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Action research: Data collection considerationsSampling, validity, reliability, biasValidity:External critics (originality of the data)Internal critics (accuracy of the data)External criticism is concerned with the authenticity or genuineness of the data and should be considered first.

External criticism helps us to avoid using false evidence and thus enables us to us the genuine material.

It uncovers the manipulations, spurious material, forgeries and other malpractice to establish the authenticity of the source data.

External criticism includes authenticity and proof.

Example of external criticism:

Date of event Check date of writing or date of producing the source

2. Place of production

3. The authorshipClarify the name of person or people who produced the documents

4. Analysis of its productionAware of the pre-existing material from which it was produced.

5. Integrity developed by its original form of production.-Check original form

The more variation in places, people, and procedures a case study can withstand and still yield the same findings, the more external validity or generalizability.

Three treats may affect generalizability:

Interaction of selection and treat: -Inability to generalize beyond groups such as other racial, social, geographical, age, gender, or personality groups.

2. Interaction of setting and treatment:-Inability to generalize from setting where the experiment occurred to another setting.

3. Interaction of history and treatment: -Inability to generalize findings to past and future situation.

Internal criticism examines the accuracy of the data and is considered after the data are considered to be genuine.

Internal Validity refers to the extent to which it is possible to make an inference or causal claim that the independent variable is truly influencing the dependent variable.

True experiments have a high degree of internal validity because of the use of randomization and control groups that control for extraneous variables, thereby ruling out most alternative explanations.

Internal criticism tells us how to use authenticated evidence. It includes establishing credibility of data.

The credibility which means the evidential value of the source content.

It deals with the evaluation if the content or the information in the source to ascertain the truthfulness or creditability of the data and thus enables to judge its accuracy and worth.We need to establish the credibility for each particular of a document separately in addition to the establishment of the general credibility of the author.

Each piece of evidence extracted must be checked. Internal criticism seeks the true meaning and value of the content of sources of data.

11History: events affecting subjects and data collected

2. Maturation of subjects: wiser, tired, older; influencing responses

3. Testing: learn from being in study

4. Instruments' accuracy: standardized procedure. Example of External Criticism 5. Subject selection: nonrandom and potentially biased (brighter and familiar)

6. Mortality: Those dropping out of study

7. Diffusion of treatment: control or comparison group has access to treatment

8. Compensatory equalization: Both receive equal treatment.