osl
o (P
RIO
)
1 B
eth
an
y L
acin
a (
bla
cin
a@
sta
nfo
rd
.ed
u)
is th
e Jo
hn A
. and
Cyn
thia
Fry
Gun
n G
radu
ate
Fello
w o
f po
litic
al s
cien
ce a
t Sta
nfor
d U
nive
rsity
. She
com
plet
ed th
is p
roje
ct a
s a
rese
arch
ass
ista
nt a
t th
e C
entr
e fo
r th
e St
udy
of C
ivil
War
, PR
IO.
2
Ack
now
led
gem
ents
an
d a
Note
on
Cit
ati
on
s an
d C
op
yri
gh
ts
The
wor
k re
port
ed h
ere
has
been
car
ried
out
in c
olla
bora
tion
with
a n
umbe
r of
col
leag
ues
at th
e C
entr
e fo
r th
e St
udy
of C
ivil
War
, the
Upp
sala
C
onfl
ict D
ata
Proj
ect,
and
the
Cen
tre
for
Hum
an S
ecur
ity, L
iu C
entr
e fo
r G
loba
l Iss
ues,
Uni
vers
ity o
f B
ritis
h C
olum
bia.
Gle
nn M
artin
and
R
agnh
ild N
ordå
s de
serv
e sp
ecia
l tha
nks
for
thei
r ca
refu
l edi
ting
of th
ese
mat
eria
ls. T
his
wor
k ha
s be
en f
unde
d m
ainl
y by
the
Res
earc
h C
ounc
il of
Nor
way
, with
add
ition
al c
ontr
ibut
ions
fro
m th
e C
entr
e fo
r H
uman
Sec
urity
. U
sers
of
the
battl
e de
aths
dat
aset
sho
uld
cite
the
artic
le in
whi
ch th
e da
ta a
re p
rese
nted
: Bet
hany
Lac
ina
& N
ils P
ette
r G
ledi
tsch
, 200
5.
‘Mon
itori
ng T
rend
s in
Glo
bal C
omba
t: A
New
Dat
aset
of
Bat
tle D
eath
s’, E
uro
pea
n J
ourn
al
of
Po
pula
tion 2
1(2–
3): 1
45–1
66.
Use
rs o
f th
is d
atas
et s
houl
d co
ntac
t Bet
hany
Lac
ina
(bla
cina
@st
anfo
rd.e
du)
with
com
men
ts o
r co
rrec
tions
. Fo
r pe
rmis
sion
to m
ake
exte
nsiv
e us
e of
thei
r m
ater
ials
wou
ld li
ke to
than
k th
e C
entr
e fo
r H
uman
Sec
urity
, Liu
Cen
tre
for
Glo
bal I
ssue
s,
Uni
vers
ity o
f B
ritis
h C
olum
bia;
Pro
ject
Plo
ughs
hare
s; J
uan
Fern
ando
Gir
aldo
; Enr
ic M
artín
ez-H
erre
ra, J
orge
Res
trep
o; M
icha
el S
paga
t; th
e St
ockh
olm
Int
erna
tiona
l Pea
ce R
esea
rch
Inst
itute
; the
Upp
sala
Uni
vers
ity C
onfl
ict D
ata
Proj
ect;
and
Juan
F. V
arga
s. T
he c
opyr
ight
s to
the
mat
eria
ls p
rodu
ced
by th
ese
and
all o
f so
urce
s ar
e re
tain
ed b
y th
eir
orig
inal
aut
hors
and
pub
lishe
rs. T
hese
exc
erpt
s pr
esen
ted
here
sho
uld
not b
e us
ed a
s a
basi
s fo
r qu
otat
ion,
rep
rodu
ctio
n, o
r di
stri
butio
n of
the
incl
uded
mat
eria
ls. U
sers
mus
t con
tact
the
orig
inal
aut
hors
and
/or
publ
ishe
rs if
th
ey w
ish
to g
ain
perm
issi
on f
or s
uch
activ
ities
. In
a fe
w c
ases
, man
uscr
ipts
and
oth
er w
orks
-in-
prog
ress
hav
e be
en c
ited.
Use
rs s
houl
d be
aw
are
that
they
mus
t con
tact
the
orig
inal
aut
hors
to o
btai
n th
e m
ost u
p-to
-dat
e ve
rsio
ns o
f th
ose
docu
men
ts, a
nd th
at th
e au
thor
s’ la
ngua
ge o
r fi
ndin
gs
may
hav
e ch
ange
d so
mew
hat w
hen
thes
e do
cum
ents
app
ear
as p
ublis
hed
wor
ks.
3
Tab
le o
f C
on
ten
ts
Not
es to
Use
rs...
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7 D
efin
ition
of
Bat
tle D
eath
s....
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..8
War
s in
the
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar d
ata
not i
nclu
ded
in U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
Dat
a....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..10
E
xtra
-Sys
tem
ic W
ars
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
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......
.10
Am
eric
an-P
hilip
pino
War
, 4 F
ebru
ary
1899
–4 J
uly
1902
(C
OW
War
No.
392
)....
......
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......
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......
......
....1
0 So
mal
i Reb
ellio
n, S
epte
mbe
r 18
99–5
Mar
ch 1
905
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 3
93).
......
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.....
11
Boe
r W
ar o
f 18
99, 1
1 O
ctob
er 1
899–
31 M
ay 1
902
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 3
95).
......
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.....
12
Bri
tish
Con
ques
t of
Kan
o &
Sok
oto,
19
Janu
ary–
27 J
uly
1903
(C
OW
War
No.
396
)....
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......
.13
Sout
hwes
t Afr
ican
Rev
olt,
12 J
anua
ry 1
904–
Nov
embe
r 19
05 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 3
97).
......
......
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......
14
Maj
i-M
aji R
evol
t, Ju
ly 1
905–
June
190
6 (C
OW
War
No.
399
)....
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......
.16
Bri
tish-
Zul
u W
ar o
f 19
06, M
arch
190
6–Ju
ly 1
906
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 4
00).
......
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17
Firs
t Mor
occa
n W
ar, 1
911–
30 M
arch
191
2 (C
OW
War
No.
401
)....
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..17
Si
no-T
ibet
an W
ar o
f 19
12, M
arch
191
2–A
pril
1913
(C
OW
War
No.
402
)....
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......
18
Seco
nd M
oroc
can
War
, 191
6–19
17 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 4
04).
......
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.....
19
Sino
-Tib
etan
War
of
1918
, 7 J
anua
ry–A
ugus
t 191
8 (C
OW
War
No.
405
)....
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......
.19
Cac
o R
evol
t, 17
Oct
ober
191
8–19
May
192
0 (C
OW
War
No.
406
)....
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.....
20
Bri
tish-
Afg
han
War
of
1919
, May
–8 A
ugus
t 191
9 (C
OW
War
No.
408
)....
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..21
Fr
anco
-Syr
ian
War
, 192
0 (C
OW
War
No.
409
)....
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21
Iraq
i-B
ritis
h W
ar, J
une
1920
–192
1 (C
OW
War
No.
410
)....
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......
......
......
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......
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......
...22
It
alo–
Lib
yan
War
, Jun
e 19
20–J
uly
1932
(C
OW
War
No.
412
)....
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22
Rif
f R
ebel
lion,
18
July
192
1–27
May
192
6 (C
OW
War
No.
413
)....
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..23
M
opla
h R
ebel
lion,
Nov
embe
r 19
21–F
ebru
ary
1922
(C
OW
War
No.
414
)....
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25
Fran
co-D
ruze
War
, 18
July
192
5–1
June
192
7 (C
OW
War
No.
416
)....
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...25
Sa
ya S
an’s
Reb
ellio
n, D
ecem
ber
1930
–Jun
e 19
32 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 4
17).
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26
Bri
tish-
Pale
stin
ian
War
, 20
Apr
il 19
36–1
7 M
ay 1
939
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 4
18).
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27
Inte
rsta
te W
ars.
......
......
......
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......
......
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......
......
......
......
......
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....2
8 B
oxer
Reb
ellio
n, 1
7 Ju
ne–1
4 A
ugus
t 190
0 (C
OW
War
No.
82)
......
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...28
Si
no-R
ussi
an W
ar, 1
7 A
ugus
t–10
Oct
ober
190
0 (C
OW
War
No.
83)
......
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29
4
Rus
so-J
apan
ese
War
, 8 F
ebru
ary
1904
–15
Sept
embe
r 19
05 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 8
5)...
......
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...30
T
hird
Cen
tral
Am
eric
an W
ar, 2
7 M
ay–2
0 Ju
ly 1
906
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 8
8)...
......
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..31
Fo
urth
Cen
tral
Am
eric
an W
ar, 1
9 Fe
brua
ry–2
3 M
ay 1
907
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 9
1)...
......
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.....
32
Span
ish-
Mor
occa
n W
ar, 7
Jul
y 19
09–2
3 M
arch
191
0 (C
OW
War
No.
94)
......
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....3
2 It
alo-
Tur
kish
War
, 29
Sept
embe
r 19
11–1
8 O
ctob
er 1
912
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 9
7)...
......
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.33
Firs
t Bal
kan
War
, 17
Oct
ober
191
2–19
Apr
il 19
13 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
00).
......
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.....
34
Seco
nd B
alka
n W
ar, 3
0 Ju
ne–3
0 Ju
ly 1
913
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
03).
......
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35
Wor
ld W
ar I
, 29
Aug
ust 1
914–
11 N
ovem
ber
1918
(C
OW
War
No.
106
)....
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..36
R
usso
-Pol
ish
War
, 14
Febr
uary
191
9–18
Oct
ober
192
0 (C
OW
War
No.
109
)....
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......
40
Hun
gari
an-A
llies
War
, 16
Apr
il–4
Aug
ust 1
919
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
12).
......
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...41
G
reco
-Tur
kish
War
, 5 M
ay 1
919–
11 O
ctob
er 1
922
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
15).
......
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....4
2 Fr
anco
-Tur
kish
War
, 1 N
ovem
ber
1919
–20
Oct
ober
192
1 (C
OW
War
No.
116
)....
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..43
L
ithua
nian
-Pol
ish
War
, 15
July
–1 D
ecem
ber
1920
(C
OW
War
No.
117
)....
......
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..44
Si
no-S
ovie
t War
, 17
Aug
ust–
3 D
ecem
ber
1929
(C
OW
War
No.
118
)....
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......
.44
Man
chur
ian
War
, 19
Dec
embe
r 19
31–6
May
193
3 (C
OW
War
No.
121
)....
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..45
C
haco
War
, 15
June
193
2–12
Jun
e 19
35 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
24).
......
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...45
Sa
udi-
Yem
eni W
ar, 2
0 M
arch
193
2–6
Dec
embe
r 19
35 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
25).
......
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....4
6 It
alo-
Eth
iopi
an W
ar, 3
Oct
ober
193
5–9
May
193
6 (C
OW
War
No.
127
)....
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..47
Si
no-J
apan
ese
War
, 7 J
uly
1937
–9 M
ay 1
941
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
30).
......
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......
.47
Cha
ngku
feng
War
, 29
July
–11
Aug
ust 1
938
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
33).
......
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......
......
......
......
......
......
...49
N
omon
han
War
, 11
May
–16
Sept
embe
r 19
39 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
36).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.49
Wor
ld W
ar I
I, 1
Sep
tem
ber
1939
–14
Aug
ust 1
945
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
39).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
50
Rus
so-F
inni
sh W
ar, 3
0 N
ovem
ber
1939
–3 D
ecem
ber
1940
(C
OW
War
No.
142
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
57
Fran
co-T
hai W
ar, 1
Dec
embe
r 19
40–2
2 Ja
nuar
y 19
41 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 1
45).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
57
Intr
asta
te W
ars.
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....5
8 C
olum
bia
vs. L
iber
als,
1 S
epte
mbe
r 18
99–1
5 Ju
ne 1
903
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 5
82).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..58
V
enez
uela
vs.
Cas
tro
Led
Reb
els,
24
May
–22
Oct
ober
189
9 (C
OW
War
No.
583
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
59
Ven
ezue
la v
s. M
atos
Led
Reb
els,
Dec
embe
r 19
01–J
uly
1903
(C
OW
War
No.
584
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...60
O
ttom
an E
mpi
re v
s. V
MR
O R
ebel
s, 2
Aug
ust 1
903–
2 N
ovem
ber
1903
(C
OW
War
No.
585
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
60
Uru
guay
vs.
Bla
ncos
, 1 J
anua
ry–1
Sep
tem
ber
1904
(C
OW
War
No.
587
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.61
5
Rus
sia
vs. W
orke
rs/P
easa
nts,
22
Janu
ary
1905
–1 J
anua
ry 1
906
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 5
88).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...61
R
uman
ia v
s. P
easa
nts,
15
Mar
ch–3
0 A
pril
1907
(C
OW
War
No.
589
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
62
Mor
occo
vs.
Fez
Cai
ds o
f 19
07, 1
Aug
ust 1
907–
19 A
ugus
t 190
8 (C
OW
War
No.
590
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...63
Ir
an v
s. C
onst
itutio
nalis
ts, 2
3 Ju
ne 1
908–
17 J
uly
1909
(C
OW
War
No.
591
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..63
M
exic
o vs
. Lib
eral
s &
Rad
ical
s, 2
0 N
ovem
ber
1910
–15
July
191
4 &
1 D
ecem
ber
1914
–21
May
192
0 (C
OW
War
No.
592
)....
......
......
......
....6
4 M
oroc
co v
s. F
ez C
aids
of
1911
, 15
Janu
ary–
10 J
une
1911
(C
OW
War
No.
593
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..65
Pa
ragu
ay v
s. L
iber
als,
15
July
191
1–11
May
191
2 (C
OW
War
No.
594
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..65
C
hina
vs.
Rep
ublic
ans
of 1
911,
11
Oct
ober
–31
Dec
embe
r 19
11 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 5
95).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..66
C
hina
vs.
Rep
ublic
ans
of 1
913,
12
July
–1 S
epte
mbe
r 19
13 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 5
97).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....6
6 C
hina
vs.
Pai
-Lin
gs, 1
5 M
arch
–15
Sept
embe
r 19
14 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 5
98).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....6
7 R
ussi
a vs
. Kir
ghiz
& K
azab
les,
4 J
uly
1916
–27
Febr
uary
191
7 (C
OW
War
No.
599
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
67
Rus
sia
vs. A
nti-
Bol
shev
iks,
9 D
ecem
ber
1917
–18
Mar
ch 1
921
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
00).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...68
C
hina
vs.
Yun
nan
Reb
els,
191
7–19
18 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
02).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.70
Finl
and
vs. C
omm
unis
ts, 2
8 Ja
nuar
y 19
18–3
0 A
pril
1918
(C
OW
War
No.
603
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...70
H
unga
ry v
s. A
nti-
Com
mun
ists
, 25
Mar
ch 1
919–
15 F
ebru
ary
1920
(C
OW
War
No.
604
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.71
USS
R v
s. P
easa
nts
in T
a, A
ugus
t 192
0–A
ugus
t 192
1 (C
OW
War
No.
605
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....7
2 M
exic
o vs
. Hue
rta
Led
Reb
els,
4 D
ecem
ber
1923
–Feb
ruar
y 19
24 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
07).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
72
Bul
gari
a vs
. Agr
aria
n L
eagu
e, 2
3–28
Sep
tem
ber
1923
(C
OW
War
No.
608
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..72
A
fgha
nist
an v
s. A
nti-
Ref
orm
ists
of
1924
, 15
Mar
ch 1
924–
15 J
anua
ry 1
925
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
10).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.73
Chi
na v
s. K
uom
inta
ng, 1
Jul
y 19
26–3
0 Ju
ne 1
928
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
12).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
74
Mex
ico
vs. C
rist
eros
, 31
Aug
ust 1
926–
15 J
une
1930
(C
OW
War
No.
613
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
74
Afg
hani
stan
vs.
Ant
i-R
efor
mis
ts o
f 19
28, 1
0 N
ovem
ber
1928
–15
Oct
ober
192
9 (C
OW
War
No.
614
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....7
5 C
hina
vs.
Mus
lims
of 1
928,
192
8 (C
OW
War
No.
615
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
75
Mex
ico
vs. E
scob
an L
ed R
ebel
s, 3
Mar
ch–4
May
192
9 (C
OW
War
No.
617
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.76
Saud
i Ara
bia
vs. I
khw
an, 3
0 M
arch
192
9–10
Jan
uary
193
0 (C
OW
War
No.
618
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
76
Chi
na v
s. W
ar L
ords
, 1 M
arch
192
9–13
Oct
ober
193
0 (C
OW
War
No.
619
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..77
C
hina
vs.
Com
mun
ists
of
1930
, 15
Nov
embe
r 19
30–1
5 O
ctob
er 1
935
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
20).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....7
7 R
ussi
a vs
. Cen
tral
Asi
an R
ebel
s, 1
931–
34 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
22).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.78
El S
alva
dor
vs. L
eftis
ts, 2
2–25
Jan
uary
193
2 (C
OW
War
No.
623
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
79
Peru
vs.
Apr
ista
Reb
els,
7–1
7 Ju
ly 1
932
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
24).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....8
0
6
Bra
zil v
s. P
aolis
ts, 9
Jun
e–31
Aug
ust 1
932
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
25).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
80
Aus
tria
vs.
Soc
ialis
ts, 1
2 Fe
brua
ry–3
0 Ju
ly 1
934
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
27).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..81
Sp
ain
vs. A
stur
ian
Min
ers,
4–8
Oct
ober
193
4 (C
OW
War
No.
628
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....8
1 Sp
ain
vs. F
asci
sts,
18
July
193
6–29
Mar
ch 1
939
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
29).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..82
C
olum
bia
vs. C
onse
rvat
ives
, 9 A
pril
1948
–12
Apr
il 19
49 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
38).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
83
Col
umbi
a vs
. Lib
eral
s of
194
9, 1
5 Se
ptem
ber
1949
–31
Dec
embe
r 19
62 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
40).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.84
Alg
eria
vs.
For
mer
Reb
el L
eade
rs, 2
8 Ju
ly 1
962–
15 J
anua
ry 1
963
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
59).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....8
5 R
wan
da v
s. W
atus
i, 15
Nov
embe
r 19
63–6
Feb
ruar
y 19
64 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
64)
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
85
Uga
nda
vs. B
ugan
da T
ribe
, 23
May
196
6–1
June
196
6 (C
OW
War
No.
667
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.86
Chi
na v
s. R
ed G
uard
, 15
Janu
ary
1967
–1 S
epte
mbe
r 19
68 (
CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
70).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
87
Jord
an v
s. P
ales
tinia
ns, 1
7–24
Sep
tem
ber
1970
(C
OW
War
No.
677
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.87
Bur
undi
vs.
Hut
u, 3
0 A
pril–
25 M
ay 1
972
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 6
83).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.88
Nig
eria
vs.
Mus
lim F
unda
men
talis
ts, 1
8 D
ecem
ber
1980
–1 J
anua
ry 1
981
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 7
07).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
.....
89
Nig
eria
vs.
Mus
lim F
unda
men
talis
ts, 2
Feb
ruar
y–4
Mar
ch 1
984
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 7
18).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..90
B
urun
di v
s. H
utu,
18–
22 A
ugus
t 198
8 (C
OW
War
No.
725
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....9
0 Z
aire
vs.
Reb
els,
28
Janu
ary–
4 Fe
brua
ry 1
993
(CO
W W
ar N
o. 7
44).
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
91
Iraq
vs.
KD
P K
urds
, 31
Aug
ust 1
996–
7 Se
ptem
ber
1996
(C
OW
War
No.
756
)....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....9
2 N
otes
on
the
adap
tatio
n of
the
Lac
ina
& G
ledi
tsch
dat
a...
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
....9
3 R
efer
ence
s....
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
..96
7
Note
s to
Use
rs
Thi
s do
cum
ent c
onta
ins
info
rmat
ion
on th
e ad
apta
tion
of th
e L
acin
a &
Gle
dits
ch (
2005
) da
ta to
the
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et. T
o ob
tain
the
data
set a
nd c
odeb
ook,
ple
ase
visi
t ww
w.p
rio.
no/c
scw
/cro
ss/b
attle
deat
hs. A
ver
sion
of
the
data
set i
s al
so a
vaila
ble
for
use
with
a d
atas
et o
n ci
vil
conf
lict c
ompi
led
by F
earo
n &
Lai
tin (
2003
) an
d w
ith th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
con
flic
t dat
a
8
Def
init
ion
of
Batt
le D
eath
s
O
ur d
efin
ition
of
battl
e de
aths
clo
sely
fol
low
s fr
om th
e de
fini
tion
of c
onfl
ict u
sed
to c
reat
e th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
Arm
ed C
onfl
ict D
atas
et (
Gle
dits
ch
et a
l. 20
02, E
riks
son
et a
l. 20
03).
Acc
ordi
ng to
cod
eboo
k fo
r th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
dat
aset
(St
rand
et a
l. 20
03, 3
–4):
‘A
n ar
med
con
flic
t is
a co
ntes
ted
inco
mpa
tibili
ty th
at c
once
rns
gove
rnm
ent a
nd/o
r te
rrito
ry w
here
the
use
of a
rmed
for
ce b
etw
een
two
part
ies,
of
whi
ch a
t lea
st o
ne is
the
gove
rnm
ent o
f a
stat
e, r
esul
ts in
at l
east
25
battl
e-re
late
d de
aths
. T
he s
epar
ate
elem
ents
of
the
defi
nitio
n ar
e op
erat
iona
lized
as
follo
ws:
(1
) U
se o
f ar
med
for
ce: u
se o
f ar
ms
in o
rder
to p
rom
ote
the
part
ies’
gen
eral
pos
ition
in th
e co
nflic
t, re
sulti
ng in
dea
ths.
(1
.1)
Arm
s: a
ny m
ater
ial m
eans
, e.g
. man
ufac
ture
d w
eapo
ns b
ut a
lso
stic
ks, s
tone
s, f
ire,
wat
er, e
tc.
(2)
25 d
eath
s: A
min
imum
of
25 b
attle
-rel
ated
dea
ths
per
year
and
per
inco
mpa
tibili
ty.
(3)
Part
y: A
gov
ernm
ent o
f a
stat
e or
any
opp
ositi
on o
rgan
izat
ion
or a
llian
ce o
f op
posi
tion
orga
niza
tions
. (3
.1)
Gov
ernm
ent:
The
par
ty c
ontr
ollin
g th
e ca
pita
l of
the
stat
e.
(3.2
) O
ppos
ition
org
aniz
atio
n: A
ny n
on-g
over
nmen
tal g
roup
of
peop
le h
avin
g an
noun
ced
a na
me
for
thei
r gr
oup
and
usin
g ar
med
for
ce.
(4)
Stat
e: A
sta
te is
: (4
.1)
an in
tern
atio
nally
rec
ogni
zed
sove
reig
n go
vern
men
t con
trol
ling
a sp
ecif
ied
terr
itory
, or
(4.2
) an
in
tern
atio
nally
un
reco
gniz
ed
gove
rnm
ent
cont
rolli
ng
a sp
ecif
ied
terr
itory
w
hose
so
vere
ignt
y is
no
t di
sput
ed
by
anot
her
inte
rnat
iona
lly r
ecog
nize
d so
vere
ign
gove
rnm
ent p
revi
ousl
y co
ntro
lling
the
sam
e te
rrito
ry.
(5)
Inco
mpa
tibili
ty c
once
rnin
g go
vern
men
t an
d/or
ter
rito
ry:
The
inc
ompa
tibili
ty,
as s
tate
d by
the
par
ties,
mus
t co
ncer
n go
vern
men
t an
d/or
te
rrito
ry.
(5.1
) In
com
patib
ility
: the
sta
ted
gene
rally
inco
mpa
tible
pos
ition
s.
(5.2
) In
com
patib
ility
co
ncer
ning
go
vern
men
t: In
com
patib
ility
co
ncer
ning
ty
pe
of
polit
ical
sy
stem
, th
e re
plac
emen
t of
th
e ce
ntra
l go
vern
men
t, or
the
chan
ge o
f its
com
posi
tion.
(5
.3)
Inco
mpa
tibili
ty c
once
rnin
g te
rrito
ry:
Inco
mpa
tibili
ty c
once
rnin
g th
e st
atus
of
a te
rrito
ry,
e.g.
the
cha
nge
of t
he s
tate
in
cont
rol
of a
ce
rtai
n te
rrito
ry (
inte
rsta
te c
onfl
ict)
, sec
essi
on, o
r au
tono
my
(int
erna
l con
flic
t).’
T
he L
acin
a &
Gle
dits
ch d
atas
et d
efin
es b
att
le d
eath
s as
dea
ths
resu
lting
dir
ectly
fro
m v
iole
nce
infl
icte
d th
roug
h th
e us
e of
arm
ed f
orce
by
a pa
rty
to a
n ar
med
con
flic
t dur
ing
con
test
ed c
om
bat.
Con
test
ed c
om
bat i
s us
e of
arm
ed f
orce
by
a pa
rty
to a
n ar
med
con
flic
t aga
inst
any
per
son
or
targ
et d
urin
g w
hich
the
perp
etra
tor
face
s th
e im
med
iate
thre
at o
f le
thal
for
ce b
eing
use
d by
ano
ther
par
ty to
the
conf
lict a
gain
st h
im/h
er a
nd/o
r
9
allie
d fi
ghte
rs. C
onte
sted
com
bat e
xclu
des
the
sust
aine
d de
stru
ctio
n of
sol
dier
s or
civ
ilian
s ou
tsid
e of
the
cont
ext o
f an
y re
cipr
ocal
thre
at o
f le
thal
for
ce (
e.g.
exe
cutio
n of
pri
sone
rs o
f w
ar).
T
imef
ram
e: W
e ha
ve c
olle
cted
ann
ual b
attle
dea
ths
data
whi
ch in
clud
es b
oth
deat
hs d
urin
g co
mba
t and
dea
ths
from
wou
nds
rece
ived
in c
omba
t. So
me
of th
ose
cons
ider
ed d
ead
of w
ound
s m
ay h
ave
died
in a
yea
r fo
llow
ing
that
in w
hich
com
bat a
ctua
lly to
ok p
lace
, esp
ecia
lly in
the
case
of
battl
es ta
king
pla
ce la
te in
the
cale
ndar
yea
r. T
hese
dea
ths
wer
e in
clud
ed, h
owev
er, i
f th
ey w
ere
the
dire
ct a
nd im
med
iate
res
ult o
f in
juri
es
sust
aine
d du
ring
com
bat v
iole
nce.
Lon
g te
rm r
educ
tion
in li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y be
caus
e of
wou
nds
or d
isab
ility
was
not
incl
uded
.
10
Wars
in
th
e C
orr
elate
s of
War
data
not
incl
ud
ed i
n U
pp
sala
/PR
IO D
ata
Ex
tra-S
yst
emic
Wa
rs
Am
eric
an
-Ph
ilip
pin
o W
ar,
4 F
ebru
ary
1899
–4 J
uly
1902 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 392)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
USA
4,
500
Tot
al
12,5
00
(Dup
uy a
nd D
upuy
198
6):
P. 1
011:
‘Su
ppre
ssio
n of
the
Phili
ppin
e In
surr
ectio
n ne
cess
itate
d th
e em
ploy
men
t of
100,
000
Am
eric
an tr
oops
, who
se c
asua
lties
am
ount
ed to
4,
243
[sic
] ki
lled
and
2,81
8 w
ound
ed in
act
ion.
Fili
pino
loss
es w
ere
som
e 16
,000
kill
ed a
nd a
ppro
xim
atel
y 10
0,00
0 m
ore
died
of
fam
ine.
’ (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
271
: ‘In
the
guer
illa
stru
ggle
’s f
irst
13
mon
ths
US
loss
es…
wer
e 24
5 K
IA…
‘Fl
ip’
loss
es in
the
sam
e pe
riod
wer
e re
cord
ed b
y th
e A
mer
ican
m
ilita
ry c
omm
and
as 3
,854
KIA
.’
P. 2
72: ‘
…4,
234
Am
eric
an s
oldi
ers
died
in th
e Fi
lipin
o In
surr
ectio
n, 1
,073
of
them
kill
ed in
2,8
11 a
rmed
eng
agem
ents
… A
t lea
st 1
6,00
0 Fi
lipin
os w
ere
kille
d in
com
bat a
nd p
ossi
bly
as m
any
as 2
00,0
00 c
ivili
ans
died
as
a re
sult
of th
e di
seas
es, s
tarv
atio
n, a
nd p
riva
tion
caus
ed b
y th
e co
nflic
t.’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: L
eon
Wol
ff w
rote
in L
ittl
e B
row
n B
roth
er (
1961
) th
at th
e U
S su
stai
ned
4,23
4 ba
ttle
fata
litie
s, a
nd th
e Fi
lipin
os 1
6,00
0 co
unte
d ca
sual
ties
and
mor
e th
an 2
0,00
0 lik
ely.
He
estim
ates
per
haps
200
,000
Fili
pino
civ
ilian
dea
ths
from
dis
ease
. ‘J
ohn
Gat
es (
‘War
-Rel
ated
Dea
ths
in th
e Ph
ilipp
ines
, 189
8–19
02’,
Pac
ific
His
tori
cal R
evie
w 5
3:36
7 (1
983)
) es
timat
es a
dem
ogra
phic
sho
rtfa
ll be
twee
n 12
7,59
3 an
d 36
2,65
9. A
190
2 ch
oler
a ep
idem
ic k
illed
a r
ecor
ded
137,
505,
so
the
abso
lute
mos
t tha
t cou
ld h
ave
died
in th
e w
ar w
ould
be
225
,154
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
11
4,23
4 is
the
recu
rren
t fig
ure
for
the
US
mili
tary
, alth
ough
Clo
dfel
ter
disa
gree
s w
ith o
ther
sou
rces
abo
ut th
e nu
mbe
r of
KIA
. 16,
000
to 2
0,00
0 ar
e th
e m
ost w
idel
y ci
ted
num
bers
for
Fili
pino
com
bat d
ead.
L
ow e
stim
ate:
1,0
73 U
S m
ilita
ry d
eath
s pl
us 1
6,00
0 Fi
lipin
o de
aths
: 17,
073
tota
l dea
ths.
H
igh
estim
ate:
4,2
34 U
S m
ilita
ry d
eath
s pl
us 2
0,00
0 Fi
lipin
o de
aths
: 24,
234
tota
l dea
ths.
B
est e
stim
ate:
4,2
34 U
S m
ilita
ry d
eath
s pl
us 1
6,00
0 Fi
lipin
o de
aths
: 20,
234
tota
l dea
ths.
T
rend
ed b
ased
on
Clo
dfel
ter’
s es
timat
e of
fir
st 1
3 m
onth
s.
