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CREST13
Lesti River Semeru Volcano
Brantas RiverFig. 1
* **
***
***
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京都大学防災研究所年報 第 50 号 B 平成 19 年 4 月
Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., Kyoto Univ., No. 50 B, 2007
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Fig. 2(a)
Fig. 2(b)
Fig.3 (Dampit)
(Tawangrejeni)
Poncokusumo(Argosari)
Gedog Wetan
Genteng RiverSrimuryo
Table 1
Sengguruh dam Sutami dam
Mt. Semeru
Lesti R.Basin
Brantas R.
Tawangrejeni
Fig. 1 Lesti River basin
Year
110066mm33
Gross Storage
Effective Storage
Dredging
1988
Gross Sedimentation ratio:89.2%
Fig. 2(a) Reservoir sedimentation of Sengguruh dam
Construction of Sengguruh dam
Effective Storage
Gross Storage
GrossSedimentation ratio:49.2%
1988 Year
11006mm3
Fig. 2(b) Reservoir sedimentation of Sutami dam
Fig. 3 Observation sites in the Lesti River basin
FOREST
TREE CROPS
CULTIVATED
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Fig. 4
1997 6ADEOS AVNIR
Table 2
Date Article Location 2002, Oct.
Setting up of micro rain radar Malang (JASA TIRTA I)
2003, Feb.
Measurement of water discharge and turbidity by using ADCP, turbidity meter and etc.
Tawangrejeni
2003, Oct.
Setting up the rain gauges and erosion depth measurement poles
Tawangrejeni, Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan
2003, Dec.
Turbidity measurement Wajak, Poncokusumo, Tawangrejeni
2004, Mar.
Data collection of rainfall and erosion
Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan, Tawangrejeni
2004, Nov.
Setting up the more rain gauges and erosion depth measurement poles
Argosari, Srimuryo
2005, Mar.
Measurement of water discharge and turbidity, data collection
Genteng, Tawangrejeni, Wajak
2005, Jul.
Brantas River Workshop at Batu city
Batu
2005, Nov.
Data collection Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan, Tawangrejeni, Argosari, Srimuryo
2006, Mar.
Measurement of water discharge and turbidity, data collection
Genteng, Tawangrejeni, Wajak
2006, Sep.
Workshop of the research at JASA TIRTA I Corporation and data collection
Malang (JASA TIRTA I), Poncokusumo, Gedog Wetan, Tawangrejeni, Argosari, Srimuryo
Table 1 Outline of the observations
Fig. 4 Land cover classification in the Lesti River basin
ETM+ AVNIR MODIS Platform LANDSAT7 ADEOS TERRA/AQUALaunch 1999 1996 1999/2002 Orbit Near polar, sun synchronous Altitude(km) 705 797 705 Swath(km) 186 80 2300 Resolution(m) 30 (15) 16 250 (500,1000)Band 7 4 36 Red band(mm) 0.63-0.69 0.61-0.69 0.62-0.67 NIR (mm) 0.76-0.90 0.76-0.89 0.84-0.88 Used scene May 22, 2002 June 4, 1997 36 (Jan.2002-)
Table 2 Inter-comparison of the sensors
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Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 5
TERRA MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
NDVI Normalized
Difference Vegetation IndexFig. 7
Fig. 8
Oct. 2003 July 2005
Rainy Dry Rainy
Fig. 5 Seasonal change of the condition of the farmland cover
Oct. 2002 Dry Feb. 2003 Rainy Dec. 2003 RainyOct. 2003 Dry
Oct. 2004 Dry Mar. 2004 Rainy Mar. 2005 Rainy Nov. 2005 Rainy
Fig. 6 Seasonal change of the condition of the farmland cover from 2002 to 2005
May, 2002 July, 2002 Aug. 2002
Oct. 2002 Dec. 2002 Mar. 2002
Fig. 7 Seasonal Variability of NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) (TERRA/MODIS, 250m resolution)
- 626 -
Fig. 9
+
NDVI
JASA TIRTA IJASA TIRTA
I
ADCP
Fig. 11
WajakFig. 3
6.5 m3/s12,600 mg/liter
295 ton/h
NDV
Fig. 8 Seasonal Variability of NDVI
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
11 12 1 2 3Month (2003-2004)
(Dai
ly E
rosi
on +
Dep
osit)
/ D
aily
Rai
nfal
l [-]
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
ND
VI
Cultivated (Gedogwetan)Tree crops (Poncokusumo I)Forest (Poncokusumo II)NDVI (Cultivated)NDVI (Tree)NDVI (Forest)
Fig. 9 Outline of the observed results concerning to the soil erosion
Fig. 10 Observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni in 2003
- 627 -
ST
2004 Fig. 12
)()( tRftrxq
th (1)
)(,,
0,/
hddhdhddhddhddhdhd
q
sm
scacc
sccacc
cccc
(2)
:h :q :)(tr:f
:)(tR :, ac
ikcc ikaa (3)
:ac kk:i
(2) :, sc dd
ni / :n ca kk / :m :t:x
frss DDtxexcq
tch ),( (4)
er KKD stf hccD (5)
:sh :c :sq:rD
:fD(Govers and Rauws, 1986) :K
=0.002kg/J :eK ::tc
Fig. 13
rKe 48.56
3600/)(),( fr DDtxe
stf hccD 1000/
4.1254.187 ic st
Fig. 11 Sediment transport rate evaluated by the observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni
Fig. 12 Schematic view of surface and subsurface flow
- 628 -
:s :,
,0.9 0.2Fig. 14(a) 2003 10 3 10 7
(b) 2005 919 9 20
Fig. 15NDVI
rD er KKD 1
1K
Fig. 16(a) (b)
Fig. 17 2005 3 11
Fig. 16(b)
DEM Kinematic wave modelRichards
Sharma, 2006
Manning
seMeyer and
Wischmeier, 1969 ,2rFce wfs (10)
