7/30/2019 Extradition Treaties or Agreements

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Extradition treaties or agreements

The consensus in international law is that a state does not have any obligation to surrender an

alleged criminal to a foreign state, because one principle ofsovereignty is that every state has

legal authority over the people within its borders. Such absence of international obligation, and

the desire for the right to demand such criminals from other countries, have caused a web of

extradition treaties or agreements to evolve. When no applicable extradition agreement is inplace, a sovereign may still request the expulsion or lawful return of an individual pursuant to the

requested states domestic law.[1]

This can be accomplished through the immigration laws of therequested state or other facets of the requested states domestic law. Similarly, the codes of penal

procedure in many countries contain provisions allowing for extradition to take place in the

absence of an extradition agreement.[1]

Sovereigns may, therefore, still request the expulsion orlawful return of a fugitive from the territory of a requested state in the absence of an extradition

treaty.[1]

No country in the world has an extradition treaty with all other countries; for example,the United States lacks extradition treaties with Russia, the People's Republic of China, Namibia,

the United Arab Emirates, North Korea, Bahrain, and many other countries.

[2][3]

(See Extraditionlaw in the United States.)

Bars to extradition

By enacting laws or in concluding treaties or agreements, countries determine the conditions

under which they may entertain or deny extradition requests. Common bars to extraditioninclude:

Failure to fulfill dual criminality: generally the act for which extradition is sought mustconstitute a crime punishable by some minimum penalty in both the requesting and the

requested parties. Political nature of the alleged crime: most countries refuse to extradite suspects

ofpolitical crimes. See political offence exception.

Possibility of certain forms of punishment: some countries refuse extradition ongrounds that the person, if extradited, may receive capital punishment or face torture. A

few go as far as to cover all punishments that they themselves would not administer.

o Death penalty: Many countries, such as Australia, Canada, Macao,[4] NewZealand, South Africa, and most European nations except Belarus,

[5]will not

allow extradition if the death penalty may be imposed on the suspect unless theyare assured that the death sentence will not be passed or carried out.

o Torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment: Many countrieswill not extradite if there is a risk that a requested person will be subjected to

torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In the case ofSoering v

United Kingdom, the European Court of Human Rights held that it would violate

Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights to extradite a person to

the United States from the United Kingdom in a capital case. This was due to the

harsh conditions on death row and the uncertain timescale within which thesentence would be executed.

Jurisdiction: Jurisdiction over a crime can be invoked to refuse extradition. In particular,the fact that the person in question is a nation's own citizen causes that country to havejurisdiction.

o Own nationals: Some countries, such as Brazil,[6]the CzechRepublic,

[7]France,

[8][9]Germany,

[10]Japan,

[11]the People's Republic of

China,[12]the Republic of China (Taiwan)[13]forbid extradition of their ownnationals. These countries often have laws in place that give them jurisdiction

over crimes committed abroad by or against citizens. By virtue of such

jurisdiction, they prosecute and try citizens accused of crimes committed abroadas if the crime had occurred within the country's borders (see e.g. trial of Xiao

Zhen).

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ikipedia.org/wiki/Soering_v_United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penaltyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_offence_exceptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_prisonershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_criminalityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_law_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_law_in_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-Stigall-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-Stigall-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition#cite_note-Stigall-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereigntyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_law