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*Corresponding Author www.ijesr.org 563
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
International Journal of Engineering & Science Research
EXTRACTION OF HEAVY METAL CONCENTRATION IN GANGA RIVER, THROUGH
LOTUS AND EDTA
Amrita Srivastava*1, Shikha Modi
1, Sunil Kumar
1
1Department of Environmental Engineering, Jagan Nath University, Jaipur (Raj), India.
ABSTRACT
A preliminary investigation of heavy metal pollution in the Ganga River in Kanpur with the focus on phytoremediation
with chemical was conducted. Nelumbo nucifera chosen for treatment due to their wide distribution and apparent ability
to accumulate heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. This process also enhanced by a chemical used that is EDTA known
as Chelating agent. In this Experiment this is clear Aquatic Plants are good absorber of heavy Metals from Waste water
and some Chemicals also helped in this process.
Keywords: EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), Nelumbo Nucifera (lotus), Chelating agent.
INTRODUCTION
Ganga flows southeast through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, and West Bengal. In central Bangladesh it is
joined by the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers. Their combined waters (called the Padma River) empty into the Bay of
Bengal and form a delta 220 mi (354 km) wide, which is shared by India and Bangladesh. It’s plain is one of the most
fertile and densely populated regions in the world [1]. In the Uttarakhand Himalayas, where glacial water flowing from a
cave at Gaumukh, is the origin of the Bhagirathi river. Gaumukh has been described as a desolate place at an altitude of
about 4,000 meters (13,000 feet). Twenty-three kilometres from Gaumukh, the river reaches Gangotri, the first town on
its path. Thousands of visitors come to Gangotri each year, from every part of the world [6]. The river which joins the
Alaknanda river at Devaprayag, also in the Uttarakhand Himalayas, to form the Ganga.
The Ganges alone drains an area of over a million square km with a population of over 407 million. Millions depend on
water from the holy river for several things: drinking, bathing, agriculture, industry and other household chores [5].
After flowing 250 kilometres (160 mi) through its narrow Himalayan valley, the Ganges emerges from the mountains at
Rishikesh, then debouches onto the Gangetic Plain at the pilgrimage town of Haridwar. At Haridwar, a dam diverts some
of its waters into the Ganges Canal, which irrigates the Doab region of Uttar Pradesh, whereas the river, whose course
has been roughly southwest until this point, now begins to flow southeast through the plains of northern India.
The Ganges Basin with its fertile soil is instrumental to the agricultural economies of India and Bangladesh. The Ganges
and its tributaries provide a perennial source of irrigation to a large area [14]. Chief crops cultivated in the area include
rice, sugarcane, lentils, oil seeds, potatoes, and wheat. Along the banks of the river, the presence of swamps and lakes
provide a rich growing area for crops such as legumes, chillies, mustard, sesame, sugarcane, and jute. There are also
many fishing opportunities to many along the river, though it remains highly polluted. Kanpur, largest leather producing
city in the world is situated on the banks of this river [2].
The major polluting industries on the Ganga are the leather industries, especially near Kanpur, which use large
amounts of chromium and other toxic chemical waste, and much of it finds its way into the major flow of the
Ganga. From the plains to the sea, pharmaceutical companies, electronics plants, textile and paper industries, tanneries,
fertilizer manufacturers and oil refineries discharge effluent into the river. This hazardous waste includes hydrochloric
acid, mercury and other heavy metals, bleaches and dyes, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls highly toxic
compounds that accumulate in animal and human tissue.
The tanning industry discharges different types of waste into the environment, primarily in the form of liquid effluents
containing organic matters, chromium, sulphide ammonium and other salts.
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 564
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a method of extraction of heavy metals from the waste water by the help of
biological and chemical methods.