Som
ali
Reb
elli
on
, S
epte
mb
er 1
899
–5 M
arc
h 1
905
(C
OW
War
No. 393)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) U
K
6,
000
Tot
al
U
nkno
wn
(Lib
rary
of
Con
gres
s Fe
dera
l Res
earc
h D
ivis
ion
1989
): ‘
… f
rom
189
9 to
192
0, th
e de
rvis
hes
cond
ucte
d a
war
of
resi
stan
ce a
gain
st th
e E
thio
pian
s an
d B
ritis
h, a
str
uggl
e th
at d
evas
tate
d th
e So
mal
i Pen
insu
la a
nd r
esul
ted
in th
e de
ath
of a
n es
timat
ed o
ne-t
hird
of
nort
hern
Som
alia
's po
pula
tion
and
the
near
des
truc
tion
of it
s ec
onom
y…’
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
394
: ‘Fo
ur c
ombi
ned
Bri
tish-
Eth
iopi
an c
ampa
igns
wer
e un
dert
aken
fro
m 1
901
to 1
904
… T
he f
irst
exp
editi
on, m
ount
ed in
190
1 …
atta
ck o
n D
ervi
sh f
ortif
icat
ions
at E
rigo
by
the
Som
ali m
erce
nari
es r
esul
ted
in c
asua
lties
of
108
kille
d an
d 62
wou
nded
for
the
atta
cker
s an
d 60
kill
ed f
or
the
defe
nder
s. …
On
Apr
il 17
, 190
3 a
Bri
tish-
led
unite
d w
as a
mbu
shed
by
1,40
0 gu
erill
as a
t Gum
buru
and
ove
r 20
0 so
ldie
rs w
ere
kille
d, w
ith 4
1 of
the
46 s
urvi
vors
wou
nded
. On
Janu
ary
10, 1
904,
a B
ritis
h fo
rce
of 1
,000
und
er M
ajor
Gen
eral
Cha
rles
Ege
rton
def
eate
d 5,
000
Som
alis
at
Jidb
alli,
infl
ictin
g at
leas
t 400
cas
ualti
es o
n th
e re
bels
at a
cos
t of
27 k
illed
… I
n A
ugus
t 191
3 …
the
150-
man
Som
ali C
amel
Con
stab
ular
y, le
d by
Ric
hard
Cor
fiel
d, w
as a
mbu
shed
by
the
mul
lah’
s m
en a
nd n
earl
y w
iped
out
at D
ul M
adob
a.’
(OnW
ar.c
om 1
999)
: ‘…
the
Mul
lah
follo
wed
up
his
firs
t cou
p of
Apr
il 18
99 b
y a
furt
her
succ
essf
ul f
oray
aga
inst
the
Hab
r Y
unis
in A
ugus
t, an
d he
reo
ccup
ied
Bur
ao w
ith a
for
ce e
stim
ated
at 5
000
men
. … D
urin
g th
e fi
rst s
even
mon
ths
of 1
900,
the
Mul
lah
was
com
para
tivel
y in
activ
e …
T
he f
irst
exp
editi
on s
tart
ed in
Apr
il 19
01 …
cas
ualti
es in
flic
ted
on th
e D
ervi
shes
wer
e es
timat
ed a
t som
e 1,
200
kille
d an
d w
ound
ed …
sec
ond
expe
ditio
n w
as la
unch
ed in
Jun
e 19
02 …
the
Der
vish
es s
usta
ined
som
e 1,
400
casu
altie
s …
The
adv
ance
fro
m O
bbia
com
men
ced
on th
e 22
nd
12
Febr
uary
190
3 …
The
Der
vish
cas
ualti
es, e
stim
ated
by
som
e at
2,7
00, a
re u
nkno
wn:
for
no
Bri
tish
offi
cer
surv
ived
… c
asua
lties
wer
e al
l of
fice
rs (
9) a
nd 1
87 m
en k
illed
and
29
men
wou
nded
. Ano
ther
act
ion
at D
arat
oleh
… r
esul
ted
in th
e in
flic
tion
of h
eavy
cas
ualti
es o
n th
e [M
ulla
h], [
Bri
tish]
loss
es a
mou
ntin
g to
2 o
ffic
ers
and
13 m
en k
illed
, and
4 o
ffic
ers
and
25 m
en w
ound
ed. I
n th
e m
eant
ime
the
Aby
ssin
ians
in
flic
ted
a cr
ushi
ng d
efea
t on
the
Der
vish
es, c
laim
ing
to h
ave
kille
d 10
00 o
f th
eir
spea
rmen
. … [
The
Mul
lah’
s] c
asua
lties
in th
e ac
tual
fig
ht a
t Ji
dbal
li (b
oth
Janu
ary
1904
) m
ust h
ave
been
ver
y la
rge;
but
far
gre
ater
wer
e hi
s lo
sses
dur
ing
the
cour
se o
f hi
s su
bseq
uent
flig
ht n
orth
war
ds to
Ji
dali
… T
he m
oral
of
his
Der
vish
es a
s a
figh
ting
body
had
bee
n ut
terl
y de
stro
yed;
and
thei
r nu
mbe
rs, e
stim
ated
at 6
,000
to 8
,000
bef
ore
Jidb
alli,
co
uld
not h
ave
exce
eded
800
on
the
conc
lusi
on o
f th
e ca
mpa
ign.
’ (W
hite
200
4): ‘
By
sum
min
g th
e ba
ttle
casu
altie
s in
the
cam
paig
ns th
at a
re d
escr
ibed
in th
e O
nWar
.com
ess
ay f
or th
e 18
99–
1905
pha
se o
f th
e w
ar, I
det
erm
ined
that
the
derv
ishe
s su
ffer
ed s
ome
11,7
00 c
asua
lties
(K
+W)
figh
ting
the
Bri
tish,
whi
ch w
ould
com
e to
aro
und
3,00
0 K
IA, p
lus
anot
her
1,00
0 ki
lled
in b
attle
with
the
Aby
ssin
ians
. The
Bri
tish
lost
som
ethi
ng o
ver
200
KIA
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 4
,200
dea
ths,
fro
m W
hite
. Tre
nded
with
190
1–4
as th
e pe
ak y
ears
of
figh
ting.
B
oer
Wa
r o
f 1899, 11
Oct
ob
er 1
89
9–31 M
ay 1
902 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 3
95)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
22
,000
T
otal
35
,000
(D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
855
: ‘T
otal
Bri
tish
casu
altie
s w
ere
5,77
4 ki
lled
and
22,8
29 w
ound
ed. T
he B
oers
lost
an
esti
mat
ed 4
,000
kill
ed…
’ [W
ood,
296
8 #2
53: 2
3]: E
stim
ates
22,
000
Bri
tish
sold
iers
dea
d, 1
4,00
0 of
thes
e fr
om d
isea
se, 4
,000
Boe
r so
ldie
rs a
nd 2
0,00
0 B
oer
civi
lians
de
ad.
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
28: ‘
Thi
s [B
ritis
h] f
orce
of
near
ly h
alf
a m
illio
n m
en s
uffe
red
7,58
2 ba
ttle
deat
hs, i
nclu
ding
712
off
icer
s—5,
774
KIA
and
1,8
08 D
OW
. A
noth
er 1
3,13
9, in
clud
ing
406
offi
cers
, die
d of
dis
ease
, mos
t of
them
fro
m e
nter
ic f
ever
. …m
akin
g a
gran
d to
tal o
f 21
,942
dea
d fr
om a
ll ca
uses
. …
Boe
rs in
uni
form
die
d in
com
bat t
o th
e nu
mbe
r of
6,6
50; 1
,150
mor
e di
ed o
f di
seas
e an
d 1,
000
died
fro
m o
ther
cau
ses…
But
the
real
toll
for
13
the
Afr
ikaa
ners
fel
l am
ong
thos
e ou
t of
unif
orm
. At l
east
18,
000,
and
pos
sibl
y as
man
y as
28,
000,
Boe
r ci
vilia
ns d
ied
in th
e co
ncen
trat
ion
cam
ps
set u
p by
Kitc
hene
r. A
nd f
inal
ly, a
n of
ten
forg
otte
n st
atis
tic o
f th
e B
oer
War
was
the
12,0
00 b
lack
s w
ho d
ied,
mos
tly f
rom
dis
ease
, on
eith
er s
ide
whi
le s
ervi
ng a
s po
rter
s, s
erva
nts,
and
labo
rers
with
the
cont
endi
ng a
rmie
s.’
(Pak
enha
m 1
979)
: P.
572
:
Est
imat
es o
ver
100,
000
casu
altie
s am
ong
the
365,
693
impe
rial
and
82,
742
colo
nial
troo
ps f
ight
ing
on th
e B
ritis
h si
de: 2
2,00
0 de
ad, 5
,774
kill
ed
by e
nem
y ac
tion
or a
ccid
ent,
16,1
68 d
ied
of w
ound
s or
dis
ease
. E
stim
ates
ove
r 7,
000
dead
am
ong
the
87,3
65 B
oers
, inc
ludi
ng 2
,120
for
eign
vol
unte
ers
Est
imat
es o
f B
oer
men
, wom
en a
nd c
hild
ren
dead
in c
once
ntra
tion
cam
ps f
rom
18,
000
to 2
8,00
0 P.
573
: 107
,000
Afr
ican
s w
ere
held
in c
once
ntra
tion
cam
ps, d
eath
s ar
e es
timat
ed f
rom
7,0
00 to
12,
000
P. 5
73: ‘
How
man
y de
aths
wer
e th
ere
amon
g th
e A
fric
ans
who
fou
ght o
n th
e si
de o
f th
e B
ritis
h—th
e te
n th
ousa
nd a
rmed
Afr
ican
s w
ho s
erve
d as
sc
outs
, gui
des
and
bloc
khou
se g
uard
s, a
nd th
e th
irty
to f
orty
thou
sand
una
rmed
Afr
ican
s w
ho w
orke
d as
dri
vers
, lab
oure
rs a
nd s
o on
? T
he B
oers
op
enly
adm
itted
kill
ing
the
arm
ed A
fric
an w
hen
they
cap
ture
d th
em, a
nd th
ere
is m
uch
unpu
blis
hed
evid
ence
that
they
kill
ed th
e un
arm
ed o
nes
too.
’ (A
ttrid
ge 2
003:
3):
B
ritis
h: 7
,792
KIA
B
ritis
h di
ed o
f di
seas
e: 1
3,25
0
Boe
rs k
illed
: 6,0
00
Boe
r w
omen
and
chi
ldre
n de
ad in
con
cent
ratio
n ca
mps
: 26,
370
died
P.
3: ‘
The
off
icia
l fig
ure
of 1
4,15
4 bl
acks
dyi
ng in
cam
ps in
now
kno
wn
to b
e w
rong
. It w
as o
ver
20,0
00—
they
wer
e in
carc
erat
ed b
ecau
se th
e B
ritis
h fe
ared
they
mig
ht h
elp
the
Boe
rs a
nd b
ecau
se a
che
ap la
bour
for
ce w
ould
be
need
ed o
nce
the
gold
min
es in
Witw
ater
sran
d w
ere
reop
ened
.’
Bri
tish
KIA
:
5,77
4 B
oer
KIA
:
6,65
0 T
otal
:
12,4
24
Bri
tish
Con
qu
est
of
Kan
o &
Sok
oto
, 19 J
an
uary
–27 J
uly
1903 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
396)
14
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
1,
000
Tot
al
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
394
–5: ‘
Kan
o fe
ll to
the
inva
ders
on
Febr
uary
3, w
ith th
e 1,
300
defe
nder
s lo
sing
som
e 30
0 ki
lled.
In
orde
r to
enl
arge
upo
n th
is c
onqu
est,
Sir
Fred
eric
k L
ugar
d th
en m
arch
ed w
ith a
n ar
med
for
ce, f
rom
his
Wes
t Afr
ican
Fro
ntie
r Fo
rce
of 2
00 o
ffic
ers
and
2,00
0 na
tive
sold
iers
, on
Soko
to,
the
suze
rain
sta
te o
f K
ano.
Sok
oto
was
cap
ture
d by
the
Bri
tish
on M
arch
15,
with
100
of
its d
efen
ders
dyi
ng in
the
assa
ult.
… R
esis
tanc
e co
ntin
ued
for
som
e m
onth
s. I
n on
e ep
ic li
ttle
battl
e at
Kot
oros
hi, 4
5 m
ount
ed in
fant
rym
en o
f th
e W
est A
fric
an F
ront
ier
Forc
e re
puls
ed a
ttack
s by
3,
000
trib
esm
en, k
illin
g 65
of
them
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W s
tate
dea
ths
figu
re s
eem
s to
o hi
gh f
or U
K lo
sses
and
the
valu
e w
as p
ossi
bly
chos
en to
acc
ord
with
the
thre
shol
d va
lue
set b
y C
OW
for
de
fini
ng a
war
. Clo
dfel
ter
lists
365
Afr
ican
s ki
lled
and
does
not
men
tion
any
Bri
tish
loss
es. L
ow a
nd b
est e
stim
ate:
365
. Hig
h es
timat
e: 1
000.
S
ou
thw
est
Afr
ican
Rev
olt
, 12 J
an
uary
1904–N
ovem
ber
1905 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 397)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Ger
man
y 2,
000
Tot
al
80,0
00
See
Hul
l (20
03)
for
a de
scri
ptio
n of
the
mili
tary
cam
paig
n an
d th
e po
licy
of e
xter
min
atio
n im
plem
ente
d in
this
con
flic
t. (v
on A
lber
tini a
nd W
irz
1982
: 397
): 1
23 c
olon
ists
kill
ed in
the
firs
t day
s of
the
risi
ng. O
ver
2,00
0 G
erm
ans
died
of
all c
ause
s du
ring
the
rebe
llion
. Abo
ut tw
o-th
irds
of
all H
erer
os a
nd o
ne h
alf
of th
e N
ama
died
, in
pris
on c
amps
and
bec
ause
they
wer
e dr
iven
into
the
Kal
ahar
i Des
ert.
(Koh
n 19
86)
15
P. 1
82: ‘
The
Her
ero
trib
e ro
se in
reb
ellio
n in
Sou
th W
est A
fric
a in
190
4 …
Abo
ut 8
0 pe
rcen
t of
the
Her
ero
peop
le a
nd 5
0 pe
rcen
t of
the
Hot
tent
ots
wer
e ki
lled.
’ (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
396
: ‘G
erm
any
lost
in th
e H
erer
o an
d H
otte
ntot
War
676
sol
dier
s an
d 21
1 ci
vilia
ns k
illed
, 76
mis
sing
, and
689
die
d of
dis
ease
… A
t lea
st
11,0
00 b
lack
gue
rilla
s w
ere
kille
d …
the
deat
h to
ll am
ong
blac
k ci
vilia
ns (
herd
ed in
to f
orce
d la
bor
cam
ps)
from
dis
ease
as
wel
l as
Ger
man
bu
llets
… m
ay h
ave
reac
hed
65,0
00 H
erer
os a
nd 1
0,00
0 H
otte
ntot
s. S
ome
9,00
0 of
17,
000
rebe
l PO
Ws
died
…’
(Coc
ker
1999
):
P. 3
45: O
ffic
ial G
erm
an f
igur
es s
how
7,6
82 o
f ab
out 1
7,00
0 pr
ison
ers
in c
once
ntra
tion
cam
ps d
ied
1904
–7
P. 3
45: A
rel
ativ
ely
relia
ble
cens
us in
191
1 pu
ts p
ost-
war
pop
ulat
ion
at 1
5,13
0 fo
r th
e H
erer
o an
d 9,
781
for
the
Nam
a. M
ore
cont
rove
rsy
surr
ound
s es
timat
es o
f th
e pr
e-w
ar p
opul
atio
n.
Pg: 3
46: A
bout
thre
e-qu
arte
rs o
f H
erer
o an
d ha
lf th
e N
ama
had
died
dur
ing
the
war
. The
re w
as a
lso
a 60
% r
educ
tion
in th
e D
amar
a po
pula
tion,
w
ho w
ere
not p
arty
to th
e re
volt.
P.
346
: Est
imat
es 7
5,00
0 A
fric
ans
died
(P
aken
ham
199
2):
P. 6
14–5
: ‘T
roth
a ha
d bo
aste
d of
his
pol
icy—
exte
rmin
atio
n. B
erlin
had
trie
d to
cou
nter
man
d it,
but
to a
gre
at e
xten
t in
had
rem
aine
d hi
s po
licy.
B
efor
e th
e w
ar, t
he H
erer
o w
ere
estim
ated
to b
e at
leas
t 80,
000
stro
ng. I
n A
ugus
t 190
4 m
ore
than
hal
f th
e tr
ibe
had
been
dri
ven
in to
the
Om
ahek
e an
d th
e w
ells
sea
led
behi
nd th
em. …
Onl
y ab
out 5
,000
peo
ple…
som
ehow
bro
ke th
roug
h th
e O
mah
eke
… M
any
Her
ero
surr
ende
red
and
wer
e se
nt to
wor
k in
for
ced
labo
ur c
amps
—a
tota
l of
9,00
0 by
the
sum
mer
of
1905
. But
man
y m
ore
mus
t hav
e di
ed o
f st
arva
tion
or b
een
kille
d in
the
raid
s on
Her
ero
villa
ges
that
con
tinue
d un
til N
ovem
ber
1905
.’
P. 6
15: ‘
Whe
n th
e ce
nsus
was
take
n in
191
1, o
nly
half
the
Nam
a es
timat
ed a
dec
ade
befo
re (
9,80
0 ou
t of
20,0
00)
and
less
than
a q
uart
er o
f th
e or
igin
al n
umbe
r of
Her
ero
(15,
000
out o
f 80
,000
) w
ere
foun
d to
hav
e su
rviv
ed th
e w
ar.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
887
Ger
man
sol
dier
and
civ
ilian
s K
IA (
Clo
dfel
ter)
11
,000
Afr
ican
KIA
(C
lodf
elte
r). A
dditi
onal
Afr
ican
dea
ths
estim
ated
to b
e th
e re
sult
of g
enoc
ide.
N
o tr
end
code
d.
16
Maji
-Maji
Rev
olt
, Ju
ly 1
905–
Ju
ne
1906
(C
OW
War
No. 399)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Ger
man
y 1,
000
Tot
al
150,
000
(Koh
n 19
86):
P.
270
: ‘A
n es
tim
ated
200
,000
nat
ives
rep
orte
dly
peri
shed
by
hang
ing,
sho
otin
g, s
tarv
atio
n, a
nd d
isea
se.’
(W
hite
200
4): N
otes
a 1
911
offi
cial
est
imat
e of
120
,000
men
, wom
en a
nd c
hild
ren
dead
(v
on A
lber
tini a
nd W
irz
1982
: 398
): ‘
Acc
ordi
ng to
off
icia
l est
imat
es, s
ome
75,0
00 d
ied
in th
e fi
ghtin
g an
d du
ring
the
fam
ine
and
epid
emic
s w
hich
fol
low
ed.’
(P
aken
ham
199
2: 6
22):
‘Fa
min
e ki
lled
mor
e th
an te
n tim
es th
e nu
mbe
r th
at h
ad e
ver
take
n up
arm
s ag
ains
t the
Ger
man
s—25
0,00
0–30
0,00
0 ac
cord
ing
to th
e le
adin
g A
fric
an h
isto
rian
… P
erha
ps h
alf
the
Vid
unda
, mor
e th
an h
alf
the
Mat
umbi
, and
thre
e-qu
arte
rs o
f th
e Pa
ngw
as d
ied
in
the
rebe
llion
or
its a
fter
mat
h.’
(Im
plie
s to
tal r
ebel
str
engt
h of
25,
000
to 3
0,00
0 at
mos
t.)
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
96: ‘
Thu
s fo
rtif
ied,
the
Afr
ican
s de
scen
ded
upon
the
bom
a (s
mal
l for
t) o
f K
ilosa
(If
kara
) in
the
sout
h on
Aug
ust 1
6, w
ipin
g ou
t the
tiny
A
skar
i (na
tive
troo
ps)
garr
ison
of
13. …
The
Ger
man
s… w
ent o
n a
grea
t kill
ing
spre
e fr
om O
ctob
er 1
905
to J
une
1906
… a
nyw
here
fro
m
75,0
00 to
120
,000
nat
ives
out
of
a po
pula
tion
of 2
mill
ion
wer
e hu
ng, s
hot,
othe
rwis
e bu
tche
red
in m
yria
d w
ays,
or
died
of
hung
er a
fter
the
Ger
man
s bu
rned
thei
r cr
ops.
Ger
man
s [s
ic]
battl
e de
aths
in th
e co
loni
al p
erio
d th
roug
h 19
18 w
ere
… 1
17 o
ffic
ers
and
1,73
2 no
ncom
s an
d en
liste
d m
en k
illed
in S
outh
wes
t Afr
ica.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
17
Thi
s w
ar w
as o
verw
helm
ingl
y on
e of
mas
sacr
e an
d fo
rced
sta
rvat
ion;
by
som
e co
ders
it m
ight
be
cons
ider
ed a
gen
ocid
e. T
here
are
onl
y 13
0 no
ted
battl
e de
aths
am
ong
Ger
man
s an
d na
tive
troo
ps g
arri
sone
d at
Kilo
sa.
Est
imat
ed 1
,000
dea
ths.
B
riti
sh-Z
ulu
War
of
1906,
Ma
rch
19
06–Ju
ly 1
906 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 400)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
5,
000
Tot
al
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
396
–7: ‘
The
cos
t of
this
sup
pres
sion
was
26
Bri
tons
and
30
blac
ks k
illed
and
37
Bri
tish
sold
iers
wou
nded
. Abo
ut 2
,300
Zul
us w
ere
slai
n an
d 4,
700
take
n pr
ison
er.’
(C
oque
ry 1
988)
: Reb
ellio
n be
gins
with
a Z
ulu
ambu
sh th
at k
ills
two
whi
te p
olic
emen
. The
res
ista
nce
was
sup
pres
sed
thro
ugh
burn
ing
of
villa
ges,
des
truc
tion
of c
rops
, and
con
fisc
atio
n of
live
stoc
k. E
stim
ates
as
man
y as
3,0
00 A
fric
ans
wer
e ki
lled.
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
CO
W f
igur
e fo
r U
K d
eath
s is
too
high
. Est
imat
ed 2
,356
dea
d. (
From
Clo
dfel
ter:
26
Bri
tons
+ 3
0 A
fric
an U
K tr
oops
+2,
300
Zul
us)
Fir
st M
oro
ccan
War,
1911–30 M
arc
h 1
912 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 401)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
1,00
0 Sp
ain
0 T
otal
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
18
P. 3
95: ‘
On
Apr
il 17
, 191
2, M
oroc
can
arm
y un
its m
utin
ied
in th
e M
oroc
can
capi
tal …
slau
ghte
red
19 F
renc
h m
ilita
ry a
dvis
ers,
9 E
urop
ean
civi
lians
, and
43
Mor
occa
n Je
ws.
… O
ne A
lger
ian
com
pany
was
cau
ght i
n th
e re
bel t
rap
and
lost
35
kille
d an
d 70
wou
nded
bef
ore
it co
uld
dise
ngag
e. …
15,0
00 M
oroc
can
trib
esm
en r
enew
ed th
e si
ege
of th
e ci
ty o
n M
ay 2
4. T
hat f
irst
nig
ht o
f th
e si
ege
cost
the
Fren
ch 3
8 K
IA…
Fou
r da
ys la
ter
the
trib
esm
en th
rew
eve
ryth
ing
they
had
aga
inst
the
city
, but
wer
e re
puls
ed w
ith 1
,000
dea
d. …
Act
ion
shif
ted
sout
h la
ter
in th
e ye
ar
…Se
ptem
ber
6, 1
912.
In
the
grea
test
sla
ught
er o
f th
e co
nque
st, 2
,000
Mor
occa
ns w
ere
slai
n. F
renc
h fi
repo
wer
had
ach
ieve
d th
is v
icto
ry a
t a c
ost
only
[si
c] 2
KIA
and
23
WIA
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W f
igur
e of
1,0
00 m
ay s
impl
y ha
ve b
een
adop
ted
in a
ccor
d w
ith th
eir
min
imum
def
initi
on a
war
. It s
eem
s to
o hi
gh f
or F
renc
h lo
sses
. 19
11: N
o in
form
atio
n av
aila
ble.
L
ow e
stim
ate:
50
dead
H
igh
estim
ate:
200
dea
d B
est e
stim
ate:
100
dea
d 19
12: D
eath
s re
port
ed in
Clo
dfel
ter
tota
l 3,1
46. E
stim
ated
3,1
46 K
IA.
The
par
ticip
ant f
ile g
ives
Fre
nch
and
Span
ish
deat
hs a
s un
know
n.
Sin
o-T
ibet
an
Wa
r of
1912, M
arc
h 1
912–A
pri
l 191
3 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 402)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
2,00
0 T
otal
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
2,0
00 d
ead.
(D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
:
19
P. 1
009–
10: ‘
1911
, Oct
ober
10
… D
urin
g th
is ti
me
Tib
et r
ose
agai
nst C
hine
se r
ule
and
drov
e th
e C
hine
se g
arri
son
out o
f th
e co
untr
y. B
rita
in
prev
ente
d an
y su
bseq
uent
Chi
nese
eff
orts
to r
e-es
tabl
ish
auth
ority
in T
ibet
by
forc
e.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 2
,000
dea
ths.
S
econ
d M
oro
ccan
War,
1916–1917
(C
OW
War
No. 404)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
2,00
0 Sp
ain
0 T
otal
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): 2
,000
dea
d.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 2
,000
dea
ths.
S
ino-T
ibet
an
Wa
r of
1918, 7 J
an
uary
–A
ugu
st 1
918 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
405)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
1,00
0 T
otal
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): 1
,000
dea
d.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
20
Est
imat
ed 1
,000
dea
ths.
C
aco
Rev
olt
, 17 O
ctob
er 1
918–19 M
ay 1
920
(C
OW
War
No. 406)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
USA
28
T
otal
2,
102
(Fag
g 19
65: 1
31):
‘A
caco le
ader
nam
ed C
harl
emag
ne P
eral
te r
aise
d pe
rhap
s 20
,000
rur
al H
aitia
ns in
reb
ellio
n… P
erha
ps 2
,250
Hai
tians
lost
th
eir
lives
.’
(Rog
ozin
ski 1
994:
240
): ‘
The
reb
els
– va
riou
sly
estim
ated
at 2
,000
to 4
0,00
0 –
easi
ly d
efea
ted
the
loca
l gen
darm
erie
… A
ccor
ding
to o
ffic
ial
reco
rds,
the
mar
ines
lost
thir
teen
of
thei
r nu
mbe
r w
hile
kill
ing
3,07
1 H
aitia
ns.’
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
425
: ‘T
he m
ost s
erio
us in
surg
ency
occ
urre
d in
Hai
ti…T
he r
ebel
lion
last
ed f
or m
ore
than
19
mon
ths,
Oct
ober
17,
191
8–M
ay 1
9, 1
920.
Bot
h C
aco
lead
ers
wer
e ki
lled
in b
attle
, alo
ng w
ith a
t lea
st 2
,004
of
thei
r m
en. T
he M
arin
es lo
st 2
8 ki
lled
in a
ctio
n an
d th
e G
enda
rmer
ie lo
st 7
0 ki
lled.
’ (H
einl
and
Hei
nl 1
978,
462
): ‘
The
bes
t evi
denc
e, w
hich
is n
ot v
ery
satis
fact
ory
for
eith
er s
ide,
sug
gest
s th
at, i
n pu
tting
dow
n th
e C
acos
, Mar
ines
an
d G
enda
rmer
ie s
usta
ined
98
kille
d an
d w
ound
ed; a
nd f
rom
191
5 th
roug
h 19
20 s
ome
2,25
0 C
acos
wer
e ki
lled
… E
xam
inat
ion
of r
epor
ts o
n w
hich
the
num
ber
of C
aco
casu
altie
s se
ems
to h
ave
been
bas
ed, h
owev
er, s
ugge
sts
that
man
y su
ch m
ay h
ave
been
infl
ated
… N
o su
ch s
tudy
yet
ex
ists
, but
it w
ould
be
surp
risi
ng in
deed
if th
e co
ntem
pora
ry c
ount
of
2,25
0 C
aco
dead
with
stoo
d re
-exa
min
atio
n…’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
fol
low
ing
is th
e ra
nge
of lo
sses
that
app
ears
in th
e so
urce
s id
entif
ied:
U
S M
arin
es: 1
3–28
G
enda
rmer
ie: 7
0 H
aitia
ns: 2
,004
–3,0
71, w
ith 2
,250
as
the
mos
t wid
ely
cite
d fi
gure
21
Low
est
imat
e: 1
3 +
70 +
2,0
04 =
2,0
89
Hig
h es
timat
e: 2
8 +
70 +
3,0
71 =
3,1
69
Bes
t est
imat
e: 2
8 +
70 +
2,2
50 =
2,3
48
Bri
tish
-Afg
han
War
of
1919, M
ay
–8
Au
gu
st 1
919 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 408)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
1,
000
Tot
al
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
391
: ‘T
he v
icto
r’s
casu
altie
s w
ere
236
KIA
, 615
WIA
. … A
fgha
n lo
sses
are
unk
now
n bu
t und
oubt
edly
muc
h he
avie
r. I
n ad
ditio
n to
thei
r ba
ttle
deat
hs, t
he A
nglo
-Ind
ian
forc
es r
epor
ted
566
deat
hs f
rom
cho
lera
and
334
dea
ths
from
oth
er d
isea
ses
and
othe
r ca
uses
.’
(Ada
mec
199
6, 2
33):
236
Bri
tish
sold
iers
kill
ed, 6
15 w
ound
ed, 5
66 d
eath
s of
cho
lera
and
334
of
othe
r di
seas
es a
nd a
ccid
ents
. No
figu
res
avai
labl
e fo
r A
fgha
n lo
sses
. (O
nWar
.com
199
9): ‘
The
mon
th lo
ng w
ar r
esul
ted
in a
bout
1,0
00 A
fgha
n de
ad a
nd 2
,000
Bri
tish
and
colo
nial
dea
ths.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Est
imat
ed 2
36 B
ritis
h K
IA (
Clo
dfel
ter)
and
1,0
00 A
fgha
n K
IA (
OnW
ar.c
om).
F
ran
co-S
yri
an
War,
19
20 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 409)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
5,00
0 T
otal
U
nkno
wn
22
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
5,0
00 d
ead.
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
392
: ‘B
etw
een
Janu
ary
1919
and
Apr
il 19
20 F
renc
h re
cord
s sh
ow th
at th
eir
forc
es h
ad lo
st 1
50 o
ffic
ers
and
3,43
2 en
liste
d m
en k
illed
in b
attle
or
die
d of
dis
ease
and
had
suf
fere
d 2,
400
wou
nded
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W f
igur
e fo
r st
ate
loss
es p
roba
bly
incl
udes
dea
ths
from
all
caus
es r
athe
r th
an K
IA. N
o re
cord
is a
vaila
ble
of S
yria
n lo
sses
, so
5,00
0 w
as
code
d as
an
estim
ate
of b
attle
dea
ths
on b
oth
side
s. P
artic
ipan
t los
ses
code
d as
unk
now
n.
Iraq
i-B
riti
sh W
ar,
Ju
ne
1920–192
1 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 41
0)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
2,
000
Tot
al
Unk
now
n (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 1
,000
mili
tary
dea
d.
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
92: ‘
Cas
ualti
es f
or th
e oc
cupa
tion
forc
es in
clud
ed 4
26 K
IA, 6
15 M
IA, a
nd 1
,228
WIA
. Abo
ut 8
,450
Ira
qis
died
in th
e re
belli
on.’
(W
hite
200
4): N
otes
a 1
9 A
pril
2003
art
icle
in th
e G
uard
ian r
epor
ting
9,00
0 Ir
aqis
and
9 B
ritis
h ha
d di
ed.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
8,87
6 ba
ttle
deat
hs e
stim
ated
fro
m C
lodf
elte
r. N
o tr
end.
