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The 11th International Conference on Nucleus-Nucleus CollisionsSan Antonio, Texas, May 27th – June 1st, 2012
Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI)
2006 – ELI on ESFRI Roadmap
ELI-PP 2007-2010 (FP7) ELI-Beamlines (Czech Republic)
ELI-Attoseconds (Hungary)
ELI-Nuclear Physics (Romania)
Project Approved by the European Competitiveness Council (December 2009)
ELI-DC (Delivery Consortium): April 2010
22
February-April 2010
Scientific case “White Book” (100 scientists, 30 institutions) (www.eli-np.ro)
approved by ELI-NP International Scientific Advisory Board August 2010
Feasibility Study December 2010 – Romanian Government:
ELI-NP priority project August 2011 – March 2012
Technical Design January 2012
Submission of the application for funding March 2012
Detailed technical design of the buildings.
33
ELI-NP
NUCLEARTandem acc.
Cyclotronγ – Irradiator
Adv. DetectorsLife & Env.
RadioisotopesReactor
(decomm.)Waste Proc.
ring rail/road
BUCHAREST
Lasers
Plasma
Optoelectronics
Material Physics
Theoretical
Physics
Particle Physics
Bucharest-Magurele Physics CampusBucharest-Magurele Physics CampusNational Physics InstitutesNational Physics Institutes
55
Member of: JINR Dubna, FAIR Darmstadt, CERN, ELI
European FP 7: 15 projects
International Organizations: NuPECC, EPS-NPB, IUPAP, ECT.
Agreements: IN2P3- France, CEA Saclay, ICTP-Trieste, INFN - Italy
Universities & Research Centers: ~50.
IFIN-HH: International cooperationIFIN-HH: International cooperation
Large equipments:
Ultra-short pulse high power laser system, 2 x 10PW
maximum power
Gamma radiation source, high intensity, tunable energy up to
20MeV, bandwidth 10-3
Buildings – special requirements, 33000sqm total
Experiments
8 experimental areas, for gamma, laser, and gamma+laser
66
Oscillators+OPCPA preamps
multi-PW blockApollon-type
Flashlamp based
400mJ/ 10Hz/ <20fs
Combined laser-gamma experiments
Gamma/e- experiments
Multi-PW experiments
High rep-rate laser experiments
0.1 – 1 PW
Oscillators+ OPCPA preamps
300J/ 0.01Hz/ <30fs
e- acceleratorWarm linac
multi-PW block Apollon-type
Flashlamp based
Laser DPSSL 10J/>100Hz
Gamma beamCompton based
0.1 – 20MeV
1PW blockTi:Sapph
Flashlamp based
1PW blockApollon-type
Flashlamp based
1PW blockTi:Sapph
Flashlamp based
1PW blockApollon-type
Flashlamp based
30J/ 0.1Hz/ <30fs
ELI-NP Facility ConceptELI-NP Facility Concept
77
ELI-NPELI-NPMain buildingsMain buildings Lasers
Gamma and experiments
Laboratories
Unique architecture
Nuclear Physics experiments to characterize laser – target interaction Photonuclear reactions Exotic Nuclear Physics and astrophysics complementary to other NP large facilities (FAIR, SPIRAL2) Applications based on high intensity laser and very brilliant γ beams complementary to the other ELI pillars
ELI-NP in Romania in ‘Nuclear Physics Long Range Plan in Europe’ as a major
facility
99
Advances in lasers scienceAdvances in lasers scienceGerard Mourou 1985: Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)
1010
Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)Chirped Pulse Amplification (CPA)
Idea: to stretch (and chirp) a fs pulse from an oscillator (up to 10,000 times), increase the energy by linear amplification, and thereafter recompress the pulse to the original pulse duration and shape
During amplification, the laser intensity is significantly decreased in order
- to avoid the damage of the optical components of the amplifiers;
- to reduce the temporal and spatial profile distortion by non-linear optical effects during the pulse propagation
1111
sE
+ -
1) pushes the electrons;
2) The charge separation generates an electrostatic longitudinal field: (Tajima and Dawson: Wake Fields or Snow Plough)
3) The electrostatic field:
F Bz
qv
c
B
v
B
Escmo p
e 4moc
2ne
EsEL
Wake-field acceleration Wake-field acceleration (Tajima, Dawson 1979)
1212
Primary radiations
Secondary radiations- electrons bremssstrahlung- gamma rays, neutrons
Secondary target
Electrons are expelled from the target due to the ponderomotive forceHeavy ions are accelerated in the field created by the electrons:
E~Ilaser1/2
S.C. Wilks et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 542 (2001).