EXPERIMENTAL
Water samples collected from two sampling sites
1. Industrial Area of Jajmau (a) sample from river bank (b) sample from mid stream.
2. Non Industrial area Bithoor (a) sample from river bank (b) sample from mid stream.
All water samples were brought to the laboratory and preserved with HNO3 for the analysis of heavy metals water
samples were digested with 10ml of concentrated HNO3 until the solution become transparent. For the estimation of
metals 100ml of water sample was digested with concentrated nitric acid (10 ml), cooled and filtered through Whatman
No. 42 filter paper. The volume was made upto 10 ml with 0.1N nitric acid. The samples were analyzed by AAS. For
the extraction of heavy metals from the water used plant that is Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) applied in the sample for the
20 days after 20 days sample were analysed and assessed about the reduction of heavy metals by the lotus
(phytoremediation process). After this analysis a chelating agent EDTA used for the increasing rate of absorption of
heavy metal . 1 gm/l EDTA used in every sample already going on phytoremediation process. After 20 days of addition
of chelating agent sample was again analyzed.
RESULT & DISCUSSION
The quality of Ganga water in kanpur is mainly affected by industries residing on the bank of river .and other domestic
wastes released from the commercial area of kanpur. Heavy metals released from Industries mainly tanneries where it
used for the manufacturing of leather goods. Heavy metals seriously injured metabolism of living beings. In many
researches it proves that the people residing on the river bank just nearer to Industries seriously affected by diseases
caused by heavy metals.
Sampling site-
1. Sample from River bank of Industrial Area (A1)
2. Sample from mid stream of River (Industrial Area (B1)
3. Sample from River bank of Commercial Area (A2)
4. Sample from mid stream of River of Commercial Area (Bithoor) (B2).
Table 1: Heavy Metal Concentration (microgram/l)
S.No. Heavy Metal Before Absorption(microgram/l)
Industrial area Commercial
Area
A1 B1 A2 B2
1 Zn 210 225 55 60
2 Pb 690 700 100 102
3 Cd 32 36 18 20
4 Cu 110 115 50 51
The chart shows the concentration of heavy metals in Ganga river in Kanpur (U.P. India). The above data also helps to
show the difference in concentration of heavy metals from mid stream to river bank of water, there is small difference in
mid stream and river bank sample of same sampling site but there is a great fluctuation assessed from the sampling site
near industrial area and the sampling site apart from industrial area. This result may be shown because of the waste
discharge from the industries is untreated and this may alter the quality of river water.
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Fig1: Heavy metals in Industrial area and commercial area
Table 2: Heavy Metal Concentration (microgram/l) and treatment with plant Lotus
S.No.
Heavy metal
Industrial Area
(River Bank)A1 Befo
re
Absorptio
n
Lotus)
1 Zn 210 200
2 Pb 690 650
3 Cd 32 26
4 Cu 110 90
0100200300400500600700800
A1
Industrial area
Heavy Metal Concentration
10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Heavy metals in Industrial area and commercial area
Table 2: Heavy Metal Concentration (microgram/l) and treatment with plant Lotus
Industrial Area
(River Bank)
Industrial Area
(Mid Stream)
Commercial
Area(River Bank)
Commercial
Area(Mid Stream)A11
Afte
r
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
B1 Befo
re
Absorptio
n
B11
Afte
r
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
A2 Befo
re
Absorptio
n
A22
Afte
r
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
200 225 210 55
50
60
650 700 680 100
90
102
26 36 32 18
16
20
90 115 93 50 42 51
Fig 2: Absorption of Zn by Lotus
A1 B1 A2 B2
Industrial area Commercial Area
Before Absorption(microgram/l)
Heavy Metal Concentration
(microgram/l)
Zn
Pb
Cd
Cu
2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
565
Commercial
Area(Mid Stream) B2 Befo
re
Absorptio
n
B22
Afte
r
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
60 55
102 92
20 17
51 44
Zn
Pb
Cd
Cu
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 566
Fig 3: Absorption of Pb by Lotus
Fig 4: Absorption of Cd by Lotus
Fig 5: Absorption of Cu by Lotus
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Table 3: Heavy Metal Concentration (microgram/l) and treatment with plant and chemical (Plant used
chemical used EDTA)
S.No.
