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Extreme high frequency, segment dele5on and chunking: a study of emerging inflected pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese Ricardo Napoleão de Souza University of New Mexico SCIHS, University of California at Berkeley May 29, 2014

Extreme’high’frequency,’segment dele5on’and’chunking:’astudy’of ...linguistics.berkeley.edu/SCIHS/abstracts/1_Thursday... · 2014. 6. 15. · BALL,’MARTIN’J.’AND’NICOLE’MÜLLER.’2010.’The*Cel=clanguages.2nded.NewYork,NY:’

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Page 1: Extreme’high’frequency,’segment dele5on’and’chunking:’astudy’of ...linguistics.berkeley.edu/SCIHS/abstracts/1_Thursday... · 2014. 6. 15. · BALL,’MARTIN’J.’AND’NICOLE’MÜLLER.’2010.’The*Cel=clanguages.2nded.NewYork,NY:’

Extreme  high  frequency,  segment  dele5on  and  chunking:  a  study  of  emerging  inflected  pronouns  in  

Brazilian  Portuguese  

Ricardo  Napoleão  de  Souza  University  of  New  Mexico  

SCIHS,  University  of  California  at  Berkeley    May  29,  2014  

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Outline  

1.  Background  informa5on  on  Brazilian  Portuguese  pronouns  

2.  Word  order  and  phone5c  reduc5on  3.  Hypotheses  4.  Data  collec5on  and  analysis  5.  Results  6.  Limita5ons  and  future  steps  

2  

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How  does  sound  change  impact  grammar?  

In  Brazilian  Portuguese:  Is  sound  change  leading  to  the  emergence  of  case  dis=nc=ons  in  

pronouns?  3  

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Background:  the  evolu5on  of  pronouns  

Vulgar  La=n   Early  Modern  Portuguese  (before  16th  Century)  

Contemporary  Brazilian  Portuguese  

eo   eu   eu  tu   tu   você*  

ille  /  illa   ele  /  ela   ele  /  ela  nos   nós   a  gente  /  nós  vos   vós   vocês*  

illes  /  illas   eles  /  elas   eles  /  elas  

*  vossa  mercê  >  vosmecê  >  você  

4  

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Background:  Subject  and  Object  pronouns  

Subj   DirObj   IndObj   Gen  Modern  Port.   ela   a     lhe   seu  Contemp.  BP   ela   ela     pra  ela   dela*  

Subj   DirObj   IndObj   Gen  Modern  Port.   você   o  /  a   lhe   seu  Contemp.  BP   você   você   pra  você   de  você  

 *  de  +  ela  

5  

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Phone5c  reduc5on  In  Portuguese,  unstressed  segments  and  syllables  

undergo  various  types  of  phone5c  reduc5on    

•  Vowel  dura5on  reduc5on  •  Vowel  contrast  neutraliza5on  

•  Monophthongiza5on  •  De-­‐nasaliza5on  of  vowels  •  Coda  consonant  dele5on  •  Cluster  simplifica5on  

Et  cetera    

(cf.  Macoso-­‐Câmara  1973,  Parkinson  1988,  Bisol  &  Hora  1993,  Cagliari  2007,  Cristófaro-­‐Silva  &  Guimarães  2009,  Cantoni  2012,  Napoleão  de  Souza  2012)  

6  

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vo'se  (2s)  

se  S   DO  

o'se  IO  

pro'se   do'se  G  

'ɛ.lə  (she)  

ɛə̯    S   DO   IO  

'prɛ.lə   'dɛ.lə  G  

'ɛ.lə    

Through  sound  change,  a  new  set  of  pronouns  emerges  

Sub   DirObj   IndObj   Gen  

você   você     pra  você   de  você  

se   ose     prose  pse  

dose  

Sub   DirObj   IndObj   Gen  

ela   ela     pra  ela   dela  

ɛə̯   ɛlə   prɛlə  pɛlə    

dɛlə  

7  

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Hypotheses  

1.  Once  the  innova5ve  pronouns  become  part  of  the  system,  they  are  subject  to  regular  processes  of  reduc5on  and  dele5on.    As  the  use  of  preposi=on  +  pronoun  increases,    chunks  of  reduced  preposi=ons  (pr-­‐  /  d-­‐)  and    reduced  pronouns  emerge  throughout  the  en=re    paradigm.                      >>  type  and  string  frequency  