It
alo
–L
ibyan
Wa
r, J
un
e 1920
–Ju
ly 1
932 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 41
2)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Ital
y 5,
000
23
Tot
al
40,0
00
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
98: ‘
Ove
r 10
0,00
0 Se
nuss
i, ne
arly
50%
of
the
trib
e’s
popu
latio
n, h
ad d
ied
duri
ng th
e in
surr
ectio
n, m
ost o
f th
em in
Gra
zian
i’s
conc
entr
atio
n ca
mps
. … A
ctua
l com
bat d
eath
s on
bot
h si
des
duri
ng th
e w
ar to
tale
d ab
out 4
0,00
0.’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Jo
hn W
righ
t in
Lib
ya:
A M
oder
n H
isto
ry (
1982
) es
timat
es th
at th
e na
tive
popu
latio
n fe
ll by
125
,000
. Qad
dhaf
i cla
imed
in 1
969
that
750
,000
L
ibya
ns (
i.e. h
alf
the
tota
l pop
ulat
ion)
die
d un
der
the
Ital
ians
. Whi
le a
dmin
iste
ring
the
terr
itory
pri
or to
inde
pend
ence
, the
UN
est
imat
ed th
at
250,
000
to 3
00,0
00 n
ativ
es d
ied
betw
een
1912
and
194
2.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 4
0,00
0 K
IA (
Clo
dfel
ter
& C
OW
) of
whi
ch 5
,000
wer
e It
alia
n K
IA (
CO
W)
Rif
f R
ebel
lion
, 18
Ju
ly 1
921–27
Ma
y 1
926 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 413)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
4,00
0 Sp
ain
25,0
00
Tot
al
40,0
00
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
11,
000
civi
lian
and
29,0
00 m
ilita
ry w
ar-r
elat
ed d
eath
s (K
ohn
1986
):
P. 3
72–3
: ‘Si
lves
tre
and
som
e 12
,000
Spa
nish
troo
ps (
out o
f a
tota
l of
20,0
00)
wer
e sl
ain
by th
e R
if a
t the
Bat
tle o
f A
nnua
l on
July
21,
192
1.’
(OnW
ar.c
om 1
999)
: E
stim
ates
the
follo
win
g lo
sses
by
grou
p:
Ber
bers
: 5,0
00
24
Fran
ce: 1
6,00
0
Spai
n: 1
5,00
0 T
OT
AL
: 36,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
98: ‘
The
con
ques
t of
the
Rif
cos
t Spa
in 6
3,00
0 ba
ttle
casu
altie
s. N
earl
y 50
,000
Spa
niar
ds d
ied
in b
attle
or
from
dis
ease
. Fra
nce…
lost
10,
000
dead
in a
nd o
ut o
f ba
ttle.
Act
ual b
attle
cas
ualti
es f
or F
renc
h fo
rces
wer
e 2,
500
kille
d (i
nclu
ding
940
Fre
nchm
en; t
he r
est w
ere
colo
nial
troo
ps)
and
8,50
0 w
ound
ed. T
he R
if r
ebel
s lo
st a
bout
30,
000
kille
d or
wou
nded
.’
(Pay
ne 1
967:
494
):
‘The
onl
y av
aila
ble
stat
istic
s on
the
num
ber
of d
ead
mis
sing
lost
by
the
Span
ish
Arm
y …
’ re
ad a
s fo
llow
s:
1916
: 281
Eur
opea
ns, u
nkno
wn
num
ber
of R
egul
ares
19
17: 1
83 E
urop
eans
, unk
now
n nu
mbe
r of
Reg
ular
es
1918
: 370
Eur
opea
ns, u
nkno
wn
num
ber
of R
egul
ares
19
19: 4
87 E
urop
eans
, 10
Reg
ular
es
1920
: 549
Eur
opea
ns, 1
2 R
egul
ares
19
21: 1
0,22
5 E
urop
eans
, 13
Reg
ular
es
1922
: 548
Eur
opea
ns, 2
27 R
egul
ares
19
23: 3
66 E
urop
eans
, 142
Reg
ular
es
1924
: 3,2
66 E
urop
eans
, 1,0
91 R
egul
ares
19
25: 3
99 E
urop
eans
, 220
Reg
ular
es
1926
: 213
Eur
opea
ns, 3
10 R
egul
ares
19
27: 1
95 E
urop
eans
, 369
Reg
ular
es
Tot
al: 1
7,08
2 E
urop
eans
, 2,3
94 R
egul
ares
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Ber
bers
: 5,0
00 (
OnW
ar.c
om)
Fran
ce: 2
,500
(C
lodf
elte
r)
Spai
n: 1
5,01
7 E
urop
eans
+ 2
,003
Reg
ular
es (
Payn
e) =
17,
020
Tot
al: 2
4,52
0.
25
Tre
nd b
ased
on
Span
ish
loss
es f
rom
Pay
ne.
Mop
lah
Reb
elli
on
, N
ovem
ber
192
1–F
ebru
ary
1922 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 414
)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
13
7 T
otal
2,
474
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
90: ‘
In th
e so
uthe
rn p
rovi
nce
of M
adra
s an
ant
i-B
ritis
h an
d an
ti-H
indu
out
brea
k in
Aug
ust 1
921
by M
uslim
reb
els
calle
d M
opla
hs r
equi
red
a m
ajor
cou
nter
guer
illa
effo
rt b
y th
e B
ritis
h, O
ctob
er 1
921–
Febr
uary
192
2. …
The
tally
for
this
Mop
lah
Reb
ellio
n w
as 2
,337
reb
els
kille
d, 1
,652
w
ound
ed, a
nd 5
,700
cap
ture
d, h
undr
eds
of H
indu
civ
ilian
s sl
ain,
and
137
cas
ualti
es a
mon
g th
e se
curi
ty f
orce
s.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Los
ses
by g
roup
hav
e be
en g
iven
as
2,33
7 in
surg
ents
kill
ed +
137
sec
urity
for
ces
+ ‘
hund
reds
’ of
sla
in c
ivili
ans.
The
low
est
imat
e fo
r ci
vilia
n de
aths
was
200
, the
hig
h es
timat
e w
as 9
00, a
nd th
e m
ean
of th
ese
figu
res,
or
350,
was
use
d as
a b
est e
stim
ate
of c
ivili
an lo
sses
. N
o tr
end
code
d.
Fra
nco
-Dru
ze W
ar,
18 J
uly
1925–1 J
un
e 1927 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
416)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
4,00
0 T
otal
8,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
92–3
: ‘L
ed b
y Su
ltan
el-A
tras
h, th
e D
ruze
trib
esm
en r
evol
ted
on J
uly
18, 1
925.
A F
renc
h co
lum
n… w
as s
ent p
acki
ng, A
ugus
t 2–3
, with
600
K
IA…
On
the
nigh
t of
Sept
embe
r 16
som
e 3,
000
trib
esm
en a
ttack
ed a
Fre
nch
Fore
ign
Leg
ion…
The
Leg
ionn
aire
s re
puls
ed th
e at
tack
, kill
ed
500
Dru
ze a
nd w
ound
ed 5
00, b
ut lo
st 4
7 K
IA …
On
Nov
embe
r 20
a s
quad
ron
of L
egio
n ca
valr
y, s
ome
120
men
, was
sur
roun
ded…
A r
elie
f
26
forc
e fo
ught
its
way
thro
ugh
to th
e sq
uadr
on’s
res
cue
four
day
s la
ter,
but
by
then
onl
y 35
Leg
ionn
aire
s re
mai
ned
aliv
e. …
Mea
nwhi
le, t
he
rebe
llion
had
spr
ead
to D
amas
cus
… th
e Fr
ench
gar
riso
n th
ere
with
drew
…O
ctob
er 1
4 an
d th
en p
umm
eled
the
Syri
an c
apita
l with
a tw
o-da
y ar
tille
ry, a
ir, a
nd ta
nk b
omba
rdm
ent,
Oct
ober
18–
19, t
hat k
illed
ove
r 50
0 ci
vilia
ns. T
he F
renc
h re
occu
pied
Dam
ascu
s, b
ut th
e ci
ty w
as a
gain
sw
ept b
y re
belli
on o
n Ju
ly 1
8, 1
926.
A s
econ
d, e
ven
mor
e in
tens
e sh
ellin
g an
d ae
rial
bom
bard
men
t of
the
city
fol
low
ed …
kill
ed 1
,000
Syr
ians
. …
The
Fre
nch
had
to …
sac
rifi
ce 4
,000
live
s in
bat
tle b
ut b
y th
e su
mm
er o
f 19
27 th
e D
ruze
had
to a
ccep
t def
eat…
’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 8
,000
tota
l dea
ths,
and
tren
ded
this
est
imat
e ba
sed
on C
lodf
elte
r’s
desc
ript
ion
of s
peci
fic
battl
es.
Say
a S
an
’s R
ebel
lion
, D
ecem
ber
1930–J
un
e 1932
(C
OW
War
No. 417)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
10
,000
T
otal
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
93: ‘
Saya
San
’s g
ueri
lla f
orce
was
cal
led
the
Gal
en A
rmy
and
num
bere
d ab
out 1
,500
. The
upr
isin
g sp
read
to C
entr
al a
nd U
pper
Bur
ma.
Ten
th
ousa
nd r
ebel
s w
ere
kille
d, 1
28 o
f th
eir
lead
ers
wer
e st
rung
up,
and
ove
r 9,
000
insu
rgen
ts w
ere
inca
rcer
ated
.’
(Htin
Aun
g 19
67: 2
92):
‘T
he r
ebel
lion
was
fin
ally
sup
pres
sed
in 1
930–
32 b
y w
hich
tim
e 10
,000
reb
els
had
been
kill
ed, 9
,000
had
bee
n ca
ptur
ed
and
give
n pr
ison
term
s, a
nd 1
28, …
had
bee
n ha
nged
.’
(von
Alb
ertin
i and
Wir
z 19
82: 1
26):
‘R
ough
ly 3
,000
Bur
mes
e w
ere
kille
d or
wou
nded
, 9,0
00 ta
ken
pris
oner
, 350
arr
este
d, a
nd 1
28 h
ange
d,
incl
udin
g Sa
ya S
an h
imse
lf.’
(D
onni
son
1970
: 119
): ‘
Cas
ualti
es o
n th
e go
vern
men
t sid
e, in
clud
ing
troo
ps, p
olic
e, h
eadm
en, a
nd c
ivili
ans,
wer
e ab
out 7
0 ki
lled
(tw
o of
thes
e w
ere
Bri
tish)
and
88
wou
nded
. ‘Se
vera
l sco
re’
of I
ndia
ns lo
st th
eir
lives
. On
the
rebe
l sid
e kn
own
casu
altie
s am
ount
ed to
3,0
00. S
ome
9,00
0 su
rren
dere
d or
wer
e ta
ken
pris
oner
… 7
8 w
ere
hang
ed.’
(T
his
sour
ce d
oes
not c
lari
fy w
heth
er r
ebel
‘ca
sual
ties’
incl
udes
wou
nded
.)
27
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Gov
ernm
ent l
osse
s w
ere
estim
ated
as
abou
t 70
by D
onni
son.
T
he f
igur
e of
10,
000
rebe
ls k
illed
may
incl
ude
all d
eath
s du
e to
war
; it s
eem
s to
o hi
gh g
iven
the
size
of
Saya
San
’s f
orce
. Von
Alb
ertin
i & W
irz
esti
mat
e 3,
000
battl
e ca
sual
ties,
impl
ying
per
haps
1,0
00 r
ebel
KIA
. L
ow a
nd b
est e
stim
ate:
1,0
70
Hig
h es
timat
e: 3
,070
B
riti
sh-P
ale
stin
ian
War,
20 A
pri
l 1
936–17 M
ay 1
939 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 418)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
UK
2,
849
Tot
al
Unk
now
n (M
iddl
eEas
tRef
eren
ce.o
rg.u
k 20
04):
5,0
32 P
ales
tinia
ns k
illed
and
146
han
ged
(Dup
uy a
nd D
upuy
198
6):
P. 1
042:
‘T
he r
evol
t was
sup
pres
sed
by th
e B
ritis
h on
ly a
fter
the
loss
of
seve
ral t
hous
and
lives
.’
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
93: ‘
The
reb
ellio
n’s
toll
incl
uded
126
mem
bers
of
the
Bri
tish
secu
rity
for
ces
kille
d, a
long
with
547
Jew
s an
d 2,
176
Ara
b na
tiona
list a
nd
nonc
omba
tant
s.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W f
igur
e is
exa
ctly
that
in C
lodf
elte
r. T
his
num
ber
shou
ld n
ot h
ave
been
cod
ed a
s U
K d
eath
s.
28
Bes
t and
Low
est
imat
e (f
rom
Clo
dfel
ter)
: 126
Bri
tish
forc
es +
547
Jew
s +
2,17
6 A
rabs
= 2
,849
H
igh
estim
ate
from
Clo
dfel
ter
and
Mid
dleE
astR
efer
ence
: 126
Bri
tish
secu
rity
for
ces
+ 5
47 J
ews
+ 5,
032
Ara
bs =
5,7
05
In
ters
tate
Wars
B
ox
er R
ebel
lion
, 17 J
un
e–14 A
ugu
st 1
900 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
82)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
2,00
0 Fr
ance
24
Ja
pan
622
UK
34
U
SA
21
Rus
sia
302
Tot
al
3,00
3 (R
umm
el 1
991)
: Est
imat
es 1
0,00
0 de
ad in
war
and
105
,000
dea
d in
dem
ocid
e (W
ood
1968
, 3):
Est
imat
es C
hine
se m
ilita
ry f
atal
ities
at 1
,500
. (D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
100
8–9:
‘T
he [
allie
d] f
orce
ret
urne
d to
thei
r sh
ips
[Jun
e 26
] ha
ving
suf
fere
d 30
0 ca
sual
ties.
…19
00, A
ugus
t …to
rel
ieve
the
dipl
omat
ic g
roup
, pi
nned
in th
e B
ritis
h L
egat
ion
com
poun
d. …
Cas
ualti
es a
mon
g th
e ci
vilia
n vo
lunt
eers
wer
e 12
kill
ed a
nd 2
3 w
ound
ed, w
hile
the
guar
d de
tach
men
ts lo
st 4
off
icer
and
49
men
kill
ed …
Res
cued
als
o w
ere
the
defe
nder
s of
the
P’ei
Tan
g, c
ompo
und
of th
e C
atho
lic c
athe
dral
. … S
even
m
arin
es, 4
pri
ests
, and
an
estim
ated
400
of
the
Chr
istia
n C
hine
se h
ad b
een
kille
d in
the
figh
ting.
’ (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
400
: ‘In
Jun
e 19
00 th
e B
oxer
s w
ent o
n a
ram
page
. … A
cros
s C
hina
106
mis
sion
arie
s an
d th
eir
fam
ilies
wer
e sl
ain,
incl
udin
g 29
chi
ldre
n. …
In
Pek
ing
the
fore
ign
lega
tions
wer
e be
sieg
ed …
By
the
time
the
lega
tions
wer
e re
lieve
d on
Aug
ust 1
4, 5
4 of
its
defe
nder
s, 1
1 no
ncom
bata
nts
and
9 C
hine
se C
hris
tian
conv
erts
had
bee
n ki
lled…
An
earl
y at
tem
pt to
res
cue
the
lega
tions
…w
as r
epel
led
by J
une
27 w
ith a
loss
of
62 K
IA…
29
A la
ndin
g fo
rce
of 9
00 m
arin
es a
nd b
luej
acke
ts s
eize
d th
e fo
rts
at a
cos
t of
172
casu
altie
s. …
the
allie
s on
Jul
y 13
–14
laun
ched
an
atta
ck o
n T
ient
sin’
s C
hine
se Q
uart
er. L
osse
s w
ere
heav
y—75
0 ki
lled
or w
ound
ed …
and
som
e 50
00 C
hine
se w
ere
kille
d or
inju
red.
… a
t Pei
tsan
g on
A
ugus
t 5, w
ith th
e Ja
pane
se d
oing
mos
t of
the
figh
ting
and
suff
erin
g m
ost o
f th
e ca
sual
ties—
som
e 30
0 ki
lled
or w
ound
ed in
tota
l. …
Stif
f fi
ghtin
g on
Aug
ust 1
3 co
st th
e Ja
pane
se 2
00 c
asua
lties
and
the
Rus
sian
s w
ere
repe
lled
in a
n at
tack
on
the
Tun
g Pi
en G
ate,
losi
ng 2
6 K
IA…
the
Cat
holic
com
poun
d at
P’e
i Tan
g [l
ost]
… 7
mar
ines
, 4 p
ries
ts, a
nd 4
00 c
onve
rts
kille
d. …
the
allie
s st
orm
ed th
e Im
peri
al c
ity o
n A
ugus
t 15.
A
mer
ican
loss
es th
at d
ay w
ere
15 K
IA, 3
4 W
IA …
In
addi
tion
to f
orei
gn a
nd B
oxer
dea
ths,
som
e 30
,000
Chi
nese
Chr
istia
ns w
ere
kille
d by
the
Box
ers.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Sour
ces
agre
e cl
osel
y if
Rum
mel
’s d
emoc
ide
figu
re is
inte
rpre
ted
as a
n es
timat
e of
the
toll
of m
assa
cres
aga
inst
Chi
nese
Chr
istia
ns.
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,500
Box
ers
kille
d (W
ood)
, 24
Fren
ch d
eath
s, 6
22 J
apan
ese
deat
hs, 3
4 U
K d
eath
s, 2
1 U
S de
aths
, 302
Rus
sian
dea
ths
(fro
m
CO
W),
485
dea
ths
in th
e be
sieg
ed c
ompo
unds
(C
lodf
elte
r).
Hig
h an
d be
st e
stim
ate:
2,0
00 B
oxer
s K
IA, 2
4 Fr
ench
dea
ths,
622
Jap
anes
e de
aths
, 34
UK
dea
ths,
21
US
deat
hs, 3
02 R
ussi
an d
eath
s (f
rom
C
OW
), 4
85 d
eath
s in
the
besi
eged
com
poun
ds (
Clo
dfel
ter)
. S
ino-R
uss
ian
War,
17 A
ugu
st–10 O
ctob
er 1
900 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 83)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
3,75
8 R
ussi
a 24
2 T
otal
4,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
00: ‘
On
July
14,
at B
lago
vesh
chen
sk o
n th
e R
ussi
an s
ide
of th
e A
mur
Riv
er, t
he C
ossa
ck g
arri
son
resp
onde
d to
spo
radi
c fi
re f
rom
the
Chi
nese
sid
e of
the
rive
r by
rou
ndin
g up
the
Chi
nese
pop
ulat
ion
of th
e to
wn
and
forc
ing
them
into
the
rive
r. S
ome
3,50
0 ci
vilia
ns w
ere
drow
ned.
T
hen
the
Rus
sian
s st
orm
ed a
cros
s th
e ri
ver
to k
ill a
noth
er 7
00 C
hine
se in
Aig
en. …
The
Rus
sian
s lo
st 2
42 k
illed
in c
omba
t and
1,2
83 w
ound
ed.
Chi
nese
loss
es w
ent u
nrec
orde
d, b
ut w
ere
sure
ly s
ever
al ti
mes
as
man
y as
thos
e of
the
inva
der.
’
30
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 4
,000
bat
tle d
eath
s, f
rom
CO
W.
Ru
sso-J
ap
an
ese
War,
8 F
ebru
ary
1904–
15 S
epte
mb
er 1
90
5 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 85)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Japa
n 80
,378
R
ussi
a 71
,453
T
otal
15
1,83
1 (W
ood
1968
, 23)
: Rus
sia
had
45,0
00 K
IA o
r D
OW
and
Jap
an 8
5,00
0 K
IA o
r D
OW
(D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
922
–5: S
ee th
is s
ourc
e fo
r si
des’
loss
es in
indi
vidu
al b
attle
s (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
404
: ‘O
ffic
ially
, Rus
sian
cas
ualti
es w
ere
repo
rted
to in
clud
e 34
,000
bat
tle d
eath
s, in
clud
ing
5,20
0 so
ldie
rs w
ho d
ied
of th
eir
wou
nds…
A
mor
e pr
ecis
e se
t of
figu
res
garn
ered
fro
m o
ther
sou
rces
list
s 52
,623
Rus
sian
bat
tle d
eath
s an
d 18
,830
dis
ease
dea
ths,
for
a to
tal o
f 71
,453
fa
talit
ies
on th
e R
ussi
an s
ide.
… J
apan
ese
KIA
s to
tale
d 47
,152
, and
thos
e w
ho d
ied
of w
ound
s nu
mbe
red
11,4
24, f
or a
tota
l of
58,5
76 b
attle
de
aths
. Ano
ther
21,
802
Japa
nese
ser
vice
men
die
d of
dis
ease
. Thu
s, th
e gr
and
tota
l of
Japa
nese
fat
aliti
es in
the
Rus
so-J
apan
ese
War
was
80,
378.
…
A s
econ
d ca
lcul
atio
n re
cord
s 94
,539
Jap
anes
e ba
ttle
deat
hs, i
nclu
ding
the
star
tling
fig
ure
of 4
7,38
7 m
en w
ho d
ied
of th
eir
wou
nds…
’ (W
hite
200
4):
Sam
uel D
umas
in L
oss
es o
f L
ife
Ca
use
d B
y W
ar
(192
3) li
sts
the
follo
win
g ca
sual
ty e
stim
ates
: Ja
pane
se K
IA: 4
7,15
2 (J
apan
ese
Bur
eau
of M
ilita
ry S
tatis
tics)
–47,
400
(Ver
lust
stat
istik
) R
ussi
an K
IA: 2
8,80
0 (V
erlu
stst
atis
tik)–
52,6
23 (
from
Gae
dke)
. Whi
te e
stim
ates
that
the
Gae
dke
figu
re is
too
larg
e.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
31
Japa
n: K
IA &
DO
W e
stim
ated
as
58,5
76 f
rom
Jap
anes
e bu
reau
of
stat
istic
s (C
lodf
elte
r &
Whi
te).
R
ussi
a: K
IA a
nd D
OW
est
imat
ed a
s 52
,623
(C
lodf
elte
r).
Tot
al: 1
11,1
99.
Tre
nded
bas
ed o
n C
lodf
elte
r ba
ttle
data
. T
hir
d C
entr
al
Am
eric
an
War,
27 M
ay–20 J
uly
1906 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 88)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
El S
alva
dor
300
Gua
tem
ala
400
Hon
dura
s 30
0 T
otal
1,
000
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 d
ead.
(W
ood
1968
, 4):
Est
imat
es to
tal m
ilita
ry d
eath
s at
abo
ut 2
,000
. (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
418
: ‘…
last
ed f
rom
May
23-
July
20,
aft
er 4
00 G
uate
mal
ans,
300
Sal
vado
rans
, and
300
Hon
dura
ns (
Hon
dura
s w
as E
l Sal
vado
r’s
ally
in th
e w
ar)
had
been
sla
in.’
(K
arne
s 19
65: 1
85-6
): ‘
By
Mar
ch 1
906
… A
rmed
em
igra
dos
conv
erge
d up
on G
uate
mal
a fr
om e
ach
of th
e fo
ur n
eigh
bori
ng s
tate
s. …
By
July
th
e sk
irm
ishe
s ha
d ri
pene
d in
to w
ar. S
alva
dore
an c
asua
lties
rea
ched
the
thou
sand
s…’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,000
bat
tle d
eath
s (C
OW
, Clo
dfel
ter,
Eck
hard
t—m
ay b
e us
ing
each
oth
er a
s so
urce
s)
Hig
h es
timat
e: 2
,000
bat
tle d
eath
s (W
ood)
B
est e
stim
ate:
1,5
00 (
mea
n)
32
Fou
rth
Cen
tral
Am
eric
an
War,
19 F
ebru
ary
–2
3 M
ay
1907
(C
OW
War
No. 91)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
El S
alva
dor
300
Hon
dura
s 30
0 N
icar
agua
40
0 T
otal
1,
000
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 d
eath
s (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
419
: ‘T
hese
eff
orts
res
ulte
d in
war
, Feb
ruar
y 19
–Apr
il 23
, 190
7, a
nd c
ost t
he li
ves
of 4
00 N
icar
agua
ns, 3
00 S
alva
dora
ns, a
nd 3
00 H
ondu
rans
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 1
,000
bat
tle d
eath
s S
pan
ish
-Moro
ccan
War,
7 J
uly
1909
–23 M
arc
h 1
910 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 94)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Mor
occo
8,
000
Spai
n 2,
000
Tot
al
10,0
00
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
97: ‘
Con
stan
t fig
htin
g be
twee
n th
e fi
erce
Ber
ber
trib
esm
en o
f th
e R
iff
and
the
Span
ish
on th
e M
oroc
can
coas
t res
ulte
d in
the
cam
paig
n of
Ju
ly 7
, 190
9-M
arch
23,
191
0. …
Som
e 2,
000
Span
ish
sold
iers
and
8,0
00 M
oroc
cans
die
d—m
ore
from
bac
teri
a th
an f
rom
bul
lets
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
33
Clo
dfel
ter
sugg
ests
at l
east
hal
f of
the
tota
l dea
ths
code
d by
CO
W a
re n
on-b
attle
dea
ths.
Est
imat
e 5,
000
KIA
. No
tren
d es
timat
ed.
The
par
ticip
ant f
ile e
stim
ates
the
side
s’ lo
sses
bas
ed o
n th
e C
OW
rat
io.
Ita
lo-T
urk
ish
War,
29 S
epte
mb
er 1
911–18 O
ctob
er 1
912 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 97)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Ital
y 6,
000
Tur
key
14,0
00
Tot
al
20,0
00
(Woo
d 19
68, 4
): E
stim
ates
6 th
ousa
nd I
talia
n an
d 14
thou
sand
Tur
kish
mili
tary
dea
ths.
(W
hite
200
4):
Url
anis
has
est
imat
ed in
Voin
i I
Naro
do-N
ace
lenie
Euro
pi (
1960
) th
at th
ere
wer
e ab
out 1
4,00
0 to
tal d
eath
s fr
om a
ll ca
uses
in th
is c
onfl
ict:
six
thou
sand
tota
l KIA
, 1,9
48 I
talia
ns a
nd 4
,000
Tur
ks d
ead
of d
isea
se, a
nd 4
00 I
talia
ns a
nd 1
,600
Tur
ks D
OW
. (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
397
: ‘It
aly
pest
ered
Tur
key
else
whe
re, w
ith n
aval
rai
ds o
n R
hode
s, S
myr
na, H
odei
da o
n th
e Y
emen
coa
st, t
he D
odec
anes
e Is
land
s, a
nd th
e D
arde
nelle
s. …
Tur
key’
s lo
sses
in L
ibya
alo
ne w
ere
abou
t 14,
000
kille
d in
bat
tle o
r de
ad o
f di
seas
e by
the
end
of th
e co
nflic
t on
Oct
ober
15,
19
12. I
taly
pur
chas
ed L
ibya
at a
cos
t of
4,00
0 co
mba
t dea
ths,
2,0
00 d
isea
se d
eath
s, a
nd 6
,000
wou
nded
…’
(A r
atio
bet
wee
n T
urki
sh d
isea
se a
nd b
attle
dea
ths
sim
ilar
to th
at o
f It
aly
wou
ld im
ply
abou
t 9,3
33 T
urks
dea
d in
com
bat.)
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 6
,000
(Fr
om U
rlan
is. I
n th
e pa
rtic
ipan
t file
, sid
es’
loss
es a
re b
ased
on
ratio
in C
OW
) H
igh
estim
ate:
13,
000
(Fro
m C
lodf
elte
r: 4
,000
Ita
lian
KIA
and
9,0
00 T
urki
sh K
IA)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 9
,500
(M
ean.
In
the
part
icip
ant f
ile, s
ides
’ lo
sses
are
bas
ed o
n ra
tio in
CO
W)
34
Fir
st B
alk
an
War,
17 O
ctob
er 1
912–19 A
pri
l 1913
(C
OW
War
No. 100)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Bul
gari
a 32
,000
G
reec
e 5,
000
Serb
ia
15,0
00
Tur
key
30,0
00
Tot
al
82,0
00
(Whi
te 2
004)
: U
rlan
is e
stim
ated
in V
oin
i I
Naro
do-N
acel
enie
Euro
pi
(196
0) th
at in
the
firs
t and
sec
ond
Bal
kan
war
ther
e w
ere
122,
000
KIA
, 20,
000
DO
W, a
nd
82,0
00 d
ead
of d
isea
se.
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
84: ‘
Rec
ords
on
casu
altie
s fo
r th
e B
alka
n W
ar a
re s
cant
. … A
ver
y ro
ugh
estim
ate
wou
ld s
how
abo
ut 3
0,00
0 ba
ttle
deat
hs a
nd 2
0,00
0 di
seas
e de
aths
for
Tur
key
and
abou
t 55,
000
battl
e an
d di
seas
e de
aths
for
the
Bal
kan
allie
s, d
istr
ibut
ed th
us: B
ulga
ria—
32,0
00; S
erbi
a—15
,000
; G
reec
e—5,
000;
and
Mon
tene
gro—
3,00
0.’
(Dup
uy a
nd D
upuy
198
6):
P. 9
27–8
: ‘19
12, N
ovem
ber
5. B
attle
of
Mon
astir
. … N
earl
y 20
,000
Tur
ks w
ere
kille
d or
cap
ture
d. …
.191
3, M
arch
26.
Fal
l of
Adr
iano
ple.
A
com
bine
d B
ulga
r-Se
rb s
iege
ope
ratio
n en
ded
with
a 2
-day
ass
ault
agai
nst t
he e
aste
rn f
ace
of th
e fo
rtre
ss, b
reac
hing
the
Tur
k lin
es, d
espi
te a
n al
lied
loss
of
9,50
0 m
en.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
and
bes
t est
imat
e:
Tur
kish
KIA
: Est
imat
ed 3
0,00
0 (F
rom
Clo
dfel
ter)
T
he T
urk’
s ra
tio (
thre
e-fi
fths
) be
twee
n ba
ttle
deat
hs a
nd d
eath
fro
m a
ll ca
uses
was
use
d to
est
imat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
KIA
am
ong
the
othe
r pa
rtie
s:
Bul
gari
a: 1
9,20
0
35
Serb
ia: 9
,000
G
reec
e: 3
,000
M
onte
negr
o: 1
,800
T
otal
s 63
,000
H
igh
estim
ate:
71,
000
(Bas
ed o
n U
lani
s’ f
igur
e of
142
,000
KIA
in b
oth
war
s.)
Sec
on
d B
alk
an
War,
30 J
un
e–30 J
uly
19
13 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 103)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Bul
gari
a 18
,000
G
reec
e 2,
500
Rom
ania
1,
500
Tur
key
20,0
00
Serb
ia
18,5
00
Tot
al
60,5
00
(Whi
te 2
004)
: U
rlan
is e
stim
ated
in V
oin
i I
Naro
do-N
acel
enie
Euro
pi
(196
0) th
at in
the
firs
t and
sec
ond
Bal
kan
war
ther
e w
ere
122,
000
KIA
, 20,
000
DO
W, a
nd
82,0
00 d
ead
of d
isea
se.
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
84: ‘
Dea
ths
in th
e Se
cond
Bal
kan
War
, inc
ludi
ng th
ose
from
sic
knes
s, w
ere
estim
ated
at o
ver
20,0
00 f
or B
ulga
ria
(Bul
gari
a lo
st a
tota
l of
53,
825
dead
in th
e tw
o w
ars,
60%
of
them
fro
m d
isea
se),
18,
500
for
Serb
ia, 2
,500
for
Gre
ece
(Gre
ek c
omba
t los
ses
for
both
Bal
kan
War
s w
ere
6,24
7 ba
ttle
dead
, 45,
869
wou
nded
, 188
mis
sing
), 2
,000
for
Tur
key,
and
1,5
00 f
or R
oman
ia.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
and
bes
t est
imat
e:
36
The
rat
io o
f B
ulga
rian
KIA
to d
eath
s of
all
caus
es w
as u
sed
to e
stim
ate
the
loss
es o
f th
e pa
rtic
ipan
ts b
ased
on
info
rmat
ion
in C
lodf
elte
r. T
otal
s 26
,700
. H
igh
estim
ate:
71,
000
(Bas
ed o
n U
lani
s’ f
igur
e of
142
,000
KIA
in b
oth
war
s.)