Target Normal Sheath Acceleration Target Normal Sheath Acceleration (TNSA)(TNSA)
1313
Electrons and ions accelerated
at solid state densities 1024 cm-3
(Classical beam densities 108 cm-3)
Radiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA)Radiation Pressure Acceleration (RPA)
1414
E~ I laser
RPA in Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) foils
Collimated beams were obtained, even of the size of the incident laser beam
The energies up to hundreds of MeV at ~ 1PW lasers (VULCAN, etc.)
Intensities may go up to 1012 particles/laser pulse
Esarey, Schroeder, and Leemans
Rev. Mod. Phys., Vol. 81, No. 3, 2009
Laser intensity ~ 1019 W/cm2
ElectronsElectrons
1515
Heavy ion beams at LULI (France)
Laser pulses: 30 J, 300 fs, 1.05 mm => 5x1019 W/cm2.
Target: 1 mm C on rear side of 50 mm W foils
Detection: Thomson parabola spectrometers + CR-39 track detectors
• Protons come from surface contamination• Heating the target the protons are removed and heavy ions are better accelerated
Protons, heavy ionsProtons, heavy ions
1616
• Maximum energy scales with laser beam intensity approximately as I0.5
• TNSA at work at intensities of 1019 – 1021 W/cm2
Proton accelerationProton acceleration
1717T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons
• Plateau of proton energy with increasing foil thickness
• Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers
Proton accelerationProton acceleration
1818
T. Lin et al., 2004, Univ. of Nebraska Digital Commons
LLNL 100fs, 1020W/cm2 (2001)
Hercules laser, Michigan, 3x1020W/cm2, 30fs
• Dependence of maximum energy function of
the ion species
• Graphs show results for multi-TW-class lasers
Ion beam accelerationIon beam acceleration
1919Vulcan 50TW, Appleton Lab, 2x1019W/cm2, thick lead target
Mylar target irradiated with a 1019W/cm2 laser pulse
0
202
0
2
2
41
cos12 E
mcE
anE
ee
e
e
000
020 ; ;parameter recoil
4 ;number harmonic
Em
eEa
mc
En e
2020
Pure EM-interaction
(nuclear-) model independent
“small“ cross sections, penetrating (thick targets)
Minimum projectile mass
minimum angular momentum transfer,
spin-selective: dipole-modes
Polarisation
“Parity physics“
2121
gs
´
Separationthreshold
AX
A´Y Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF)PhotoactivationPhotodisintegration
Absorption
(-activation)
´
2222
Will open up new horizons for photonuclear research
◦ Nuclear dipole strength near threshold
◦ Fine structure of quadrupole response
◦ Energy resolution on Doppler-width scale
◦ Detection of hazardous material in bulk matter
◦ …
2323
Stand-alone High Power Laser Experiments
Nuclear Techniques for Characterization of Laser-Induced Radiations
Modelling of High-Intensity Laser Interaction with Matter
Stopping Power of Charge Particles Bunches with Ultra-High Density
Laser Acceleration of very dense Electrons, Protons and Heavy Ions Beams
Laser-Accelerated Th Beam to produce Neutron-Rich Nuclei around the N =
126 Waiting Point of the r-Process via the Fission-Fusion Reaction
A Relativistic Ultra-thin Electron Sheet used as a Relativistic Mirror for the
Production of Brilliant, Intense Coherent γ-Rays
Studies of enhanced decay of 26Al in hot plasma environments
2424
Laser + γ /e− Beam
Probing the Pair Creation from the Vacuum in the Focus of Strong Electrical Fields
with a High Energy γ Beam
The Real Part of the Index of Refraction of the Vacuum in High Fields: Vacuum
Birefringence
Cascades of e+e− Pairs and γ -Rays triggered by a Single Slow Electron in Strong
Fields
Compton Scattering and Radiation Reaction of a Single Electron at High Intensities
Nuclear Lifetime Measurements by Streaking Conversion Electrons with a Laser
Field.
