PIDS MEDIA _ORLt_1ON LAND REFORM

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FO::,n_m_n._re_ .by the _hilippine InStit_h_,fOZ::_ve_tS_die_ .(_?iDs:)'_; The \riea;s,_res_ed,, hc_ever, eXa-tho:s:e.._ the authors/p=e._rs.,,. " " "

PiDS-Media Forum on •Land Reform

F_bruary 13, 1.987,..10:0.0 a.m. - 12:00 noonNEDA sa Makati Building

Nature and Objectives

The PIDS_Media Forum Series has been launched _s part of the

dissemination program of the Philippine Institute for Development

•Studies (PIDS). The Series aims to ventilate, discuss and

_larify criti_cal points of certain national economic issues

through representatives of the media so as to better inform the

general public on such issues.

For the launching..sesssion/ the Series focused on import

!iber_lization. This first session was held on September 17,

i986 at 10:0O a_m. - 12:30 p.,m. at the NEDA sa Makati Building.

The second session is being held on February 13, 19.87 alsoi. L

at _h_!NED_ Sa M ak@ti Building and focuses on the is:sue of _land

reform.r

ee**eee,

A PERSPECTIVE ON LAND. REFORM

Mahar Mangahas!/

Land ReTorm a_ a Politisa! and EcOnomic Issue

From a historical ._er_-pective, "_h_, ,.,_ compelling reason

Tot- land re,_orm has _een the need oT the State to._survive.. Inz

the cases c,_ the land ice_orms in Taiwan and South' Korea, •this

pertained to survival vis_-a-.vis, the People'_ Republic• oT China

and North _:::_t=ea_.respectively.. In order to maintain the •people

_-upport, given the threat oT being overrun by a rival political

entity, a land re{_.rm program was. mecessary in Taiwan and South

Korea to show that land re'Torn was not the exclusive policy oT

their competitors. Thus the issue of _:urvival was tlne most

imp_rtan.t element i.n these cases.

It should a.l-_obe s'hressed .that the pressure-_Qr land reTorm

comes _rom.the m2,ss.es_ particularly ;tom those who ,Zeel unj.ustl.y

depri-ve_ o; land. 'Teclh.nicians. _n-land reform do nc_t e_'-'ert an,/

_-_ressu.res-el; tb_ir owne and _an only trY.to help guide a rationali," ' ]t_ , ". ' "

}-esp'onse t_o ._he pres-_:_"e which comes _rom a ver'y broad ,Torte {rom

be! _w-.

Why dO _:ome. grc, ups _ho are seeki.ng !_nd re-l:orm r.es.D.rt t_.• I. .__ ,.,.

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armed. _=ebe[lion? Cle_rly, it is becaL_.se the need .;or social

justice r-e_.gt.i_di..n.._ _.and ±=_ n-_,t being p.roperly a.ddressed. The

rati ona.._.e.. _r.. r_fbel l.i_O,o _ rat:her tha:n Tot, pea_e;..ui _---__L_ti:_.r__.=.._:_ o_:

I/ :prE-_..iQe_F,t_ .So_qi_l. _.lea.th-er.. _t._tions.- The. 15_.,in{o.ns

_x_]res__-_ed .:h_i._e ._.re gi,J'___.n in t.he a.u.th:_:_r's p_.er__o.na.i, c_..g_g,_._.it'g, This_paNer w.as d._.i.v_.red o,n. 13.F_,br_ar_._9:87 a_L the...M.e_-ia-. Fo._.L_m...O-n La_dRe_o_m _; _-ch:e"-Fh{i li=_,pin =- inS_.ihut, e. {or Devei _.pme.nt S_u..dieS heldat r_'=,- Ma}:,ati

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land grie',,'ances, -_omes _£rom the perceived linkage between "three

t'ype=_ o_ power_ economim power <as based on •land), __overnmental.

power and armed _qwer. Suppose that those who .pOSsESS economiF

power have 1_he support o._ _those who possess governmental p_wer.

For example,, important gcz've_?nment offimials may be large

landowners th.e.msel.ve_=- and .may be antagonistic toast.he desi.res oT

those who {eel they. have been d.i.Sp_ssessed o.F la.nd. How can the

di=_posse.ssed h@pe f.or a {avorable ,resolution c,_ their grievances

when armed elements _military_ pdlice or private securit,/ men)

also. are, against them _-at.her than sym'pathetic _tG them? In such a.

situatio.n, theonly option le-Ft to the masses is to try to take'

• _h_m__el re__.•Ever the government .... =

This ±.n1=e.r-mo.r, nection be.£ween the forces of. economic,

political _nd armed power is the root oT the land probli_em-- IT

this ir_terpla'/ is. ailclWed to pers.i=Ct,_ then the dc_n.g.e__il! sooneri

or.la'tgr reach the _ritiCaI _mtage. The solution reouires both a-

desor, cen.tr,ation o,z power as well as- a delin.kii?,g o,z. the _'_- --" "_

types &f p6._:ei_-_ im _hc_tt, {t requires a.dem_.cratiza.tion of[

• " _.' ._ _ _I - " •so.cLi-et_y, • Er_-__'-_i_ e!'-onor.,'_lE area in partimular, what is ob-,xiously•: ,, , , , .

neE,.de_f __=. l a"_-<.: reform,'

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C"_-_=,_,,..._L_.i.r,ter--,,,-emtior_in the e.:._.,.omy,for t.h-e sakE of- land

refo.rm, i _ t_] _.'=_...sdrean _.mter._ve.c, tior, agains'_ t.he. principle o,_i <. i ." .... •

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._.<r_,eent.er.pri_e. The Way i.t can nonethele_=-s co--exist witff, 4tee

•_'_v_erp.ri.s.e_is t.b .cu_n.sid'er land as a.n ex.cegti_.,n s.ir_<e,it is a very

s_arc_e'._ Tii",-_:_ei'_e_=-_!.rce- Over time, a-_ F.,O-pu!ation gr_ows_. ],and

g.e'E.s m.m_..C.h_,_rc_(s_ '_ a:.nd : Scar_er c'_..i a.%.:iv_ "to peC-._pt m.,. _'e:mce, .a_.n,..,o'ne

i == _,El i ' _=_' _"_ '" "+'"" "

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"_r "_:m_t mm:t:te_ i autGm_-_%,i_.aiiy (..•_,_i,@._nfairl,/'l 9e.-ts mare and more

.powerFul. Excessive concentratiom oF poy_er is contradictory .to "

c_ur d_m_crat, ic ideals,

Sc_p_e D_.Land R_Torm . .

A, primary 'c'hrL_.t in iar_d reEorm i_ tc_ deTine land to mean

-arty 'kind _# .natural resource --•water, mines, #or_sts, etc. This •

includes b_tM the private and public dom_dns .ir_as_m_ah as the.

terms "private'" arid ;"p:ub.lic" are c_nly jurisdictional

di= ' _"_.tir_L_ic_ns. In the 1986 Constitution., land reT_rm applies to

b._th pri:ya'_e and. pubii.c d,_mains and t_ all kinds o_ natural..

_ ,_,._,. recently_ e-F_Pts have been initiated to

integrate the spirit c,; landreE_rm intD the policies c_# the

D_epartm._.r_,t_.F Natural Resourc._s.

E_erJ.muse the cc,ncemtrati_n _0F power inclu.d_._ the g_litical

and mili.tary sp.heres_ co._perat.i_]n is de •�ȼ�˜.;tom the

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• a_ theArmed_F._rFe.S as w.e!i as _r_m political institution_ such _i

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De.p_, _m_,_-, _# Local G_Yern.ments. T-._private., armies are not

" r. . i_ wi!,i be di_#icult to. en#orce ][and re_o.r-m.di sm.arr_ ! ed_ , . .,,

Fin_ily, t_er:,_,!s:.no-reas_n t.o exclude" #_reign enterprises

that _Fe. _i_.akl.'._u_e _?_ nat_ra& resources,- Fci.reign. plantati_ns_• ' - , _ • , , 1 " i " "

_u.,_ ex_mp,le_.. .... which .ma'/ ._.Y_. been u-s-_ng natur_l resc_u,r.ce-s thrc_,._.h.

SiF_.c.e,......_._,_:<m,_,_:e_t__,i is d.",e-Sir'-ed-_ t_:_.._- ..sa-,k-e-_._-_-c,'_'_Cia-.t p,eace

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s.t_,h_, _ i the " " need mO'-t b_ d.i'srupt_L_'e-, Obvi _,USt "y'_ i t

is urgent to attend directly to cases _-_here grievances abound.

But land tran=_,_er need not be _orced down to the smallest land

unit.

In prir_miple, •land reTorm should include whateveK land

transfer is necessary in o'rder to remove the great cleavages.in

".economic. power that abet •abu-..e__ and -=__pre_J._"ve _<_-a'.ctices.:.Thim

#may' or may _ no.t require a 7-hectare retention limit: there are no

pre-s.e't criter.ia #or delineating _the boundary. The land ceiling

must simply b.e l.ow enough so astO quell, the social unrest.

DeEinitely_. when there are thousands of hectares Un[/er the

_o.n-hroi o$ a few_ or hundreds of thousands of hectares as in the

easel of _orest conc essions, where private armi-s_ are normal

fea_u_,res_ repressive .practfces easily become parh oT the.

econ_mics o_ land control.• .-.

iOwnership i= a term. •that should• be used very. bro.adlv. I'ti

does lqiOt have to be indi'vid_al ownership;, it .could be collective,

comm_nlal or cooperative ownership. These are institutional

det._ilr.s_ the{ a_e best le._t "to the situation at .hand. A resource

_T_.ayl_''el _ _-_nl_l (_ _._roLetual_lY, or it may be leased on Id-_ng term, which

in e_-FeL,_ is'almo, st l ike_wnership. Ownership means t_hat one

a_t<_ail_" ,coritroi_ the use of the natural resources and reaps

incom,e _ro_ i'h "_:ti<_ de<ini_ely a mu_h bet-bet term than the

-te_rm "access", _h{ch $_..not quite _trong enc.u_gh.

___ ___ -: _J_F'r-odu['t_y_t-y is' an ,=L:sue wh-_-_._is r_J, ly b<_.,_xLr_the p0in-t.

. , b_c_,_,la_,th_ly a-_e u.r_prc..duative_ N:e.itbe.< do:_ II, _ x

th]ey revel{ be,cause _,'"7' _.a:_q_'_b_{:%te_rtea.k,nolog-y.u_,_.y .... _ T:hey revolt

because the%/.Teel that"land was and is being u'nju.stly grabbed

from them. Hence_ produ.ctiVity and other attendant matters such.

as credit_ #.ertilizer_ etc. are not the _oc.al i_s.ues in land

re<otto. .At best_ •thEy are .dirersigns conveniently raised by. •

those whose real purpose is t.o maintain .the status quo.

The attention productivity deserves has t.o _{_.-with whether

it 'will pO's_i%ly be.disrupted when changes in operating

:co.ndit_:ons' od.cur. IT'.a big p.lantat_ion is cut up into Small

pieces_ naturally the existing operatingsystem _marketin.g_

cred_it_ _c.) _ould be disturbed. Then one would have to

-.subs.titute_ augment, or adju__t _hatever factors or produc.tion "

relations Were a_ ,�¼�˜the .transition. S_ the Tirst

p_i.nt is: why c.ut up the operating system at•all? The real

object.ire is Simply to ch.ange the power struct.ure..- ins_ea.d _; .an

hacend:ero Owning the entire plantation_ i<t _is su_Ti, cient to have,i "I •

�”�œ�¸a community "o_ w_rkers wlno_ as a.g.roup'_ are in

de._.o_rati_ cOr, trol 0 ha_iendai it.is .not necessary to

.s._.b._i. v.irde 'the h a.c i,en d a.4

OW.n_r.s-us.uall.!,' _o_.trlbu_e something t_ prod:uctivity. It i_., ,'. .