Worl
d W
ar
I, 2
9 A
ugu
st 1
914–11 N
ovem
ber
19
18 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 10
6)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Austr
ia-H
un
gary
1,2
00,0
00
Belg
ium
13,7
16
Bulg
aria
87,5
00
Fra
nce
1,3
85,0
00
Germ
any
1,7
73,7
00
Gre
ece
5,0
00
Italy
65
0,0
00
Japa
n
30
0
Port
ug
al
7,2
22
Rom
ania
33
5,7
06
Russia
1,7
00,0
00
Serb
ia
70,0
00
Turk
ey
32
5,0
00
UK
90
8,3
71
US
A
11
6,5
16
Tota
l 8,5
78,0
31
(Bla
ke 1
988)
: P.
383
: ‘A
con
serv
ativ
e es
tim
ate
of c
asua
lties
of
the
war
giv
es 1
0 m
illio
n ki
lled
and
20 m
illio
n w
ound
ed.’
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
479
: ‘N
o on
e kn
ows
with
cer
tain
ty th
e to
tal c
ost o
f th
e Fi
rst W
orld
War
in h
uman
live
s. T
he m
ost g
ener
ally
acc
epte
d m
ilita
ry to
ll is
8.6
m
illio
n de
ad a
nd 2
1 m
illio
n w
ound
ed o
ut o
f 65
mill
ion
mob
ilize
d. T
his
coun
t inc
lude
s al
mos
t 5.1
mill
ion
dead
and
12.
8 m
illio
n w
ound
ed o
ut o
f
37
42.4
mill
ion
mob
ilize
d on
the
Alli
ed s
ide,
and
ove
r 3.
5 m
illio
n de
ad a
nd 8
.4 m
illio
n w
ound
ed o
ut o
f 22
.9 m
illio
n m
obili
zed
on th
e si
de o
f th
e C
entr
al P
ower
s. ..
. The
true
toll
of c
ivili
an li
ves
forf
eite
d in
the
Gre
at W
ar is
eve
n m
ore
haza
rdou
s to
est
imat
e, g
iven
the
fact
that
man
y co
unts
of
nonc
omba
tant
dea
d m
ix w
ithou
t dis
tinct
ion
thos
e w
ho d
ied
of s
ickn
ess
and
star
vatio
n sp
read
by
the
war
with
thos
e sl
ain
by b
ombs
, bul
lets
and
ba
yone
ts. T
he g
ener
ally
acc
epte
d fi
gure
for
non
com
bata
nt d
eath
s is
6.5
mill
ion—
3 m
illio
n on
the
Alli
ed s
ide
and
3.5
mill
ion
on th
e C
entr
al
Pow
ers’
sid
e.’
P. 4
79–8
0: ‘
Rus
sia
sacr
ific
ed th
e gr
eate
st n
umbe
r…O
ut o
f 12
mill
ion
mob
ilize
d…ab
out 1
.7 m
illio
n di
ed, t
he v
ast m
ajor
ity in
com
bat,
and
4.95
m
illio
n w
ere
wou
nded
. As
man
y as
2 m
illio
n ci
vilia
ns in
the
Rus
sian
Em
pire
, inc
ludi
ng 5
00,0
00 P
oles
and
Lith
uani
ans,
wer
e ki
lled
by th
e w
ar,
but t
he v
ast m
ajor
ity o
f th
ese
deat
hs w
ere
caus
ed b
y di
seas
e, h
unge
r an
d pr
ivat
ion
infl
ated
and
inte
nsif
ied
by th
e w
ar. O
ffic
ial f
igur
es c
ompi
led
by R
ussi
a’s
Cen
tral
Sta
tistic
al D
epar
tmen
t are
less
than
tota
lly r
elia
ble.
Tot
al c
asua
lties
are
list
ed a
s: K
IA—
626,
440,
DO
W 1
7,17
4…Fr
ance
…
and
its c
olon
ial e
mpi
re lo
st, a
ccor
ding
to o
ffic
ial f
igur
es, 1
,265
,735
mili
tary
dea
d (1
4% o
f th
ose
calle
d to
arm
s) a
nd 4
,266
,000
wou
nded
… O
f th
e de
ad, a
s m
any
as 9
41,0
00 w
ere
kille
d in
the
war
’s f
irst
18
mon
ths;
…A
ppro
xim
atel
y 40
,000
Fre
nch
civi
lians
als
o di
ed in
the
Gre
at W
ar.
…T
he m
ost w
idel
y ac
cept
ed c
ount
of
Bri
tish
Em
pire
cas
ualti
es li
st 9
08,3
71 d
ead
(inc
ludi
ng 7
65,3
99 ju
st f
or th
e U
nite
d K
ingd
om)…
Civ
ilian
de
aths
, mos
t of
whi
ch o
ccur
red
in U
-boa
t sin
king
s, is
rec
kone
d at
30,
633.
...I
taly
…A
lthou
gh e
stim
ates
go
as h
igh
as 6
89,0
00 d
ead,
the
offi
cial
m
ilita
ry to
ll lis
ts 4
62,3
91 d
ead
… in
clud
[ing
] 32
0,00
com
bat d
eath
s… R
oman
ia …
335
,706
die
d, 1
20,0
00 w
ere
wou
nded
, and
80,
000
wer
e re
port
ed c
aptu
red
or m
issi
ng. A
bout
275
,000
Rom
ania
n ci
vilia
ns a
lso
died
dur
ing
the
conf
lict.
Abo
ut h
alf
of th
e m
ilita
ry d
ead
and
mos
t of
the
civi
lian
fata
litie
s w
ere
caus
ed b
y di
seas
e, h
unge
r, a
nd th
e el
emen
ts. …
.nea
rly
54,0
00 c
omba
t dea
ths
suff
ered
by
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es…
. Se
rbia
…m
ilita
ry d
eath
s to
tale
d 12
7,53
5. A
bout
45,
000
of th
em d
ied
in b
attle
and
82,
000
from
typh
us, i
nflu
enza
, mal
nutr
ition
, and
fro
stbi
te.
…N
onco
mba
tant
dea
ths,
mos
tly f
rom
dis
ease
and
mal
nutr
ition
, num
bere
d at
leas
t 200
,000
and
as
man
y as
650
,000
. Abo
ut 1
,000
civ
ilian
s w
ere
fata
l vic
tims
of A
ustr
ian
atro
citie
s. B
elgi
um …
mou
rned
13,
715
battl
e de
aths
, as
man
y as
24,
000
nonh
ostil
e m
ilita
ry d
eath
s…an
d ab
out 3
0,00
0 ci
vilia
n de
aths
, inc
ludi
ng a
bout
3,0
00 k
illed
in G
erm
an a
troc
ities
in 1
914.
Por
tuga
l’s
expe
ditio
nary
for
ce o
f 65
,166
ser
ved
in F
ranc
e, J
anua
ry
1917
–Nov
embe
r 19
18. …
Por
tugu
ese
casu
altie
s in
Fra
nce
amou
nted
to 1
,935
KIA
…O
f th
e 34
,000
who
cam
paig
ned
in A
fric
a, 1
,800
die
d in
ba
ttle
or f
rom
sic
knes
s. I
n ad
ditio
n, 2
3,00
0 A
fric
an s
oldi
ers
figh
ting
unde
r th
e Po
rtug
uese
fla
g an
d up
to 1
30,0
00 A
fric
an n
onco
mba
tant
s di
ed in
A
fric
an o
pera
tions
, the
vas
t maj
ority
fro
m d
isea
se…
. Tot
al P
ortu
gues
e m
ilita
ry lo
sses
wer
e 7,
222
dead
…G
reec
e ca
lled
up 2
30,0
00 m
en a
nd lo
st
23,0
98 d
ead
from
all
caus
es, i
nclu
ding
5,0
00 in
bat
tle. …
As
man
y as
132
,000
Mac
edon
ian
civi
lians
suc
cum
bed
to d
isea
se a
nd o
ther
war
-rel
ated
ca
uses
. [Fo
r] M
onte
negr
o …
battl
e cl
aim
ed 3
,000
live
s… A
mor
e re
liabl
e co
unt o
f to
tal J
apan
ese
mili
tary
dea
ths
from
all
caus
es li
sts
1,34
4 fa
talit
ies.
Chi
na w
as n
ot a
dir
ect c
omba
tant
, but
sen
t 100
,000
coo
lies
to la
bor
on th
e W
este
rn F
ront
alo
ne. J
ust i
n th
e B
ritis
h se
ctor
of
the
fron
t, 1,
612
Chi
nese
coo
lies
died
fro
m s
hellf
ire
and
dise
ase.
…G
erm
any
….T
he h
ighe
st e
stim
ate
for
mili
tary
dea
ths
is 2
,057
,000
. The
fig
ures
mos
t co
mm
only
acc
epte
d sh
ow 1
,808
,555
mili
tary
dea
d (i
nclu
ding
55,
006
POW
dea
ths)
, 4,2
48,1
58 w
ound
ed, a
nd 7
62,1
06 c
ivili
an f
atal
ities
, mos
t of
them
due
to m
alnu
triti
on c
ause
d by
the
Alli
ed b
lock
ade.
… A
ustr
ia-H
unga
ry…
Cas
ualti
es in
clud
ed 1
,290
,000
mili
tary
dea
d (i
nclu
ding
480
,000
PO
W d
eath
s) …
and
300
,000
civ
ilian
dea
d, tw
o-th
irds
of
them
Pol
ish.
…T
urke
y m
obili
zed
2,99
8,32
1 m
en a
nd 7
0 di
visi
ons
and
lost
243
,598
38
battl
e de
ad…
Civ
ilian
dea
ths
in th
e O
ttom
an E
mpi
re a
ttrib
utab
le to
the
war
wer
e as
man
y as
2,1
50,0
00, m
any
of th
em A
rmen
ians
sla
ught
ered
by
the
Tur
ks in
the
grea
t pog
rom
s of
191
5. B
ulga
ria…
loss
es w
ere
75,8
44 k
illed
in b
attle
, 25,
500
mili
tary
dea
d fr
om d
isea
se a
nd o
ther
cau
ses,
…an
d 27
5,00
0 ci
vilia
n di
seas
e an
d m
alnu
triti
on d
eath
s.’
(Dup
uy a
nd D
upuy
198
6):
Exc
erpt
s fr
om a
cha
rt o
n pa
ge 9
90:
All
ies
Mil
itary
Batt
le
De
ath
s
Civ
ilia
n
Death
s
Na
ture
of
Civ
ilia
n D
eath
s D
ata
Fra
nce
1,3
57,8
00
40,0
00
Batt
le D
eath
s
British E
mpire
908,3
71
30,6
33
Batt
le D
eath
s
Russia
1,7
00,0
00
2,0
00,0
00
Uncert
ain
Italy
462,3
91
N
o f
igu
re a
va
ilable
; re
latively
sm
all
United S
tate
s
50,5
85
N
o f
igu
re a
va
ilable
; re
latively
sm
all
Belg
ium
13,7
15
30,0
00
Uncert
ain
Serb
ia
45,0
00
650,0
00
Uncert
ain
Monte
neg
ro
3,0
00
N
o f
igu
re a
va
ilable
; re
latively
sm
all
Rum
ania
335,7
06
275,0
00
Uncert
ain
Gre
ece
5,0
00
132,0
00
Uncert
ain
Port
ugal
7,2
22
N
o f
igu
re a
va
ilable
; re
latively
sm
all
Japan
300
N
o f
igu
re a
va
ilable
; re
latively
sm
all
Cen
tral
Po
wers
Germ
any
1,8
08,5
46
760,0
00
Ca
used b
y b
lockade b
y A
llies
Austr
ia-H
ung
ary
922,5
00
300,0
00
One
-thir
d a
ttribute
d t
o A
llied
blo
ckade
Turk
ey
325,0
00
2,1
50,0
00
More
than o
ne-h
alf A
rmenia
n
Bulg
aria
75,8
44
275,0
00
Uncert
ain
To
tal
8,0
20,9
80
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
39
Com
pari
ng f
igur
es s
ide-
by-s
ide,
it s
eem
s th
at th
e C
OW
pro
ject
occ
asio
nally
use
s m
ilita
ry d
eath
s fr
om a
ll ca
uses
inst
ead
of b
attle
dea
ths:
CO
W
Clo
dfe
lter
Du
pu
y&
Du
pu
y
Note
s o
n t
ren
d a
nd c
ivili
an
s
Austr
ia-
Hu
ng
ary
1,2
00,0
00
1,2
90,0
00 f
rom
all
causes
922,5
00
300,0
00 c
ivili
an d
eath
s,
one-t
hir
d d
urin
g b
lockade
Belg
ium
13,7
16
13,7
15
13,7
15
27,0
00 c
ivili
an d
eath
s,
sub
tracting v
ictim
s o
f 'a
trocitie
s'
Bulg
aria
87,5
00
75,8
44
75,8
44
250,0
00 c
ivili
an d
eath
s f
rom
hard
ship
Fra
nce
1,3
85,0
00
1,2
65,7
35
1,3
57,8
00
Note
s 9
41,0
00 in f
irst
18 m
onth
s;
40,0
00 c
ivili
an b
att
le d
eath
s
Germ
any
1,7
73,7
00
1,8
08,5
55,
inc. P
OW
s
1,8
08,5
46
About
76
0,0
00 c
ivili
an d
eath
s,
most th
roug
h b
lockade
Gre
ece
5,0
00
5,0
00
5,0
00
320,0
00 c
ivili
ans d
ea
d t
hro
ug
h h
ard
ship
Italy
65
0,0
00
32
0,0
00 b
att
le
462,3
91
Few
Japan
30
0
1,3
44 f
rom
all
causes
300
Few
. M
ost
in 1
91
4 in t
he T
sin
gta
o C
am
paig
n
Monte
neg
ro
Not
inc.
3,0
00
3,0
00
Few
Port
ugal
7,2
22
7,2
22
7,2
22
193
5 in F
rance in 1
91
8,
rem
ain
der
in A
fric
a.
23K
Afr
ican
sold
iers
and 1
30K
Afr
ican c
ivili
ans d
ied f
rom
batt
le,
hard
ship
and d
ise
ase
Rom
ania
33
5,7
06
33
5,7
06,
abo
ut
one-h
alf in
batt
le
335,7
06
275,0
00,
most
from
dis
ease a
nd s
tarv
ation
Russia
1,7
00,0
00
1,7
00,0
00
1,7
00,0
00
Perh
aps 2
mill
ion c
ivili
ans d
ea
d,
most fr
om
hard
ship
s
Serb
ia
70,0
00
45,0
00 in b
att
le
650,0
00
200
–6
50,0
00,
mostly d
isease a
nd s
tarv
ation
Turk
ey
32
5,0
00
24
3,5
98
325,0
00
Fig
ure
of
2,1
50,0
00 inclu
des t
he A
rmenia
n g
enocid
e.
UK
90
8,3
71
90
8,3
71
908,3
71
30,6
33 c
ivili
ans d
ead in U
-boat
sin
kin
gs. T
his
fig
ure
in
clu
des
sold
iers
fro
m the E
mpire.
US
A
11
6,5
16
54,0
00
50,5
85
No c
ivili
an d
eath
s
The
fol
low
ing
figu
res
wer
e es
timat
ed. I
n or
der
to d
isco
unt c
ivili
ans
deat
h to
lls th
at w
ere
larg
ely
due
to w
ar-h
ards
hips
, one
-fou
rth
of th
e to
tal
figu
re f
or c
ivili
an lo
sses
was
est
imat
ed a
s ba
ttle
deat
hs:
C
om
bata
nt
Civ
ilian
Note
s o
n t
ren
d a
nd c
ivili
an
s
Austr
ia-H
ung
ary
922,5
00
100,0
00
Fro
m D
upuy &
Dup
uy
Belg
ium
13,7
15
6,7
50
One-f
ourt
h o
f to
tal civ
ilian d
eath
s
Bulg
aria
75,8
44
62,5
00
Estim
ate
an a
dditio
nal 2
50,0
00 c
ivili
an d
eath
s f
rom
ha
rdship
40
Fra
nce
1,2
65,7
35
40,0
00
Germ
any
1,7
73,7
00
190,0
00
Gre
ece
5,0
00
0
Italy
320,0
00
0
Japan
415
0
Based o
n d
escription o
f batt
le o
f T
sin
gta
o,
Clo
dfe
lter
P.
459
Monte
neg
ro
3,0
00
0
Port
ugal
7,2
22
0
Port
ugese A
fric
an
subje
cts
1,7
34
0
Afr
ican c
om
bata
nts
taken fro
m P
. 464 o
f C
lodfe
lter.
Descriptions o
f th
e
cam
paig
n s
uggest th
at
Afr
ican c
ivili
an d
eath
s w
ere
overw
helm
ingly
fro
m
dis
ease.
Rom
ania
167,5
83
68,7
50
Russia
1,7
00,0
00
500,0
00
Serb
ia
45,0
00
50,0
00
Turk
ey
243,5
98
200,0
00
Up t
o 2
.15 m
illio
n t
ota
l de
ath
s h
ave b
ee
n e
stim
ate
d. A
t le
ast
one m
illio
n o
f th
ese w
ere
inte
rpre
ted a
s p
art
of th
e A
rmenia
n,
and s
o 1
mill
ion w
as
subtr
acte
d h
ere
. O
ne-f
ourt
h o
f th
e r
em
ain
ing t
oll
was e
stim
ate
d a
s b
att
le
rela
ted.
Com
bata
nt
and c
ivili
an d
eath
s a
re r
oughly
equ
al, w
hic
h is s
imila
r to
th
e e
xperi
ence o
f S
erb
ia.
UK
908,3
71
30,6
33
US
A
50,5
85
0
Tota
l fo
r m
ilita
ry a
nd
civ
ilian d
eath
s:
7,5
04,0
02
1,2
48,6
33
This
results in a
n e
stim
ate
of
slig
htly f
ew
er
sold
iers
KIA
than t
hat
giv
en b
y
CO
W,
as e
xpecte
d.
Civ
ilian d
eath
s w
ell
belo
w t
he 6
.5 m
illio
n t
ota
l th
ought
to
have b
een c
aused b
y d
isease a
nd s
tarv
ation.
Tota
l:
8,7
89,0
36
The
war
was
div
ided
into
4 g
eogr
aphi
cal t
heat
ers,
and
cod
ed w
ith r
ough
est
imat
es b
ased
on
info
rmat
ion
in C
lodf
elte
r. T
he v
ast p
repo
nder
ance
of
deat
hs a
re c
oded
in E
urop
e.
Ru
sso-P
oli
sh W
ar,
14 F
ebru
ary
19
19–18 O
cto
ber
1920 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 109)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Pola
nd
60,0
00
41
Rus
sia
40,0
00
Tot
al
100,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
87: ‘
Gen
eral
Józ
ef P
ilsud
ski i
nvad
ed th
e U
krai
ne w
ith 5
2,00
0 Po
les
on A
pril
25, 1
920,
and
on
May
7 c
aptu
red
Kie
v fr
om s
ome
30,0
00
defe
nder
s. P
olis
h ca
sual
ties
up to
May
7 w
ere
only
150
kill
ed a
nd 3
00 w
ound
ed. …
Rus
sian
cou
nter
-off
ensi
ve…
drov
e Pi
lsud
ski’
s 94
,000
men
ou
t of
the
Ukr
aine
and
bac
k to
War
saw
by
July
25.
… T
he d
ecis
ive
Bat
tle o
f W
arsa
w c
omm
ence
d on
Aug
ust 1
6, w
ith 1
80,0
00 P
oles
pitt
ed
agai
nst 1
50,0
00 R
ussi
ans.
…T
otal
Rus
sian
loss
was
100
,000
, inc
ludi
ng 6
6,00
0 PO
Ws…
Polis
h lo
sses
wer
e 4,
362
KIA
…’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: T
he P
olis
h of
fici
al c
omm
issi
on g
ave
Polis
h lo
sses
as
17,2
78 k
illed
, 30,
337
tota
l dea
d, a
nd 5
1,37
4 M
IA. U
rlan
is e
stim
ated
in V
oin
i I
Naro
do
-
Nacel
enie
Euro
pi
(196
0) th
at th
e fi
gure
for
KIA
is a
n un
dere
stim
ate.
(D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
991
: ‘19
20, A
ugus
t 16–
25. B
attle
of
War
saw
. … T
he P
oles
cap
ture
d 66
,000
pri
sone
rs a
nd m
ore
than
230
gun
s, 1
,000
mac
hine
gun
s, a
nd
10,0
00 v
ehic
les.
Tot
al R
ussi
an c
asua
lties
wer
e ap
prox
imat
ely
150,
000;
the
Pole
s lo
st 5
0,00
0 m
en.’
P.
991
–2: ‘
1920
, Sep
tem
ber
12–O
ctob
er 1
0. C
ontin
ued
Polis
h O
ffen
sive
. … I
n th
ese
last
2 b
attle
s, th
e R
ussi
ans
lost
som
e 50
,000
pri
sone
rs a
nd
160
guns
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Ula
nis
data
sug
gest
s th
e C
OW
fig
ure
is f
or to
tal d
eath
s ra
ther
than
kill
ed in
com
bat.
Est
imat
ed P
olis
h K
IA a
s 17
,278
(U
lani
s).
Clo
dfel
ter
repo
rts
100,
000
tota
l Rus
sian
loss
es a
t the
Bat
tle o
f W
arsa
w, i
nclu
ding
66,
000
POW
s, w
hich
agr
ees
wel
l with
CO
W’s
fig
ure
of
40,0
00 R
ussi
an d
ead
thro
ugho
ut th
e w
ar if
this
fig
ure
incl
udes
dea
ths
from
all
caus
es. E
stim
ated
40,
000
Rus
sian
dea
ths
from
all
caus
es.
Adj
uste
d th
is f
igur
e do
wnw
ard
acco
rdin
g to
the
ratio
bet
wee
n Po
lish
KIA
and
tota
l dea
ths
for
an e
stim
ate
of 2
3,00
0 R
ussi
an K
IA.
Hu
ngari
an
-All
ies
War,
16 A
pri
l–4 A
ugu
st 1
919 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 112)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Cze
chos
lova
kia
2,00
0 H
unga
ry
6,00
0
42
Rom
ania
3,
000
Tot
al
11,0
00
(OnW
ar.c
om 1
999)
: Est
imat
es o
ne th
ousa
nd d
eath
s ea
ch f
or H
unga
ry a
nd C
zech
oslo
vaki
a, 2
,000
for
Rom
ania
. (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
387
: ‘T
he H
unga
rian
bat
tle c
asua
lties
fro
m N
ovem
ber
20, 1
918–
Aug
ust 2
0, 1
919
tota
led
11,6
66, i
nclu
ding
3,6
70 c
omba
t dea
ths.
Tot
al d
eath
s in
the
conf
lict,
com
bat a
nd o
ther
wis
e, a
mou
nted
to 6
,000
Hun
gari
ans,
3,0
00 R
oman
ians
, and
2,0
00 C
zech
s.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Clo
dfel
ter’
s in
form
atio
n im
plie
s th
at C
OW
fig
ures
incl
ude
war
dis
ease
as
wel
l as
battl
e de
aths
. The
rat
io b
etw
een
tota
l Hun
gari
an d
eath
s an
d H
unga
rian
KIA
was
use
d to
adj
ust t
he C
OW
fig
ures
dow
nwar
d. E
stim
ated
: H
unga
ry: 3
,670
KIA
C
zech
oslo
vaki
a: 1
,200
KIA
R
oman
ia: 1
,800
KIA
G
reco
-Tu
rkis
h W
ar,
5 M
ay 1
919–
11 O
ctob
er 1
922 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 1
15)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Gre
ece
30,0
00
Tur
key
20,0
00
Tot
al
50,0
00
(Dup
uy a
nd D
upuy
198
6):
P. 9
94: ‘
Cas
ualty
fig
ures
for
the
war
are
not
ava
ilabl
e. T
urki
sh lo
sses
wer
e pr
obab
ly le
ss th
an 1
00,0
00 m
en. G
reek
cas
ualti
es w
ere
upw
ard
of
200,
000,
of
who
m a
t lea
st h
alf
wer
e lo
st d
urin
g th
e fl
ight
to S
myr
na in
Aug
ust–
Sept
embe
r, 1
922.
’ (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
43
P. 3
88: ‘
The
Gre
ek a
rmy
turn
ed in
to a
pan
ic-s
tric
ken
and
mur
deri
ng m
ob a
s th
ey b
urne
d, lo
oted
, and
but
cher
ed a
ll th
e w
ay b
ack
to S
myr
na. T
he
Tur
ks r
etal
iate
d in
ful
l by
assa
ultin
g Sm
yrna
, Sep
tem
ber
9-11
, and
mas
sacr
ing
hund
reds
of
the
40,0
00 G
reek
sol
dier
s w
ho f
ell i
nto
thei
r ha
nds.
…
Gre
ek m
ilita
ry lo
sses
…In
clud
ing
the
35,0
00 m
issi
ng a
nd ta
ken
pris
oner
, the
tota
l was
105
,000
, hal
f or
mor
e lo
st in
the
disa
stro
us f
light
to
and
loss
of
Smyr
na, A
ugus
t–Se
ptem
ber
1922
. Of
the
tota
l at l
east
30,
000
wer
e ki
lled
in b
attle
or
died
of
dise
ase,
bes
ides
the
thou
sand
s of
Gre
ek
civi
lians
who
die
d w
hile
Sm
yrna
bur
ned.
Tot
al T
urki
sh lo
sses
wer
e 13
,000
kill
ed in
bat
tle a
nd 3
5,00
0 w
ound
ed, n
ot c
ount
ing
thou
sand
s of
no
ncom
bata
nt d
eath
s.’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: G
reek
KIA
(po
ssib
ly in
clud
ing
dead
of
wou
nds)
hav
e be
en e
stim
ated
at 1
9,36
2, d
eath
s fr
om d
isea
se (
and
wou
nds?
) at
4,8
78. G
reec
e lo
st 1
7,99
5 M
IA. T
urke
y’s
mili
tary
loss
es w
ere
sim
ilar.
The
re a
re e
stim
ates
of
over
100
,000
kill
ed d
urin
g th
e Sm
yrna
aff
air.
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Gre
ek K
IA: 1
9,36
2 (W
hite
) T
urki
sh K
IA: 1
3,00
0 (f
rom
Clo
dfel
ter)
A
dditi
onal
civ
ilian
dea
ths
wer
e co
nsid
ered
one
-sid
ed v
iole
nce.
F
ran
co-T
urk
ish
War,
1 N
ovem
ber
1919–20 O
ctob
er 1
921 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 116)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
5,00
0 T
urke
y 35
,000
T
otal
40
,000
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
388
: ‘In
Feb
ruar
y–A
pril
1920
som
e 30
,000
Tur
ks e
ngag
ed in
a s
erie
s of
cla
shes
with
Fre
nch
units
in C
ilici
a an
d so
uthe
rn A
nato
lia, i
nflic
ting
hund
reds
of
casu
altie
s on
the
inte
rven
tioni
sts.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
44
The
CO
W f
igur
e is
qui
te p
uzzl
ing.
Thi
s w
ar is
igno
red
by m
ost s
ourc
es, a
nd it
was
not
in th
e or
igin
al C
OW
war
list
(Sm
all a
nd S
inge
r 19
82).
T
he e
ngag
emen
ts m
entio
ned
in C
lodf
elte
r in
clud
ed o
nly
30,0
00 s
oldi
ers
on th
e T
urki
sh s
ide,
and
the
CO
W d
ata
lists
mor
e th
an th
ree
times
that
nu
mbe
r de
ad in
the
peri
od 1
919–
21.
Hig
h es
timat
e: 4
0,00
0 fr
om C
OW
. L
ow a
nd b
est e
stim
ate:
1,0
00 d
eath
s.
Part
icip
ant f
ile b
ased
on
CO
W r
atio
. L
ith
uan
ian
-Poli
sh W
ar,
15 J
uly
–1 D
ecem
ber
1920
(C
OW
War
No. 117)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Lith
uani
a 50
0 Po
land
50
0 T
otal
1,
000
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 c
ivili
ans
dead
. In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Est
imat
ed 1
,000
bat
tle d
eath
s.
Sin
o-S
ovie
t W
ar,
17 A
ugu
st–3 D
ecem
ber
1929 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
118)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
3,00
0 U
SSR
20
0 T
otal
3,
200
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
45
P. 4
08: ‘
By
Aug
ust t
he s
ituat
ion
had
dete
rior
ated
to o
pen
bord
er h
ostil
ities
, with
som
e 10
,000
Rus
sian
sol
dier
s un
dert
akin
g a
limite
d of
fens
ive
in
the
regi
on f
rom
Aug
ust 1
2-28
. …B
y N
ovem
ber
26, a
fter
the
Chi
nese
had
lost
1,0
35 k
illed
and
8,0
00 m
en ta
ken
pris
oner
… O
f 18
,521
Sov
iet
sold
iers
dir
ectly
eng
aged
in c
omba
t, ca
sual
ties
tota
led
143
kille
d, 6
65 w
ound
ed, 4
mis
sing
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
H
igh
estim
ate:
3,2
00 (
CO
W)
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,178
(Fr
om C
lodf
elte
r: 1
,035
+ 1
43)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 2
,189
(M
ean)
M
an
chu
ria
n W
ar,
19 D
ecem
ber
1931–6
Ma
y 1
933 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 121)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
50,0
00
Japa
n 10
,000
T
otal
60
,000
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
409
: ‘T
his
prel
ude
of th
e 19
37–4
5 Si
no-J
apan
ese
War
exa
cted
an
estim
ated
toll
of 5
0,00
0 C
hine
se a
nd 1
0,00
0 Ja
pane
se d
ead
from
all
caus
es.
Ano
ther
sou
rce
puts
the
com
bine
d to
ll at
64,
000
dead
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Clo
dfel
ter’
s in
form
atio
n im
plie
s th
at th
e C
OW
fig
ures
are
pro
babl
y di
seas
e an
d ba
ttle
deat
hs, b
ut n
o al
tern
ate
figu
res
wer
e id
entif
ied.
L
ow e
stim
ate:
20,
000
(tw
o-th
irds
of
tota
l dea
ths
rela
ted
to d
isea
se r
athe
r th
an b
attle
) H
igh
estim
ate:
60,
000
(CO
W)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 4
0,00
0 (o
ne-t
hird
of
tota
l dea
ths
not b
attle
-rel
ated
) C
haco
War,
15 J
un
e 1932–12 J
un
e 1935
(C
OW
War
No. 124)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
46
Bol
ivia
56
,661
Pa
ragu
ay
36,0
00
Tot
al
92,6
61
(Bla
ke 1
988)
: P.
68:
‘Pa
ragu
ay g
aine
d m
ost o
f th
e di
sput
ed te
rrito
ry, b
ut th
e pr
ice
was
imm
ense
for
bot
h co
untr
ies.
Mor
e th
an 5
0,00
0 B
oliv
ians
and
35,
000
Para
guay
ans
had
lost
thei
r liv
es.’
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
434
: ‘In
the
Cha
co, P
arag
uay
sacr
ific
ed a
noth
er 3
6,00
0 …
12,0
00 o
f w
hom
wer
e ki
lled
in b
attle
and
the
rest
the
vict
ims
of th
e C
haco
and
its
dise
ases
. … B
oliv
ia lo
st 5
2,39
7 de
ad, 2
5,00
0 of
them
kill
ed in
act
ion.
Ano
ther
4,2
64 o
f th
e 21
,000
Bol
ivia
n pr
ison
ers
take
n di
ed in
cap
tivity
. A
bout
50,
000
Bol
ivia
n so
ldie
rs w
ere
wou
nded
.’