2525
Standalone γ /e experiments for nuclear spectroscopy and astrophysics
Measuring Narrow Doorway States, embedded in Regions of High Level Density in the First Nuclear Minimum,
which are identified by specific (γ, f), (γ, p), (γ, n) Reactions
Dipole polarizability with high intensity, monoenergetic MeV γ-radiation for the evaluation of neutron skin
Nuclear Transitions and Parity-violating Meson-Nucleon Coupling
Study of pygmy and giant dipole resonances
Gamma scattering on nuclei
Fine-structure of Photo-response above the Particle Threshold: the (γ ,α), (γ,p) and (γ ,n)
Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence on Rare Isotopes and Isomers
Multiple Nuclear Excitons
Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions
Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucleosynthesis
High Resolution Inelastic Electron Scattering (e,e’)
2626
Applications
Laser produced charge particle beams may become an attractive
alternative for large scale conventional facilities
Laser-driven betatron radiation - gamma beams
High Resolution, high Intensity X-Ray Beam
Intense Brilliant Positron-Source: 107e+/[s(mm mrad)2 0.1%BW]
Radioscopy and Tomography
Materials research in high intensity radiation fields
Applications of Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence
2727
Nuclear Resonance FluorescenceNuclear Resonance FluorescenceApplications Applications
• Management of Sensitive Nuclear Materials and Radioactive waste
- isotope-specific identification 238U/235U , 239Pu,
- scan containers for nuclear material and explosives
• Burn-up of nuclear fuel rods
- fuel elements are frequently changed in position to obtain a
homogeneous burn-up
- measuring the final 235U, 238U content may allow to use fuel elements
20% longer
- more nuclear energy without additional radioactive waste
2828
Radioisotopes for medical useRadioisotopes for medical use
• Ageing nuclear reactors that currently produce medical radioisotopes, growing demand
– shortages very likely in the future
• New approaches and methods for producing radioisotopes urgently needed
• Feasibility of producing a viable and reliable source of photo fission / photo nuclear-
induced Mo-99 and other medical isotopes used globally for diagnostic medical imaging
and radiotherapy is sought
• Producing of medical radioisotopes via the (γ, n) reactions
e.g. 100Mo(γ, n) 99Mo
• 195mPt: In chemotherapy of tumors it can be used to label platinum cytotoxic compounds
for pharmacokinetic studies in order to exclude ”nonresponding” patients from
unnecessary chemotherapy and optimizing the dose of all chemotherapy
2929
Materials Science and EngineeringMaterials Science and Engineering
• Due to the extreme fields intensity provided by the combination of laser and gamma-ray
beams, novel experimental studies of material behavior can be devised
• to understand, at the atomic scale, the behavior of materials subject to extreme radiation
doses and mechanical stress in order to synthesize new materials that can tolerate such
conditions
• Extremely BRIlliant Neutron-Source produced via the (γ ,n) Reaction without Moderation
• The structure and sometimes dynamics investigations by thermal neutrons scattering are
among the obligatory requirements in production of the new materials
• An Intense BRIlliant Positron-Source produced via the (γ, e+e−) Reaction (BRIP) –
polarized positron beam – microscopy
3030
Astrophysics – related studiesAstrophysics – related studies
• Production of heavy elements in the Universe – a central question for Astrophysics
• Neutron Capture Cross Section of s-Process Branching Nuclei with Inverse Reactions
• the single studies on long-lived branching points (e.g. 147Pm, 151Sm, 155Eu) showed that the
recommended values of neutron capture cross sections in the models differ by up to 50% from the
experimentally determined values
• the inverse (γ,n) reaction could be used to decide for the most suitable parameter set and to
predict a more reliable neutron capture cross section using these input values
• Measurements of (γ, p) and (γ, α) Reaction Cross Sections for p-Process Nucleosynthesis
• determination of the reaction rates by an absolute cross section measurement is possible using
monoenergetic photon beams produced at ELI-NP
• tremendous advance to measure these rates directly
• broad database of reactions – high intense γ beam needed
3131
ELI-NP TimelineELI-NP Timeline
• June 2012: Launch of large tender procedures
• September 2012 – September 2014: Construction of buildings
• 2014: TDRs for experiments ready
• July 2015: Lasers and Gamma Beam – end of Phase 1
• December 2016 : Lasers and Gamma beam Phase 2
• January 2017: Beginning of operation
3232
Thank you!
www.eli-np.ro
Experiment
Theory
2D PIC simulations
RPA in DLC foilsRPA in DLC foils
3535
aim: determination of transition strengths: need absolute values for ground state transition width
NRF-experiments give product with branching ratio: assumption:
no transition in low-lying states observed but: many small branchings in other states?
self-absorption: measurement of absolute ground state transition widths
ELI WorkshopNorbert Pietralla, TU Darmstadt
3636