<:i i .WI-,.-'n _heF ar_-_ _ompiet_e!v absent and uninvolved th_ their

removal _ou.ldhav._ n_ .e_._._ c_n p_u_tivi-Ly. Where O_.e ;ir_.ds• . . ] ' , , . . •

--her_an_y. (_h_:her ': ...... " ' ' -_ -._roportion.al _;.en_ c,_ Tic.ted rent) tog_:ther with

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_b_-eD/ee.ff-,!an-_lorc_iS_. it m.eah.s the _a.r.m_,r has been c_perating ..c_n.

t_,i,s, own. H-e :ha_ aire.ad.y been a.n independent <ari?,er t making

__ec.is.imr.,_-s b'y himse!f, knowing .h:c,w.t_ u..se t.echnOiogy, and working

_.-_.h ..... wi..h.b the l an d_._er This c.a.se i.s th.:ei.. i ,

_..e,,#._.qieS-_ "ho. _:.ut i..:!_n_d...er1a_ .r'_4..._,rm _:i t..h.otvh a..<< e:ct._ _;g Frod, u._ hi vi ty

"H:c,_.e.,¢e.l:---_ it _.=__ di 4.:_.e.t-_._t. in a 'pla_tation. _,_,ere t.a.ndlor.d:s are

heavily involved in management and where marketingties are

complic.ated. So_ instead o,_ b_eaking up these ties _ Why not

al.low -_ormer owners to. continue prov.iding m._nagemen..t or _ ma.r.keting

consultancy services?. Exoept. that in lieu .oT ••rent • for the ]and._

they should.settle for a .salary, or a consultancy. Eee. •They shoL_Id

no lonQer c_ontrol the way .the product is dis_ri, bu_ed, _-_ho =-hall

•" be/-hired or T-ired, what.wages are .to be p_aid_ .eEt. In the case. of

rice and. corn_ the main _ntrib-utior,_ even:'o$ absentee l_n.dlords,..

i.S t.h_e,lending Q; money. If they stog lending money for rice or-

Eorn produE_ion, then a sub=_titu_e =_ource oT,'Tinan_e has to be

pro_vide_; that..._as one o-_ th:e important reasons behind the

setting up- oT Masaga.na.99. In sho'rt_ landowners who do render

produc_i.ve. _ervice should be renumerated f_r. their services. If

they lend 'me'neys. tlhe'n they should be-p_id ±nter'est

F'r'o-duct._vilt," _. thbreTo_._e. _ is not a vit.al .c.onsideration except

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simply'.!t_, pre,Ten.t _,ossibie harm'._ui and disruptive effects duringi _."

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the tranSlaTiOn. ,. F'_tential' gain s in produc_ivity cannot be-..i i . .

• , , .ei'Pected =_rq__i'_'oecaus_..... there_ . is land reform._ Althougbi it is

_r_..._-bhat _.b-_ ._ il]'er .-.]_ins _.ore..i._centi yes _hen .he be.comes, the' ! : ,!;. i ' . ,

o.w._.er._! o:n_] @_:_st. rem:_mb,_r thmt. those-ince_.nt"ives were. alrea.dy part, - . . .. , . . ' . •

•o; [he ' " ' :" " ': " ..... _ _I-_e-y, were _Form.erl_z lr_,d..ge.d r_o[• _armi-r_.g _y_tem, except. that. ±-: "

with thq,._.ll, er. b_t witch th_ landldr.d. Under lar_d reTorm_ the,' • .

incentiv:es are _.Uq,_ .being t:ransTerred -From one persO.r, to ...... =_

__. , ....

Ui. _ i mz_._U.e,.ty _ i and: I i_e_Fic,r _i_ mUs'_ i nvoi vea r _al tr an,s._._ir Bf

Inl othr_.-:,'r _,_¢_,.r':¢t.s_t-ff!,e pb_.e.r stru, c:t, ure must 2_e alte,red. .It _:_'.utd be.

best i,I-_suc_ transfers -,_ollow principles o_ eattitable

r.edistributiE, n _-4ke ability to pay ar'_d _bi].it'-/ to aT_ord._

Traditic<nally_ it is the landoWner's sacri àÀ�Œi_ requfred

in !and reT.orm_ but it is quite pc_ssible to have a reTorm Where '

landowners are compensated.gen_rously_ even to t.he extent of

applying m_i_::_t, valL_(e compe.nsation, The ultimate_objectiVe is to

remove _them T.rom the agrarian po_-_er structure and make them shift

_isewher'e in the economy. That._ in itsel;, would already be a.

reEorm.

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•, _ . _., _,f:_ •The Triar _ar;d_ purchase a �X�xIu._= Revolution i= a

ca=Je in. .point, "The friar orders were g'enerousl'y compen.sated (by

J-'-- ' " _ m _.the American _.xpaye_s) They _imply. +_ans,_erred their

investme,nts elsewhere and ceased to be imp Qrtant elements in the

agra-rian power, s.tructureo..

Wh.ere .would the Eunds come Erom? This i_ a. financial issue, i

" t!]e nation a_ a w_ol.e would have. to absorbwh_i ch eg..entual ! ;/ . _ - -''{

Even i_...c_,pita], i_'seL_u'red 4rein abrc, ad_ .ev:er,.t_.,a].ly it is-"'sti].l!" ..

the t._.,.,_..-.i'=,"_=_.--,_-_._._ who wili have to may,. Th._v will have to _b_or,._ the

d:]i_ _ er en._e -_ i ,-".' , • L_.neTic_i ari es_-._,_ l_=_30wners _ompenSa±.ion and h_.- .

• , ' , i .. ' Neat._ =_1._ay_T.l,ei-i_s, ' Tl"_e sc, cial .[/_ol3serisus .hi-_--._d c91_ the. SociaI _ :'--_ • '-7--

, . • ., . • • .

St, ati o.ns.,'+_tle.n_m_m...publ i c _<p.ini m.n surve-y._ i .s "tk{_"_s _._k,ere" -' mu_'t ....._.,e -_meI '<

c .

<o_i.Der_sa_'hio,[_ _S 7,1ell a_+ some Dayn-ser_t. O.nl}' I0 p_rcerFh o;

Fi i i<pi.)]o_ ,b.ei.i..ev.e- .:in •p_,n,_isdati.o._,._ wlni I e o1"_].7 !q pe.rcen't believe

•4..n .Fre.e diStribu_ic!n (tho.s.e _..-'_k;obe:i.ieve in b_th co/-Ffi_.c.ation and

, h _-t- t __V eTre.e di.=.tr_b.u_..1-L,l, arc, .__,,., Only a-mi;nc_rity o& ,%_-:_pe-.r_-.e.nt -_"I

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it., £Ltlt" _7.'_7(p;i_:{_.%.value C_,m..C.,en_c'%iO.r_ w.hile ._co.o'th_:.r mir_.c_ri:{:'-/ o4- .q.s.3.

pea-cent b..,:9.:lk<e',_,e iri 9L',i ,'t iria,rk.et • V..C.x,.ltt.e.p_y_et_ %. The dominar-_tI

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,,.,.

._[il_!Rino, viei-_ thus_ is partial cmmpensation and partial _axment.

Re._:-our'oe or Budg.etarv Al]om_tion: The Need T_r it

To dist_nguis.h between compensation arid payment_ there must.

be a wedqe between the t-_o. That w.edge_ or the dif-_erence be:hween

the price the landowner recei\,'e_ and the price .the b.eneqiciary

pays_ is wb_,at a lind .reEorm pro, gram has to su.bsid_ze. Under theJ

_, sc-h_em'e_ there was no wedge at all It was the same _rice

•;or compensation as wei.l as payment, with no gap in between. In

Tact: n_ Tir_a.n'c.e was even supposed _--L_be needed, . The Land Bank

was originally.not supposed t.o be involved. In d.e=_ign_ it was

quite ideal_ and everything should have been Tully paid by 1987.

Hc,we.ver_ as implem.ented_' the prime did not prove..a_fordable, uas

seen by .the Tact that' many c_uld _ot pay acording, to' s_hed-ule.

Re_olving land re-Forum _ '.. u:, _inanc.ial _mmpensalion, iT it _an

• ,_..i......_ and pea.ce_ul, way o._ doing i't 3/be d_ue _ is the. m_.t __ "_.--_ . ._ Buti_

land, r_m, <a.nnot be de_,a_./ed tc_o mm.r/h while l_okir_.g -_or the• {

1__ , .I

L,u.dg-_ al.loca.tion Ofle can obtain Turther _und_. through taxes mr

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by _h_ting ail'acations -_rom other progfam_ (including the debt

! , _.servi_:e prO:g',i_'a_r,). ' ._r_thi s _ontext, ].arrd reTorm becomes the

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co#_Cern i-_Jt;6.01y p6 the Department <{; Agrarian .Re-_%{rmbut o}

c...,tbet .gmv._i_n-ment 0-_-_" " ' " .......... n=._Uti_n.s as well . ,; _. i .. .(..

U:]ii.ke under the past administration, _._e _._ional Economic .I '

_e'v'.ei,'.c<,.p.,_._.:_rt"A_._.;_.f.}_r.i-'ty and. the .Fina-t, ce Depertmerit have"n.ow joinP_,c],.

_,l_.e c_u.,_=.e ,_;m_. t &nd re_:_rm _, t.o.ge.,_h:e_- _i -th tbe....D_ep.,a:rtme_.t o,_

7_,•...... ._:;,_ . .. .- . . " _.-cu,_4 ._.e, .t%eEd_.m:.P.-_,Jme&'.'ing "L_,i'_ _._verm"m_r,t m._re--_._,g,_-._'r _.. R{.-;,.T.o_9:,_' oe =-.... =

......[..... :.............._, �...........___' I 2_/ Sn _.he _:a_e_ _.;. ....._,..-_e '-._,-_,t.ic=C,_.__,m_d_ _he need t_ compensateis il'e_.._.,,,_._....._4..e,.n.'e'thete==... . _._ _ _e; Compen.=_a.t:iO_ pa.-c.kege.._ perhaps in the ��0OT Idist".t_lrb,,a.t*_,_'se pa'yment,:e.,. ma'y ba.ve, t.(_:, b.e.. wc,i_ked o_,_t,,

f_

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integrally committed to i.t Moreover_ the Department oT- Natural

•ResoL_rces c_ncurs that it should a_Iso be involved_ as

nec.essita_ed by the problem_m _{ socia! unrest in.-_he uplands.

There is now more "_eam e;i.orl th_n be/ore_ Which is a good •sign.

E,h___!_N_, _L_ _edL_l,i nq ._ . .

I.m_ t.h_ p_i_sing_oT /and re_rm_ nat.L_ral]_y one-should attend

to %lie .m_s% inequi%ous cises @irst.. Fo.r ey_ample_ it is only T.air

_.totOuch the clro_,ies" !an_s {±rst b_ca_se the cromies deserve to

be punished:. <Again, pu:blic opinion .surveys sh_w that pu_nishment

0_ cronies is very popu_lar among Filipi.r_os. in T_ct_

sequestration is just a term used_ it seem=_, to avoid the term

"co.n.Eiscati.on"._ iT such cronies" la_nds _re, not .eventually

conTiscated, many wiil be very disappointed.} . HoweVer, these

-landS.. _..ii i not.. b.e enough ' to. solve the pr0bi eros o; inequit'y. The

p_r_ce'_.s o_ laird r e_or_: has. to go _urther_

• The second basic p_-inc.iple is t_ stuart with those with th_

most a_i _ it-,_, t q .o_ i e to start with the big.gest areas,

W_r..k..if_g d.oWf; tt-, the .=._ller ones_ unt41 one gets. to the land

•e.ei i.i_._g, br. _e+er, ti'or., i imit.

L.i _t.l.e. B,e.o_. _;. gs....Li_tl..e...F'eo_.e.

• . I _ . r." ?-

One •_ten be r_ ti_.e _s-_u_ raised _T _..h._- a'!.].e.g.ed con-flier

i._,_l ebe_'w.ee-_-the., lit!.!e _e!-_.a.n.-t--,_.s. the..I "_-_ school teacher _.__.hoh.as

, he_- ].-i_;e .sevir_g_'.inv_-s_ed in l_nd._ This is not a _eal issue,

hc, weve._ b.u.t _-nlv a diversi.c_,n b:ei.n_.. . rallied _,_'-,y th.c,_.e..who, reall'y

_._ht '._:h:e .-_:.:,_._..u_._qt_ t._ be, .p:reserved:.. The 1 it.t], e .te._i.ant i_ n:._tl !

t h _.[1 i "

tebo_.e_.,. _._:e.t_';_gi':.So l ittt.e.,, h._._, _-_:__,.sh.e ab'u.se him.;, bow _.an e_he

deny 'him of his ecor, omim rights_ o_ his po!iti_al rights and of.

his .human riQh.ts?

The Only p.roblem with a retentionlimit_ if there is to be

a limit at all_ is that "it creates first and: second class

b_neficiarie-_. I_ a tenant Or a T.arm worke:r is in an. area

EA -"_

..Falling b.el_ow the re_tention limit_ ti]efq he c.annot_benefit like

another person in an a_rea not covered by the •same. Tn a way, he: i

is'-se_,"o.ndclass and. that.might ma:k.e him ._eel aggri.eved. ButI'

the.re i-s. str_ng doubt that hi=-. grie'_'ance would b.e =-b_Tficient/

enough to compel him to _oin an armed revolutionar,/ movement.

Tc_ really pursue the iSsL_e _f se.cond class beneTiciaries_ .

one mioht ]as well have a zero retention limit. So_ "How aboL_t

the peer s_hool teacher?" Obvious!y._ .the rationale beh_.nd her

desire to• ._wn land .is financiai secu•rity./ T•hUs_••the apprc_p•riat.e

a.ct.io..U. i.=.to ...... :tufa her land with equ.e,.lly goo'd forms.of.

I;

se,-U_-i_V li_-_s a really generous.:, in_.latio_-adjusted pensioD

I ,

__-ch em_.._.

:£he final;. po.-;._]t ti3 c._.nSid_F is _he highl.y imp_rtant role of

peop_._'.S. _.rticip_!%ioF_. . s.i.n...-z.e r_-._=.-ist_nce to ian.j, re_or'_, is .a.. . } . , . • , }. , ,. :.'. .