    cf.  Givon  1979,  Hopper  and  Traugoc  1993,  Hopper  &  Thompson  2001,  

Bybee  2001,  2007,  2010  8  

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Hypotheses  

2.  The  degree  of  dele5on  depends  on  the    frequency  of  each  pronominal  form,  which  in    turn  depends  on  the  syntac5c  context.    Phone=c  reduc=ons  affect  case  forms        differently    

     >>  based  on  frequency  effects  (Sub  >  rest)        >>>  token  frequency  

9  

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Method  

•  36  spontaneous  informal  group  interac5ons  from  the  C-­‐Oral  Brasil  Corpus  of  spoken  Belo  Horizonte  Portuguese  (Raso  &  Mello  2012)  

•  Text  search  •  Auditory  and  acous5c  analysis    •  1,905  tokens  analyzed,  classified  as  – Sub,  DirObj,  IndObj,  Gen  

•  preposi5onal  direct  objects  classified  differently  from  verbal  objects  (i.e.,  accusa5ve  vs.  da5ve)  

10  

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Results  (i)  :  Indirect  Pronouns  with  pɾ-­‐    

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

Reduced  form  Extremely  reduced  form  

Full  form    

11  

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Results  (ii)  :  Subject  Pronouns  

Reduced  form  AlternaCve  reduced  form  

Full  form  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

12  

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Results  (iii)  :  Direct  Object  Pronouns  

Reduced  form  Less  reduced  form  

Full  form  Historical  form  

 

8  

31  

58  

6  

36  

50  

14   16  

84  

4  

96  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

13  

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Tenta5ve  conclusions  

Ø All  pronouns  examined  are  subject  to  regular  processes  of  reduc5on  and  dele5on  

Ø The  syntac5c  context  determines  the  degree  of  reduc5on  (esp.  for  2S,  2P,  ela,  3P)  

Ø The  data  suggest  phone5c  reduc5ons  and  chunking  may  be  giving  rise  to  a  new  set  of  pronouns  

Ø Frequency  effects  can  explain  the  different  forms  

14  

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Limita5ons  /  Next  steps  

•  Small  corpus  -­‐  less  than  300,000  words  •  Didn’t  control  for  frequency  of  the  individual  verbs  or  string  frequency  

•  Preceding  phone5c  context  (stressed  vs  unstressed)  s5ll  needs  to  be  addressed  

•  Local  speaking  rate  needs  to  be  addressed  •  Few  object  pronouns  -­‐  less  frequent  overall  (cf.  

Hopper  &  Thompson  2001)  •  Data  refer  to  one  dialect  -­‐  but  there  is  evidence  of  similar  phenomena  in  other  BP  dialects  

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Special  thanks  to:    