Heavy metal
Industrial Area (River
Bank)
A1
Befo
re
Absorptio
n
A11
After
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
A10 After
usin
g
EDTA
1 Zn 210 200 195
2 Pb 690 650 600
3 Cd 32 26 22
4 Cu 110 90 80
10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Table 3: Heavy Metal Concentration (microgram/l) and treatment with plant and chemical (Plant used
Industrial Area (River Industrial Area (Mid
Stream)
Commercial Area
(River Bank)
A10 After
usin
g
B1
Befo
re
Absorptio
n
B11
After
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
B10 After
usin
g
EDTA
A2 Befo
re
Absorptio
n
A22
After
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
A20 After
usin
g
EDTA
Absorptio
n
225 210 200 55
50
42
700 680 610 100
90
80
36 32 28 18
16
12
115 93 85 50 42 32
Fig 6: Absorption of Zn by EDTA
2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
567
Table 3: Heavy Metal Concentration (microgram/l) and treatment with plant and chemical (Plant used Lotus and
Commercial Area(Mid
Stream)
B2 Befo
re
Absorptio
n
B22
After
Absorptio
n
(by
Lotus)
B20 After
usin
g
EDTA
60 55 43
102 92 83
20 17 14
51 44 36
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Fig 7: Absorption of Pb by EDTA
Fig 8: Absorption of Cd by Lotus
2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
568
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 569
Fig 9: Absorption of Pb by Lotus
The above data shows the different concentration of heavy metal in Industrial area and commercial area. this above data
also shows the rate of absorption of plant applied in both industrial sample water as well as the commercial water sample
in next step a chemical used which is known as a chelating agent that is EDTA, here we have seen EDTA with plant
increase the rate of absorption reaction. This is a positive response for the waste water treatment process
Table 4: Average (samples collected from River bank and mid stream in both sampling site): C= samples from
river bank+ mid stream
S.No Heavy
Metal
Industrial Area
Commercial Area
Before
Absorption
After
Absorption
(by Lotus)
After
using
EDTA
Before
Absorption
After
Absorption
(by Lotus)
After
using
EDTA
C1 C11 C10 C2 C22 C20
1 Zn 217 205 198 58 53 42
2 Pb 695 675 605 101 91 81
3 Cd 34 29 25 19 16 12
4 Cu 113 91 83 50 43 34
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Fig10: Absorption chart of Heavy metals in Industrial area and commercial area
The above diagram shows the concentration of heavy metal present in to samples taken from Indusrial area of Kanpur
and Commercial area of Kanpur and both samples are treated by Nilumbo nucifera (Lotus) in first step which shows a
great response in absorption of heavy metals. Lotus is a ornamental plant and also used for the worship of god but it
shows a great response in absorption of le
applied with a chemical that is EDTA the above diagram shows how EDTA helps to increase the rate of absorption
reaction.
CONCLUSION
Above result shows the industries lying in to Kanpur is very much responsible for the heavy metal concentration found in
Ganga river water. There is also difference found in concentration of metal from river bank to mid stream but this is not
very much excessive this assessed difference is very much nominal. Heavy metals in water cause many serious
biochemical problems in human being.
This experiment was done for the better extraction of heavy metals by the help of plant into the water as well
here the result shows ornamental plants having great capability to metal extraction from the waste water. Some
chemicals are used as a chelating agent they also increase the rate of reaction EDTA is one of them it works just as a
chelating agent and also increases the rate of absorption of heavy metals in waste water so that with the help of this
experiment we conclude that ornamental plants having great efficiency for heavy metal extraction if industries plants
such kind of plants in their waste disposal sites its very effective the extraction of heavy metals from the waste released
from the industries as well as it gives a great look to the industries.