'.. •, • .... . , . .. - ,. • • . , ... .. • _' • .:

s_rdiN .t_eal!_v. .._Y_e:r'e':[= a.w:uf.---_.nt.neck.d_or so.clial c.oun%._.r-• ., _" . .

I, [ , .

' _ ..... _JC .f_r_as_tr _. aS can b-.eo_evided by peo.ple pOi,_e.r- For a _u.u_.__._,ul

_.mplem._n_hati.e?..r,.._.a _._._:c,ugn land r_Tc_r;m wc,L_id ha'vje t._ in.votive _he'.Z

z-'_me.rS." a._'_4._ej-.la.=--r_.(3n-Tarm.ers" O_i_ga.niz_5,cic_,n.s...,_.,, • .

• .:__. __ _N.,I,...y'l;Pi.:_._.ru_;h t.cm_.a-rds lav_.d., re._orm?. Ir_ %,._. fii__at a.naJ,ys_.s._.! ! ,

I _ I,. . .

s.umvi-ve._ Of _:.I,_.e ....

._!_.

T.ec_nical ASpects of Land Reform: •Production Schemes andTenurial Arrangements

• ' •by

Ma. Agnes _. Quisumbing

Department of, Economics

College of Development EConomics -and ManagementUP at Los Banos

Professo'_. Adriano and I will discuss ec.onor_'_C issues which

° have implicatio.ns on the design. Of .an agrar.lan reform policy,

Many Of ihese issues have a.lr.eady been raised.by Dr. Mangahas,

but we". focus on specific, issues related tO t.he nature of the.

agriculthral sector Which would have. implications on the long-

term suc.Cess of. an agrarian reform program.. While we believe

that the politica.l motivation is eertainly a crucial factor in

agrarian ' reform, particularly the statement of initial

c.ommit,ment.,, w.e must. r_member that in the :m_di.um, and l.ong-term,,E

t_erei are objective economic realities which are just' as

': " af terimpor, ta.nt to make. ag.tarian reform sustainable. That is,

the l_d has been redistributed, there must, be mechanisms to make

s_re ,that the- program, makes its beneficiaries economically

viabl,e., _nd.. that. 'the, inew st.ru-cture after redistribution will .not

c.oncentratlon .. AlSo, . . ....r.e, "_,,.e,r.[_ b :a'._,k Ih 0 .a s S,e' t _ I _ I I " I I .ag r at' i_a.n re_ o.rm ramS, t'

••• • , •

b..e v,ie:,_ed:..,ni_t o_,ly, a.s'a ,p.01it_ cil .n.or,.c0unter:,._n.S_rg6nc,y " .t,0__:.".:.

i , . .'j ,i ,. . :' _,r

(wh.i,ch. w:_uld !ead " .to .pieCemeal and Short-refro effo.rts) but as aI.

p:art -O._ _" b,:_.-o..adei_ development s.trate_y for the. agricultural

see t_:__

T:_e.re.,£..r.,.:e_t.w,,eiSsu,es whi<s:h:.,!..will disc_:ss. Firs, t i's the

•I • I •_.si[_.eO,f a,_:_i,e,ultural he,tere,g"_:,_:eity.,w.e p.i.ck u,.p,this iSSue whi.c.".d•

!

Dr.. ...Mangahas raised a _while ago that there • are alternative

schemes of .land reform which are. appropriate to spec.ific

cases, in, the agricultural sector. The reason behind this is the

under, lying heterogeneity of the agricultural s.eetor: there are

diff.er.ent production or marketing arrangements which exist across

crOps, geographicalregions, and even agroclimatic zones (upland

vs. lowland) . . Thus, the form of agrarian re_.orm may differ:

across crops.. The. Second issue is whether Or not the .government

should specify the particular fo.r_n of, tenureship changes in its

land reform program. Our main point is to stress the. need for

flexibility in agrarian reform policy..

Regarding agricultural heterogeneity, the sector is

characterized by different production and marketing arrangements

across crops. If we were to classify agricultural crops

according, tO a simple typology aceording tO characteristics of

supply} and" demand._., we come up. with a-picture of a very diverse, [;

agricultural . sect_r (Table. i). For example, rootcrops, rice,I,

Corn _nd vegetables WOuld be"grown on small sCa.le-peasant farms

while i eOn_nercial fa.ri_s and agribusiness corporations growing

b.ana.ha.S a._i:_. .piieap.pl e for export wo'uid be classified as

Capit.alis.[ en.terpris.es, be.cause of [heir sCale of operation and• .. .. .• ... ., . :• . • . ., • ,

u.s.e. I_ fI w.a g.i_. lab0;r.. Then, thege 'I I I I' I I I I I II• are al S_. n.0n-capit ai is[''' '", " ' "- ': ' " ' k:

pl.an ta:t..i:ons ; :such .as those i.n smgar a.n:d -co-cOnut, Where t.he] " .

pr.edo-mi.n.ant. " ;....._ ..... "arr.ang.eme.nt could be..tenancy or wage labor t-he

. . -, 4=,latter being-di_-r.e.rentiated from capitalist-enterprises due t.m

t.h_ e.xist.:e._:!_.eof Othgr s.o..ci&.la.nd, institutional ties between t_ei . "/

_Oirker a.nd:,i.%._:i:e_landlord as in the bacie,n:da sys.te:_n,of N.e.g.ros)..

2

•.• • ••

•• 4' 5

-P_a.b....9'"!i....Sla_ip-le......Typo.i.e.g.yof _.arm Enterprises. and Crops.. in. thePh i-li.ppine s

•. _ .... . ,<

J

:.F.o.c_:..'s_ . ..-wag.e.FQod.s Ind u str ial/L_.xu.r.}_'...- Ex.ports

id:•9<•i]_a•r•!_l_ •(eo:nsumed by • (for ind us•t•r•_a•lor

_5"17e.._g:r_{eu.l[__a! w_..ge_e.a_rner_..;avail- consutap:tion %y,.hiig.h• _,_.:_u.bs._.:s[._'e_:. able on. t.he market) income groups::). "

".': [ . -." . . , " . . ,

• ____.,_ _____. .............................

whe.._t mi2k'i

•• • - • i,

[• • ••:•

_i r/ice rice,, corn, fish livestock co,fee, tobacco.

•]_qe_g:.a.:bies- " vegetables .(bac k_ard ). _ ab.a.ca

[i••

< "<

rice palm oil pineapple

(G.O..47) commercial •banana

•• cO._n, lives to.ck. .o

©

l., ....... • ,q

• sugar _ coconut for •sugar•

eo£on.u% -(as .coconut industrial use) , coconu.t (as

" oil) sugar (for copra)industrial, use.)

!•. ['...

The: •technical requirements for •each crop• as well as the labor

institutions may be different in each of these Crops so that a

uniform •agrarian •reform [scheme may not be uniformly applicable.

This does not, however, negate the need for the-redistribution of

ownership, and access to rental income from land.

In terms of geographic location, some types of enterprises

ame prevalen:t in some regions but not in 0there, e.g. sugar

haciendas in Negros,. agr_business plantations in Mindanao. With9

re_:pect to agroclimatid zones, there are major differencesr

between upland and lowland agriculture. Because much of uplandL

agriculture is on public lands and cannot be treated a.s -within

the public domain, systems of access differ, --'there are areas

where common property rights would apply. Furthermore, be•cause •

of physical characteristics of upland agriculture, soil quality

is o f£en poor and some farming practices- could • lead to

environmental degradation. Each crop would also have different- [

teChanical requirements regarding irrigation, labor, credit and

other [i.n.putS, as well as the importance o.f sca.!e economics.

Thus, the approach O_f parcel!ing out or dividing the operational

unit may d.%sFup_ pr0d._.cti0n processes and should mot be used as

a unig.ersai mode[ for iand reform. As mentioned earlier, we must• , • .. . • •. . • [. ,. . . ,., , "

find a s_stem of _edistri.butioh Which-_d_e.s not break upthe siz.:e• ,J '. ' 'Ii k. " ' "

of the ope.ratin.g Uni_ if th..e exi-s-t'ing size i-s already efficient,I

!f_ h.ow..evT.er,r. it i.s-n:o.te-f,ficien.t, i.e. it. is n_u_h larger than its

(_.p".:timlb._.size_. then.., .olf.ceu.rse ,..we have a: r-e-_-so;n_io.r breaking it

up. Tib_.i. '..i:_.%the Cas.e._Z Op.e.ration Land Tram.sfer., sin:ce rice .and

_ I "

,_@_n i"_,m©_.s.t.]i.yg.rQwn fa:mi!"y .S_i:z_._arms._ the size of the farm.i' " "

UNitwas not really disturbed, and t,here were no Changes in the

scale Of operation.

The question now arises about the other crops : For example,

the main argument against.extending land• reform tO crops such as

•sugar ...an_ coconut would be the. existenceof ec0nomy of .sca'.l.e in

those Crops. However, this is actually an•empirical issue•, and

one should _eally have to •find out•whether or not ; economies of.

scale exist. F.irst. of all, do they exist in these crops? If

emp.irical.. .investigation show t_at there are no economies o.f

S.cale, meani.n.g that large .farms are hot more efficient than small -

farms, then redistribution or division of the productive unit is

feasible and may, in fact, increase efficiency. If economiesof

Scale 'exist, however then we have to look for .ot._er ways of

_.edis.tribu.tin:g ownership such as cooperatives, contract farming,

etc .'

I

• . , }

Tol:cite specific examples, it is commonly assumed that large

{ • ,

scale, co.mmercial f_rms are more efficient than peasant •farms andF1

that increasing .recUrns o.f scale are strong in. sugar and banana.

1._m.we.ve,r;rec,en.t {.tud;!_s have shown that in low-wage deve'loping

eountrie:s like the Ph.ilip_i.h.4s, agr.iculture is eh.aracterized by

c.0.nstant retu_n.s to s._ale b.i _ even scale dise.conom'i.le.S, we refer" ...... :..... I ...... " " " ' - ' " " ':

tO a paper writ..t.efLby: _.s... Cieiit:0 Habito_ of UP. LOs " B_n.O.S, the

rel{evant da:.:__0}.fWlhi.ch is r.epr.odu.ced in Ta.b_e 2.:.

5

Table 2. Sugar Production Costs for Different Farm Size

Farm Size Cost per picul (_).

Small farms (1O hectares and below) 107.50

Medium farms (between i0 ,.to50 hectares). • 124.0_

L_rge farms. (a.Dov.-e5U.hectares) _ 1.20.00

....... ,.%.

Source. of b.asic data : PHILCUMSOM, A Schei_e for. the

Rationalization of the Philippine Sugar

Industry, 1985.

The data .sh0w that small sugar Zarms incur the least cost to

;

produce one. picul of sugar, and that there are .even dis.econom.ies.

o.f sca._.e i.n su.g.a.r"farming, FOr example., the. cost per picu.l for aI

farm le.,$s than io _ectares is _107;50. This increases to. _124,00

for,farls bet.ween 1O to 50 hectares. For farms whichare bigger

than 5:8"nec£a.res., ihe. cost per picul is _120.00.. This shows that

. ;the econom.tes, of 's.ca[e argument cannot be used against land

ref,o.rm in #u,,,g,a.r, In _.a.ck; a compa-rison of the Philippine t-o

_ther shgar_pi_Odn"cing '._0untries_: i_ .SHOW .._"that : we •have,: <. '. I .L • '[: : " "

extra.ordin_ri.iy l,.arge sug.ar farms.. The Philippines i.s an anomaly

I "

sin,.ce a-l_,St...ha.l_ _£ i[S total .s.ug..arCane area consists of f_rmsi

.e.._c.,eed_n.g,.5_ " .._,;e:c_ares i-n size, while far.ms smaller _han 5.

.h,e,ctare,.S:ac._..mu_t for 99 per<<.e.n,tQ,f Sug.ar cane. farms in Ta_wan, 99:.I

©,ercen_..t,: i.n ..J.',a.p,,a,n.,,6,3._5 p_e,:rcen.ti.n India and 7"2 p-ercent in5

I

_6

i

have done well with predominantly small sugar" tame farms, there

seems to be no reason Why the Philippines cannot. Hence, in the

case of sugar, the scale of economies _'appear to exist only in the

processing and marketing activities and not in farm production

itself.. Contract farming to small farmers or cooperative

ownership of a sugar farm may then be,the solution. Therefore,

there is r:eally no reason to use economies 'of _ scale as an

argument ag.ainst 'land. reform _n sugar.

The second major issue which I want to address is whether or

not t.he .:government should impose t'he type of tenure relations in

a land reform program. For .example,. the shift from share tenancy

to _easehold tenancy was instituted on the grounds that: (i)

share tenancy is inefficient compared to fixed rent leasehold orJ

Q_.ge. labor; (2) Share tenancy is the most exploitative form of

produ_ction relation,, and. that r (3) we want t.o liberate theI

tenant _.rom the."feUdal bondage" of landlord-tenant relations.