(Far
cau
1996
, 230
): ‘
The
dea
th to
ll fo
r th
is te
rrib
le li
ttle
war
… N
o re
liabl
e fi
gure
s ar
e av
aila
ble,
but
tota
ls o
f fi
fty
thou
sand
Bol
ivia
n an
d fo
rty
thou
sand
Par
agua
yan
dead
fro
m a
ll ca
uses
are
gen
eral
ly a
ccep
ted.
One
can
ass
ume
the
num
ber
of w
ound
ed to
be
appr
oxim
atel
y tw
ice
that
, not
co
untin
g th
ose
who
con
trac
ted
seri
ous
illne
sses
dur
ing
the
war
.’
(The
ref
eren
ce to
‘se
riou
s ill
ness
es’
was
con
fusi
ng b
ut it
was
inte
rpre
ted
it as
non
-fat
al il
lnes
ses
as it
was
men
tione
d in
par
alle
l to
inju
ries
and
be
caus
e th
e w
ar d
eath
fig
ures
wer
e la
bele
d as
‘fr
om a
ll ca
uses
’)
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
CO
W f
igur
es s
eem
to in
clud
e de
aths
fro
m d
isea
se. E
stim
ated
12,
000
Para
guay
an a
nd 2
5,00
0 B
oliv
ian
battl
e de
aths
, fro
m C
lodf
etle
r.
Sau
di-
Yem
eni
War,
20
Ma
rch
193
2–6 D
ecem
ber
1935 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 1
25)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Saud
i Ara
bia
100
Yem
en
2,00
0 T
otal
2,
100
47
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
93: ‘
Los
ses
wer
e no
t tal
lied,
but
cer
tain
ly m
ust h
ave
num
bere
d in
the
thou
sand
s, m
ost o
f th
em Y
emen
i.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 2
,100
kill
ed.
Ita
lo-E
thio
pia
n W
ar,
3 O
ctob
er 1
93
5–9 M
ay 1
936 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 12
7)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Eth
iopi
a 16
,000
It
aly
4,00
0 T
otal
20
,000
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
399
: ‘It
aly
had
enla
rged
its
Afr
ican
em
pire
…at
a c
ost o
f 4,
359
kille
d in
com
bat…
2,31
3 It
alia
ns, 1
,085
Eri
trea
ns, 5
07 S
omal
is a
nd L
ibya
ns,
and
453
Ital
ian
labo
rers
. Eth
iopi
an m
ilita
ry a
nd c
ivili
an d
ead,
man
y of
them
fro
m th
e ba
rbar
ous
Ital
ian
bom
b an
d m
usta
rd g
as a
ttack
s, w
ere
esti
mat
ed a
s hi
gh a
s 27
5,00
0.’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Est
imat
es 7
5,00
0 E
thio
pian
bat
tle d
eath
s, a
rgui
ng th
at th
e es
timat
e of
275
,000
, bas
ed o
n a
1945
mem
oran
dum
fro
m E
thio
pia
to
the
Con
fere
nce
of P
rim
e M
inis
ters
, was
bas
ed o
n su
spic
ious
ly v
ague
fig
ures
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Ital
ian
KIA
: 4,3
59 K
IA (
Clo
dfel
ter)
L
ow a
nd b
est e
stim
ate
of E
thio
pian
KIA
: 16,
000
(CO
W)
Hig
h es
timat
e of
Eth
iopi
an K
IA: 7
5,00
0 (W
hite
) S
ino-J
ap
an
ese
Wa
r, 7
Ju
ly 1
93
7–9 M
ay 1
941 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 13
0)
48
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
na
750,
000
Japa
n 25
0,00
0 T
otal
1,
000,
000
See
McC
orm
ack
(200
3) f
or a
dis
cuss
ion
of o
ne-s
ided
vio
lenc
e in
this
con
flic
t and
the
deba
te a
s to
whe
ther
gen
ocid
e to
ok p
lace
. (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
412
: ‘C
hina
rep
orte
d its
tota
l yea
rly
battl
e ca
sual
ties
as: 3
67,3
62 f
or 1
937;
735
,017
for
193
8; 3
46,5
43; 2
99,4
83 f
or 1
941…
’ P.
412
–3: ‘
Acc
ordi
ng to
Chi
nese
fig
ures
… C
hina
lost
1,3
19,9
58 K
IA, 1
,761
,335
WIA
, and
130
,116
MIA
. Aga
in, t
hese
cas
ualty
fig
ures
do
not
incl
ude
the
loss
es o
f th
e C
omm
unis
ts, g
uerr
illas
, and
civ
ilian
s. T
he to
tal n
umbe
r of
dea
d su
ffer
ed b
y C
hina
pro
babl
y ne
ared
3 m
illio
n. H
isto
rian
R
.J. R
umm
el e
stim
ates
3,9
49,0
00 C
hine
se w
ar d
ead
from
193
7–45
, inc
ludi
ng 4
00,0
00 m
ilita
ry. T
he h
ighe
st e
stim
ate
of C
hine
se d
eath
s fr
om a
ll ca
uses
is 6
,325
,000
. [Ja
pane
se]
bom
bs k
illed
71,
105
Chi
nese
…A
t lea
st 3
,000
Chi
nese
wer
e m
urde
red
by J
apan
ese
Med
ical
Det
achm
ents
100
an
d 73
1, u
nits
con
duct
ing
med
ical
, bio
logi
cal,
and
chem
ical
war
fare
exp
erim
ents
on
hum
an s
ubje
cts.
Jap
an’s
sac
rifi
ce in
Chi
na f
rom
193
1–45
w
as o
ffic
ially
set
at 3
88,6
05 m
ilita
ry d
ead
from
all
caus
es, 2
02,9
58 o
f th
em s
ince
Dec
embe
r 7,
194
1.’
P. 4
13–4
: ‘T
he lo
sses
of
the
two
mai
n C
omm
unis
t mili
tary
for
mat
ions
wer
e gi
ven
as 3
23,6
26 k
illed
or
wou
nded
for
the
Eig
hth
Rou
te A
rmy
(12,
536
casu
altie
s in
193
8, in
crea
sing
to 6
3,84
7 in
194
2) a
nd 1
20,8
79 k
illed
or
wou
nded
for
the
New
Fou
rth
Arm
y (1
7,60
1 in
194
2). …
The
Ja
pane
se h
igh
com
man
d cl
aim
ed th
at it
lost
to a
ll gu
erri
lla f
orm
atio
ns in
Chi
na, n
ot ju
st to
the
Red
Chi
nese
, but
to o
ther
non
com
mun
ist p
artis
ans
as w
ell,
only
50,
000
kille
d or
wou
nded
and
a f
ew h
undr
ed c
aptu
red.
Thi
s w
ould
be
out o
f a
tota
l Jap
anes
e, p
uppe
t Chi
nese
, and
sat
ellit
e M
anch
uria
ns lo
sses
of
960,
000
kille
d or
wou
nded
, 280
,000
PO
Ws,
and
100
,000
des
ertio
ns.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Est
imat
ed th
e fo
llow
ing:
St
ate
Chi
nese
com
bata
nts:
1,3
19,9
58 K
IA (
Chi
nese
off
icia
l fig
ure,
pro
babl
y to
o lo
w)
Com
mun
ist C
hine
se c
omba
tant
s: 1
50,0
00 (
Est
imat
ed 1
/3 o
f th
e 44
4,50
5 K
IA a
nd W
IA r
epor
ted
in C
lodf
elte
r)
Chi
nese
kill
ed b
y ai
r ra
ids:
71,
105
(Thi
s m
ay d
oubl
e co
unt s
ome
com
bata
nts,
but
thos
e fi
gure
s ar
e al
read
y ex
pect
ed to
be
som
ewha
t low
) Ja
pane
se K
IA: 1
85,6
47
Chi
nese
and
Mac
huri
ans
figh
ting
for
Japa
n K
IA: 1
34,0
00 (
Bas
ed o
n C
lodf
elte
r’s
estim
ate
of 9
60,0
00 to
tal K
IA a
nd W
IA a
mon
g al
l for
ces
on th
e Ja
pane
se s
ide.
One
-thi
rd o
f th
ese
wer
e es
timat
e as
KIA
, and
Jap
anes
e re
gula
r fo
rces
KIA
wer
e th
en s
ubtr
acte
d)
49
Res
ultin
g es
timat
ed to
tal:
1,86
0,71
0. T
his
estim
ate
is s
till c
onsi
dera
bly
low
er th
an m
ost e
stim
ates
of
deat
hs f
rom
all
caus
es in
this
con
flic
t whi
ch
have
bee
n se
t at 3
to 6
mill
ion.
C
hina
’s o
ffic
ial c
asua
lty c
ount
s by
yea
r w
ere
used
to e
stim
ate
a tr
end
in th
e da
ta.
Ch
an
gk
ufe
ng
War,
29 J
uly
–11
Au
gu
st 1
938 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 133)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Japa
n 52
6 U
SSR
1,
200
Tot
al
1,72
6 (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
414
: ‘Fo
r tw
o w
eeks
in th
e su
mm
er o
f 19
38, J
uly
29–A
ugus
t 11
…th
e R
ussi
ans
lost
717
KIA
, 2,7
52 W
IA, 7
5 M
IA. J
apan
rep
orte
d th
at it
s 10
,000
-man
19th
Inf
antr
y D
ivis
ion…
lost
526
KIA
, 913
WIA
. (D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
104
3: ‘
1938
, Jul
y 11
–Aug
ust 1
0. U
ndec
lare
d H
ostil
ities
with
Rus
sia.
Sev
ere
figh
ting
brok
e ou
t bec
ause
of
a di
sput
e ov
er th
e po
orly
def
ined
fr
ontie
r w
here
Mac
huri
a, K
orea
, and
Sib
eria
mee
t.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Japa
nese
KIA
: 526
L
ow a
nd b
est e
stim
ate
of R
ussi
an lo
sses
: 717
(C
lodf
elte
r; u
sed
as th
e be
st e
stim
ate
beca
use
the
sour
ce s
peci
fies
that
this
is K
IA o
nly)
. Tot
al o
f 1,
243
battl
e de
aths
. H
igh
estim
ate
of R
ussi
an lo
sses
: 1,2
00 f
rom
CO
W. T
otal
of
1,72
6 ba
ttle
deat
hs.
No
mon
han
War,
11 M
ay–
16 S
epte
mb
er 1
939
(C
OW
War
No. 136)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
50
Japa
n 20
,000
M
ongo
lia
3,00
0 U
SSR
5,
000
Tot
al
28,0
00
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
14: ‘
In la
te M
ay 1
939
the
Japa
nese
… a
ttack
Sov
iet f
orce
s …
on
the
… d
ispu
ted
bord
er o
f O
uter
Mon
golia
, lon
g a
sate
llite
of
the
Sovi
et
Uni
on. …
The
Jap
anes
e…lo
st o
ver
17,0
00 m
en, 8
,440
of
who
m w
ere
kille
d, a
nd 8
,776
wer
e w
ound
ed. T
he R
ussi
ans
lost
6,8
31 k
illed
, 15,
251
wou
nded
, 1,1
43 m
issi
ng, o
ut o
f 69
,000
dep
loye
d on
the
fron
t.’
(Dup
uy a
nd D
upuy
198
6):
P. 1
043:
‘T
he S
ovie
ts a
dmitt
ed 9
,824
cas
ualti
es, b
ut th
eir
loss
es w
ere
prob
ably
com
para
ble
to th
e Ja
pane
se a
dmitt
ed 1
7,40
5 ca
sual
ties.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Est
imat
ed J
apan
ese
loss
es: 8
,440
(C
lodf
elte
r)
Est
imat
ed R
ussi
an lo
sses
: 6,8
31 (
Dup
uy &
Dup
uy a
nd C
lodf
elte
r ag
ree
fair
ly c
lose
ly, w
ith b
oth
sugg
estin
g a
figu
re o
f m
ore
than
the
adm
itted
9,
924
KIA
and
WIA
.)
Est
imat
ed M
ongo
lian
loss
es: 3
,000
(C
OW
) W
orl
d W
ar
II, 1 S
epte
mb
er 1
939–14 A
ugu
st 1
94
5 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 139)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Aus
tral
ia
33,8
26
Bel
gium
9,
600
Bra
zil
1,00
0 B
ulga
ria
10,0
00
Can
ada
41,9
92
Chi
na
1,35
0,00
0 E
thio
pia
5,00
0
Finl
and
65,0
00
Fran
ce
213,
324
Ger
man
y 3,
500,
000
Gre
ece
18,3
00
Hun
gary
13
6,00
0 It
aly
226,
900
Japa
n 1,
740,
000
51
Mon
golia
3,
000
Net
herl
ands
7,
900
New
Zea
land
12
,200
N
orw
ay
3,00
0 Po
land
32
0,00
0 R
oman
ia
300,
000
Sout
h A
fric
a 8,
700
UK
41
8,76
5 U
SA
405,
400
USS
R
7,50
0,00
0 Y
ugos
lavi
a 30
5,00
0
Tot
al:
16,6
34,9
07
(Bla
ke 1
988)
: P.
383
: ‘T
he d
ead
in W
orld
War
II
have
bee
n es
timat
ed a
t 15
mill
ion
mili
tary
, or
whi
ch u
p to
2 m
illio
n w
ere
Sovi
et p
riso
ners
-of-
war
. An
esti
mat
ed 3
5 m
illio
n ci
vilia
ns d
ied,
with
bet
wee
n 4
and
5 m
illio
n Je
ws
peri
shin
g in
con
cent
ratio
n ca
mps
, and
an
estim
ated
2 m
illio
n m
ore
in
mas
s m
urde
rs in
Eas
tern
Eur
ope.
’ (D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: T
able
fro
m p
age
1198
exc
erpt
ed h
ere.
Aut
hors
do
not s
peci
fy if
mili
tary
dea
d in
clud
es d
eath
s fr
om a
ll ca
uses
or
only
com
bat d
eath
s:
Nations
Mili
tary
D
ead
Civ
ilian
Dead
Note
s
US
A
292,1
00
0
Neglig
ible
civ
ilian d
eath
s
UK
397,7
62
65,0
00
Fra
nce
210,6
71
108,0
00
US
SR
7,5
00,0
00
10,0
00,0
00
Up t
o 1
5 m
illio
n c
ivili
an d
ead
Chin
a
500,0
00
1,0
00,0
00
Germ
any
2,8
50,0
00
500,0
00
Italy
77,5
00
40,0
00
Up t
o 1
00,0
00 c
ivili
an d
ead
Japan
1,5
06,0
00
300,0
00
All
oth
er
1,5
00,0
00
14,0
00,0
00
Up t
o 1
7 m
illio
n t
ota
l civ
ilian d
ead,
inclu
din
g 6
mill
ion J
ew
s a
nd 4
.5 m
illio
n
Pole
s
Tota
l 14,8
34,0
33
26,0
13,0
00
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
52
P. 5
81: ‘
Whe
n on
e ad
ds u
p al
l the
civ
ilian
vic
tims
of th
e H
oloc
aust
, of
the
Res
ista
nce
in o
ccup
ied
Eur
ope,
of
the
terr
or b
ombi
ngs,
of
star
vatio
n,
dise
ase
and
priv
atio
n ca
used
by
the
conf
lict,
the
toll
of W
orld
War
II,
at t
he m
ost c
onse
rvat
ive
estim
ate,
sur
pass
es 3
0 m
illio
n—w
ith 4
0 m
illio
n a
mor
e lik
ely
figu
re a
nd s
ome
estim
ates
goi
ng u
p to
55
mill
ion.
’ P.
582
: ‘N
onco
mba
tant
dea
ths
for
man
y of
the
natio
ns e
ngag
ed c
an o
nly
be r
ough
ly e
stim
ated
. The
Sov
iet U
nion
lost
fro
m 7
to 1
2 m
illio
n.
Pola
nd lo
st a
bout
5,6
75,0
00 d
ead,
incl
udin
g 3
mill
ion
Jew
s. Y
ugos
lavi
a lo
st a
t lea
st 1
.2 m
illio
n. O
ther
Alli
ed n
onco
mba
tant
dea
ths
incl
uded
: Fr
ance
350
,000
, inc
ludi
ng 1
07,8
74 k
illed
in th
e re
sist
ance
or
in a
ir b
ombi
ng; G
reec
e—32
5,00
0; C
zech
oslo
vaki
a—21
5,00
0; N
ethe
rlan
ds—
200,
000;
UK
—65
,000
, inc
ludi
ng 6
0,59
5 in
bom
bing
and
bom
bard
men
t…; P
hilip
pine
s—91
,000
; Bel
gium
—76
,000
; Nor
way
—7,
000;
US—
6,00
0, in
clud
ing
5,63
8 M
erch
ant M
arin
e. A
mon
g th
e A
xis
pow
ers,
non
com
bata
nt d
eath
s in
Ger
man
y in
clud
ed, b
y on
e co
unt,
593,
000
lost
to
Ang
lo-A
mer
ican
bom
bing
(in
clud
ing
56,0
00 f
orei
gn w
orke
rs a
nd 4
0,00
0 A
ustr
ians
), 1
0,00
0 ki
lled
in c
ross
fire
in th
e w
est,
and
619,
000
lost
to
the
Sovi
ets
and
thei
r al
lies
in th
e ea
st. J
apan
lost
, by
offi
cial
cou
nt, 6
58,5
95. O
ther
Axi
s ci
vilia
n de
aths
incl
uded
: Hun
gary
290
,000
; Rom
ania
—20
0,00
0; A
ustr
ia—
170,
000;
Ita
ly—
152,
941;
Bul
gari
a—10
,000
; Fin
land
—2,
000.
’ P.
580
: ‘A
Jap
anes
e so
urce
list
s 29
9,48
5 ci
vilia
ns v
ictim
s of
the
Am
eric
an a
ir b
omba
rdm
ent,
1,73
9 no
ncom
bata
nts
slai
n by
US
nava
l bo
mba
rdm
ent,
and
a to
tal,
incl
udin
g at
omic
bom
bing
vic
tims,
dis
ease
dea
ths,
and
thos
e w
ho d
ied
of s
tarv
atio
n an
d ot
her
caus
es a
ttrib
utab
le to
th
e w
ar, o
f 65
8,59
5 ci
vilia
n de
ad. U
S so
urce
s es
timat
e no
ncom
bata
nt lo
sses
for
Jap
an in
the
stra
tegi
c bo
mbi
ng o
ffen
sive
at 2
60,0
00 k
illed
…’
P. 5
80–1
: ‘So
me
70,1
47 o
f th
e 76
,327
str
uctu
res
in H
iros
him
a w
ere
dest
roye
d. O
ne c
ount
pla
ced
the
dead
at 7
8,15
0…th
e se
apor
t of
Nag
asak
i, po
pula
tion
280,
000…
at le
ast 3
2,75
3 pe
ople
die
d….A
cen
togr
aph
in H
iros
him
a be
ars
the
nam
es o
f 17
2,02
4 vi
ctim
s of
the
blas
t who
die
d im
med
iate
ly o
r in
the
year
s si
nce
of r
adia
tion
pois
onin
g. A
sep
arat
e ce
ntog
raph
hol
ds th
e na
mes
of
2,11
7 K
orea
n na
tiona
ls li
ving
in H
iros
him
a w
ho d
ied
beca
use
of th
e bo
mbi
ng.’
P.
582
: Exc
erpt
s fr
om a
cha
rt o
f m
ilita
ry d
eath
s, w
ith n
otes
add
ed:
53
Axis
Mil
itary
De
ad
all
Cau
ses
Milit
ary
Batt
le D
ead
No
te
Germ
an
y3,2
50,0
00
2,8
50,0
00
D&
D a
gre
e; C
OW
com
pa
rab
le t
o d
ea
d a
ll ca
use
s
Jap
an
2,5
65,8
78
1,5
55,3
08
<C
OW
; D
&D
rou
gh
ly a
gre
e
Ita
ly3
80,0
00
11
0,8
23
<C
OW
; >
D&
D
Rom
an
ia3
00,0
00
16
9,8
82
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead
all
ca
uses
Hun
ga
ry2
00,0
00
14
7,4
35
>C
OW
Fin
lan
d82
,000
79,0
47
>C
OW
Au
str
ia2
80,0
00
n.a
.N
ot in
c. In
CO
W
Bu
lga
ria
18
,500
6,6
71
<C
OW
Allie
sM
ilit
ary
De
ad
all
Cau
ses
Milit
ary
Batt
le D
ead
US
SR
8,6
68,4
00
6,3
29,6
00
<C
OW
and
D&
D,
ea
ch lis
ting
7.5
mill
ion
Chin
a22
20
00
0, 1
93
7-4
5n.a
.D
&D
est. 5
00
,000
& C
OW
est. 1
,350
,000
Yu
go
sla
via
30
5,0
00
n.a
.(C
OW
est.
305
,00
0)
Po
lan
d in
c. P
art
isa
ns
59
7,3
20
n.a
.(C
OW
est.
320
,00
0)
Po
lish
Re
gu
lars
n.a
.12
3,1
78
UK
40
3,1
95
26
4,4
43
D&
D a
nd
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to
de
ad
all
cau
ses
Au
str
alia
37
,467
23,3
65
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead
all
ca
uses
Can
ad
a42
,666
37,4
76
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead
all
ca
uses
Ind
ia48
,674
36,0
92
No
t in
c. In
CO
W
New
Ze
ala
nd
13
,081
10,0
33
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead
all
ca
uses
So
uth
Afr
ica
8,6
81
6,8
40
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead
all
ca
uses
US
A4
07,3
18
28
2,1
31
D&
D a
gre
e; C
OW
com
pa
rab
le t
o d
ea
d a
ll ca
use
s
Fra
nce
24
5,0
00
21
3,3
24
Sa
me
as C
OW
; D
&D
com
pa
rab
le
Gre
ece in
c. P
art
isa
ns
88
,300
n.a
.N
ot in
c. In
CO
W
Gre
ek R
eg
ula
rsn
.a.
17,0
24
<C
OW
Be
lgiu
m22
,651
8,4
60
<C
OW
Norw
ay
3,0
00
1,5
98
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead
all
ca
uses
Neth
erl
an
ds
7,9
00
6,3
44
<C
OW
Den
ma
rk6
,400
1,8
00
No
t in
c. In
CO
W
Czech
oslo
vakia
n.a
.6,6
83
No
t in
c. In
CO
W
Bra
zil
n.a
.94
3C
om
pa
rable
to
CO
W
Ph
ilip
pin
es
n.a
.2
7,2
58
No
t in
c. In
CO
W
Bri
tish C
olo
nie
sn
.a.
6,8
77
No
t in
c. In
CO
W
To
tal o
f ro
ug
hly
12
.3 m
illio
n. D
&D
to
tal o
f 1
4.8
mill
ion
, C
OW
tota
l o
f 1
6.6
mill
ion.
54
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Com
bata
nt lo
sses
wer
e ge
nera
lly a
djus
ted
dow
n fr
om C
OW
—th
ose
figu
res
seem
to in
clud
e de
aths
fro
m a
ll ca
uses
: N
atio
n
Co
de
d
Note
s
Austr
alia
23,3
65
Clo
dfe
lter
Austr
ia
24
5,0
00
Based o
n t
ota
l de
ad in C
lodfe
lter.
Battle
dead e
stim
ate
d u
sin
g G
erm
an
ratio b
etw
ee
n a
ll causes o
f de
ath
and b
att
le d
ead
Belg
ium
8,4
60
Clo
dfe
lter
Bra
zil
94
3
Clo
dfe
lter
British C
olo
nie
s
6,8
77
Clo
dfe
lter
Bulg
aria
6,6
71
Clo
dfe
lter
Ca
na
da
37,4
76
Clo
dfe
lter
Chin
a
50
0,0
00
Fro
m D
up
uy &
Dupuy;
CO
W f
igure
inc. civ
ilian d
ead o
r p
re-4
1?
Czechoslo
va
kia
6,6
83
Not
inc. In
CO
W
De
nm
ark
1,8
00
Not
inc. In
CO
W
Eth
iopia
5,0
00
CO
W
Fin
lan
d
79,0
47
>C
OW
Fra
nce
21
3,3
24
Sam
e a
s C
OW
; D
&D
com
para
ble
Germ
any
2,8
50,0
00
D&
D a
gre
e;
CO
W c
om
para
ble
to d
ead a
ll causes
Gre
ece inc. P
art
isans
82,1
00
Based o
n t
ota
l batt
le d
eath
s in C
lodfe
lter.
Used r
atio b
etw
een C
OW
an
d
Clo
dfe
lter
estim
ate
s' o
f G
reek r
eg
ula
rs' d
eath
s t
o o
bta
in e
stim
ate
of
death
s f
rom
all
causes to b
att
le d
eath
s.
Hu
ng
ary
14
7,4
35
Clo
dfe
lter
India
36,0
92
Clo
dfe
lter
Italy
11
0,8
23
Clo
dfe
lter
Japan
1,5
55,3
08
Clo
dfe
lter
Mong
olia
3,0
00
Neth
erl
ands
6,3
44
Clo
dfe
lter
Ne
w Z
eala
nd
10,0
33
Clo
dfe
lter
No
rwa
y
1,5
98
Clo
dfe
lter
Phili
ppin
es
27,2
58
Clo
dfe
lter
55
Pola
nd inc.
Part
isans
32
0,0
00
Fro
m C
OW
; <
Clo
dfe
lter
figu
re f
or
tota
l death
s
Rom
ania
16
9,8
82
Clo
dfe
lter
South
Afr
ica
6,8
40
Clo
dfe
lter
UK
26
4,4
43
Clo
dfe
lter
US
A
28
2,1
31
Clo
dfe
lter
US
SR
6,3
29,6
00
Clo
dfe
lter
Yugosla
via
26
7,0
00
Based o
n t
ota
l de
ad in C
lodfe
lter.
Battle
dead e
stim
ate
d u
sin
g G
erm
an
ratio b
etw
ee
n a
ll causes o
f de
ath
and b
att
le d
ead
Tota
l:
14,4
54,5
33
Slig
htly less t
ha
n C
OW
, as e
xpecte
d
CO
W d
oes
not a
ccou
nt f
or c
ivili
an lo
sses
. The
se w
ere
estim
ated
acc
ordi
ngly
. Whe
re o
nly
a fi
gure
for
dea
ths
from
all
caus
es r
elat
ed to
war
was
av
aila
ble,
thes
e w
ere
disc
ount
ed b
y 75
% to
est
imat
e ba
ttle
deat
hs:
Nation
Clo
dfe
lter
Du
pu
y &
D
upu
y
Note
s
Co
de
d
Austr
ia
17
0,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
42,5
00
Belg
ium
76,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
19,0
00
Bulg
aria
10,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
2,5
00
Chin
a
not
liste
d
1 m
illio
n
Typ
e u
nspecifie
d
25
0,0
00
Czechoslo
va
kia
21
5,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d,
but
pro
bably
war-
rela
ted
53,7
50
Fin
lan
d
2,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
50
0
Fra
nce
10
7,8
74
108,0
00
Resis
tance a
nd a
ir b
om
bin
g inclu
de
d in C
lodfe
lter
fig
ure
10
7,8
74
Germ
any
1,2
22,0
00
500,0
00
Clo
dfe
lter
fig
ure
larg
ely
fro
m 5
93K
in b
om
bin
gs,
10K
in b
att
le in
west,
and 6
19K
in e
ast
of
whic
h t
he t
ype is u
ncert
ain
. 75
0,0
00
Gre
ece
32
5,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
81,2
50
Hu
ng
ary
29
0,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
72,5
00
Italy
15
2,9
41
40–
10
0,0
00
Typ
e u
nspecifie
d
38,2
00
56
Japan
41
2,1
27
300,0
00
299,4
85 (
air b
om
bin
g)+
1,7
39 (
naval bo
mba
rdm
ent)
+78,1
50
(Hiroshim
a)+
Na
gasaki (3
2,7
53)=
412,1
27.
658,5
95 is t
he t
ota
l off
icia
l figure
for
de
ath
s f
rom
all
causes.
41
2,1
27
Neth
erl
ands
20
0,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d,
but
pro
bably
war-
rela
ted
50,0
00
No
rwa
y
7,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
1,7
50
Phili
ppin
es
91,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d,
but
pla
usib
ly b
att
le-r
ela
ted
91,0
00
Pola
nd
5,6
75,0
00
inc.
3 m
illio
n
Jew
s
4.5
mill
ion
Inclu
des w
ar-
rela
ted d
eath
s a
nd v
ictim
s o
f th
e H
olo
caust. U
sed
the f
igure
of
1.5
mill
ion,
from
Dup
uy's
low
estim
ate
of
civ
ilian
death
s m
inus t
hre
e m
illio
n J
ew
s a
s a
base f
igure
for
wa
r de
ath
s
1,5
00,0
00
Rom
ania
20
0,0
00
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
50,0
00
UK
60,5
95
V
ictim
s o
f bom
bin
g a
nd b
om
ba
rdm
ent
60,5
95
US
A
6,0
00
0
Larg
ely
fro
m t
he M
erc
hant
Marine:
inte
rpre
ted a
s b
att
le-r
ela
ted
6,0
00
US
SR
7–
12 m
illio
n
10–
15 m
illio
n
War-
rela
ted f
igure
s;
low
est
estim
ate
of
7 m
illio
n u
sed a
s a
n
estim
ate
of batt
le d
eath
s
7,0
00,0
00
Yugosla
via
1.2
mill
ion
T
yp
e u
nspecifie
d
30
0,0
00
T
ota
l:
10,8
89,5
46
The
tota
l cal
cula
ted
here
is a
lmos
t 11
mill
ion
dead
. Add
ed to
mili
tary
dea
ths,
that
acc
ount
s fo
r ab
out 2
5 m
illio
n pe
ople
. Thi
s fi
gure
is s
till w
ell
belo
w th
e fi
gure
s fo
r to
tal d
eath
s fr
om th
e w
ar-h
ards
hips
of
WW
II, w
hich
ran
ge u
p to
55
mill
ion.
T
hese
dat
a w
ere
tren
ded
acco
rdin
g to
geo
grap
hic
thea
ter
base
d on
bat
tle in
form
atio
n in
Clo
dfel
ter
and
info
rmat
ion
on U
S ca
sual
ty r
ates
aft
er it
en
tere
d th
e w
ar. I
n th
e C
OW
par
ticip
ant f
iles,
som
e co
untr
ies
appe
ar tw
ice
beca
use
they
wer
e in
activ
e du
ring
a p
erio
d of
WW
II. T
heir
bat
tle
deat
hs a
re e
venl
y di
vide
d be
twee
n th
e en
trie
s be
caus
e m
ore
spec
ific
info
rmat
ion
was
not
ava
ilabl
e.
A n
ote
on J
apan
ese
vict
ims
of r
adia
tion
pois
onin
g: I
n ge
nera
l, w
e ha
ve c
olle
cted
ann
ual b
attle
dea
ths
data
whi
ch in
clud
es b
oth
deat
hs d
urin
g co
mba
t and
dea
ths
from
wou
nds
rece
ived
in c
omba
t. So
me
of th
ose
cons
ider
ed d
ead
of w
ound
s m
ay h
ave
died
in a
yea
r fo
llow
ing
that
in w
hich
co
mba
t act
ually
took
pla
ce, e
spec
ially
in th
e ca
se o
f ba
ttles
taki
ng p
lace
late
in th
e ca
lend
ar y
ear.
The
se d
eath
s w
ere
incl
uded
, how
ever
, if
they
w
ere
the
dire
ct a
nd im
med
iate
res
ult o
f in
juri
es s
usta
ined
dur
ing
com
bat v
iole
nce.