Fig. 13 Relationship between rainfall intensity measured by rain gauge and impact energy work of rain drop per 1mm amount of rainfall
Fig. 14(a) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity in 2003 flood
( 9.0 , 2.0 , 002.02.0K )
Fig. 14(b) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity in 2005 flood
( 9.0 , 2.0 , 002.02.0K )
Fig. 15 Seasonal change of the erodibility of the top soil (right) and NDVI (left)
- 629 -
m
mmw dh
dhdhF
1/1exp
(11)
:r :h:fc :md
182.0001242.0 rdm (12) MRR
he:0he :0he ST
ACCce stgh (13)
:gc :sC :A :tC
ghiugdh
uuCs
t *2
3* ,
121 (14)
:u :*u :g:s :d :i
Q
hsss ee
xQC
tAC (15)
,
ManningSharma,
2006 Fig. 18 12 NDVI Manning
pn 8.2exp0713.0 (16) :n Manning :p NDVI
Fig.19 (16)NDVI Manning
NDVI Manning
Takahashi, et. al., 2001
Fig. 17 Comparison between calculated and observed accumulated sediment volume in the period from March 2005 to October 2005
Fig. 18 Relationship between Manning’s roughness coefficient and NDVI (NDVI value is obtained from the satellite data taken in December 2002).
Fig. 16(a) Comparison between calculated and observed long term water discharges at Tawangrejeni from October 2004 to October 2006
Fig. 16(b) Comparison between calculated and observed long term turbidity at Tawangrejeni from October 2004 to October 2006
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Fig. 20(a), (b)
NDVI ManningManning
1.0n 5.0n 8.0n
Table 3NDVI Manning
Fig. 19 Distribution of roughness coefficient evaluated by using eq.(16) in the Lesti River basin (NDVI value is obtained from the satellite data taken in December 2002).
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71
Time(hrs)
Disc
harg
e(m
3/s)
observedsimulated
0.0
1000.0
2000.0
3000.0
4000.0
5000.0
6000.0
7000.0
1 11 21 31 41 51 61 71
Time
Turb
idity
(ppm
)
observedsimulated
Fig. 20 (a) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni in the period from 0:00, Nov. 21, 2003 to 0:00, Nov. 24, 2003
NDVI - n 1.0n 5.0n 8.0n
Discharge 11.9 35.9 20.1 47.5
Turbidity 550.1 1860 1458.3 1315.4
Table 3 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) for different roughness coefficient
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0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22
Time
Disc
harg
e(m
3/s)
obs-dissim-dis
Fig. 20 (b) Comparisons between calculated and observed water discharge and turbidity at Tawangrejeni in the period from 0:00, Sep. 19, 2005 to 0:00,Sep. 20, 2005
- 632 -
Dian Sisinggih
Govers, G. and Rauws, G. (1986): Transporting Capacity of Overland Flow on Plane and on Irregular Beds, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 11, pp. 515-524.
Meyer, L.D. and Wischmeier, W. H. (1969): Mathematical simulation of the process of soil erosion by water, Transaction of ASAE, pp.754-759.
Nakagawa, H.,Satofuka, Y., Muto, Y., Ohishi, S., Sayama, T. and Takara, K. (2005): On sediment yield and transport in the Lesti River basin, a tributary of the Brantas River, Indonesia,-Experiences from field observations and remotely sensed data-, Proc. of the International Symposium on Fluvial and Coastal Disasters, CD-ROM.
Sharma,R. H. (2006): Study on Integrated modeling of rainfall induced sediment hazards, Doctoral Thesis of Kyoto University, pp.71-96.
Takahashi, T., Nakagawa, H. and Satofuka, Y. (2001): Estimation of debris-flow hydrographs in the Camuri Grande River basin, Research report on natural disasters, pp.41-50.
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Rainfall and Sediment runoff in the Lesti River Bain, Tributary of the Brantas River
Hajime NAKAGAWA, Yoshifumi SATOFUKA*, Satoru OISHI**, Yasunori MUTO, Takahiro SAYAMA, Kaoru TAKARA and Raj Hari SHARMA***
* Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University ** Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi
*** Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University
Synopsis Intensive and continuous observations on sediment yield and transport are conducted in the Lesti River Basin, a tributary of the Brantas River, Indonesia. This report presents the observation results of raindrop characteristics investigated with Micro Rain Radar (MRR), seasonal and inter-annual land cover change detected by remotely sensing, soil erosion measurements with staves installed at different land covers, river discharge and velocity measurements with Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP), and sediment turbidity measurements at the outlet of the Lesti River. Our motivation of these integrated observations is to understand all the processes from sediment yield to transport with the consideration of human impact such as cultivation, deforestation, and sand mining.
Keywords: rainfall runoff, sediment runoff, vegetation index, Brantas River, observation, modeling
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