.Re'_.trictiOns On the form of" tenancy, have several negative

im:p..iications .and ma.V, in fact: be unfounded. First, empirical

S._udie:$ ha9._ _.hown that productivity is neutral with respect to

te_Uriai ,change. Seco:nd, what is crucial is, • ,.. " . . , . '.., . . .'

e_ectl_,e rental .redu.ct:to.n, not the form of t.enancy. Th._.t is, a

shi, tt " fr,em s.h.a,re., tenancy to leasehold Would not benefit the" ' 1 " ' " "

_..e,n.a_t_.nl.e...,%.".s.the rental sha_e is effectively reduced.. Third, a

f_c.U S D,n b_a._e tenancy as the issue excludes, crops wllere

•_ . ,._ "...,,..1.._._._uc_t1._.n._e}.a.{.i,o{_s_are not c.haracterized by tena.nc:y but who.re

.a...$.s_to,.w_}e_-_:.:h.ipi.s.h.igI1!y eo,nce.n't.Lr.a._.ed. For example, it weul.d

7

exclude %age labor on sugar plantations and capitalist

enterprises like multinational agribusiness .corporatiOns.

Fourth, i_ we remove the lan<11ord as asource or channel of

inputs (like credit for seeds and fertilisers) w'ithout adequately

providing support services through other institutional

arrangements, tenancy reform will not work because t.he tenant

loses access to resources. Fifth, it neglects sthe issue of

subtenancy _and landless workers. Lastly, it may lead to eveni

more inequitable prod uc£ion arrangements as in slime codD nut areas

Where landlords terminated tenancy contracts including the right

of tenanhs to intercrop, and substituted them by hired laborers

with the consequence of reducing the amount of employment and

labor income. Thus, control of the form of tenancy may be both

inefficient and inequ ftable; wha£ is more critical is the

effective r e:duckion of the rental share accruing to the landlord.

i

Tehnima! Aspects of;Land RefOrm:

Pr0ductionschemes and. Tenurial Ar_angements

by

•Lourdes Adr.i_no i.

College of Developm.en£ EcOnomicS

.. -and Manag.emen _ (CD._M) .. "UP Los Ba_os

I shall onc_ again echo t.he 3Dints raised.by. M.ahar earlle.r

but wh.er_eas Mahar discussedthem, in the •sphere of politics•, I

shall look at them from the•economy's eye.

The .Agrarian Reform Policy. (.ARP) is essentially a Policy

that affects 'assets, in particular, land ownership. A

comprehensive ARP, however, will include the exploitation and

utiiiz.a:"ti.O_ of agriCul.turai and other natural _.es.o.UrCe.s.. In t.he

c..6nt.ex.t0.Z ¢:rop lands,., .i£ dea.ls primarily with. the redistribution

0f i and.._

•B.ea!ring this in mind, what, then arm the priority a_ea.s for

cm.nsid.6.r_ti:Ofi fo_- ar._ag.farian reform po..lic.y? I will concentrate

' ' in partloular On, h.he explol0tatlon of land resour._e..,._ the latter

•he in.g. defi_...ed_.at.eg-Qr iz.ed .as (:i).lowland S ,.amd .upi.,a.hds :and. .(i £ )

i _b.lic and pri.vately_o:Wned lands..,

.. .. ,. .

_ibe. _'i,rSt p.c%orzty .area that .should. be taken,, into

_n:sid.,er,_i_._ is wh:at we-me..a:n by a _._s.t laf_d S"iz_e.... __,e"_ill not.. ,, .. .. , :_.',=":&,.,_ ..,... ,.:.-_.' ,± _'.,...:., • ,.. • .

g.iVe, _._.s.we.rS_. t-iN:._:_:,_:.h._...bu..t,will ._,n.._:_rai.se the: is.s,_.est.h.a_ sh,ould

}_e. _a_.k.,,,_ed,. _d_, _:_i._SSii_,.n,_:. a,n,.a .fie_,m_z.,_,_£.s_ an agra,_-!a,..m, reform po.t icyi •

: 2"

The. •first problem .'that has to be resolved is the .size of

land which the State" will allow prospective tillers to maintain

for exploitation. On efficiency grounds, the criterion is quite

straightforward, i.e.,, the. optimal " land size is the mln.imum

hectarage that is f.easible for the productive cultivation of the

crop i.n qu.es.tlon.

In terms of equity .objecti_es _-, however, the criteria for

determining the just land. size can become complicated. First,

the defi.nition of property rights is different for lowlands and

uplands. Second, the economic,, value of croplands varies

especial'ly _depending on various factors like land .quality,

availability of or proximity to productive facilities, such as

irrigation roads, markets, etc. Third, for plantation lands:,

equity iissue Concerns how small the lands can be subdivided so as

_.D benefit the most nu_er of tillers or workers employed in% '

these, pl an tat io'ns. E.Our th, for publ ic domain, the problem

Involves_ not only the determination of the equitable land size

-bat also ti%e d_ve!opme_nt of the criteria which will become the

b_sis fo,r id_htif.yih@ the--appropriate deaiers of these lands.

And _{fg:h, i_ terms, of implementat:ioln , the State will have. tO

_gh the -s_odi.al a.nd economic" benefits and costs of imposln.g

_+i.-th_er..<_r_.e:.ia._d size ceilin:g., whether it be small, medium or

_.a<r.ge. Sm.ai_may be iess than 2. hectares, medium, maybe/ fr_,_

_. _.rea.Ser %ha-n_ 2. hed-tares to pr_.bab.!y i0 tO 15 h.ect.ar_s, and large

,w{_U.l_b.e.:f".r._'!5._top.rolb.ably 50. b_:tar.es. It c0u._d.,either be on:e-l I

'_iZe[ ceiling' o.r _riouS land .s._ze limits, depending on the

mro_p,_ an.d D'%he_ criteria.

,,_'., .

The second issue that should be of major concern is the

appropriate agrarian reform measures.. Table 1 lists alternative

modes.of agrarian reform schemes. As.illustrated in this table.,

there are various agrarian reform schemes that can be employed.

The most minimum reform measure is one which merely modifies the

percentage .share in .outputs, e.g., 30 or 25% to th_ owner and the

.residual accrues to the tenant. A criterion that the government

could, probably Use in determining the share of the tenant is by

pegging' the minimum share of the tenant to the prevalent minimum

wage .in the area.

The table likewise describes the characteristics ..and main

features o{ the various modes of agrarian reform schemes; it also

Zdentifies the appropriate production arrangement for each mode.

The last column. On the other hand shows, the direct beneficiaries

o-f such imode O.f agrarian r'eform scheme.}

Le._: us briefly ''elaborate on the d iffe:.rent forms of

di-strihu, tive schemes. 2{ goes from the i'ndividual ownership mode1

t,_ _ D.rofig-s.haring t?'pe. Some ol Lhese are quige familiar to

Us., I_i_divi.Q.-_al ownership.,fO9 fnst.ance, is .similar to the rice

a.I_d c.e.rn. _eh..eme .t.hat w:e are curt e/iti 9 appl jin.g,. Item B

(r.e.ferrin.g. ho the .£ategory in table)..entails priva-te ownership of

_._d With .coi._.ect..i.vemari.a_ement. That mea.ns that t11e government

sti.zul.a_;es. _..b.,_.la:..ndceiling._..,, fo.r example 2 he..mta.tes f.o[ each of

t_e. pr'OSpectj}ve tenants o.r.Wage. W,o.-rZ_.rs. H©w.ever., the .pr.o:c.essifigI : I

_{_d.ma..rh-_.[_.:_:a},<{.£vi<ie_ ea.n b?e d_£_e, a.s..either t.k:r.0u.gh¢olie:ctive[

management or it can be channe].ed perhaps to contract farming

arrangements or cooperative systems. The third scheme is the

col iective ownership of land and management similar to that

applied • in Russian agriculture. The fourth is individual

and/or collective stewardship; this means that instead of direct

ownership, 'the state allocates rights for th_ resources '

exploitation to indigenous individuals •and/or groups of

individuals. The fifth scheme is voluntary sharing simil_r to

that currently experimented in the Negros area. The 6th form is

the profit sharing scheme where you also subdivide the pla,nt_ti0n

lands hut in this case, the profit shares ace ordeal to the workers

will ultimately be used, as their payments [or the lands they

•till.

As mentioned _arLiemr the agrarian• reform policy currently

i.

implemented by the _-ountr] for rice and corn lands is identical

to ite:_ 3a in the table. This reform measure :has been

criCiciZ'ed on {he. grounds that it is limited in both in its

objective _ of cove_.age (i.e., excludes other land farms and

r_Slources] £nd _cope as its:targetted beneficiaries e-xcluded the

ma_arity of the_ rural labor force. Moreover, the .implementation

Of lush one form 0f agrarian _eform m easur_ may be inefficient

b,e:o_.Se of _ its inf_-eXibility to adopt to the heter oge.ne0us

_haratt_erish_cs o_ the agricultural sector

In terms of the equity criterion, the choice of the

appropriate mode or modes of agrarian reform measure is

intimately linked with one'.s definite perception of who should be

the beneficiaries of these programs. In the past, the

beneficiariesof these reforms were limited to the rice.and corn

tenants. At presenh, however, there is a gro%%ing clamor to&

include more of the rural labor force. Moreover, those who

clamor for more• target.ted' beneficiaries contend that for the

_olicy to have a significant impacton the problem of .rural

inequality, the recipient shouid include those directly engaged

in the exploitation and cultivation of all agricultural lands.

regardless of what crops these lands are producing or whether

these are privately or publicly-owned or whether these are

lowlandsor uplands.

Let. me now spe.c if'y briefly the issues on tenurial

arrange_.e.nts.. Clos.ely linked with the problem of choice Of the

_pp:r.oprfate mode of modes of agrarian reform scheme is the issue

•pertaining £o tehur(_al arrangements. In partiCula.r,, the question

is-- ,a_ aoraciin _-mef.,@rm policy determine the tenurial

. • .;..

a,.rra._]geln-_ntsor should -the choice-.,of prod.uct_On, relations. be .. the• ' " " ..... : " ' : '. _" ' " " " " '' ".,'i. '/[ ' ." . " • "

.p."-re.rogati?e o-f the. till-.ers .o'<9ex.pA:o.it:er.sof the a-gri:C.ultural' i

la_d.$.?. M:c_.r,e..S.p.e.Cifical}y,.a.r_ there .empirical gr0._n.d.s tha.t Show

•tba.t-_ t/he p.e_s.-is.t,.eh,h.e.- o_ sl_are crop.pi.ng arr.angemen:ts, have served.

_S..d[et:.e.r_entS _".o_ r.ed,_ic.:i.n.:g:the i_:e,quities _n hh.e c_u.ntry.s"ide o.r

%_h:a._.t:h,_i:st..e_-_._-_.._c;.r.os.-s.¢r0.p.5, in t...._:rms.o..zvario.u..s %ypes .of lands.

% , • .

The final issue is_.with regard the land valuation. The

present debate has .concentrated on the justice of the market

value criterion as well as the capability of the government to

finance an .agrarian reform program.. I Shall not. dwell on the

pros and c'ons of these,, but what I. shall do is tO emphasize _that.

the ••just plri.ce wily depend .bn various economic _and political

factors. These include, inter alia : (i) any agrarian reform

•pOlicy is u![imately biased in favor .of the non-land or res.o_rce

owners .(but are cultivators of such. resource); the •losers •in the

case -of land are the land owners; (ii) .the amount of subsidy

which the government is willing and capable of.p.roviding as Well

as the soufc.es_ of. these subsidies (whether it be a grant, a tax

on the public in general, ora land tax.). The third is the time•

duration of the transition phase, i.e., the length o.f time for

the p.._.yment per"±0d. And fourth i.s the economic and socia.l price

{i

of a •[ixed _es.ource; • land may be. renewable but certainly

.e'xh.au.s.t.{bl.e. and if We include •natural resources, these are

dep!.etabl.e re so.urceS.

T_ c.dnclude the fommulati.on of a._.agrarian •reform polic_(

sh.Oi_,ld be-s.e@.n.a.s ,,_,nintegr.a! .c_ompone,nt- of :the ov.erall economic• ... . , " . • . . . , '...[ , .., . • . .

_rogr"am_..fo._ the agr:icu_.{-ural s_%-tor.. .in the .past,. the agr.ari_.

mef_-rm., poli..'C-.yh.a_S...b:ee.nespoused merely to appease the p0:litica!

_:-.nr.es.[."and. ..as a aonsequence o-f t.h_s,, it. has b._:en viewed as

_ndep.'e}_e_,.t _.f. &nd u.$_al_y unr.e.l.a.-te.d.t© the 0fih_r eZfie..ie.ncy.-

m_rie-n.<t;e£:_n._-_e:.v,en.eq:ui{y:_d.ire:c.t.ed'._b'.j.edtives.for _he agri¢ultu.rai•" ] " • ... , . •.... . , . . ....