Lon
g te
rm r
educ
tion
in li
fe e
xpec
tanc
y be
caus
e of
wou
nds
or
disa
bilit
y w
as n
ot in
clud
ed. T
he m
ost d
iffi
cult
case
of
such
a d
istin
ctio
n co
mes
fro
m W
orld
War
II
in J
apan
. Bas
ed o
n de
scri
ptio
ns o
f m
orta
lity
patte
rns
in B
ergs
tröm
(19
83),
we
clas
sify
as
battl
e de
aths
fat
aliti
es th
ose
caus
ed b
y th
e fo
rce
and
heat
of
the
expl
osio
ns, a
nd le
thal
dos
es o
f
57
radi
atio
n ex
posu
re. W
e ha
ve e
xclu
ded
from
our
cou
nt o
f ba
ttle
deat
hs th
e lo
nger
term
mor
talit
y ca
used
by
non-
fata
l dos
es o
f ra
diat
ion
that
did
no
t rec
eive
suf
fici
ent t
reat
men
t. R
uss
o-F
inn
ish
War,
30 N
ovem
ber
1939–3 D
ecem
ber
1940
(C
OW
War
No. 14
2)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Finl
and
24,9
00
USS
R
50,0
00
Tot
al
74,9
00
(Woo
d 19
68, 1
0): E
stim
ates
50,
000
mili
tary
dea
d fo
r th
e U
SSR
, 40,
000
mili
tary
dea
d fo
r th
e Fi
nnis
h.
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
85: ‘
Finl
and
coun
ted
23,1
57 K
IA, 1
,766
MIA
(an
d pr
esum
ed d
ead)
…So
viet
mili
tary
dea
ths
from
all
caus
es w
ere
126,
875,
incl
udin
g 71
,124
K
IA…
’ (D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
105
5: ‘
Finn
ish
loss
es in
the
war
wer
e ab
out 2
5,00
0 ki
lled
and
43,0
00 w
ound
ed. R
ussi
an lo
sses
hav
e ne
ver
been
pub
lishe
d, b
ut th
ey w
ere
prob
ably
abo
ut 2
00,0
00 k
illed
and
400
,000
mor
e w
ound
ed.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Finn
ish
loss
es: 2
3,15
7 (C
OW
and
Clo
dfel
ter)
So
viet
loss
es lo
w e
stim
ate:
50,
000
(CO
W, W
ood)
So
viet
loss
es h
igh
and
best
est
imat
e: 7
1,12
4 (C
lodf
elte
r—us
ed a
s th
e pr
efer
red
figu
re b
ecau
se th
ese
are
iden
tifie
d as
KIA
) F
ran
co-T
ha
i W
ar,
1 D
ecem
ber
19
40–22 J
an
uary
1941 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 1
45)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce
700
Tha
iland
70
0
58
Tot
al
1,40
0 (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 1
,000
mili
tary
and
1,0
00 c
ivili
an d
ead
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
15: ‘
Tha
iland
mob
ilize
d 50
,000
men
and
beg
an b
orde
r in
curs
ions
in N
ovem
ber
1940
. On
Janu
ary
9, 1
941,
the
Tha
is a
ttack
ed b
oth
Lao
s an
d C
ambo
dia…
Tot
al F
renc
h ca
sual
ties
wer
e ab
out 2
00.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Clo
dfel
ter’
s es
timat
e fo
r K
IA &
WIA
for
Fra
nce
is m
uch
low
er th
an th
at r
epor
ted
by C
OW
. For
a n
umbe
r of
war
s in
this
per
iod,
CO
W f
igur
es
have
bee
n w
ar-r
elat
ed d
eath
s an
d in
clud
ed s
igni
fica
nt n
umbe
rs o
f so
ldie
rs d
ead
of d
isea
se (
espe
cial
ly E
urop
ean
forc
es a
broa
d).
Low
est
imat
e: E
stim
ated
200
Fre
nch
KIA
and
WIA
fro
m C
lodf
elte
r, a
nd a
sim
ilar
num
ber
of T
hai c
asua
lties
bas
ed o
n th
e ra
tio in
CO
W. T
his
yiel
ds 4
00 to
tal K
IA a
nd W
IA; 1
30 o
f th
ese
estim
ated
as
battl
e de
aths
. H
igh
estim
ate:
1,4
00 (
CO
W)
Bes
t est
imat
e: T
hai K
IA e
stim
ated
as
700,
fro
m C
OW
. Fre
nch
casu
altie
s es
timat
ed a
s 65
KIA
, fro
m C
lodf
elte
r.
In
trast
ate
Wa
rs
Co
lum
bia
vs.
Lib
erals
, 1 S
epte
mb
er 1
89
9–15 J
un
e 1903 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 582)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
100,
000
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (K
ohn
1986
): ‘
…an
est
imat
ed 1
00,0
00 C
olum
bian
s lo
st th
eir
lives
in th
e fi
ghtin
g, w
hich
end
ed in
Jun
e 19
03.’
(W
hite
200
4): E
stim
ates
fro
m 6
0,00
0 to
130
,000
dea
d.
59
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
67: ‘
In ju
st th
e fi
rst y
ear
of th
e co
nflic
t, 13
, 492
live
s w
ere
lost
in b
attle
s in
volv
ing
mor
e th
an 2
00 c
omba
tant
s, a
nd to
tal d
eath
s, in
clud
ing
thos
e fr
om d
isea
ses,
num
bere
d as
man
y as
20,
000.
All
told
, as
man
y as
100
,000
son
s of
Col
umbi
a di
ed, t
houg
h pr
obab
ly h
alf
of th
ose
fata
litie
s w
ere
vict
ims
of g
erm
s ra
ther
than
gun
shot
s.’
(Ber
gqui
st 1
978)
: P.
133
: Est
imat
es a
dea
th to
ll of
per
haps
a h
undr
ed th
ousa
nd: ‘
Thi
s fi
gure
, com
mon
ly c
ited
in th
e lit
erat
ure,
is n
o m
ore
than
a g
uess
. Com
bat w
as
mos
t int
ense
dur
ing
the
firs
t yea
r of
the
figh
ting
whe
n, a
ccor
ding
to o
ne c
onte
mpo
rary
est
imat
e, 1
3,49
2 m
en d
ied
in c
omba
t on
both
sid
es in
ba
ttles
invo
lvin
g m
ore
than
200
men
. The
sam
e so
urce
est
imat
ed to
tal d
eath
s ‘i
nclu
ding
thos
e re
sulti
ng f
rom
wou
nds
and
epid
emic
s’ a
t abo
ut
20,0
00. …
Dis
ease
, par
ticul
arly
yel
low
fev
er a
nd d
ysen
tery
, pro
babl
y ca
used
mor
e de
aths
than
com
bat,
espe
cial
ly d
urin
g th
e la
st y
ear
of th
e w
ar
[whe
n go
vern
men
t tro
ops
wer
e se
nt f
rom
the
high
land
s to
Pan
ama]
… it
was
cer
tain
ly a
ver
y hi
gh p
ropo
rtio
n of
the
tota
l Col
ombi
an p
opul
atio
n of
som
e fo
ur m
illio
n…’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
B
ased
on
Clo
dfel
ter’
s es
timat
e, h
alf
of th
e to
tal o
f 10
0,00
0 de
ad w
as c
oded
as
battl
e de
aths
. T
rend
: 13,
492
deat
hs c
oded
in 1
899,
no
tren
d th
erea
fter
. V
enez
uel
a v
s. C
ast
ro L
ed R
ebel
s, 2
4 M
ay–22
Oct
ob
er 1
899 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 583)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
66: ‘
…2,
000
lives
wer
e lo
st a
nd th
e go
vern
men
t’s
arm
y w
as s
hatte
red.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
E
stim
ated
2,0
00 d
ead.
60
Ven
ezu
ela v
s. M
ato
s L
ed R
ebel
s, D
ecem
ber
1901–Ju
ly 1
903 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 584)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,05
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
29: ‘
Juan
Vin
cent
er G
ómez
qui
ckly
mar
ched
to th
e de
fens
e of
this
cau
dillo
, bea
ting
the
rebe
ls in
sev
en b
attle
s in
a 6
6-da
y ca
mpa
ign
in
wes
tern
Ven
ezue
la. T
he d
ecis
ive
battl
e ca
me
Oct
ober
12–
21, 1
902,
at L
a V
icto
ria
whe
n 6,
000
Cas
tro
troo
ps d
efea
ted
14,0
00 r
ebel
s. T
he f
inal
re
bel s
tron
ghol
d …
fel
l in
July
190
3 w
hen
its 3
,000
def
ende
rs w
ere
outf
ough
t by
an e
qual
num
ber
of g
over
nmen
t tro
ops
land
ed f
rom
riv
er s
hips
by
Góm
ez. I
n th
e fi
erce
fif
ty-h
our
battl
e G
ómez
lost
250
kill
ed a
nd 4
00 w
ound
ed, w
hile
reb
el lo
sses
exc
eede
d 80
0.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
E
stim
ated
1,0
50 d
eath
s O
ttom
an
Em
pir
e vs.
VM
RO
Reb
els,
2 A
ugu
st 1
90
3–2 N
ovem
ber
19
03 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 585)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
4,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
82: ‘
In s
ome
239
reco
rded
ski
rmis
hes
the
fier
ce B
ulga
rs …
kill
ing
5,32
8 T
urks
for
onl
y 99
4 fa
tal c
asua
lties
on
thei
r ow
n si
de. B
ut it
was
ag
ains
t the
hap
less
and
una
rmed
vill
ager
s th
at th
e T
urks
ret
alia
ted,
des
troy
ing
200
villa
ges,
bur
ning
12,
000
hous
es, a
nd s
layi
ng 4
,700
no
ncom
bata
nts.
’ (T
otal
s ei
ther
6,3
22 o
r 11
,022
, dep
endi
ng o
n w
heth
er c
ivili
an d
eath
s ar
e co
nsid
ered
bat
tle-r
elat
ed.)
(K
apla
n 19
93):
61
P. 6
1: 4
,694
Mac
edon
ian
civi
lians
and
994
gue
rrill
as k
illed
. Ove
r 3,
000
wom
en a
nd g
irls
wer
e es
timat
ed to
hav
e be
en r
aped
by
the
Tur
ks.
P. 6
1: ‘
…on
Aug
ust 2
, 190
3, M
aced
onia
exp
lode
d. …
It l
aste
d te
n da
ys, u
ntil
2,00
0 T
urki
sh tr
oops
, sup
port
ed b
y ar
tille
ry, o
verw
helm
ed 1
,200
gu
erri
llas
in K
rush
ovo
… T
he T
urks
rep
orte
dly
rape
d 15
0 w
omen
and
gir
ls in
Kru
shov
o …
Thr
ough
out M
aced
onia
it w
as th
e sa
me.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Sour
ces
are
quite
pre
cise
, and
the
only
dif
ficu
lty w
as d
ecid
ing
whe
ther
to c
ode
civi
lian
reta
liato
ry a
ttack
s as
bat
tle d
eath
s. T
hey
wer
e in
clud
ed in
th
e hi
gh e
stim
ate
(Est
imat
ed 5
,328
Tur
ks K
IA +
994
Bul
gars
KIA
+ 4
,694
civ
ilian
s). B
ecau
se th
e w
ave
of r
etal
iatio
n fo
llow
ed th
e pr
imar
y fi
ghtin
g th
ese
deat
hs w
ere
excl
uded
fro
m th
e lo
w a
nd b
est e
stim
ates
(E
stim
ated
5,3
28 T
urks
KIA
+ 9
94 B
ulga
rs K
IA).
U
rugu
ay v
s. B
lan
cos,
1 J
an
uary
–1 S
epte
mb
er 1
904 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 587)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 d
ead
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
29–3
0: ‘
Seve
ral s
kirm
ishe
s le
d up
to th
e B
attle
of
Tup
amba
e, J
une
22–2
4, th
e bl
oodi
est i
n U
rugu
ay’s
his
tory
. … C
asua
lties
on
both
sid
es
exce
eded
2,3
00.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 7
70 K
IA (
1/3
of th
e 2,
300
casu
altie
s es
timat
ed b
y C
lodf
elte
r)
Hig
h es
timat
e: 1
,000
(C
OW
& E
ckha
rdt)
B
est e
stim
ate:
880
(M
ean)
Ru
ssia
vs.
Work
ers/
Pea
san
ts, 22 J
an
uary
19
05–1 J
an
uary
1906 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 5
88)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
62
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
82: ‘
From
Nov
embe
r 19
05 to
Jun
e 19
06, f
or e
xam
ple,
288
pol
ice
offi
cial
s w
ere
slai
n by
rev
olut
iona
ries
and
383
wou
nded
. By
Oct
ober
190
6 a
tota
l of
3,61
1 go
vern
men
t off
icia
ls h
ad b
een
kille
d or
wou
nded
. At l
east
1,5
00 c
zari
st s
oldi
ers
or b
urea
ucra
ts d
ied
in th
e R
evol
utio
n of
190
5.
Abo
ut 1
5,00
0 re
bels
and
non
com
bata
nts
wer
e ki
lled
and
20,0
00 w
ound
ed.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
In th
is c
ase,
CO
W f
igur
e se
ems
to h
ave
only
rec
orde
d de
aths
am
ong
stat
e fo
rces
. L
ow e
stim
ate:
1,0
00 d
eath
s (C
OW
) H
igh
and
best
est
imat
e: 1
6,50
0 de
aths
(C
lodf
elte
r)
Ru
man
ia v
s. P
easa
nts
, 15 M
arc
h–
30 A
pri
l 1
907 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 589)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Est
imat
es 1
1,00
0 re
bels
kill
ed
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
, 382
–3):
‘O
ver
11,0
00 li
ves
wer
e lo
st in
the
rebe
llion
, mos
t of
them
pea
sant
s sl
ain
in th
e su
ppre
ssio
n.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Hig
h es
timat
e: 1
1,00
0 (W
hite
and
Clo
dfel
ter)
L
ow e
stim
ate:
2,0
00 (
CO
W)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 6
,500
(M
ean)
63
Mo
rocc
o v
s. F
ez C
aid
s of
1907, 1 A
ugu
st 1
907–19
Au
gu
st 1
908 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 590)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce:
200
Mor
occo
-Sta
te D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
95: ‘
…on
Jul
y 30
, 190
7 af
ter
a m
ob m
urde
red
9 E
urop
eans
in C
asab
lanc
a. S
ome
2,00
0 Se
nega
lese
tira
illeu
rs a
nd F
orei
gn L
egio
nnai
res
wer
e la
nded
and
let l
oose
on
the
city
to b
urn,
sac
k, a
nd s
lay.
Hun
dred
of
Mor
occa
ns w
ere
butc
here
d. …
The
bat
tle th
at b
roke
the
back
of
the
rebe
llion
oc
curr
ed o
n N
ovem
ber
29 w
hen
a 4,
000-
man
Mor
occa
n ha
rka
faile
d to
pun
ch th
roug
h a
Fren
ch li
ne o
n th
e W
adi K
iss
and
paid
for
its
effo
rt w
ith
300
dead
. Far
ther
sou
th a
long
the
Alg
eria
n-M
oroc
can
bord
er a
har
ka le
d by
Mou
lai L
ahsi
n bu
rst i
n am
ong
the
tent
s of
a s
leep
ing
Fren
ch b
ivou
ac
at M
enab
ha o
n A
pril
17, 1
908.
By
the
tim
e th
e su
rpri
sed
Leg
ionn
aire
s ha
d re
cove
red
enou
gh to
rep
ulse
the
atta
cker
s, th
ey h
ad lo
st 1
9 K
IA a
nd
101
WIA
. Mor
occa
n ca
sual
ties
tota
led
100.
Gen
eral
Vig
ny th
en to
ok th
e fi
eld
agai
nst t
he 6
,000
reb
els
and
rout
ed th
em a
t Bou
Den
ib o
n M
ay 1
3.
As
man
y as
500
Mor
occa
ns f
ell.
The
reg
ion
was
not
yet
sub
dued
… it
req
uire
d a
4,00
0-m
an r
elie
f co
lum
n un
der
Gen
eral
Alix
to b
reak
the
sieg
e an
d de
feat
the
Mor
occa
ns a
t Djo
rf o
n Se
ptem
ber
7. A
t lea
st 5
00 M
oroc
cans
wer
e ki
lled.
’ (T
otal
s 81
9 ba
ttle
deat
hs, p
lus
an a
dditi
onal
600
Mor
occa
n K
IA a
nd W
IA.)
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
CO
W e
stim
ate
agre
es w
ith in
tens
ity o
f co
nflic
t des
crib
ed in
Clo
dfel
ter.
Est
imat
ed 1
,200
bat
tle d
eath
s.
Iran
vs.
Con
stit
uti
on
ali
sts,
23 J
un
e 1908–17 J
uly
1909 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 591)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Iran
-Sta
te D
eath
s:
1,00
0 R
ussi
a:
10
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
Unk
now
n
64
For
back
grou
nd s
ee B
row
ne (
1966
, 249
–91)
. (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 1
,000
dea
d.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
No
furt
her
battl
e de
aths
info
rmat
ion
foun
d. E
stim
ated
1,1
00 d
eath
s.
Mex
ico v
s. L
iber
als
& R
ad
icals
, 20 N
ovem
ber
19
10–15 J
uly
191
4 &
1 D
ecem
ber
1914–21 M
ay 1
920 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 592)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
250,
000
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
419
: ‘In
Apr
il 3,
000
of M
ader
o’s
arm
y le
d by
Vill
a an
d Pa
scua
l Oro
zco
surr
ound
ed th
e D
íaz
garr
ison
… A
truc
e w
as w
orke
d ou
t whi
ch
effe
ctiv
ely
left
the
city
in M
ader
o’s
hand
s. T
he r
evol
utio
nari
es h
ad s
uffe
red
as m
any
as 5
00 c
asua
lties
; the
gar
riso
n’s
loss
es w
ere
180
kille
d an
d 25
0 w
ound
ed. M
exic
o C
ity w
as c
onvu
lsed
by
anti-
Día
z de
mon
stra
tions
. The
se p
rote
sts
culm
inat
ed o
n M
ay 2
4 w
ith th
e fi
ring
of
mac
hine
gun
s m
ount
ed o
n th
e N
atio
nal P
alac
e’s
roof
top
and
balc
onie
s …
As
may
as
200
dem
onst
rato
rs w
ere
slai
n…’
P. 4
20: ‘
La
Dec
ena
Trá
gica
: 191
3. …
5,0
00 …
vic
tims
of th
e T
ragi
c T
en D
ays.
’ P.
422
: ‘T
he H
uert
a-C
arra
nza
civi
l war
, the
thir
d m
ajor
arm
ed c
onfl
ict o
f th
e re
volu
tion,
had
last
ed f
rom
Feb
ruar
y 19
13 to
Aug
ust 1
914
and
had
take
n at
leas
t 80,
000
lives
in b
attle
.’
P. 4
24: ‘
Incl
udin
g de
aths
fro
m d
isea
ses
and
fam
ine
spre
ad b
y th
e re
volu
tiona
ry tu
rmoi
l, as
man
y as
1 m
illio
n M
exic
ans
may
hav
e di
ed in
the
revo
lutio
n an
d its
aft
erm
ath.
’ (W
hite
200
4):
‘The
pop
ulat
ion
expl
osio
n of
the
20th
Cen
tury
is s
o pe
rvas
ive
that
pop
ulat
ions
hav
e co
ntin
ued
to c
limb
duri
ng m
ost [
conf
licts
]… h
owev
er, t
he
inte
nsity
of
the
Mex
ican
Rev
olut
ion
is s
uch
that
the
coun
ted
popu
latio
n of
Mex
ico
actu
ally
dec
lined
fro
m 1
5,16
0,36
9 in
191
0 to
14,
334,
780
in
1921
.’
Mos
t exp
erts
are
vag
ue o
n th
e nu
mbe
r de
ad d
ue to
the
war
. The
med
ian
estim
ate
in th
e da
ta W
hite
has
inve
stig
ated
is a
bout
1 m
illio
n de
aths
.
65
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 2
50,0
00 b
attle
dea
ths
(CO
W)
and
code
d 80
,000
of
them
in 1
913–
4, f
rom
Clo
dfel
ter.
The
fig
ure
of 2
50,0
00 b
attle
dea
ths
is
subs
tant
ially
sm
alle
r th
an th
e es
timat
es f
or w
ar-r
elat
ed d
eath
s, w
hich
is p
laus
ible
. M
oro
cco v
s. F
ez C
aid
s of
1911, 15 J
an
uary
–10 J
un
e 1911 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 593)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Fran
ce:
15
0 M
oroc
co-S
tate
Dea
ths:
1,
500
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n Fo
r ba
ckgr
ound
info
rmat
ion
see
Bur
ke (
1976
, 140
–209
).
(E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 2
,000
dea
d.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n fo
und.
Est
imat
ed 1
,650
dea
ths.
P
ara
gu
ay v
s. L
iber
als
, 15 J
uly
1911–11 M
ay 1
912
(C
OW
War
No. 594)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
2,0
00 d
ead.
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
66
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n fo
und.
Est
imat
ed 2
,000
dea
ths.
C
hin
a v
s. R
epu
bli
can
s of
1911, 11 O
ctob
er–31
Dec
emb
er 1
911 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 59
5)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6):
Est
imat
es d
eath
s in
the
follo
win
g co
nflic
ts:
Rep
ublic
ans
v G
ovt.
(191
1): 1
,000
civ
ilian
s an
d 1,
000
com
bata
nts
kille
d
Rep
ublic
ans
v G
ovt.
(191
3): 5
,000
civ
ilian
s an
d 5,
000
com
bata
nts
kille
d B
andi
ts v
Gov
t. (1
913–
14):
5,0
00 c
ivili
ans
and
5,00
0 co
mba
tant
s ki
lled
Pai-
Lin
gs v
Gov
t. (1
914)
: 5,0
00 k
illed
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
In C
hina
’s in
tern
al w
ars,
Eck
hard
t has
est
imat
ed th
at th
e to
tal t
oll o
f ea
ch w
ar is
abo
ut tw
ice
that
rec
orde
d by
the
CO
W p
roje
ct. T
his
esti
mat
ion
proc
edur
e se
ems
quite
rou
gh, b
ut if
civ
ilian
and
‘no
n-st
ate’
dea
th f
igur
es h
ave
been
exc
lude
d fr
om th
e C
OW
num
bers
, the
tota
l num
ber
of b
attle
de
aths
sho
uld
be a
djus
ted
upw
ard.
L
ow e
stim
ate:
1,0
00 (
CO
W)
Hig
h es
timat
e: 2
,000
(E
ckha
rdt)
B
est e
stim
ate:
1,5
00 (
Mea
n)
Ch
ina v
s. R
epu
bli
can
s of
1913, 12 J
uly
–1
Sep
tem
ber
1913
(C
OW
War
No
. 597)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
5,00
0
67
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: E
stim
ates
dea
ths
in R
epub
lican
s v
Gov
t. (1
913)
: 5,0
00 c
ivili
ans
and
5,00
0 co
mba
tant
s ki
lled
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Low
est
imat
e: 5
,000
(C
OW
) H
igh
estim
ate:
10,
000
(Eck
hard
t)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 7
,500
(M
ean)
C
hin
a v
s. P
ai-
Lin
gs,
15 M
arc
h–15
Sep
tem
ber
1914 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 5
98)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
5,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6):
Est
imat
es d
eath
s in
Pai
-Lin
gs v
Gov
t. (1
914)
: 5,0
00 k
illed
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
E
stim
ated
5,0
00 k
illed
R
uss
ia v
s. K
irgh
iz &
Ka
zab
les,
4 J
uly
1916–2
7 F
ebru
ary
1917 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 599
)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
3,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
10
3,00
0
68
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
91: ‘
Whe
n a
war
-pre
ssed
Rus
sia
viol
ated
the
long
ack
now
ledg
ed e
xem
ptio
n gr
antin
g th
e M
uslim
s pr
otec
tion
from
any
kin
d of
man
dato
ry
mili
tary
ser
vice
by
issu
ing
a ca
ll-up
for
500
,000
rea
r ar
ea la
bore
rs, t
he p
eopl
e of
Tur
kist
an r
eact
ed v
iole
ntly
. In
wid
espr
ead
atta
cks
they
kill
ed
2,32
5 R
ussi
an c
ivili
ans,
55
nativ
e bu
reau
crat
s, a
nd 2
4 R
ussi
an o
ffic
ials
. Ano
ther
1,3
84 R
ussi
an c
ivili
ans
wer
e re
port
ed m
issi
ng a
nd p
resu
med
de
ad. …
The
Rus
sian
arm
y w
as s
ent i
n an
d ea
sily
bro
ught
the
rebe
llion
und
er c
ontr
ol. …
at a
cos
t to
the
Rus
sian
s of
97
kille
d….T
he R
ussi
an
peas
ant s
ettle
rs in
Tur
kest
an, e
nrag
ed b
y th
e M
uslim
mur
ders
, the
n w
ent o
n th
e ra
mpa
ge. O
ffic
ial R
ussi
an f
igur
es li
st o
nly
958
Mus
lim d
eath
s in
th
e re
belli
on, p
lus
51 e
xecu
tions
. But
the
true
toll
of M
uslim
dea
d w
as a
t lea
st 5
,000
. Abo
ut 1
90,0
00 M
uslim
s w
ere
roun
ded
up a
nd in
carc
erat
ed
and
anot
her
300,
000
soug
ht r
efug
e in
Chi
na.’
(S
ugge
sts
8,88
5 to
tal d
eath
s, s
ome
of w
hich
mig
ht b
e co
nsid
ered
one
-sid
ed r
athe
r th
an b
attle
vio
lenc
e)
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W f
igur
e se
ems
to r
efle
ct d
eath
s fr
om w
ar-i
nduc
ed h
ards
hip
and
poss
ibly
als
o in
carc
erat
ions
. How
ever
, eve
n us
ing
the
info
rmat
ion
on
viol
ent d
eath
s pr
ovid
ed in
Clo
dfel
ter
is d
iffi
cult
beca
use
upri
sing
s ag
ains
t civ
ilian
s (f
irst
aga
inst
Rus
sian
civ
ilian
s, th
en a
gain
st M
uslim
s) c
ould
po
ssib
ly b
e co
nsid
ered
inte
r-co
mm
unal
or
one-
side
d vi
olen
ce r
athe
r th
an b
attle
dea
ths.
L
ow e
stim
ate:
Thi
s es
timat
e in
clud
es n
o ci
vilia
n fa
talit
ies.
Sum
of
55 b
urea
ucra
ts k
illed
in r
ebel
atta
cks,
24
Rus
sian
off
icia
ls k
illed
in r
ebel
at
tack
s, 9
7 R
ussi
an s
oldi
ers
kille
d in
sup
pres
sing
the
rebe
llion
, and
958
reb
el d
eath
s, in
terp
retin
g th
e of
fici
al f
igur
e as
bat
tle c
asua
lties
, whi
le
high
er e
stim
ates
incl
ude
anti-
Mus
lim m
assa
cres
. Tot
al lo
w e
stim
ate:
1,1
34 d
eath
s.
Hig
h es
timat
e: I
nclu
des
all c
ivili
an d
eath
s re
port
ed in
Clo
dfel
ter,
incl
udin
g R
ussi
ans
mis
sing
and
pre
sum
ed d
ead.
Tot
als
8,88
5 de
aths
. B
est e
stim
ate:
B
y su
mm
ing
2,32
5 R
ussi
ans
kille
d in
reb
el a
ttack
s, 5
5 bu
reau
crat
s ki
lled
in r
ebel
atta
cks,
24
Rus
sian
off
icia
ls k
illed
in r
ebel
atta
cks,
97
Rus
sian
so
ldie
rs k
illed
in s
uppr
essi
ng th
e re
belli
on, a
nd 9
58 r
ebel
dea
ths
one
obta
ins
an e
stim
ate
of 2
,989
bat
tle d
eath
s. T
his
is c
lose
to th
e C
OW
es
tim
ate
of 3
,000
sta
te d
eath
s in
this
con
flic
t. A
lthou
gh s
ome
port
ion
of th
e 2,
325
Rus
sian
civ
ilian
dea
ths
may
not
be
battl
e-re
late
d, th
e fi
gure
of
3,00
0 w
as u
sed
as a
rea
sona
ble
estim
ate
of b
attle
fat
aliti
es.
Ru
ssia
vs.
An
ti-B
ols
hev
iks,
9 D
ecem
ber
1917–18
Ma
rch
19
21 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 600)
69
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
Rus
sian
sta
te lo
sses
: 50
,000
Fi
nlan
d:
50
Fran
ce:
50
Japa
n:
1500
U
K:
350
USA
: 27
5 T
otal
Sta
te D
eath
s:
52,2
25
Tot
al D
eath
s:
800,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
86: ‘
Off
icia
l Red
arm
y lo
sses
in th
e C
ivil
War
fro
m 1
918–
20 in
clud
ed 4
18,7
58 b
attle
dea
ths…
283,
079
dead
of
dise
ase
and
all o
ther
ca
uses
… T
he W
hite
for
ces
lost
an
esti
mat
ed 1
75,0
00 d
ead
in b
attle
and
150
,000
dea
d fr
om d
isea
se. T
he g
reat
est n
umbe
r of
dea
ths
cam
e fr
om
fam
ine,
dis
ease
, and
rep
risa
ls. C
haos
and
ana
rchy
kill
ed f
ar m
ore
Rus
sian
s th
an d
id f
orm
al c
omba
t. T
he s
ecur
ity p
olic
e of
bot
h si
des
– th
e no
tori
ous
Sovi
et C
heka
und
er F
elik
s D
zerh
insk
i in
part
icul
ar –
may
hav
e ki
lled
as m
any
as 1
mill
ion
Rus
sian
s th
roug
h ex
ecut
ion
or
impr
ison
men
t. A
noth
er h
alf
a m
illio
n R
ussi
ans
died
in th
e lo
ng S
iber
ian
retr
eat o
f 19
19–2
0. …
All
told
, as
man
y as
9 m
illio
n R
ussi
ans
may
hav
e di
ed a
s a
resu
lt of
the
turm
oil a
nd u
phea
val o
f th
e R
ussi
an C
ivil
War
.’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Cite
s co
mba
t dea
ths
estim
ates
of
800,
000
mili
tary
dea
ths;
825
,000
com
bat d
eath
s; 6
32,0
00 R
ed A
rmy
KIA
and
1,2
90,0
00 W
hite
A
rmy
dead
fro
m a
ll ca
uses
; 1,4
10,0
00 b
attle
dea
ths
incl
udin
g 50
0,00
0 ci
vilia
ns; a
nd 2
mill
ion
tota
l com
bat d
eath
s. F
igur
es f
or to
tal d
eath
s du
e to
w
ar r
ange
fro
m 3
mill
ion
to 1
0 m
illio
n In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Sour
ces
estim
ates
: R
ed A
rmy
battl
e de
ad: e
stim
ated
bet
wee
n 41
8,75
8–63
2,00
0 W
hite
Arm
y ba
ttle
dead
: 175
,000
up
to 1
.3 m
illio
n of
bat
tle a
nd d
isea
se
Est
imat
es o
f al
l com
bat d
eath
s: 3
00,0
00 to
825
,000
70
Low
est
imat
e: 5
93,7
58 (
Arm
ies’
loss
es f
rom
Clo
dfel
ter,
sum
med
) H
igh
estim
ate:
1,0
93,7
58 (
Arm
ies’
loss
es f
rom
Clo
dfel
ter,
plu
s es
timat
e of
500
,000
civ
ilian
s K
IA f
rom
Whi
te)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 8
25,0
00 (
med
ian
figu
re f
rom
Whi
te; s
imila
r to
CO
W e
stim
ate)
T
he p
artic
ipan
t file
use
s th
e C
OW
fig
ures
and
cha
nges
onl
y th
e R
ussi
an d
ata,
whi
ch n
ow in
clud
es e
stim
ates
of
all R
ussi
ans
kille
d.