Here the Ornamental plant used that is lotus and lotus is a aquatic plant it mostly used
characters. The bushes of lotus having spaces and these spaces helps to plant for transportation of material such as food
and water whenever it applied in waste water these bushes also translocate the Heavy Metal
the sample the rate of absorption increases and translocation of heavy metal increased from there normal rate.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
C1 C11
Before
Absorption
After
Absorption
(by Lotus)
10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved
Absorption chart of Heavy metals in Industrial area and commercial area
The above diagram shows the concentration of heavy metal present in to samples taken from Indusrial area of Kanpur
of Kanpur and both samples are treated by Nilumbo nucifera (Lotus) in first step which shows a
great response in absorption of heavy metals. Lotus is a ornamental plant and also used for the worship of god but it
shows a great response in absorption of lead from the water sample the performance of lotus is also increased whenever it
applied with a chemical that is EDTA the above diagram shows how EDTA helps to increase the rate of absorption
CONCLUSION
Above result shows the industries lying in to Kanpur is very much responsible for the heavy metal concentration found in
Ganga river water. There is also difference found in concentration of metal from river bank to mid stream but this is not
very much excessive this assessed difference is very much nominal. Heavy metals in water cause many serious
This experiment was done for the better extraction of heavy metals by the help of plant into the water as well
here the result shows ornamental plants having great capability to metal extraction from the waste water. Some
chemicals are used as a chelating agent they also increase the rate of reaction EDTA is one of them it works just as a
gent and also increases the rate of absorption of heavy metals in waste water so that with the help of this
experiment we conclude that ornamental plants having great efficiency for heavy metal extraction if industries plants
waste disposal sites its very effective the extraction of heavy metals from the waste released
from the industries as well as it gives a great look to the industries.
Here the Ornamental plant used that is lotus and lotus is a aquatic plant it mostly used in the worship and having a bushy
characters. The bushes of lotus having spaces and these spaces helps to plant for transportation of material such as food
and water whenever it applied in waste water these bushes also translocate the Heavy Metal and when
the sample the rate of absorption increases and translocation of heavy metal increased from there normal rate.
C10 C2 C22 C20
After
Absorption
(by Lotus)
After using
EDTA
Before
Absorption
After
Absorption
(by Lotus)
After using
EDTA
2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
570
Absorption chart of Heavy metals in Industrial area and commercial area
The above diagram shows the concentration of heavy metal present in to samples taken from Indusrial area of Kanpur
of Kanpur and both samples are treated by Nilumbo nucifera (Lotus) in first step which shows a
great response in absorption of heavy metals. Lotus is a ornamental plant and also used for the worship of god but it
ad from the water sample the performance of lotus is also increased whenever it
applied with a chemical that is EDTA the above diagram shows how EDTA helps to increase the rate of absorption
Above result shows the industries lying in to Kanpur is very much responsible for the heavy metal concentration found in
Ganga river water. There is also difference found in concentration of metal from river bank to mid stream but this is not
very much excessive this assessed difference is very much nominal. Heavy metals in water cause many serious
This experiment was done for the better extraction of heavy metals by the help of plant into the water as well as soil also
here the result shows ornamental plants having great capability to metal extraction from the waste water. Some
chemicals are used as a chelating agent they also increase the rate of reaction EDTA is one of them it works just as a
gent and also increases the rate of absorption of heavy metals in waste water so that with the help of this
experiment we conclude that ornamental plants having great efficiency for heavy metal extraction if industries plants
waste disposal sites its very effective the extraction of heavy metals from the waste released
in the worship and having a bushy
characters. The bushes of lotus having spaces and these spaces helps to plant for transportation of material such as food
and when EDTA applied in
the sample the rate of absorption increases and translocation of heavy metal increased from there normal rate.
C20
After using
EDTA
Zn
Pb
Cd
Cu
IJESR/October 2013/ Vol-3/Issue-10/563-572 e-ISSN 2277-2685, p-ISSN 2320-9763
Copyright © 2013 Published by IJESR. All rights reserved 571
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