I

.sector. Now .this can be rectifi.ed by the fact that •for instance/

while MAR is to be the implementing arm for agrarian reform, the

issue of land reform should actually transcend _MAR. It actually

should involve MAF in food, the MNR, and also the support

service-oriented agencies like•the MLG, the MPH and the like.

Another point, that we- would like to emphasize_ is that the

inequity problem is a result Of interlocking factors and thei

solution will depend not just on relying on the agrarian reform

but on various, sets. or a configuration of equity-directed -

policies.-

To put that into perspective, let us briefly discuss what

the sources of inequality are in the rural sector. The first

source.is the unequal distribution of land owners-hi p . .Corollary

to this. is. the issue concerning, the asymmetrical allocation of].

the. right to have access to and control of natural resources.

The third.source of inequality is the unproportionate access to

the use. of existinq factor market as well as marketing

infrastru.ctu.les.: 'And the fourth is "the disparity in the income

h ierarohy £_'£_ c@_ be at[ributed to the lack ._ of e mploy_er

activitAe$ in both the agricultu:re and industrial sectors. This

f.ac.tor h_d e:.xe:_:%ed_he,.downwar6. pressure o:n rural wage income, and

r_.s,ult_d t:O7 a lag. in labor in.come vis:a-vis asset income.

in e.ffe,_%,, a.grasian re.fo{m s.hou!d not b.e s_een .as the. end-all

_Qlut.i.:o.nto _!_.e.proble!_ o.f.rural inequity. Rather, it should be

_._ _s. p.a._t._nd p.arcei of .a_ ewe.r:a_ll,equity-o,rien_ed p._o._ram for

the!agrie, ult?_4r.al sectot_ Th._:_,ky'_U.I

7

Table I. Characteristics of Various Modes of Agrarian Reform Scehmes .

Modes of AgrarianReform Schemes Characteristics Beneficiary

I. Improvement in sharing - minimum percentage - tenantarrangements _hare of tenant is 4_'

• @

: equivalent to pre-

valent wage income ":•_•"=

2. L.easeho!d system . .a) Fimed rental rate -•fixed rent and assured - tenant

of long tenure

b) Prog.ressive rental - rent increases over - tenanttime but tenure in

land is for a longduration

3. Distribution schemes

a) l.n_ividual ownership - individual ownership - tenant,

of land and management w_ge workers.

of farm by household

b.) Private o%n_.ership' Of' ---individual ownership • - tenant,

l&nd with collective, of land parcels but wage workers

m_nageme•.nt .. management of production,. and marketing" activities

e) Collective .o_e•rship - a la RUssian agri- - tenant,

_.f'.-!and.and man_-ge_0_e.nt Culture wage workers

d}" [_di.vidu_:t .and/or _- Use rights instead - tenant,:z,a_'modlle.Cti ve -stei_ard_-_.__. ....of o'_ners.hip are }. :_.wag.e.-.;workersSt

_•. :- :•shi_: :-..... ••. •_c_:e,d .+_O•_indi•_vidu•ai•s•P:z,:_t--..e_, 7,.c• .;_%c,i_•% ,:.;S' of and/or _ Is O_u p s "llO _ .l " "-- ........ " "_'r_ :: ..... _= '_" "

/_nd£v i.dua I S .::..:.s-":..,:.u.=-.±-=

e). Volu'ntary sh._ri:ng - subdivid e plantation - ten•ant,schemes ' lands.._ith land wag.e workers

retention for land-

ovpaer .S

f): P_-<}f_-_'-s.h.ari_%•_ -profi t .shares of .- tenant,._,9:_;]5_.e__=_,s'_ w©rkers shall be wage wOrk_e.rs

, , . . . .. , .i I : : • " "

used as payments.''tO la_ds

Perceptions and impressions of the Farmer

by

Francisco Lara

Philippine Peasant Institute

•First of all, I wish to emphasize thatI am n_t_a farmer but! &

that I work _with the Philippine Peasant Institute which assists

provincial and iocal.organizations_of farmers in their research

ana information needs. And. when i speak about the impressions of

the farmers, let me clarify at the outset that I talk about the

farmers, the peasants and the farm workers who are affiliated

with the Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas (KMP). The K_MP, as you

ma_y kno,w,. had held several discussions on land reform and had

come out wit.h_ a comprehensive program for agrarian reform since

last yea..r, The National Council Of the KMP came out with a draft

proposal}: Which was presented' in various fora in the provinces and

then fii,_ally apP,rov.e_d in a Congress for unity of the KMP. And_t

_et, because the KMP believes that this is the time that it has

Ii

to Show, its 'r_aasona',olenass, and because KMP believes that there

is a lo.t Of "'"f " wi . genuinesp..a.ee thin this government, to implement a. ..

land r.efor.m pro@ram,, it has. been holdin.g back on its

,co,zn,p.r,ehensiv e pro g<.am and-in f._ct has just been push'i.hg f-or even

a min.i,mu_ prQ,g,ram for. .!and reform.

..The comL_._'ehens.ive p:r:O,@ra_ of the K_iP t_.kes 5 ye:_rs to

imp!e.me:nt, £_._.ided into: i). a Z-year period ft>r taking .o¢.er theI .{

Crony _ _e.qm-_s,'_i,.er,ed _. id l.e., a.band.o.n_.edand foreclosed •la,n,_h,©ldin:gs ;

2.) . ia 2_.y.e.a.r.l_.eriod wherein there will be an entry into. Other

1

areas not previously covered by the first phase and whi.ch are

large landholdings; and 3} third phase which will be the period

when we _ enter into even the smaller landholdings with proper

,compensation for the small landowners and When there will .be..an

expropriation of the lands which are, •presently occupied by the

tran.snational co.rpora.tions. Right n.ow, the pub_ic's perception

of the KMP' program is based .on what it has been projecting since

last year, that is, the minimum program which works on .the crony,

the .sequestered, the idle and abandoned and the foreclosed

Iand holG ings. _.

The program of the KMP has been described •in 3 words i

namely:: _.omprehensive, immediate, and free. I will discuss these

3 points and I will put free at the last because that seems to be

the most controVersial. "I would like to say, however, that the

contr0vers.ial View 'o.f. free comes mainly .because of a wrong "

interpret'ation or a;_ unclear interpretation of what KMP has said- b • •

aS its _el.ief for .a fr_e distribution of land.

By comprehensl,ve KMP believes that whether or not it will

h:e b.ased On.']th_ size of landholding, .-tSekey issue should be that

_he _ l-argel, landed e.sta_eS should be %.he[ first areas to be.

s_pecific_lly Co_:r_,d_ b_..land reform. We believe that the small

•l.a_do.wh,er_ Sheu.ld b.e a[ the end. o'f the prOce::s,s o.f. land reform

_th:e_ tha-._%_,,a:t._he start. The.re. i,s.._ view., mn %he o.th.er,hand,

_hieh w!e pe_<_eive and Chat iS.., tl_iak _the ..9o_.venhmen.tthinks that

t.{.ie l.e.s._'d_nJge:_.ous, pr0-_isiens o_ hh.:e land r.e_-orm pro-gram should

I.

).ut at the last, t.h.er-eby im.plying tha-t the Small landowner

•Sz:h.0._.l.db._._t t..hefirst .pa"_ _ t[a._,.:_.rog.ram .....Jlf.we. ar:e.going, to

use the data that has been presented by Fr. Ledesma i.n the past,

he claims that 57 percent .of-rice and corn .landowners are, in

fact, small landowners. Therefore, .a pro.gram Of'land r.eform that

basically focuses on rice and corn in the initial phase only

practically .penaiizes the small landowners vis-a-vis the larger

landowners. ..

By immediate, KMP believes that the program for land reform

should not have to wait for Congress. It is. sad to note that the

Ag.raria.n. Reform Minister Heher.son Alvarez claimed .before that the

farmers will have to wait for the ratification of the new

Constitution so as to have a. stronger mandate for land reform.

Qur interpretatian at that time was that we have to wait for t.his

Constitution to take effect or we have to wait for Congress to

take effect before.the land reform program is in.st.ituted. But,

are _ now wondering why, there is so much attention and speed

being placed in cO.ming out with an executive order. If we workI,

on the s[ame reaso.nihg used by the MAR before, i.e., claiming that

the constit.ution g[yes < strong mandate for land reformr then why

.ar-e w._ •rns.bi._g. now with :an: executive order before Congress

, _ , • •

Co.nve.ne.s9 .Maybe bec.aus.e, the p_.e_e.nt. government views that once

c.ong,re,ss-is ce,nvened, _:._rndre.fo@m will'_,Ot be implement.ed There,. •.... ,, . 'i • i'., • , ° "

wi.l.l b:e a proble m Jith land reform. We heard that a,n executive

_,r@:.er is:" no,w, ..i,_t_e. making and it may be released at the samei

_., • ,_.±_e: t.ha-t PFes._dl.en% Aq:uino a.n.nounc.es the 24 senatQrial slots as

p'_,art Q_£ .a._9.1itioal ca_p._£gn, for t,he coming, n,.atienal elections.• "I " " "

We recognize this and accept it despite the fact that we d.o not

believe that land reform should be used as a political capital

for the coming polls_

Finally, by free distribution, it does .not mean that

landowners will not entirely be compensated.. There are 3,F_ . -

int-erpretation_ of free distribu_tion which KMP proposes.. One is

that if compensation should be given to the landowners i should

the farmers carry the compensation, or should the government do

it?. There are other proposals like tax being rendered on the

entire Filipino people for the payment. KMP, •however, views that•

de.fi_nite!y, not all _lando.wners will be compensated. Im areas

where you find that the land has been taken through socially

unjust means._ we cannot find any justification for expecting the

f.armers, t.o ,pay for. such lands that were stolen from them in the

fi.rst p'lace. Another positiQn which KMP believes in is that idle

and abahd-oned landholdings can be aiven • for free, but if

c_-omPe-nsai:iom has tc be given, that is, if it has been found out

that such idle an.d abandoned lands•were bought through • theI

s:avi.ngs of _a_jdowners, then maybe there is justification for

b<}mpensatiori._ Of. C.ourSe_, ho%,.e-v.e_.._ you !odk at. a:ll hi __=I., . .., , ,

._=rang.e'n}e_.tN o:ifland:, tenure • w_.ere do •gou find any p.l.ece of land

a,mou_tin.g' to. 2,0.80 tO .5.,0..00hectares .having been taken, in t.he

f_ir-s.tp.la.ce ,_hr.o._:ghj.:ustmeans? If .you l_@ok ._t it .historically. ,

the entire p.,r©:.ce.sisof-land, o,_c,_.pati.Q_nin the Phi-iippines h_s b.een

_ _.Pi Gce_'s _%._:i-,_'_9.c.._alinj..ustice.._. S,.othe_r-ef0:re, i.f yO_ look a.t it

_Le..eply, _!,_.!. _f these th0'ug.._:£".s.._f,hectares..o..f k_nd will fail

under j:ustly acquired means. Even Hacienda Luisita. So that

becomes another problem. If you want to put in our positions

that lands acquired through socially unjust means will not be

paid for_ then that already has a large effect On actual

ownership because if you look deeper at the history of land

f_ J"

ownership in the Philippines, there would be problems in all of

the big land holdings. If you claim that they were justly

acquired, then •that means that the owners themselves had the

major ro!e in opening up these • lands, in clearing them •up and in

cultivating them. That is why we believe that there should be

payment for Small landowners.

For example, the .school teachers in the barrio which Mahar

has earlier mentioned, those who own 5 to 10 he.etares of land in

the barrio, which, we.re purahased from the•in own. lifetime savings,

we .have. to compensate them. A few days ago, KMP has opened up a

little £ in its pos!ti0n by saying that it has •agreed in principle

to a :concept of affordable price. The government's draft on

aff.ordabie _.rice., 'ih has been mentioned, shall be deemed as half

a cavan lof p_ia_ per m.on_h per hectare for 30 years with a .3

percent interest per year. This is not ye£ an agreement, .thO._gh}_• . . . , ,,, , .... .. ,. . .. • ,... - ....

e_ly a,'propesai.

N@w when _e 1Oobe.d at that proposal, we found out that• under

it, ti_e p.ri_.e 0f land will amount• tO about _29,0t0@ - _30,000 per

hectare of l.and_ i-f_we compare this• with ]?D 27, the compensation

i

paclkage ._der_ PD 27 ameUnts te _i.5,@@@ per h'e.cta-re ©n the average! _

forl i5 years. This new prop@sal, however, is going to take 30{

years and so with a longer Lime period, it's going to be

basically the same as the compensation package under PD 27.. Of

course, there .are claims that there is a lon'ge_ time period and

therefore because of the inflation factor and everything, it Will

really amount to something smaller than the previous repayment•

scheme. Nonetheless_ we feel otherwise •because i__we look at the&

•market Value in areas where-you do not find much development on

the land,• it is much, much lower. I'm not saying that • market

value then should be used as the price but if we look at some

cases we took in G.uimba, Nueva Ecija, for example, _30,000 to

_35,000 per hectare of land is the going market value price, in

Panay, it'.s _I0,000 to _i5,000 per hectare and in Leyte and

Samar, it's only _7,000"to _I0,000 per hectare.