Ch
ina v
s. Y
un
nan
Reb
els,
1917–19
18 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 6
02)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 d
ead
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n fo
und.
1,0
00 d
eath
s co
ded.
F
inla
nd
vs.
Com
mu
nis
ts, 2
8 J
an
uary
1918–30 A
pri
l 19
18 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 603)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
20,0
00
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
386
: ‘T
otal
Red
Gua
rd a
nd R
ussi
an B
olsh
evik
loss
es in
clud
ed 5
,500
kill
ed in
bat
tle …
A to
tal o
f 8,
380
Red
s w
ere
exec
uted
by
the
Whi
tes
eith
er d
urin
g th
e w
ar o
r in
the
Whi
te T
erro
r fo
llow
ing
the
Whi
te v
icto
ry. T
he W
hite
Gua
rds
adm
itted
to o
nly
3,53
7 ca
sual
ties
duri
ng th
e ci
vil
war
, inc
ludi
ng 4
67 P
OW
s, b
ut a
mor
e ac
cura
te e
stim
ate
of th
eir
loss
es in
clud
ed 5
,300
bat
tle d
eath
s an
d 7,
300
wou
nded
. Ger
man
cas
ualti
es
tota
led
950.
’ (1
1,75
0 ba
ttle
dead
.)
71
(Lib
rary
of
Con
gres
s Fe
dera
l Res
earc
h D
ivis
ion
1989
):
Est
imat
es:
Red
Ter
ror:
1,6
49 k
illed
(m
ostly
mid
dle
clas
s)
Whi
te T
erro
r: 8
,380
Red
s ki
lled
+ 12
,000
dea
d in
cam
ps.
Tot
al: 3
0,00
0 ki
lled,
less
than
one
-fou
rth
(7,5
00)
in b
attle
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 7
,500
H
igh
estim
ate:
20,
000
(CO
W)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 1
1,75
0 (C
lodf
elte
r’s
figu
res
are
the
mos
t pre
cise
ava
ilabl
e)
Hu
ngary
vs.
An
ti-C
om
mu
nis
ts, 25 M
arc
h 1
91
9–15 F
ebru
ary
1920 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
604)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
4,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
4,0
00 d
eath
s (O
nWar
.com
199
9): E
stim
ate
590
exec
utio
ns d
urin
g th
e R
ed T
erro
r, a
bout
5,0
00 d
urin
g th
e W
hite
Ter
ror
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
387
: ‘T
he R
eds
had
exec
uted
342
peo
ple
whi
le th
ey h
eld
pow
er; t
he c
ount
er-r
evol
utio
nari
es f
orm
ally
exe
cute
d 32
9 R
eds
and
sym
path
izer
s an
d m
urde
red
1,20
0 m
ore
afte
r th
e fl
ight
of
Bel
a K
un.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
No
addi
tiona
l est
imat
es o
f ba
ttle
deat
hs f
ound
. Est
imat
ed 4
,000
dea
ths.
72
US
SR
vs.
Pea
san
ts i
n T
a, A
ugu
st 1
920–A
ugu
st 1
921 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 605)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
6,70
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
88: ‘
Abo
ut 5
,000
pea
sant
s w
ere
kille
d in
bat
tle …
Sov
iet m
ilita
ry lo
sses
are
unk
now
n, b
ut a
t lea
st 1
,000
mem
bers
of
the
Com
mun
ist P
arty
an
d ot
her
civi
lians
loya
l to
Mos
cow
wer
e ki
lled
in T
ambo
v Pr
ovin
ce a
nd n
earl
y an
othe
r 70
0 sl
ain
in n
eigh
bori
ng V
oron
ezh.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n: N
o fu
rthe
r in
form
atio
n fo
und.
Est
imat
ed 6
,700
dea
ths.
M
exic
o v
s. H
uer
ta L
ed R
ebel
s, 4
Dec
emb
er 1
923–F
ebru
ary
1924 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
607)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
7,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
26: ‘
Abo
ut 7
,000
Mex
ican
s di
ed in
the
rebe
llion
.’
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Est
imat
es 7
,000
dea
d.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
E
stim
ated
7,0
00 d
eath
s.
Bu
lgari
a v
s. A
gra
ria
n L
eagu
e, 2
3–
28 S
epte
mb
er 1
923
(C
OW
War
No. 608)
73
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
3,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
89: ‘
In S
epte
mbe
r 19
23 a
rmed
upr
isin
gs b
y th
e A
grar
ian
Lea
gue
and
the
Com
mun
ists
, with
sup
port
fro
m Y
ugos
lavi
a, b
roke
out
in s
ever
al
part
s of
Bul
gari
a. T
hey
wer
e su
ppre
ssed
with
gre
at s
ever
ity; s
ever
al th
ousa
nd p
eopl
e, m
ostly
pea
sant
s, w
ere
slai
n.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
‘Sev
eral
’ th
ousa
nd c
an b
e in
terp
rete
d as
at l
east
3,0
00. N
o ad
ditio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion
foun
d. E
stim
ated
3,0
00 to
tal d
eath
s.
Hon
du
ras
vs.
Con
serv
ati
ves
, 9 F
ebru
ary
–31
Ma
rch
19
24 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 609)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 d
eath
s In
terp
reta
tio
n:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n fo
und.
1,0
00 d
eath
s es
timat
ed.
Afg
han
ista
n v
s. A
nti
-Ref
orm
ists
of
1924, 15 M
arc
h 1
92
4–1
5 J
an
uary
1925 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 610)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,50
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
1,0
00 m
ilita
ry a
nd 1
,000
civ
ilian
dea
d.
74
(Ada
mec
199
6):
P. 1
47: ‘
A r
ebel
lion
led
by th
e M
anga
l tri
be th
at s
erio
usly
thre
aten
ed th
e ru
le o
f K
ind
Am
anul
lah.
The
rev
olt s
tart
ed in
Mar
ch 1
924
in r
espo
nse
to th
e ki
ng’s
ref
orm
s.’
P. 1
48: 5
5 re
bels
exe
cute
d af
ter
the
war
, 2,0
00 p
riso
ners
take
n.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n fo
und.
Est
imat
ed 1
,500
dea
ths,
fro
m C
OW
. C
hin
a v
s. K
uom
inta
ng, 1 J
uly
1926–30 J
un
e 1928 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 61
2)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Chi
nese
Sta
te D
eath
s:
10,0
00
Japa
n:
500
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 1
0,00
0 de
ad.
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
06–4
07: ‘
…th
e C
hine
se C
omm
unis
ts a
ttem
pted
an
upri
sing
in th
e ci
ty o
f in
the
city
of
Nan
ch’a
ng o
n A
ugus
t 1, 1
927.
Led
by
Yeh
T’i
ng, C
hu
Teh
, and
Ho
Lun
g, th
e 20
,000
Com
mun
ists
infl
icte
d 80
0 ca
sual
ties…
then
wer
e fo
rced
to e
vacu
ate
on A
ugus
t 8. …
A s
econ
d up
risi
ng w
as
atte
mpt
ed o
n Se
ptem
ber
8. …
2,00
0 C
omm
unis
ts …
[w
ere]
for
ced
to r
etre
at w
ith 1
,200
sur
vivo
rs …
In
Dec
embe
r Y
eh T
’ing
cal
led
on th
e pr
olet
aria
t of
Can
ton
to r
ise
in r
evol
utio
n. …
took
a m
inim
um o
f 4,
000
to 5
,000
live
s, w
ith s
ome
auth
oriti
es p
laci
ng th
e to
ll at
clo
ser
to 8
,000
, or
even
as
man
y as
15,
000.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Clo
dfel
ter’
s ba
ttle
info
rmat
ion
supp
orts
a f
igur
e in
the
rang
e of
CO
W’s
est
imat
e. E
stim
ated
10,
500
KIA
. M
exic
o v
s. C
rist
eros,
31 A
ugu
st 1
92
6–15 J
un
e 1930 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 613)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
75
Stat
e D
eath
s:
10,0
00
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
427
: ‘T
he th
ree-
year
gue
rilla
war
had
cos
t the
live
s of
45,
000
to 6
0,00
0 Fe
dera
l sol
dier
s an
d su
ppor
ters
, inc
ludi
ng 1
2 ge
nera
ls, 7
0 co
lone
ls,
and
1,80
0 ot
her
offi
cers
. The
Cri
ster
os c
ount
ed 2
5,00
0 to
40,
000
dead
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Low
est
imat
e: 1
0,00
0 (C
OW
) H
igh
estim
ate:
70,
000
(fro
m C
lodf
elte
r)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 4
0,00
0 (m
ean)
A
fgh
an
ista
n v
s. A
nti
-Ref
orm
ists
of
1928, 10 N
ovem
ber
1928–15 O
ctob
er 1
929 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 6
14)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
7,50
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
93: ‘
Cas
ualti
es in
the
civi
l war
wer
e he
avy;
at l
east
15,
000
of H
abib
ulla
h’s
follo
wer
s w
ere
kille
d an
d po
ssib
ly a
s m
any
loya
lists
die
d as
w
ell.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 7
,500
(C
OW
) H
igh
estim
ate:
30,
000
(fro
m C
lodf
elte
r)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 1
8,75
0 (m
ean)
C
hin
a v
s. M
usl
ims
of
1928, 1928 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 6
15)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
76
Stat
e D
eath
s:
200,
000
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 2
00,0
00 d
ead.
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n w
as u
ncov
ered
dis
tingu
ishi
ng th
is w
ar f
rom
sim
ulta
neou
s vi
olen
ce r
elat
ed to
ana
rchy
and
war
lord
ism
in C
hina
. L
ow e
stim
ate:
1,0
00
Hig
h an
d be
st e
stim
ate:
200
,000
M
exic
o v
s. E
scob
an
Led
Reb
els,
3 M
arc
h–4 M
ay 1
929
(C
OW
War
No. 617)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 4
28: ‘
By
May
4 th
e 35
,000
Fed
eral
troo
ps in
the
fiel
d ha
d cr
ushe
d th
e re
belli
on. T
otal
fat
aliti
es w
ere
abou
t 2,0
00.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
E
stim
ated
2,0
00 d
eath
s.
Sau
di
Ara
bia
vs.
Ik
hw
an
, 3
0 M
arc
h 1
929–10 J
an
uary
1930 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 618)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0
77
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
392
: ‘A
t lea
st 1
,000
reb
els
fell…
half
of
the
falle
n w
ere
slai
n. I
bn S
aud’
s ar
my
lost
200
kill
ed a
nd 2
00 w
ound
ed.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 7
00 (
from
Clo
dfel
ter)
H
igh
estim
ate:
1,0
00 (
CO
W)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 8
50 (
mea
n)
Ch
ina v
s. W
ar
Lo
rds,
1 M
arc
h 1
929–13 O
ctob
er 1
930 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 61
9)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
75,0
00
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (E
ckha
rdt 1
996)
: Est
imat
es 7
5,00
0 de
aths
. In
terp
reta
tio
n:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n w
as u
ncov
ered
dis
tingu
ishi
ng th
is w
ar f
rom
sim
ulta
neou
s vi
olen
ce r
elat
ed to
ana
rchy
and
war
lord
ism
in C
hina
. E
stim
ated
75,
000
dead
. C
hin
a v
s. C
om
mu
nis
ts o
f 1930,
15 N
ovem
ber
1930
–15 O
cto
ber
1935 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 620)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
200,
000
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n
78
(Eck
hard
t 199
6): E
stim
ates
in a
con
flic
t cal
led
‘Com
mun
ists
vs.
Gov
t. (1
930–
35)’
that
ther
e w
ere
500,
000
dead
(W
hite
200
4): T
otal
dea
ths
in th
e co
nflic
t hav
e be
en e
stim
ated
at 1
,275
,000
, with
mor
e th
an o
ne m
illio
n de
ad in
193
3-4
alon
e (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
407
: ‘T
he F
irst
Ext
erm
inat
ion
Cam
paig
n co
mm
ence
d in
Oct
ober
193
0. …
By
the
end
of J
anua
ry 1
931
the
Nat
iona
list c
ampa
ign
had
ende
d in
fa
ilure
. Chu
Teh
’s lo
sses
wer
e no
mor
e th
an 3
,000
kill
ed o
r w
ound
ed. …
The
sec
ond
cam
paig
n ki
cked
off
in M
ay 1
931.
… N
atio
nalis
t cas
ualti
es
wer
e ab
out 2
0,00
0… [
Com
mun
ist]
loss
es w
ere
abou
t 4,0
00. …
Thi
rd E
xter
min
atio
n C
ampa
ign,
laun
ched
in J
uly
1931
. …ha
d in
flic
ted
10,0
00
casu
altie
s on
the
Mar
xist
ene
my
whe
n th
ey h
ad to
cal
l a h
alt t
o th
e ca
mpa
ign
beca
use
of th
e Se
ptem
ber
1931
Muk
den
Inci
dent
with
the
Japa
nese
…
Aft
er h
ostil
ities
with
Jap
an e
nded
tem
pora
rily
in M
anch
uria
and
Sha
ngha
i in
June
193
2, C
hian
g w
as a
ble
to b
egin
the
Four
th E
xter
min
atio
n C
ampa
ign.
’ P.
408
: ‘B
y th
e su
mm
er o
f 19
34 f
our
grea
t bel
ts o
f cl
eare
d an
d fo
rtif
ied
terr
itory
, eac
h m
iles
apar
t, w
ere
fash
ioni
ng a
n ev
er ti
ghte
ning
noo
se
arou
nd th
e K
iang
si a
nd O
yuw
an S
ovie
ts. C
hu T
eh h
ad lo
st 6
0,00
0 ki
lled
or w
ound
ed; H
su th
e Ir
onsi
de e
ven
mor
e. A
t lea
st 1
mill
ion
peas
ants
re
sidi
ng in
the
battl
e zo
nes
had
died
. With
imm
inen
t des
truc
tion
faci
ng th
em, t
he C
hine
se C
omm
unis
t hie
rarc
hy d
ecid
ed to
eva
cuat
e th
e so
viet
s an
d un
dert
ake
the
hist
oric
Lon
g M
arch
… c
ost t
he C
omm
unis
ts a
t lea
st 1
00,0
00 c
asua
lties
. … O
ne e
stim
ate
of th
e to
tal b
attle
dea
ths
from
D
ecem
ber
1927
to D
ecem
ber
1936
is 1
,275
,000
; the
low
est
imat
e is
400
,000
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Low
est
imat
e: 2
00,0
00 (
CO
W)
Hig
h an
d B
est e
stim
ate:
500
,000
dea
ths
(Eck
hard
t; ag
rees
with
Clo
dfel
ter’
s su
gges
tion
that
400
,000
is a
min
imum
fig
ure
for
this
con
flic
t)
Tre
nd: 1
931
and
1932
hav
e on
ly o
ne-h
alf
the
num
ber
of b
attle
dea
ths
of s
urro
undi
ng y
ears
bec
ause
of
the
inte
rrup
tion
in f
ight
ing
due
to th
e w
ar
with
Jap
an.
Ru
ssia
vs.
Cen
tra
l A
sian
Reb
els,
1931–3
4 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 622)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
20
,000
79
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
No
addi
tiona
l inf
orm
atio
n w
as f
ound
on
this
con
flic
t, w
hich
was
not
incl
uded
in A
Res
ort
to A
rms
(Sm
all a
nd S
inge
r 19
82).
The
ver
y lo
psid
ed
ratio
bet
wee
n st
ate
loss
es a
nd to
tal d
eath
s su
gges
ts a
gre
at d
eal o
f on
e-si
ded
viol
ence
or
war
-rel
ated
dea
ths.
L
ow e
stim
ate:
1,0
00 (
min
imum
) H
igh
and
best
est
imat
e: 2
0,00
0 (F
rom
CO
W; n
o ad
ditio
nal i
nfor
mat
ion)
E
l S
alv
ad
or
vs.
Lef
tist
s, 2
2–25 J
an
uary
193
2 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 623)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
8,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
32
,000
(W
hite
200
4): S
umm
ary
exec
utio
ns h
ave
been
est
imat
ed a
t 10,
000
and
tota
l dea
ths
in th
e co
nflic
t as
high
as
32,0
00 k
illed
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
428
: ‘O
n th
e ni
ght o
f Ja
nuar
y 22
, 193
2, a
bout
16,
000
Salv
ador
an c
ampe
sino
s …
ros
e in
reb
ellio
n… T
he d
icta
tor’
s ar
my
and
polic
e co
rps
then
ca
rrie
d ou
t a s
erie
s of
rep
risa
ls c
alle
d th
e M
atan
za, i
n w
hich
thou
sand
s of
cam
pesi
nos
wer
e su
mm
arily
exe
cute
d. A
t lea
st 1
0,00
0 pe
ople
wer
e sl
ain
(som
e so
urce
s go
as
high
as
25,0
00),
90%
of
them
in th
e M
atan
za th
at f
ollo
wed
the
figh
ting.
On
the
gove
rnm
ent s
ide
40 s
oldi
ers,
30
para
mili
tary
pol
icem
en, a
nd 3
0 lo
cal c
ops
or c
ivili
an s
uppo
rter
s of
the
dict
ator
ship
wer
e ki
lled
by th
e re
bels
.’
(Rec
ords
100
sta
te d
eath
s, a
nd e
stim
ates
1,0
00–2
,500
pea
sant
s K
IA, c
alcu
late
d ba
sed
on 1
0% o
f th
e to
tal t
oll)
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,100
(Fr
om C
lodf
elte
r)
Hig
h es
timat
e: 8
,000
(C
OW
’s f
igur
e fo
r st
ate
deat
hs, i
nter
pret
ed h
ere
as a
fig
ure
for
battl
e de
aths
) L
ow e
stim
ate:
1,1
00 (
From
Clo
dfel
ter)
B
est e
stim
ate:
2,6
00 (
From
Clo
dfel
ter)
80
Per
u v
s. A
pri
sta R
ebel
s, 7
–17 J
uly
1932 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 624)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Cite
s es
timat
es o
f 50
loya
lists
exe
cute
d by
reb
els,
and
1–6
,000
reb
els
exec
uted
by
loya
lists
. (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
431
: ‘A
t lea
st 1
,000
and
pos
sibl
y as
man
y as
2,0
00 li
ves
wer
e lo
st in
the
rebe
llion
. Sev
eral
hun
dred
mili
tant
s ha
d be
en h
erde
d in
to th
e ru
ins
of
the
anci
ent I
ndia
n fo
rtre
ss o
f C
han
Cha
n an
d sh
ot to
dea
th.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,000
(C
lodf
elte
r)
Hig
h es
timat
e: 2
,000
(C
lodf
elte
r &
CO
W)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 1
,500
(m
ean)
B
razi
l vs.
Paoli
sts,
9 J
un
e–31 A
ugu
st 1
932 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
625)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
For
back
grou
nd s
ee B
ello
(19
66: 2
90–2
91).
(C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
431
: ‘A
fter
tota
l cas
ualti
es o
n bo
th s
ides
rea
ched
the
15,0
00 m
ark,
the
Paul
ista
s re
aliz
ed th
e fu
tility
of
furt
her
resi
stan
ce a
nd g
ave
up in
ear
ly
Oct
ober
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
81
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,000
(Fr
om C
OW
) H
igh
estim
ate:
5,0
00 (
One
-thi
rd o
f to
tal c
asua
lties
in C
lodf
elte
r)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 3
,000
(M
ean)
A
ust
ria v
s. S
oci
ali
sts,
12 F
ebru
ary
–30 J
uly
1934 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 627
)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
2,
000
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
72: ‘
The
Hei
mw
ehr
lost
115
kill
ed, 3
19 w
ound
ed. S
chut
zbun
d an
d no
ncom
bata
nt c
asua
lties
wer
e 19
6 ki
lled
and
486
inju
red.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Clo
dfel
ter’
s in
form
atio
n is
qui
te s
peci
fic,
and
it h
as b
een
used
as
the
pref
erre
d so
urce
, the
refo
re.
Low
and
bes
t est
imat
e: 3
11 K
IA.
Hig
h es
timat
e: 2
,000
KIA
(C
OW
) S
pain
vs.
Ast
uri
an
Min
ers,
4–8 O
ctob
er 1
934 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 6
28)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,30
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
72: ‘
The
toll
of th
e re
belli
on w
as 1
,335
kill
ed a
nd 2
,951
wou
nded
. Of
the
dead
, onl
y 28
4 w
ere
lost
on
the
gove
rnm
ent s
ide…
’ (K
ohn
1986
):
P. 3
5: ‘
The
min
ers
had
burn
ed c
hurc
hes
and
kille
d ab
out 4
0 pe
rson
s, in
clud
ing
29 p
ries
ts. T
he g
over
nmen
t tro
ops
kille
d an
est
imat
ed 3
,000
and
to
ok a
bout
35,
000
pris
oner
s…’
82
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Clo
dfel
ter
and
CO
W c
orre
spon
d on
this
con
flic
t. E
stim
ate
1,33
5 de
aths
. S
pain
vs.
Fa
scis
ts, 18
Ju
ly 1
936–29
Ma
rch
193
9 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 629)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Ger
man
y:
300
Ital
y:
4,00
0 Po
rtug
al:
2,
000
Span
ish
Stat
e D
eath
s:
650,
000
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (D
upuy
and
Dup
uy 1
986)
: P.
103
2–3:
‘T
he w
ar h
ad c
ost a
bout
700
,000
live
s in
bat
tle, 3
0,00
0 m
ore
exec
uted
or
assa
ssin
ated
, and
ano
ther
15,
000
kille
d in
air
rai
ds.’
(W
hite
200
4):
Prov
ides
an
acco
unt o
f R
amon
Sal
as L
arra
za’s
Perd
idas
de
la g
uer
ra (
1977
) B
attle
dea
ths:
R
epub
lican
s K
IA:
60
,500
N
atio
nalis
ts K
IA:
59
,500
Fo
reig
n so
ldie
rs, b
oth
side
s:
25,5
00
Civ
ilian
s:
15,0
00
Exe
cutio
ns:
By
Rep
ublic
ans:
72,3
44
By
Nat
iona
lists
:
35,0
21
Dis
ease
:
1
65,0
00
TO
TA
L:
268
,500
dea
ths
by v
iole
nce
(add
ing
dise
ase:
433
,500
)
83
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 3
78–3
79: D
escr
ibes
the
battl
e fo
r B
arce
lona
in D
ecem
ber
1938
–Jan
uary
193
9, a
nd th
e ba
ttle
for
Mad
rid.
Rel
ativ
ely
few
bat
tle d
eath
s—ra
pid
capi
tula
tion
afte
r th
is p
oint
P.
379
: ‘G
erm
an c
omba
t fat
aliti
es n
umbe
red
abou
t 300
. … M
usso
lini’
s re
port
ed lo
sses
wer
e 3,
819
dead
, inc
ludi
ng 2
77 w
ho d
ied
of s
ickn
ess
or
in a
ccid
ents
…M
any
sour
ces
agre
e on
hig
her
figu
res,
incl
udin
g ab
out 6
,000
Ita
lians
kill
ed o
r di
ed o
f di
seas
e.’
P. 3
80: ‘
Port
ugal
. …lo
st a
s m
any
as 8
,000
kill
ed o
r de
ad o
f di
seas
e… S
ovie
t fat
aliti
es (
for
the
Rep
ublic
) to
tale
d 15
8. M
ost o
f th
e fo
reig
ners
who
fo
ught
for
the
Rep
ublic
wer
e id
ealis
ts r
ecru
ited
by th
e C
omin
tern
for
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Bri
gade
s. …
The
num
ber
of th
ose
volu
ntee
rs w
ho d
ied
for
thei
r id
ealis
m is
ope
n to
dis
pute
, but
the
tota
l was
pro
babl
y no
t too
far
sho
rt o
f 15
,000
, if
not h
ighe
r. T
he to
ll of
the
war
for
Spa
in h
as o
ften
sai
d to
hav
e to
tale
d 1
mill
ion
lives
lost
out
of
a po
pula
tion
of 2
5 m
illio
n. B
ut th
is f
igur
e w
ould
onl
y be
acc
urat
e if
the
400,
000
exile
s w
ho f
led
into
Fr
ance
are
incl
uded
… G
abri
el J
acks
on’s
res
earc
h…pu
ts b
attle
dea
ths
at o
nly
100,
000
… [
but]
thes
e fi
gure
s se
em f
ar to
o lo
w.’
P.
381
: ‘T
o th
e 33
0,00
0 Sp
ania
rds
who
die
d vi
olen
t dea
ths
in th
e Sp
anis
h C
ivil
War
, Jac
kson
add
s 50
,000
dea
ths
from
sta
rvat
ion
and
200,
000
Rep
ublic
an d
eath
s be
fore
fir
ing
squa
ds o
r in
con
cent
ratio
n ca
mps
…to
mak
e a
gran
d to
tal o
f 58
0,00
0 …
Hug
h T
hom
as…
lists
civ
ilian
bat
tle
deat
hs a
t 25,
000.
..Tho
mas
add
s an
othe
r 20
0,00
0 w
ho d
ied
of d
isea
se a
nd s
tarv
atio
n…In
his
rev
ised
edi
tion
of T
he
Span
ish C
ivil
War,
Tho
mas
lo
wer
ed h
is e
stim
ates
of
battl
efie
ld d
eath
s to
110
,000
for
the
Rep
ublic
ans,
90,
000
for
the
Nat
iona
lists
…’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Hig
h es
timat
e: 3
20,0
00 (
Jack
son)
L
ow e
stim
ate:
160
,500
(L
arra
za)
Bes
t est
imat
e: 2
25,0
00 (
Tho
mas
, upd
ated
fig
ures
) T
he d
ata
was
tren
ded
base
d on
bat
tle in
form
atio
n in
Clo
dfel
ter.
In
the
part
icip
ant f
ile, C
OW
’s f
igur
es w
ere
reta
ined
, oth
er th
an S
pani
sh lo
sses
.
Co
lum
bia
vs.
Con
serv
ati
ves
, 9 A
pri
l 1948–12
Ap
ril
1949 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 638)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,40
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
84
P. 7
15: ‘
On
Apr
il 9,
194
8…th
e po
pulis
t Lib
eral
lead
er o
f th
e C
olom
bian
mas
ses…
was
ass
assi
nate
d. A
gre
at o
utbr
eak
of r
iotin
g, a
rson
, and
lo
otin
g fo
llow
ed—
know
n to
his
tory
as
the
Bog
otaz
o. B
y A
pril
12 …
as
man
y as
2,5
85 p
eopl
e w
ere
dead
(th
e lo
wes
t est
imat
e of
rio
t dea
ths
was
54
9).’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Thi
s co
nflic
t is
not i
nclu
ded
in th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
dat
a be
caus
e of
an
uncl
ear
leve
l of
orga
niza
tion,
and
man
y of
thes
e de
aths
wou
ld b
e co
nsid
ered
intr
a-co
mm
unal
or
one-
side
d vi
olen
ce if
they
had
occ
urre
d in
the
cont
ext o
f ot
her
war
s.
Low
and
bes
t est
imat
e: 5
49 (
Clo
dfel
ter’
s lo
wes
t fig
ure)
H
igh
estim
ate:
1,4
00 (
CO
W)
Co
lum
bia
vs.
Lib
erals
of
1949, 15 S
epte
mb
er 1
949–31 D
ecem
ber
19
62 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 640)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
300,
000
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (W
hite
200
4): E
stim
ates
200
,000
–300
,000
dea
d.
(Koh
n 19
86):
P.
116
: Col
umbi
a w
as th
row
n in
to a
con
stan
t sta
te o
f in
surr
ectio
n an
d cr
imin
ality
fro
m 1
948
to 1
958
(cal
led
‘La
Vio
lenc
ia’)
, a p
erio
d du
ring
w
hich
mor
e th
an 2
00,0
00 p
erso
ns lo
st th
eir
lives
…’
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 7
15: ‘
One
aut
hori
ty li
sted
fat
al c
asua
lties
as
134,
820—
85,1
44 p
easa
nts,
39,
856
othe
r ci
vilia
ns (
incl
udin
g m
embe
rs o
f th
e ri
val c
onse
rvat
ive
and
liber
al a
rmed
gan
gs),
6,2
00 C
olom
bian
mili
tary
ser
vice
men
, and
3,6
20 p
olic
emen
and
gov
ernm
ent o
ffic
ials
. Inc
ludi
ng th
ose
who
die
d fr
om
thei
r w
ound
s an
d di
sapp
eare
d fo
reve
r, th
e sa
me
sour
ce c
alcu
late
s 18
0,00
0 to
tal d
eath
s th
roug
h 19
58 a
nd a
noth
er 2
0,00
0 fa
talit
ies
in th
e pe
riod
of
dim
inis
hed
but s
till c
onsi
dera
ble
viol
ence
thro
ugh
1962
.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
85
Est
imat
ed 1
34,8
20 k
illed
, bas
ed o
n C
lodf
elte
r’s
rela
tivel
y sp
ecif
ic d
ata.
‘D
isap
pear
ed’
pers
ons
wer
e no
t con
side
red
battl
e de
aths
. Fol
low
ing
Clo
dfel
ter,
nin
e-te
nths
of
thes
e de
aths
wer
e co
ded
from
194
9–58
, and
one
-ten
th in
the
rem
aini
ng y
ears
. A
lger
ia v
s. F
orm
er R
ebel
Lea
der
s, 2
8 J
uly
1962–15 J
an
uary
1963 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 659)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,50
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Har
ff a
nd G
urr
1988
):
Tab
le o
f G
enoc
ides
and
Pol
itici
des
sinc
e W
WII
. Cou
ntry
: Alg
eria
, Jul
y–D
ec 1
962,
vic
timiz
ed g
roup
s: H
arki
s, O
AS
supp
orte
rs, n
umbe
r of
vi
ctim
s: 1
2,00
0–60
,000
. (C
layt
on 1
988)
: P.
188
–189
: ‘Fr
ench
est
imat
es s
ugge
st a
fur
ther
50,
000
indi
geno
us d
isap
pear
ed b
etw
een
Mar
ch 1
961
and
Mar
ch 1
962,
with
the
likel
ihoo
d of
re
veng
e ki
lling
s of
indi
geno
us a
fter
the
Mar
ch c
ease
-fir
e to
talin
g at
leas
t 151
,000
, alm
ost c
erta
inly
mor
e.’
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 6
10: ‘
Post
war
feu
ding
bet
wee
n op
posi
ng f
actio
ns o
f th
e FL
N, m
ostly
pitt
ing
the
‘int
erio
r’ f
orce
s…ag
ains
t the
‘ex
teri
or’
forc
es…
cost
up
to
150,
000
lives
. Ano
ther
30,
000
Alg
eria
ns, f
rom
the
200,
000
hark
is w
ho s
erve
d w
ith th
e Fr
ench
dur
ing
the
war
, wer
e m
assa
cred
by
the
rebe
l vi
ctor
s.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 1
50,0
00 d
eath
s fr
om C
lodf
elte
r, C
layt
on. T
hese
dea
ths
are
cons
ider
ed o
ne-s
ided
vio
lenc
e in
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
atas
et.
Rw
an
da v
s. W
atu
si, 15
Novem
ber
1963–
6 F
ebru
ary
1964 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 664
)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,50
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
86
(Whi
te 2
004)
: T
he C
am
bri
dge
En
cyclo
ped
ia o
f A
fric
a (
1959
–61)
est
imat
ed 1
0,00
0 de
aths
. Har
ff &
Gur
r ha
ve e
stim
ated
5,0
00–1
4,00
0 de
ad in
gen
ocid
e.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W f
igur
e is
muc
h lo
wer
than
fig
ures
incl
udin
g m
assa
cres
, and
so
it m
ay b
e a
reas
onab
le e
stim
ate
of to
tal b
attle
dea
ths.