William  Cros,  Caroline  Smith,  Joan  Bybee  and  Thaïs  Cristófaro-­‐Silva  

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BALL,  MARTIN  J.  AND  NICOLE  MÜLLER.  2010.  The  Cel=c  languages.  2nd  ed.  New    York,    NY:  Routledge.    BISOL,  LEDA  AND  DERMEVAL  DA  HORA.  1993.  Palatalização  da  oclusiva  dental  e  fonologia  lexical.  Letras,  Santa  Maria,  n.  5,  p.25-­‐40.    BOERSMA,  PAUL.  2001.  Praat,  a  system  for  doing  phone5cs  by  computer.  Glot  Interna=onal  5:9/10,  341-­‐345.    BYBEE,  JOAN.  1985.  Morphology.  Amsterdam/Philadelphia:  John  Benjamins    Publishing  Company.    BYBEE,  JOAN.  2010.  Language,  Usage  and  Cogni=on.  Cambridge:  Cambrige    University  Press.    BYBEE,  JOAN  L,  REVERE  D.  PERKINS  AND  WILLIAM  PAGLIUCA.  1994.  The  evolu=on  of    grammar:  tense,  aspect,  and  modality  in  the  languages  of  the  world.  Chicago:    University  of  Chicago  Press.    CAGLIARI,  LUIZ  CARLOS.  2007.  Elementos  de  foné=ca  do  português  brasileiro.  São  Paulo:  Editora  Paulistana  LTDA.  CÂMARA  JR,  JOAQUIM  M.  1973.  História  e  estrutura  da  língua  portuguesa.  Petrópolis:  Editora  Vozes.    CANTONI,  MARIA.  2012.  O  acento  no  português  brasileiro:  uma  abordagem  experimental.  Belo  Horizonte,  Brazil:  Universidade  Federal  de  Minas  Gerais  disserta5on.  COOK,  MANUELA.  1997.  Uma  Teoria  de  Interpretação  das  Formas  de  Tratamento  na    Língua  Portuguesa.  Hispania  80  (3):  51-­‐464.  CRISTÓFARO-­‐SILVA,  T.,  &  GUIMARÃES,  D.  2009.  Pacerns  of  Leni5on  in  Brazilian  Portuguese.  In  F.  Kügler,  C.  Féry,  R.  Vijver  (Eds.)  ,  Varia=on  and  Gradience  in  Phone=cs  and  Phonology  (pp.  141-­‐162).  Berlin,  Germany:  Mouton  de  Gruyter    GIVON,  TALMY.  1975.  Serial  verbs  and  syntac5c  change.  In  Li,  Charles.  Word  order  and  word  order  change.  University  of  Texas  Press.  HOPPER,  PAUL  J.  AND  ELIZABETH  CLOSS  TRAUGOTT.  1993.  Gramma=caliza=on.    Cambridge,  England:  Cambridge  University  Press.    LOPES,  CELIA.  2008.    Retratos  da  variação  entre  "você"  e  "tu"  no  português  do  Brasil:    sincronia  e  diacronia.  In:  Roncara5,  Claudia  &  Abraçado,  Jussara.  (Eds.).    Português  Brasileiro  II  -­‐  contato  lingüís=co,  heterogeneidade  e  história.  (2)    Niterói:  EDUFF.      MILLER,  PHILIP  &  PAOLA  MONACHESI.  2010.  Cli5c  pronouns  in  the  Romance    languages.  In:    Godard,  Danièle.  Fundamental  issues  in  the  Romance    languages.  Stanford:  CSLI  Publica5ons.    NAPOLEÃO  DE  SOUZA,  RICARDO  F.  2012.  Redução  de  vogais  altas  pretônicas  no    português  de  Belo  Horizonte:  uma  abordagem  baseada  na  gradiência.  Belo    Horizonte,  Brazil:  Universidade  Federal  de  Minas  Gerais  Thesis.  PARKINSON,  STEPHEN.  Portuguese.  1990.  In:  HARRIS,  Mar5n;  VINCENT,  Nigel  (Eds.).  The  Romance  Languages.  New  York:  Oxford  University  Press.  p.  131-­‐169.  RASO,  TOMMASO  AND  ELIANA  MELLO.  2012.  C-­‐ORAL  –  BRASIL  I:  Corpus  de    referência    do  português  brasileiro  falado  informal.  Belo  Horizonte:  Editora    UFMG.    THOMPSON,  SANDRA  A.,  AND  PAUL  J.  HOPPER.  2001.  Transi5vity,  Clause  Structure,  and  Argument    Structure:  Evidence  from  Conversa5on.  In  Joan  L.  Bybee  and  Paul  J.  Hopper,  eds.,    Frequency  and  the  Emergence  of  Linguis=c  Structure,  Amsterdam:  John  Benjamins,  27-­‐  60.    

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Results  (vi)  -­‐  Geni5ve  pronouns  

2   2   2  

93  

0  

10  

20  

30  

40  

50  

60  

70  

80  

90  

100  

Reduced  form  Full  form  

Historical  form    

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