So even market values change depending on the area•.

There fpre, affo:rdabie price must also change per area. Also,{

KMP'S position on _ffordable price is that the peasant will have

to decide what is affordable to him or [o her. •This is where the

proble m comes in .becguse if the government pushes for an

s£fordable pri,ce, it's going to be a •national average that is, . t_

_± ._

going to be used four.all reg!ons __md it's going to be v_.y_ hard

to co_e up. with a pric9 that will ,be."sc.c.eptabie t.o the. farmers.

KMP! thus clarA#Ads that. it.has not dropped its option .for .free

dis,trib.ution net ifs.bel{ef that free distribution may alSo mean

that So_e, eomp:e,nsa:tiQn _ill be g.ive.._. But-that oompensati.on must

b.e give_n t? . the la.nq_ow,n.ers onlyif[ the arrangements, e,,n fan,di

_e.nmr.e are, [.r:e;efro.m mani.p_.l_,ti.O,n_d f.r_ud... And. o_ly if such

lands were .no[ acquired by de<'_.eit, i;_timidati..on or othe_ socially

unjust means. The KMP also believes that the government should

look at land reform as an investment in itself, and •that its

payments to landowners will push or•pave the way'for the economic

recovery that we all desire.

In the f.inal analysis, KMB believes that •it has to go on

with its action in the.countryside like .rent _emoval, rent

reducti,_n and.land ogcupation.. This early, we •have also seen

some Success factors and some negative factors in our actions

like _in la.nd occup@tion. In Some areas where there are

continuo.ms la_d occupations••, the take over was done by individual

land _armers and it has created more problems .b.ec_use if one

takes over • the land and does not do it in a cooperative manner or

an organized manner, then such. l&nd occupations will only help

the rich peasants • just • as much• as. a general" program, for

compen_a_£on for all land_. If the scenario •of the a_ricultural%

situation in.. the next few years will be that @f having new

c.apitali•!Zt farm •arrangements as transforming from previous

tenancz.&rran.g.ement$, then we do no.t be:lieve that it will assist

in gai.rling _he.poii{ical stability that we desire.

Thank yO:_...• . .. ..,

THEAQUINOGOd'S.

AGRARIANREFORM"PROGR/_

by

Ge_ B_ata_:Lchief,PlanningDepot

_iniskry of Agrarian Reform

*A visual prms_ntah±en of the govef_t's pot {cv and progr_r_ oh

agrarian r_f_l_,_. This v_S presented by Ym,. Gerard0 Bu!atao during.",fJ_e

_a FO.r/_ne.._i_d Reform .sponsor.edby _e _hi'£ipp_l_e Inshi.tmte far.]

(P/DS) on Fe_ 13¢ 1:987.

THE AQUINO•GOVERNMENTS , ,GENUINE& COMPREHENSIVEAGRARIANREFORM•,PROGRAM -

Z. BA.S.{C.FACTS

IZ KEY CONCEPTS.

:EI.. FOUR.LAND TRANSFER PROGRAMS,

OTHER TENURE'IMPROVEMENT PROGRAMS,

S.UPPORTIVE MECHANISMS 8t SERVICES -"

_'I _"ST OF PROGRAM"A & B=

- I, BASIC FACTS

ABOUT ONEITHtRD IOFTHE I I I LAND .ISII CULTIVATED

/ U.DER/CULTIVATION ..

\. ,,.,. . t"{-20.5 M. H_ _.

:

..: .,

•TOTAL _AN:D .:;AREA: :_ O:_::M._Has,

_-..., '.'.-,'r ,"-,,. _-- -..=.:. . .... ±' ..

,S,OBr_•:._4_/_T!Q_'-,,,_-CE_SUSAI_DSTATIST1C'S Os-FtCE 1980-

FOUR CROPS COVER 8,8 M. HECTARES

OTHERS 10.79i. M, Has.) ]

0-008 _A.,i-4_.4.

..- f F_BL-RS

SUGARCANE _0..5 M_Hes.

...... _.ICE ....5.T M. H_

COCONUT2.8 M.HI_.

AREA COVERED BY PD 27-- ,TENANTED RICE AND CORNLANDS-- tS ONLY .i3 % OF CULTIVATED LAND

/ • . ,.! .._..._,_. \"'c

•"4.4.M Ha.

\ _;-"........._o:___,o_

_ r

I.

t

•,, .... ., ,_:_.. , .. :.. ,_,... .,

_'! ,..

OLT HAS DISTR.ti3UTED G57,000 PROM;SORY NOTES (CLTS)AND 22,000 LAND TI_"LES ( EPs } _ FARM.E.RSTILLINGti, OCX_H_s. .

LHO HAS HE:CDED FARMERS SECURE LEASE CONTRACTSFOR 56Z, OOO :H_.

1",. .:

, -.,_.__.

//• ..."

I

• . _ / /."/ /7:2.2.,_000 Ha_ L " . -" ' / t .,,,_,\___,__/..... /_; COVEREDBYkC_ '"--- °

_e_40oo_:o,,

IpID 2._ TARG_AREA S I"I 3 M I 'HI IQ _

i , ., .,. ,. • ...... , .

THE NEW CONSTtTUT_ON'SMANDATETO PLACEALL AGRICULTURALLa_:lOS.UNDERAGRARIANREFORM MUST BE I_PLE_ENTED SYSTE_&TtCALLY

• _, ............ dl.

L

I0 MILLION..FILl P!NOSARE -='mMPLOY,_D="IN AG.R|:CUI_TUi_E

PO_U:,L_'nO._. ..5.:t_M-

Emp,l,,._.-..7id.. ::2:,i, 0It " ill,

L:_ ,

ONLY t.5 FARMERS OWN THE LAND THEY TILL,

,L _ . . " ,,

t

tPOP U,L.ATION-,

.

, , _ OVRCER---CU_:nVATORS:L5 MFA:_RS tN PUBLIC LA:_S,p- __ ,.

_T wm_o_ T_S :_ _,s_ LE_HOL_ TENANTS

I _J:_i �°.....[ __ a,SE_C_NALFARMWORKERS -

SU_:SISTENCE Ft_E_s:0 ,M

_. KEY CONCEPTS

LANDOWNER IS SKEWEDAND MUST BEDEMOCRATIZED

\ I. "

--LL20 % OF THE POPULATION

iI _---JJ

-...... LAN O

O: _"_'.... "_' " ":........ ' ' ":N.THE _tS OF O_R'-'CULTIV_SH'IP,, , . • ...... .

AS i . J . . . • •THiE!INEW _" _ " .............. C0N._FtTUTI4!ON_MANDATr.S_-_ _ _' " '" .....[. =

AG_RIA[IREFORM_OESBEYONDLANDOWNERSHIPREDISTR_fBUT!ONi

, __D P,.EFORMi

b

_A_RARIA_';REFORM _ +APPROPRIATE

F- _ TM ..,1PACKAGEOFS__.P,./i.CES

• , _AGRICULTUP_.L_,.'-E=x_eTn!.-,,,

WATERSUPPLY:_-I i_

•CR_ITIrl

MARK_Ii',!GASS!STA_ICE

ROADSANDBRIDGES

_._._[g'_,_r _,} J.._ _,,

F_D.LiCATIQN:_Nn_:,_,MOT!VATZO_!

i, _. 1 ,B ....I°]U:,_:LA_,.DSPIRITUALUPLIF_!E_ff

I:._,_.O,..£..DER..TOSU_rE_; F,;G,RA.RiANREFORi'_,,'R.EQUIR:ESM_,I.P,EFO_',I,.:t

&_[tTSI:I-fPR_IS:O_!:_}N*r Zg_'_F_-'tTUEY°FEUD,._LSYSTS'tI'_,USTF _'..,. , "". '' _, ,' 'J' ...........

,_E.LtB-E._AT_. " "" :.,S._).TH.EfMAYt:-tt;STEP_:L_Q?]D_:i-IO_..S.QF4"NE20-i14_{TUEY:j..., " • • 1_"" ' :., ' " --- ,: ., "

•HENCE, THE ----_ "-"_--_

A _-;'-'_,o-r.;-, CO_._CEPTLtAL FR,-_F_._(]_'.C GF Ttt_E._c-_,',--_,,_...-,, -- " , R_GRA,_ GO'v'ERN_IT_.i_:_:.._,_REr-O_'_&D '-, _ OF

" ...... " '-_R.,.M' v"iL:L"i=-,E''JUDGED• NOT MAINLY ONTHEAGRAR_N_.RE:_,. .... _.'. ....;;. _ . - ..: ' !Nij,M:BER__'QFiC_D_I_,:D_,R IgUTED 'BL1TiON WH,_H"ERT,_::_ :FA_.__:a_,.:_:_.Q_aL.L:-, _., ..:Lt_ t:_._OV--,,,

I

-ULTIMATELY,AGRARIAN REFORM IWiLL-FURTHER ECIOINiO_lli_lICDEVELOPIVlENTAND GENERATE GR-_JtTERPOLITICAL,STAB ILITY

GE::_UI[-iE#_ ,,D'._'. _c"^-_IA'_'REFO,_:_INCLUDES

[.!nTn,_.v TF._'r,"TEI_P F a'' :,..,_. ._,;,,:,._:,,IC_,_i_uCORJ_.b_NOS

BUTALSO ALLOTHE_Ar_R!CULTU_J_LL,_!_?S{ _-- .

NOT"_'"'u.,,L.vRE[iTLi_,,rTTn;_.... _ ;;I_:..;_J_ .I.t'.J|.,

BUTES,u. J_',,n ',". '.,-,,,..O_!,_ERS_IP"p.t.-_mFc_' _ . .T.,,,--..,-',,._,_:,.. .. ,

I_OTOl'Vil. i_Wp_ocHID -m_,,r__. ',.'.,,}LL_:J_ J I .r.j-_',_,')l"F__.-'... .

TT,_RI,-̂ ,,,,.BUTALSO SUt-._...c P,-,.C_GEOFSERVICES. . .,: . ".

NOTONLY ,'..,T,, ,................,,_ISTRY_OF:_:P"-:P_NREFO_

• ' ,. ,, - a_r, "'it,, I:a.P"r-BUTALSO. t-INR.,.N_-F,,.-_.,.u.,,,...u...,!,u.u..THE.E!_TIP,E_nv_Dm_.,TW,.CHi!"iE_Y_. _.J\: L;,_:_,,.,.__:L,;-I"_1, ., :... ' "- .' .

i •

. , • • i

'-NOTOi_.LY GOVER?P!EFF!N!T!L_.TIVES/ACTIVITIES

BUT,LSO"..... PRI\_!;TE''SECTO_I_'ITIATIVESIACTIV!TIZS• . . _:.

" Ar._',_T_.-,.,...pJ_FO.Rz'__ ..,:OT_.LY. .. il,_" I"_ ",l _J%_ _ . , •

_ &LSO..."_[__ONAL.TI.=_,_"_T,.,!._-_L._'_ _ " _"_...TION"..., . " ," ." ,. " , : ,. i . .'"

, • ' ,.......'",":.!"',":.' {"",",.__''........ii"..'. " " :

Ec.O I Ic,,. ",• • ./.. • , . ,. i........ ....''. . . ........ .. ' ..

i"

tN BRIEY_ AGRARIAN REFORM IS ',:'Z- ." " ' " " . _

. GOOO.POLiTiCS & GOODECONOM_CS:i

III..THE FOUR LAND.TRANSFER PRO GRAMS,0THER TENuFEiMPROVEMENT:, PROG_RAM.S, .:."SUPPORTLVE ME_NISMS 8= SERVICES.

PROGRAMA ( t987- 89 )

LAND '- ' I "VAL. UAT! ON • 3;57,ooo l_._.

OLT _ _ =_ _

P_.GRa_..A.RE__N_N_ "" S_"U_E_ii_L,_V_,'r,_. " 1_:°°°_"'_ T-ENANTE_

(.PDaT;: _:; : RICE_R:A"c3B44}: COR_ LAND$.i ,EP ISSUANCE 3_,-I,,,c:_o

,r : LE: . .C.oi" • ..... . IssT'°_ .,_:_ .... " \ "JC;,OMPENSA'TION :...... ] " . , .... , .- ,

J

PROGRAM E_ (I-£87"89)t

• '* i L

-i _a;I.. ' . ': .J' l SEQUESTEU_,-_RMS t =0,OOO'._..I R'A _ I_I{ 4 , PRIVATE

i_{!i L0!2.27, _. LA,ND_:S g" " " - _-._',_Eo.. jit voLu.rARYOFFERS 300,0.00Ho..t

I,oo,ooo .t

;_ -- ...°.

-J9:59, 0.{30 PfJa:__

PRP____RAMC ( I989-92 )

ABMtNISTRA"nO_

,-. .