E
stim
ated
2,5
00 k
illed
. U
gan
da
vs.
Bu
gan
da T
rib
e, 2
3 M
ay 1
966–1 J
un
e 1966
(C
OW
War
No. 667)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
2,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Cite
s an
est
imat
e of
2,9
00 k
illed
. (L
ewis
200
4):
‘Jun
e 19
66 –
UG
AN
DA
… T
he n
ext d
ay [
May
24]
… a
cla
sh h
ad o
ccur
red
near
Kam
pala
bet
wee
n po
lice
and
diss
iden
t Bag
anda
in w
hich
fiv
e pe
rson
s w
ere
kille
d …
It w
as s
ubse
quen
tly r
epor
ted
that
fol
low
ers
of th
e K
abak
a ha
d of
fere
d st
iff
resi
stan
ce f
or s
ever
al h
ours
to th
e G
over
nmen
t tr
oops
who
wer
e at
tack
ing
with
ant
i-ta
nk g
uns
and
light
art
iller
y, a
nd th
at a
t lea
st 2
50 p
erso
ns h
ad b
een
kille
d in
fie
rce
figh
ting.
…
Whi
le th
e fi
ghtin
g gr
adua
lly d
ied
dow
n on
May
25,
the
num
ber
of v
ictim
s w
as u
noff
icia
lly e
stim
ated
to e
xcee
d 1,
000—
a U
gand
an R
ed C
ross
w
orke
r st
atin
g th
at 2
00 b
odie
s, in
clud
ing
thos
e of
wom
en a
nd c
hild
ren,
had
bee
n re
mov
ed f
rom
the
frin
ge o
f th
e ba
ttle
area
aro
und
the
Kab
aka'
s pa
lace
alo
ne. …
Con
trar
y to
the
unof
fici
al r
epor
ts o
f he
avy
casu
altie
s, P
resi
dent
Obo
te s
tate
d th
at o
nly
abou
t 20
peop
le h
ad b
een
repo
rted
to h
im
as k
illed
; tha
t abo
ut 2
0 ha
d be
en k
illed
els
ewhe
re in
Bug
anda
…’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
The
est
imat
ed s
cale
of
the
conf
lict i
s si
mila
r in
all
sour
ces.
L
ow a
nd b
est e
stim
ate:
2,0
00 (
CO
W)
Hig
h es
timat
e: 2
,900
(W
hite
)
87
Ch
ina v
s. R
ed G
uard
, 15 J
an
uary
1967–
1 S
epte
mb
er 1
968 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 670)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
50,0
00
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
700
: ‘R
adic
als
and
mod
erat
es f
ough
t eac
h ot
her
in c
ondi
tions
of
near
civ
il w
ar, M
ay 1
966–
Apr
il 19
69. I
n Ju
ne 1
967
clas
hes
betw
een
the
Red
G
uard
s an
d th
e pe
ople
’s L
iber
atio
n A
rmy
(PL
A)
in W
uhan
took
ove
r 1,
000
lives
. Tot
al d
eath
s in
the
viol
ence
in P
ekin
g in
this
per
iod
wer
e ov
er
1,70
0 an
d in
Sha
ngha
i mor
e th
an 1
0,00
0. …
Cha
os s
o th
reat
ened
Chi
na b
y 19
68 th
at th
e PL
A, w
ith M
ao’s
ble
ssin
g, to
ok s
teps
to f
orci
bly
rest
ore
orde
r in
man
y pr
ovin
ces.
Dea
ths
as a
res
ult o
f th
is r
epre
ssio
n w
ere
heav
iest
in th
ree
prov
ince
s: K
wan
gsi,
whe
re 1
00,0
00 d
ied;
Kw
antu
ng, w
ith
40,0
00 d
ead;
and
Yun
nan,
with
30,
000
fata
litie
s. …
the
toll
of th
e C
ultu
ral R
evol
utio
n. M
ost e
stim
ates
of
lives
lost
ran
ge f
rom
400
,000
to 1
m
illio
n.’
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
The
CO
W f
igur
es s
ugge
st o
nly
the
peri
od o
f fi
ghtin
g be
twee
n th
e R
ed G
uard
and
mod
erat
es is
bei
ng c
oded
, but
the
nam
e of
this
co
nflic
t sug
gest
s th
at th
e re
pres
sion
of
the
Red
Gua
rd b
y th
e PL
A is
the
conf
lict o
f in
tere
st.
Est
imat
ed 5
0,00
0 ba
ttle
deat
hs f
rom
CO
W. T
rend
ed b
ased
on
info
rmat
ion
in C
lodf
elte
r.
Jord
an
vs.
Pale
stin
ian
s, 1
7–24
Sep
tem
ber
197
0 (
CO
W W
ar
No
. 677)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Jord
ania
n St
ate
Dea
ths:
2,
000
Syri
a:
100
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (C
lodf
elte
r 20
02):
P.
640
: ‘T
otal
dea
ths
estim
ated
by
the
Red
Cre
scen
t…w
ere
3,44
0, w
ith 1
0,84
0 w
ound
ed. O
f th
ese,
the
Jord
ania
n ar
my
lost
750
KIA
, 1,2
50
WIA
.’
88
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
3,44
0 de
aths
cod
ed b
ecau
se th
e so
urce
(th
e R
ed C
resc
ent)
is k
now
n an
d co
nsid
ered
rel
iabl
e. S
yria
n lo
sses
in p
artic
ipan
t file
unc
hang
ed.
Bu
run
di
vs.
Hu
tu, 30 A
pri
l–25 M
ay 1
97
2 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 683)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
50,0
00
Tot
al D
eath
s:
Unk
now
n (W
hite
200
4): C
ites
estim
ates
of
50,0
00 to
210
,000
with
a m
edia
n of
abo
ut 1
20,0
00
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 6
25: ‘
The
reb
ellio
n of
Apr
il 29
-Jul
y 31
, 197
2, a
gain
st th
e us
urpe
r Pr
esid
ent M
iche
l Mic
ombe
ro…
Alth
ough
not
ove
r 1,
000
Tut
sis
wer
e ki
lled
in th
e in
itial
rev
olt,
veng
eanc
e ag
ains
t the
Buh
utu
was
not
sat
ed u
ntil
as m
any
as o
ne h
undr
ed ti
me
the
num
ber
of T
utsi
wer
e sl
ain
(100
,000
).’
(Koh
n 19
86):
P.
77:
‘…
arm
ed r
evol
ts e
rupt
ed th
roug
hout
Bur
undi
, with
the
Hut
u vi
olen
tly a
ttack
ing
the
Tut
si. I
n re
talia
tion,
the
gove
rnm
ent s
laug
hter
ed m
ore
than
100
,000
Hut
u to
sup
pres
s th
em; t
he v
icto
riou
s T
utsi
, who
suf
fere
d th
e lo
ss o
f ab
out 1
0,00
0 liv
es…
’ (L
ewis
200
4):
‘Jun
e 19
72 -
BU
RU
ND
I
An
alle
ged
atte
mpt
to o
vert
hrow
the
Gov
ernm
ent o
f Pr
esid
ent M
icom
bero
at t
he e
nd o
f A
pril
led
to w
ides
prea
d fi
ghtin
g …
Ow
ing
to th
e im
posi
tion
of c
enso
rshi
p by
the
auth
oriti
es in
Bur
undi
, det
ails
of
thes
e ev
ents
bec
ame
know
n on
ly f
rom
off
icia
l Bur
undi
an s
ourc
es a
nd f
rom
re
fuge
es w
ho h
ad c
ross
ed th
e co
untr
y's
bord
ers.
… it
was
rep
orte
d th
at ‘
thou
sand
s of
men
, wom
en a
nd c
hild
ren’
had
bee
n m
assa
cred
dur
ing
a w
eek
of in
disc
rim
inat
e ki
lling
by
anti-
Gov
ernm
ent f
orce
s, e
spec
ially
in B
urur
i pro
vinc
e. …
Eur
opea
n ob
serv
ers
estim
ated
that
the
num
ber
of
Tut
si k
illed
did
not
exc
eed
5,00
0, w
hile
in th
eir
view
all
othe
r ca
sual
ties
wer
e H
utu
kille
d by
the
Arm
y or
by
Tut
si c
ivili
ans
… E
urop
ean
mis
sion
arie
s …
wer
e on
Jun
e 8
repo
rted
to b
e co
nvin
ced
that
ther
e w
as in
Bur
undi
a d
elib
erat
e ca
mpa
ign
by G
over
nmen
t tro
ops
to li
quid
ate
all
educ
ated
Hut
u, in
clud
ing
Chu
rch
and
med
ical
wor
kers
, tea
cher
s an
d sc
hool
chi
ldre
n, w
ith th
e de
ath-
toll
near
ing
100,
000.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
89
The
fig
ure
for
battl
e de
aths
sho
uld
incl
ude
only
the
Tut
si a
nd H
utu
com
bata
nts
and
civi
lians
kill
ed in
the
initi
al r
evol
t. So
urce
s es
timat
e be
twee
n 1–
5,00
0 T
utsi
kill
ed in
that
per
iod,
alth
ough
som
e of
thes
e de
aths
may
not
be
battl
e-re
late
d.
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,000
H
igh
estim
ate:
5,0
00
Bes
t est
imat
e: 3
,000
(m
ean)
N
iger
ia v
s. M
usl
im F
un
da
men
tali
sts,
18 D
ecem
ber
19
80–1 J
an
uary
1981 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 7
07)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
5,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Est
imat
es m
ore
than
4,0
00 k
illed
in 1
980
(Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 6
28: ‘
On
Dec
embe
r 18
and
19
abou
t 50
polic
emen
wer
e sl
ain
in a
bat
tle w
ith th
e fa
natic
s. …
The
cri
sis
cam
e to
a h
ead
on C
hris
tmas
Day
, w
hen
a m
ob o
f cu
ltist
s at
tack
ed th
e ho
use
of g
over
nor
Kan
o. T
he g
over
nor
then
cal
led
in f
eder
al tr
oops
, and
on
Dec
embe
r 30
–31
they
sea
led
off
the
quar
ter
of K
ano
whe
re th
e cu
lt re
side
d an
d op
ened
fir
e. M
arw
a an
d at
leas
t 1,0
00 o
f hi
s di
scip
les
wer
e ki
lled
(sev
eral
witn
esse
s to
the
mas
s ex
ecut
ion
clai
m th
at a
s m
any
as 7
,000
peo
ple
wer
e sl
ain.
)’
(Lew
is 2
004)
: ‘J
anua
ry 1
984
- N
IGE
RIA
T
he 1
980
riot
s w
ere
unle
ashe
d in
the
city
of
Kan
o on
Dec
. 18–
19 a
nd c
ause
d gr
eat d
amag
e to
pro
pert
y an
d a
cons
ider
able
num
ber
of d
eath
s.
…th
e ri
oter
s' le
ader
was
rep
orte
d to
hav
e be
en k
illed
on
Dec
. 30,
by
whi
ch ti
me
the
polic
e w
ere
agai
n in
ful
l con
trol
of
the
city
. The
off
icia
l de
ath
toll
was
at t
hat t
ime
give
n as
1,0
00, w
ith 5
0 po
licem
en b
eing
am
ong
thos
e ki
lled.
’ In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Low
est
imat
e: 1
,050
(O
ffic
ial f
igur
e fr
om K
eesi
ng’s
)
90
Hig
h es
timat
e: 7
,000
(hi
ghes
t uno
ffic
ial f
igur
e, f
rom
Clo
dfel
ter)
B
est e
stim
ate:
4,0
25 (
mea
n)
Tre
nd: c
oded
just
25
deat
hs in
198
1 be
caus
e m
edia
rep
orts
impl
y th
e co
nflic
t was
ove
r by
31
Dec
embe
r 19
80.
Nig
eria
vs.
Mu
slim
Fu
nd
am
enta
list
s, 2
Feb
ruary
–4 M
arc
h 1
984 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 718)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Lew
is 2
004)
: ‘M
ay 1
984
- N
IGE
RIA
… R
iotin
g br
oke
out o
n Fe
b. 2
7 in
the
tow
n of
Yol
a, c
apita
l of
Gon
gola
sta
te in
eas
tern
Nig
eria
, whe
n po
lice
atte
mpt
ed
to a
rres
t mem
bers
of
the
pros
crib
ed s
ect o
f th
e la
te M
alam
Mar
wa
(als
o kn
own
as M
aita
tsin
e). A
s m
any
as 1
,000
peo
ple
wer
e th
ough
t to
have
di
ed in
the
dist
urba
nces
whi
ch o
ccur
red
whe
n th
e m
ilita
ry g
over
nor
was
abr
oad
on a
n of
fici
al m
issi
on.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Est
imat
ed 1
,000
dea
ths.
B
uru
nd
i vs.
Hu
tu, 18–22 A
ugu
st 1
988 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
725)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
5,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Whi
te 2
004)
: Cite
s es
timat
es o
f be
twee
n 5,
000
and
33,0
00 d
ead,
with
a m
edia
n of
20,
000.
(
Clo
dfel
ter
2002
):
P. 6
25: ‘
In A
ugus
t 198
8 an
othe
r B
uhut
u po
grom
in n
orth
ern
Bur
undi
res
ulte
d in
2,0
00 T
utsi
dea
ths
and
in a
hor
ribl
e ar
my
reac
tion
by T
utsi
so
ldie
rs in
whi
ch 2
0,00
0 B
uhut
u w
ere
slau
ghte
red.
’
91
(Lew
is 2
004)
: ‘D
ecem
ber
1988
– B
UR
UN
DI
In
tens
e in
ter-
trib
al f
ight
ing
erup
ted
arou
nd A
ug. 1
0, 1
988,
in n
orth
ern
Bur
undi
and
led
to g
reat
loss
of
life.
… R
epor
ts in
dica
ted
that
the
Hut
u in
itial
ly r
ose
up a
gain
st th
e T
utsi
min
ority
in th
e ar
ea a
nd, a
rmed
with
mac
hete
s an
d ot
her
trad
ition
al w
eapo
ns, k
illed
up
to 2
,000
. In
reta
liatio
n th
e be
tter-
arm
ed T
utsi
wre
aked
rev
enge
, app
aren
tly a
ssis
ted
by th
e A
rmy.
… A
n ea
rly
estim
ate
from
an
unna
med
gov
ernm
ent s
ourc
e re
ferr
ed to
24
,000
dea
ths,
but
a f
igur
e of
5,0
00 w
as g
iven
by
Mr
Cyp
rien
Mbo
nim
pa, t
he M
inis
ter
for
Fore
ign
Rel
atio
ns a
nd C
o-op
erat
ion
… R
efug
ees
from
th
e fi
ghtin
g, th
e gr
eat m
ajor
ity o
f w
hom
wer
e H
utu,
who
fle
d to
nei
ghbo
urin
g R
wan
da, s
poke
of
up to
50,
000
dead
. Oth
er u
ncon
firm
ed e
stim
ates
pl
aced
the
tota
l at s
ome
20,0
00.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Est
imat
ed 2
,000
dea
ths
base
d on
the
initi
al s
tage
of
the
conf
lict.
Thi
s fi
gure
may
stil
l be
too
high
to r
efle
ct b
attle
dea
ths
rath
er th
an o
ne-s
ided
vi
olen
ce.
Za
ire
vs.
Reb
els,
28 J
an
uary
–4 F
ebru
ary
1993 (
CO
W W
ar
No.
744)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,00
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Lew
is 2
004)
: ‘J
anua
ry 1
993
– Z
AIR
E
On
Jan.
28,
Mob
utu'
s de
cisi
on to
sen
d in
the
pres
iden
tial g
uard
, to
quel
l rio
ting
by d
isaf
fect
ed tr
oops
, led
to s
erio
us f
ight
ing
in K
insh
asa
and
hund
reds
of
deat
hs. F
renc
h tr
oops
wer
e de
ploy
ed to
eva
cuat
e ex
patr
iate
s af
ter
the
Fren
ch a
mba
ssad
or, P
hilip
pe B
erna
rd, w
as k
illed
by
mac
hine
-gu
n fi
re.’
In
terp
reta
tio
n:
Hig
h es
timat
e: 1
,000
(Fr
om C
OW
) L
ow e
stim
ate:
300
(‘H
undr
eds’
fro
m K
eesi
ng’s
)
92
Bes
t est
imat
e: 6
50 (
mea
n)
Iraq
vs.
KD
P K
urd
s, 3
1 A
ugu
st 1
996–7 S
epte
mb
er 1
99
6 (
CO
W W
ar
No. 756)
Cor
rela
tes
of W
ar D
atas
et (
Sark
ees
2000
) de
aths
by
part
icip
ant:
Stat
e D
eath
s:
1,50
0 T
otal
Dea
ths:
U
nkno
wn
(Lew
is 2
004)
: Kee
sing
’s R
ecor
d of
Wor
ld E
vent
s re
port
s on
Int
ra-K
urdi
sh f
ight
ing
in A
ugus
t, Se
ptem
ber,
Oct
ober
, and
Nov
embe
r 19
96. T
he
repo
rts
are
not s
uffi
cien
tly s
peci
fic
to p
rovi
de a
n es
timat
e of
all
deat
hs, b
ut d
etai
l inc
iden
ts in
whi
ch s
ever
al h
undr
ed w
ere
kille
d. T
he d
ata
supp
orts
the
rela
tivel
y lo
w in
tens
ity c
onfl
ict e
stim
ated
by
CO
W.
Inte
rpre
tati
on:
Est
imat
ed 1
,500
dea
ths.
93
Note
s on
th
e ad
ap
tati
on
of
the
Laci
na &
Gle
dit
sch
data
Indo
nesi
a, 1
945,
Con
flic
t #42
0: T
his
conf
lict-
year
was
cod
ed b
ased
on
CO
W d
ata.
B
urm
a, 1
948–
95, C
onfl
icts
#63
9, 6
73, &
639
: The
se c
onfl
icts
wer
e in
terp
rete
d as
enc
ompa
ssin
g al
l int
erna
l vio
lenc
e in
Bur
ma
duri
ng th
e ye
ars
CO
W c
onsi
ders
them
act
ive.
C
hina
, 195
0, C
onfl
ict #
632:
The
fin
al y
ear
of th
e C
hine
se c
ivil
war
in th
e C
OW
dat
a is
inte
rpre
ted
as th
e fi
rst y
ear
of a
new
con
flic
t bet
wee
n T
aiw
an &
Chi
na in
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
atas
et. T
here
fore
, the
tota
l num
ber
kille
d in
the
Chi
nese
civ
il w
ar a
ppea
rs s
light
ly h
ighe
r in
the
CO
W
vers
ion
of th
is d
ata.
V
ietn
am, 1
965,
Con
flic
ts #
654
& 1
63: T
he tr
ansi
tion
betw
een
wha
t CO
W c
odes
as
dist
inct
civ
il an
d in
tern
atio
nal w
ars
occu
rred
on
6 Fe
brua
ry.
1/12
th o
f th
e de
aths
est
imat
ed in
196
5 w
ere
code
d as
a p
art o
f th
e ci
vil w
ar. A
lso,
Cam
bodi
a is
cod
ed a
s a
part
icip
ant i
n th
is w
ar, b
ut a
lso
has
an
ongo
ing
civi
l war
of
its o
wn.
In
the
inte
rsta
te p
artic
ipan
t file
, Cam
bodi
an d
eath
s ar
e co
ded
as u
nkno
wn.
G
uate
mal
a, c
ivil
war
, 197
0–71
, Con
flic
ts #
668
& 6
78: T
he C
OW
dat
aset
rec
ords
sim
ulta
neou
s co
nflic
ts b
etw
een
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd I
ndia
ns
and
betw
een
the
gove
rnm
ent a
nd le
ftis
ts. T
hese
con
flic
ts a
re n
ot d
istin
guis
hed
in th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
dat
aset
or
in m
ost s
ourc
es. B
attle
dea
ths
in
1970
–01
wer
e di
vide
d ev
enly
bet
wee
n th
e tw
o co
nflic
ts a
nd a
2 w
as c
oded
und
er tr
end.
Ph
ilipp
ines
, 197
2–80
, Con
flic
t #68
2: Y
earl
y fa
talit
ies
esti
mat
es f
or th
e M
inda
nao
conf
lict w
ere
calc
ulat
ed b
ased
on
a m
uch
long
er ti
me
fram
e th
an th
at c
alcu
late
d by
CO
W. T
he y
earl
y da
ta w
ere
roun
ded
slig
htly
to a
void
a s
puri
ousl
y ac
cura
te to
tal.
Yom
Kip
pur
War
, 197
3, C
onfl
ict #
181:
Sau
di A
rabi
a is
not
ed a
s a
part
icip
ant b
y C
OW
, alth
ough
this
invo
lvem
ent w
as n
ot o
ffic
ially
ac
know
ledg
ed. R
elia
ble
casu
alty
fig
ures
are
not
ava
ilabl
e, a
nd b
attle
dea
ths
wer
e m
arke
d as
unk
now
n.
Iraq
, 197
4, C
onfl
ict #
690:
CO
W r
ecor
ds I
rani
an p
artic
ipat
ion
in th
e K
urdi
sh I
raqi
insu
rgen
cy, w
hile
Upp
sala
/PR
IO c
odes
a d
istin
ct in
ters
tate
co
nflic
t bet
wee
n Ir
an a
nd I
raq
in th
is y
ear.
Ira
nian
dea
ths
in th
e K
urdi
sh c
onfl
ict a
re c
oded
as
unkn
own
in th
e C
OW
par
ticip
ant f
ile.
Leb
anon
, 197
5–19
90, C
onfl
icts
#20
5 &
691
: The
civ
il w
ar in
Leb
anon
and
was
bet
wee
n Is
rael
and
Syr
ia in
198
2 ar
e co
ded
sepa
rate
ly in
the
CO
W d
atas
et, a
nd a
s pa
rt o
f a
sing
le c
onfl
ict b
y U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
. In
1982
, the
CO
W e
ntry
for
the
inte
rsta
te w
ar w
as r
etai
ned
unch
ange
d, a
nd th
ese
94
deat
hs w
ere
subt
ract
ed f
rom
the
toll
of th
e in
tras
tate
con
flic
t in
that
yea
r. A
2 w
as c
oded
und
er tr
end.
Syr
ia a
nd I
srae
l’s
loss
es in
the
Leb
anes
e in
tras
tate
war
are
cod
ed a
s un
know
n.
Eth
iopi
a, 1
976–
84, C
onfl
icts
#18
9 &
694
: Eth
iopi
a’s
civi
l war
in O
gade
n an
d th
e E
thio
pian
-Som
ali i
nter
stat
e w
ar f
rom
197
7–8
are
code
d se
para
tely
in C
OW
and
as
a si
ngle
war
in th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
dat
aset
. The
y ha
ve b
een
disa
ggre
gate
d fo
r th
e C
OW
file
s by
taki
ng th
e or
igin
al
CO
W v
alue
s fo
r th
e in
ters
tate
con
flic
t, an
d co
ding
rem
aini
ng d
eath
s in
the
intr
asta
te w
ar f
ile.
Vie
tnam
vs.
Cam
bodi
a, 1
975–
79, C
onfl
icts
#18
7 &
702
: The
inte
rsta
te w
ar b
etw
een
Vie
tnam
and
Cam
bodi
a ov
erla
ps w
ith th
e 19
78 s
tart
of
the
Cam
bodi
an c
ivil
war
pre
cipi
tate
d by
Vie
tnam
ese
inva
sion
. Dea
ths
in 1
978
and
1979
are
cod
ed in
the
intr
asta
te f
ile, w
hile
197
8 an
d 19
79 a
re
code
d as
unk
now
n va
lues
in th
e in
ters
tate
con
flic
t-ye
ars
file
. Ir
an, 1
978–
79, C
onfl
ict #
699:
Thi
s co
nflic
t inc
lude
s vi
olen
ce le
adin
g up
to th
e fa
ll of
the
Shah
of
Iran
in F
ebru
ary
1979
and
con
tinue
s, a
ccor
ding
to
CO
W, t
hrou
gh 3
1 D
ecem
ber
1979
. In
1978
, 160
0 de
aths
wer
e es
timat
ed b
ased
on
Clo
dfel
ter
(200
2, 6
49).
Aft
er th
e fa
ll of
the
Shah
, thi
s co
nflic
t was
inte
rpre
ted
as e
ncom
pass
ing
all i
nter
nal v
iole
nce
in I
ran
duri
ng th
e re
mai
nder
of
1979
. In
dia,
198
5–pr
esen
t, C
onfl
ict #
722:
Thi
s co
nflic
t was
inte
rpre
ted
as e
ncom
pass
ing
all i
nter
nal v
iole
nce
in I
ndia
dur
ing
thes
e ye
ars.
Sr
i Lan
ka, 1
987–
88, C
onfl
ict #
724:
In
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
ata,
thes
e ye
ars
of th
e co
nflic
t with
JV
P ar
e no
t inc
lude
d. E
stim
ated
as
a lo
w in
tens
ity
conf
lict w
ith 5
0 ba
ttle
deat
hs p
er y
ear
as a
low
est
imat
e, 2
00 p
er y
ear
as a
hig
h es
timat
e an
d 10
0 pe
r ye
ar a
s a
best
est
imat
e.
Nic
arag
ua, 1
990,
Con
flic
t #71
2: N
ot in
clud
ed in
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
ata.
Est
imat
ed 1
00 b
attle
dea
ths
base
d on
the
SIP
RI
Yea
rbook
(Lin
dgre
n et
al
. 199
1).
Geo
rgia
, 199
1–94
, Con
flic
t #73
6: T
his
conf
lict w
as in
terp
rete
d as
enc
ompa
ssin
g al
l int
erna
l vio
lenc
e in
Geo
rgia
dur
ing
thes
e ye
ars.
Als
o, th
e ye
ar 1
994
is in
clud
ed in
CO
W b
ut n
ot in
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
ata.
Est
imat
ed 2
00 b
attle
dea
ths
from
SIP
RI
Yea
rboo
k 19
95 (
Solle
nber
g an
d W
alle
nste
en 1
995)
. E
l Sal
vado
r, 1
992,
Con
flic
t #70
2: T
his
is th
e fi
nal y
ear
of c
ivil
war
in E
l Sal
vado
r in
the
CO
W d
atas
et, b
ut it
is n
ot r
ecor
ded
by U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
. B
attle
dea
ths
wer
e es
timat
ed a
s: 5
0 (l
ow);
200
(hi
gh);
100
(be
st).
95
Bur
undi
, 199
3–94
, Con
flic
t #74
5: N
ot in
clud
ed in
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
ata.
Est
imat
ed a
s a
low
inte
nsity
con
flic
t with
50
battl
e de
aths
per
yea
r as
a
low
est
imat
e, 2
00 p
er y
ear
as a
hig
h es
timat
e an
d 10
0 pe
r ye
ar a
s a
best
est
imat
e.
Paki
stan
, 199
4, C
onfl
ict #
752
: The
civ
il co
nflic
t with
the
MQ
M is
not
incl
uded
in th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
dat
a in
199
4. E
stim
ated
925
bat
tle d
eath
s,
base
d on
Pro
ject
Plo
ughs
hare
s (2
003)
. So
mal
ia, 1
997,
Con
flic
t #71
3: N
ot in
clud
ed in
the
Upp
sala
/PR
IO d
ata.
Est
imat
ed f
atal
ities
bas
ed o
n th
e 19
96 le
vel o
f vi
olen
ce.
Taj
ikis
tan,
199
7, C
onfl
ict #
740:
199
7 is
not
incl
uded
in th
e U
ppsa
la/P
RIO
dat
a. E
stim
ated
fat
aliti
es b
ased
on
the
1996
leve
l of
viol
ence
.
96
Ref
eren
ces
Ada
mec
, Lud
wig
W.,
1996
. Dic
tiona
ry o
f A
fghan
Wars
, R
evo
luti
ons,
and I
nsu
rgen
cies
. Sca
recr
ow, L
anha
m, M
D.
Attr
idge
, Ste
ve, 2
003.
Na
tiona
lism
, Im
per
iali
sm a
nd I
den
tity
in L
ate
Vic
tori
an C
ult
ure
: C
ivil
an
d M
ilit
ary
Wo
rlds.
Pal
grav
e, N
ew Y
ork.
B
ello
, Jos
é M
aria
, 196
6. A
His
tory
of
Moder
n B
razi
l: 1
88
9–1
964. S
tanf
ord
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, Sta
nfor
d, C
A.
Ber
gqui
st, C
harl
es W
., 19
78. C
off
ee
and C
onfl
ict
in C
olo
mbia
, 1886–1
910. D
uke
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, Dur
ham
, NC
. B
lake
, Rob
ert,
1988
. Oxf
ord
Ill
ust
rate
d E
ncy
clo
ped
ia o
f W
orl
d H
isto
ry f
rom
1800
to t
he
Pre
sen
t D
ay.
Oxf
ord
Uni
vers
ity P
ress
, Oxf
ord.
B
row
ne, E
dwar
d G
., 19
66. T
he
Per
sian R
evo
luti
on o
f 1905–
19
09. F
rank
Cas
s, L
ondo
n.
Bur
ke, E
dmun
d, 1
976.
Pre
lud
e to
Pro
tecto
rate
in
Moro
cco
: P
reco
lonia
l P
rote
st a
nd R
esis
tance,
18
60–1912. U
nive
rsity
of
Chi
cago
Pre
ss,
Chi
cago
, IL
. C
layt
on, A
ntho
ny, 1
988.
Fra
nce,
Sold
iers
and A
fric
a. B
rass
ey's
Def
ence
Pub
lishe
rs, L
ondo
n.
Clo
dfel
ter,
Mic
hael
, 200
2. W
arf
are
and A
rmed
Con
flic
ts:
A S
tati
stic
al
Ref
eren
ce
to C
asu
alt
y an
d O
ther
Fig
ure
s, 1
500–2000. M
cFar
land
, Je
ffer
son,
NC
. C
ocke
r, M
ark,
199
9. R
iver
s of
Blo
od
Riv
ers
of
Gold
: E
uro
pe'
s C
onfl
ict
wit
h T
rib
al
People
s. P
imlic
o, L
ondo
n.
Coq
uery
, Vid
rovi
tch,
Cat
heri
ne, 1
988.
Afr
ica:
Endura
nce
an
d C
hange
So
uth
of
the
Sa
hara
. Uni
vers
ity o
f C
alif
orni
a Pr
ess,
Ber
kele
y, C
A.
Don
niso
n, F
. S. V
., 19
70. B
urm
a. E
rnes
t Ben
n, L
ondo
n.
Dup
uy, E
rnes
t R.,
and
Tre
vor
N. D
upuy
, 198
6. T
he
En
cyclo
pedia
of
Mil
ita
ry H
isto
ry f
rom
3500 B
.C. to
the
Pre
sent.
Jane
's, L
ondo
n.
97
Eck
hard
t, W
illia
m. 1
996.
'War
s an
d W
ar-R
elat
ed D
eath
s, 1
900–
1995
', in
: Rut
h L
eger
Siv
ard
(Ed.
). W
orl
d M
ilit
ary
and S
ocia
l E
xpen
dit
ure
s
1996, W
orld
Pri
oriti
es, W
ashi
ngto
n, D
C, 1
7–9.
Fa
gg, J
ohn
Edw
in, 1
965.
Cuba, H
ait
i, a
nd t
he
Dom
inic
an R
epubli
c. P
rent
ice-
Hal
l, E
ngle
woo
d C
liffs
, NJ.
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