PROGRAM C "TEI',,IANT_OR-IC;EB=CORN ] 6'.2:

iRA lI_9:..B RETAINED AREAS. _ ]. .5 .,CX:)O14as..NEW. LAWS) _

• ' i TENA.i'_¥EDNON-- R.IC_.CORN CROPLANDS 957, OOO H_-

s,asa,ooo Ha=.

PROGRAM D [ t987-92.. )

.__ "., _

PROGRAM D .. PJB.L!.C A &- _,._; LANDS Sl,.ltTA.BLE

(.,CA 141 e: z FO_ A_-RICULTURE • 5_O00,.O00He's-" _HANDOeTrFU,LO}

' .- MAR S_.ETTLE_E_!!T9

'LOG GED _-OVER• ARE_. OF..C,._t_.,_LED/_EXPiRED.PLAs,IILA5

•• FL_s.... ,- . , ." _ ,.

U_N:ECESS,..a._YMILITARY & C[M.LI_:REsERVATIGNS

< ,'

IOTHER I TENURE _I_'_PROV._-M.IE_T IpROGRAI,_S

' [11 _ _ I I NTEGRATED SOCIAL _ I I • I: . _I

_- 7 J} .....

"_IPUSUC LAND

A:f.,I'CESTRALTRIBAL LANBS]..

B'o.'-.'_t_,."_'c- _ _.-,:,-,. i " "'

: E.

• ,i,.. " :["...... ' : . . RE-_GJCTi.ON t

.,.. ;

.SUPPORTIVE MECHANISMS & SERVICES

' • i ___._, ,.

I.':-[_EXTENSIG'I S_--'LRV!CE_ "_

• . !

FOR&IER. --_ PRODUCT_DN CREDIT ......'-" TE,N=ANT/ . V lA B LE

F._:R,_; F : " " " ' ""' _ SEEDS,.F_TI"JZER$.. i SMALL':

_ORX_..;, 1 i L.PEST_clDEB ' F. HOLDERS

'1.[! DE_E_OPMENT,. _ " 1..:.. _=_, . _,.,._: ; , : .. .: _'- . ,, , _ , . , ;

'2 " _ ! I,.

....],_x_i!sT_:NCE

_J _:e,u C"AT_:O_';

• :,.. . . ,_". •

., N-_-. •t, : _......._ .... ..i

tNVESTMENT

"'I MANAGEMENT "7

C OtJ NSEL L | N.G

,i

•..,k._4_,_n_:_:_1,.._ :.+,-._'__,I,v:7H_.o_._- ¢'i"%.','..,.L••

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•'\"_t/".i."•_3NV±StS£V""":..it::_/"NQIJL_SN3d_.O_

..... :,_../ti_f_.-:'Its\':_,V_, :-_>__'_.:'.:::'_----:.-.''_3_Y_.l:_@_,_.,_r__,._f.!i..:k,_._-_.,.-.._............... +.-_.-.__-__:_.--_J_'0'_............ "_ •"U"__-_d_",- _._±,,_.-_

•N_...,_.,,--_,_"_4""_

•,...,_..,..".

.."..':'.'-L_"_..:-:_:.....•, :>.".."'.•,,'_(i

t"""'"

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-%%"_tt"_•_.,,\_'_-h_\x.../_j.,__../",.._..6_,.S.

"_._.<'..,..2_--./;•',':__-,._.-)",-7 "l,,,,_.'"•_'.-,,,."_,•+'>-.-','-•,'__<,c._st__:_\.._

---._,__,,G._o=_<-_,,,,,,oo,_,,,_=_, 4_/TM "%_.,,-,--..".,,<.--_._'.._,___.,_:,,._._.. •_"/,_;".'i.....,.'._0. ..-,.....d,.,...-..._ __....,........., ,....,_A___ ---'(_\"--_.,'_'-,.L21_DIt._'_t,-:-if/

aNVNOI-LlSliq.OO_•i_"-_'_",>':<'_'+_'Y.,±N31t,laO73A3Q<s__.,__J,[,x

•"._fI'_-:tL;\_,,.31¢_,0NO3-q7;-_I_t,_<7.t'I•.\',,,r'_-'--......../<'YY..""_._!_•\\,_....

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,¢.._..._(-4--_._,_;,r_:b. _...',:__ _,_.'_"_4_"<..,,..>".,,p_/-!•ti"_"%oi_',z..\\

.,_..6.3i,_"I[•;i":b,,•"__-'_--,<"h.\'>

-_._t,_i%',9__,_'•]/X!tt:ittt<lII_,-.#-'_.r'i_i"-\,_Y_"_

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,_"__. !,.•I

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go]:'Xi'_6_A:'9C:_i,£'il_;m_q-j_vn'_taag._uua}_:u_(T)i •__._.•..-._-..n_

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•.,_•,...,_Ll,.u,_¢a_o:_%,3 '_o_aduoTi:t"l:Nu_$_oO,'_'............ -_

IV. POLICIES 5 STRATEGIES

PROGRAM A- REMAINING TENANTED RICE & CORN,

, LANDS UNDER PD 2?'& R,_3844A-_A_ENDED

......,_.._.t..., , • ,. ,. .

i. :COMPLETE FINAL SURVEYS MID 1988

E. COMPLETE EP ISSUANCE EO 19eB

3- COMPLETE •LAND•VALUATION AND ACCELERATE

-LO COMPEN_TION -.: .

=i4,ORGANIZE FIELD UNITS FOR-SPECIALIZEDFUtl CTIONS•

i,,_..;:.,.,_,_ -- IDLE AND ABANDONEDL_NDS

FORECLOSEDb,N.DS

S E:QUESTERED. FAR:MS

VOLU _ZARYOFFERS*ILANDSTO BE EXPROPRIATED

1L',',. S_...CUIRE AIPPRO.VA.L OF RELEVANT E0"S TO, EXPEDITE

:COVERAGEBY. 0LT, I I.i

2","IDENTIFY ABANDONED PRIVATE AGRICULTU.RAL LANDS.FOR,

01LTCOVERAGE(L01 227),

• _,.,_;r_,:-3..3-._ TRA./,I.SFERFORECLOSEDAGRtCULTU.RALLANDS.TO _,-.,;, FOR.o.

-- R.EDISTRIBU.TIONTO G):uA.L.IFIEDFARMERS.,.. ....

I F

4.,i.., TR_,NSF=.,r'-P SEQUESTERED-FARt4S TO :'_R'.-S ADMINISTRATION'FOR REDISTRIBUTIO.N.TO qUAL.IFIEDPARMERS OR PROTECTION

• " ' =,, ar'r'r" _,4.r_n[.Ji_ ...',4• "O.FL&ND TENURE.,BY M_._..NSOF A _b,._u-r:._._,....b1ORA-,.D.UMOF

AGRE:EM.2NT:,,i

, ).

5, ENCDU'R:AG.E.ANDA.C:_CEPT.VQ.LU.NTARYDF.F£:RS(P.z:"Jo_,..,.,,=

t

B:,: P:RF_A.R.E._N.PROPRI'AT.ITON:T_:R0C_D:I_I.CG$._OR.L_NDED..ESTATES24 ":.".-" • 'k:_ ,..j_j..'-:.j

PROGF_r@I'_C--[{amiendas render labor admtnistration: ' Tenanted rice & corn lands within the

retention limit°Tenanted .non-rice/corn croplands.

i-. St-_dy deeply the. p!a.nt._,tio_n Sl'stem-

2. Pilot agrarian reform scheme:s,.• ,_" , ..

3, Encm_ra_e" voluntary land transfers°

.PR,0GRAfD -- PUBLIC•ALIENABLEANDDISPOSABLE,LANDS." . SUITABLE FO.R.A_RiCULTU_E.... .

ii, .EXPEDITE CLASSIFICAT.ION.AND.SURVEY OF LOGGF_.D-OVER.

AREAS .AND UNCLASSIFIED FOREST.LANDS, :.

"2;I CANCEL PL.P-s_FIi_s.,ETC,"__ THATHAVE VIOL_TED TERt.',,S

oF'AGREEMENTS.I..DECLARE.THE AREAS ALIENABLE.,.I}ISPOSABLE"

AND SUITABLE .FOR AGRI.CULT.UREjAND REDISTRIBUTE THESE

" .LANDSBASED ON .AGRARIAN..REFORMPRI,NCIPLES;"" ....... ..,

"''_ _ "

3, ESTABLISH CLO.SECOORZ)I.NATIONBETWEEN ;!ARANI}M_IR

I.FROM THE TOP I)oHN_WHETHER OR.ROT CERTAIN FUNCTIQMS.

•,.IARE".TRANSFERRED,." "

OTHERT_URE Tr_!DDn''_--_'_=__ __'_rROG:,,_..,S LANDSHAR_N_• " " RENT DEDUCTION

]:S F P'_"COMMUNAL LEASES

F t SHER.Y•LEASES-. "-

_', I-_£KF..LAND SHAR ING MANDATORY" FOR H.AC!ENDAS UNDER LABO,R

ADMINISTPJAT,tON THAT ARE FORECLC)SAB-LE.AIN]DVOLUNTARY _.

FOR OTHER PLANTATIONS,

2, REDIUCE LEASE RENTALS AND IpRODUCTION SHARES PAID BY :I

LEASEHO,LDERS q . I I- A_D. SHARECROPPERS ON ALL TENAMTED LANDS,

_<_...'4_AND B.FD FOR. THE IMPLF__,ENTA-3_ !CoQR.DIN.ATE CLOSELY WITH ,_,.,' '"-I A"lTIICEN QF'_E _NTEBRATED. SOCIAL FORESTRY PRoIGRPa, B.,

-"-,"_p, _F_ LEASE/4,; Ca_,OR,13INA'FE.'CLo$:4ELYWITH ::-.; AND ...... O',NFISHERY

: A'_,E,_:::_']:S _Tt'.BBS_E'T-.q:LS"ERMEN,, , _ .' ,.' .," _,, - . .' ¢

i ...

. .' ' . ,., . ..,,. . ,,,,., ,. , . ..'

" .r ....... ".., ,,.-_-L,=:'LM_:._.'n"-.#N_4_:r5,, L;C_._'P,D_N_.G_E"_L.OSELY ....... , _ ....

. [}_'-_ -IN_-REGAR:D:'TO,_OMM,.U.NAL_EAs.E A_G,R:E._ME,_-SFOR

AN,_T_',,LT_,4BAL_mS O_F:Emma_C COMM:UNIT:_ES,

SUErORI VlC. aND.SERVICES• '

i,: ..REACTIVATE-THE'AGRARIAN REFORM ICooRDINA.TIB(_:COUNCIL--

OR CREATEA FRES IDENT.IALCoiJ'MCI.LOR :_GR.ARIAN.REFORM

.... AND RURAL DEVELOPM.E,HT:_ViTH_HE.PRESIDENT AS CHAIRPERSON.

'2,_, _TREN.GTHEN_R UNDER THE REORGANIZATION PI_._N.• . .-.

3, ESTABLISH COMMUNITY-BASED.PEOPLE"S COUNCIL.S'FOR

•AGRARIAN REFORM ANDORGANIZE CONSULTATIVE CONFERENCES..

AT.I)IFFERENT LEVELS.,.

4,T-.STREN:GTHEH".LIN.KAGES'., , ,, .' .

!A.,'WITH FARMER ORSANIZATIONS,:MOVEMENTS .AND COOPERATIVES;..._ " . ,._

B.,,.WITH ..O'_HER."GOVERNMENTAGENCIES;. .

"d,. V.!ITHTHE,;.ACADEMIC'COMMUNITY...(.E"G;]"AIRII-UpI" Il'',lUP LA_ CENTER).; . .. '

I)',.i'_._H _ONCE:I_- I_HURCHL-OR.B&_IIZ_I10.NSAI_ $OC.IAL

"'._I'_H:_T" R '._0N:_VERFIMENTAL:ORBAN_TIONS (iR_S).."E,: " "'_ " '.i'"_' '' . -'"...."'.:_.. ":'_." " '.: • " '

_A'C*_.!VJ'__HE'P_SI_IZ_IALA_Ti 0N.,._COMM_E .ON L_rD_ l _ _ l _ I l

l _P_l_ _ l _ll_P )_ _ _ _ _T_ _ _El_ ,_ 0 _Y l _ _0 _

_ EiDlllI 1Tli _l_ L_ll ll _ _ _ 1 _l _ll_ _F_ lI l_ 1 _ _ _ _l l_C_ 1 _

_F l_ l_l_l_E _l E_l_ _l _ l _ l ' l

1 _ " l

1 _ 1

1 1

_,, WORKTOWARDS THE ESTABLISHMENT .O.FA CENTRAL; DATA BANK

ON _n OWNERSHIP,

I

"|..... _ ,_-_JAS THE _,-_cn-_.__._v=-=. ._,. ,---• ,_, _-.._.,:.,_-,._..._., ..r., O,..T TO PROVI_=

EDUCATION AND. TRAINING FOR -SMALL ,FARMERS_

_, ORIENT ALL E'IARPERSONNEL AND POTENTIAL/ACTB-AL FARMER-

..BENEFICIARIES ON THE AQU!NO C_OVERNMENTSS GENUI!NE _ND ..

COMPREHENSIVEAGRARIANREFORM PROGRAM-,I

9,- PILOT TEST AEIRARIAN REFORM PROJECTS,

lO, PROPAGATE SLOPI_,_I__.I AGRICULTURAL LAND TEIcH,NOILOGY: AND] ........

i:INTENSIVE FARM_N_,SYSTEMS (E,6,._ 0RGANIC;j-_]iVERSIFIED.,

!_'INTE_R.ATED-j .SCiENTIF IcY AND CooPERATIVE FARMING),-

: OPEN FORUM

i

LAND BA_K REPRESENTATIVE:. ! have three questions to ask. First,

.does the Cabinet Committee (CABCOM )

believe that theKMP of Mr. Jaime Tadeo

speaks for all the. farmers? Second,

why is the N.ati_onal _o.od Authority

•(N.FA), the agency wit.h whom the farmers

have worked, more closely until the

present, not included " in the CABCOM

group now working on. the. new code., and

third i is there a need to approve this

new code before Congress is elected or

convened ?

_.ULATA0 The Cabinet Action Committee (CA:C] was

created in response• to the picket/ _areh

and massacre in Mediola. I'm not sure

o:f the minds of other _e:m:hers of the CAC

but as far' as Minister Alvar.ez ..is

qQn.tcerned, I understand that he believes.L ...

thah d i..almgu9 is an .on.-goin'g t.hing a.nd- •. •

a..t. a_y poSiT in tim:e-the fariners are

welcome to express their vlews.

However, Minister A.ivarez is Very ciear

that he considers. Jimmy Tad{eo tO be the

•Spokesman o.f one segment and m:_).tQf the.

pe_sa.n._ .c!.a_ss _s a _:h.:o'3.e_ S_o. ,..h-e, _.a_

•." that [ just as he talke@ to Jimmy., he

also telks with Oscar Cas.tillo o.f

Pakisama, and he must also talk to Tino

Basco .of Lakas, etc On the second

question regarding the NFA_ most of the.

farmer organizations that dealt with the

, NFA are organ£zations _'_iie that of Vic

Tagle and .I suppose they continue .to

have • arrangements .with them. However,

when it comes to tenurial questions, .NFA

is not really that active. These are

beyon@ its mandate and in the recent

weeks, the focus is not on marketing or

in cooperatives but on tenurial issues,

,therefore NFA was .. not included.

However, NFA is represented in the CAC •

t.hru • the MAF to which under • the

reorganization plan•, it will become an

/

attached agency. On the third question,

are we rushing things s.o that we could,

have "leg.is.lat ion befo.re C0ngre_s

convenes? Therle. " have bee in some_<. -.

%.

recommendations and certain .legiSlation

certainly has to be app_oved by th,e

Pres.ide}_t before the Congress zo.ngenes.

If only _O s_how a sign o.f g:.e-_dfa.it._.h.o,r..

to sh.@;w,,a, sig£ ofenth.usiaSm. _o}r t}_is

program wh:±c.h she has e.ategori'cally

2

describe_d as the r_ost fundamental and

farr, eaching part o_ her government.

Whether that set of legislation will,,

include Program C is a. big .question,

But Program. B, ! presume, following what

the Minister. told us j-ust the other .day

.will be c©vere@ by new. E0's in the next

]

few weeks.

LARA I -think it is not onl;y because of the

MendiOla massacre o,r [he picket .that

' occurred that the government is

dealing with KMP. I think there is also

a recognition of K.MP's actual mass base

,compared with the other farmers

organizat ions. and secondly KM]_' s

'structure and track record even

under Mar.cos. Secondly, it is not an

agreement nor,.was it a condition-of KM9

•that they (MAR) d6al only with.KMP, KMP

"re_6.ghiz.es that MAR S.h_u,.%d deal. with

o:ther far_er-8 ' ,Orga.n<zati.o,ns...be..c,ause _M'P

does not present itself as. _e.pres.enting

all farriers of the P:h:il,ipp.im_.s. It

should also be clear ,that we are a-lSe

conee,rn._d abo.u't what ha:s bee,_, me,m[i{_n.ed..

Pro-g.-r.am,_A. amd B are _9_,ly c.ev-es,e,,dbY _,

EO. an:_ =_P:rogram_ C t.o D. are ,to, be. pm.t

3_

.forward before Congress. Then land

re-form maybe limited to A and B and

therefore lan_ reform.maybe a mi.nimu.m

program..

BULATAO To clarify., Program. _!9...i.scovered .by... _.

•preSent l.egisl.ation .and Will not require

new orles_ •

ATTY. DE.VERA I have a question for Mr. Bulatao with

.respect to tribal minorities. I'm Atty.

. de _era, Chairman 'of the. Philippine

Association - for lntra-C,ultur&l

Development which is concern:_d with the

we.if.are, of cultural mi.no_itie.s. }_e are

concerned with your • distrib.ution of

lands that. • are declared .in A and B

especially i.n logging areas w-hic:h are.

,_ .occupied by cultural minorities. The

" .cultural minorities usually do not k_ow

h©w . to • p_esent' t.h.em.se.ives to .t.be• ... ' ....... .., ,. , /,..., , ,,. ,.. • . , .

gD.ve_.nme_t to. protect' t_e.ir rights As

on.e of the non-gove.rhme.nt.,organizatlo_S

workin:g, for Cultural m.imo_it:i.e.s,we fin_-

this prob.lem bec%u.s..e •land• t:en_e i.s.

th_eir .mOst pr..essi.ng,pr©._._m.. Th.iZ i,s

•_ery tm_ with th.e M.an.0b.oi_S,.an_ the

Mangyans, in Min_oro who are being

driven to the hinterlands -and even when

•they are air_a_y in the hinterlands,

they find that the i ands they .• occupy

which are•their • hunting grounds are

already titled in the names of so-called

Christians This is Srue in .Puerto

Galera ,.and other places. In certain

areas• there, the National Grains

Agricultural Corporation whioh is a

corporation registered in the .name of

Elizalde (Manda) developed "and

transfered lands to Provident Tree

Planting corporation which is under

•Enrile and his group for tree " planting.

The Mangyans now are being asked to

vacate the area and they d.o. not. know

where to go that 's why when you

mentioned abo_t meeting OMACC sometime

in the future, may I req,nest to p!ea:se

let us know When that is Going to happen

so we can b.:.e: Ow

_he _,ov,e_:m.e.nt can help. these poor

M,a,ng yan s..

Oue'stimn..for MR. LAItA : How many members does KMP have? .'}

MR. LARA " KMPbas 550,,0.00 •,actual• membership. But

this is small cQmpared ,to.. the total• " -.

number of farmers in the PhilippiNes.

If we have to rely on the. 9overnment

census there are .about 1.0 million or a..,.,_ .,.

little less 'than 1.0 mi'[_ion agricultura, l

workerS and the.re '-is no cleart

distinction on how many .of these are

tenants.,, agricultural workers and those

directly engaged in agriculture.

Secondly, let me. clarify that so far KMP

has .been able to .undertake some action

which has been positive, in so far as

tenure r.ef,orm is co:ncerned. And for

these we are grateful .that MAR has not

at-tempted t.o .implement most of {ts

programs yet. For ex..ample in areas

where the farmers .have taken over the.

lands, MAR . has not i_aplem_nted, any

progr=_m to eject them.. Farmer s will not

be,. harass._d. and wi.ll..n_t be driven -out

until proper resolution of this dispute}

is done. That ix one major devel,opme.nt

which we. belieVe has. been gained b.y tie

M.en.diol.a incident #.is.o.. s.e.c©l_,d, there

have 5-e.en so:me cases re.s.olve(:-.]a_d,v.erse.l.y

i . .

t ..

in so .fa._.a_ the farmers are conc-er_ed.

For ex.ampl.e the Aqua'Philippine c.ase

where the £armers be.lieve that the la_d

is idle and ab.andoned, MAR's decision

has. been t:hat ._he land is only t'h_

.subject. 'bf a only . .temporary .wo.rk

stdp'pag.e_ It .cannot<be bempor.ary work

stoppage for. five years., So the farmers

took over the land. Th.e MAR ruling has

been that. the farmers have no right and

they .cou.l.d be transferred to a place

about 2_ kilometers _way from the area.

The good thing about it is t_nat MAR has

not yet implemented that decision. The

r.£ason for that: is the recogn-ition right.

now of the-current, level of dispute and

especially-in what happened to Mendiola.

I think it .is & good step. to. take on

the part. • of MAR- _tha.t is the

clarification of o.ur sentiments

= _ega.rding MAR.. It is. not a t.otal

repudiafi:_.o.n .b_cause we _a_e..been -able .to

w:ork wit.h some peo.p.i.e like @erry

.Bui_t..ao.....

Q_.t_o,_tON Can yo_ d i f f.ere_._ i a.._.e between p,a.yme, n t

an,d, comp:e,n s a bi on,?

z

7

Payment is what the p'erson who is

-going to become the owner w£11 pay.

Comvensation is what Who used to be

the .owner will ' receive. These two

things wiil not have to be the same in

terms of the land valuation. So if yQu

say this •land is wor£h _i0,000 that

could be the _aluation _for compensation

: that _the %aiuatioa for payment might

only be _2,500 for example. Some of the

diffi.culties have to do with assur:ing

that things are always the same. The

whole Concept of affordability means

that you recognize the difference

between the two concept_. And the issue

of • just compensation is only on the

receiving sidelno t the paying side.

QUZ'S'TIQN Does land reform also cover churc.h

lands?

_I_<.ATA0 A lot O! agri._u!tural C_ureh lands ha.re• [ •

already be_n covered under 0LT and LHO

so. because there are no sizable chucch

properties that are agricultural, we

have dm©pped the term b_tnaturally they

are CQ,vered under the other oate_Ories_

.LA._A ; Church la.n.ds have rem_ined buff have

be..en t.ran.sfe.rred to. other p..u.rpos,es not

agr icul.tural like .S_bd iv isions. In

Sorsogon - there is a"bi.g church :l_nd

there that is to be .expropriated bu.t it

has been• trarlsferre.d irltO a subdivision.

St:. Paul and St. Pete_ .S_Ddlvlslon..

DR. __.GAHAS : I would like .to comment on .wanting .to

rush t.hings t.hru and not •Wait for

•Congress. I believe that there"s merit

in rushing •.because we s.houAd not •waste

time. We aye all in favor .of exploiting

the popmlarit.y of this g.over_m.ent. But

why shou id we a.ssume th.at a

.demOCr_t.icaLl.y. •elected Co.n:'gress will no.t

reflect the wishes of th:e majority o.f

the people especially of t.he farmers. Who

are. so many here. In. the 1o.n:.g-run_

CQn.gress cannot, afford to neglec t the

•farmers because if it does, w.e will just

have _,- sozia.! _n.re.st ..ag:ds.o forth.': ......... . • , .,

And the.. -Eong res...S its..elf mayb.e

overhauled So. in the. long-run,..it.

tamnot a._ford to do th,a.t,..In <.he :sho.rt-

run. it mig.ht delay. ]4hy dO.n't We start

e.arly " ,tO.m_ske sure th_t, the p_.©.p_.e,ha.:_-e.

the rig..n.tC..an:dida£e..s.a.nd.r_p:.r"eS...e.s:_a-t.ib!._.• • • "t[

9.

'..._.

i.n, . the Congress? _ ... ,T.her_e ' would be

landlords, .or landhol_ers .in Congress. or

their • .representatives. Even. at ' this

staQe., " I.. .think ".we S.hould have'. ,

in.f.ormati..o..n...,made available to ...the •

general " public as - to . the landed• .

connections of all cand_ates. I. think' •

that•• .the MAR,. theMN, R,," and all those •

•pubiic... _. .institutions." which have

in_ormation about th_s have • the duty tO

•...release •that to t.he. people. I...think.

that the people'.s, organization here•also

should have the initiative to seek them

.. .out and dis.seminate them as much as

poss.ible so that .the people clan. see who• •• • .

are. the:. undesirabl.e cand id.ates .in

Congress and lobby• against those

particular .candidat.es, I further think.• • . ,•

that "the people who wa.n£ £o be

candidates, who have la_s of their, own

"-sao.uld volunteer .from. the..beg.inning to

be. included _in the,. _:_.il_nt._ry O,ff._rS •

po.rti0n, of the MAR a_d _R " Sb0.uld say

"We. have a program .f.Or volu..n.tary, offers.

YOu." poli tie ia.ns who .ha.._ .l._.n_• .h._.idi.nQs

Of your • own a.re w_.l..e_me £.o volun£_er'.

a;nd. t_en the .pe_.ple"' s organ i.Za..£.ions

shou.ld _-say...those people WhO have

voiunteere_ apparen£1y are not sincere

about land .reform. Its .a pe-r.fe_t way of

•showing• a.ge.sture of 'good faith. T_en,.

there will ' be land • to.._e expropriated..

•fDr use and to generate puD, li__ .support..