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Extern Conference. 16 Aug 2007. A one-year-old boy was referred to Siriraj hospital due to an accidental ingestion of unknown liquid substance for two and a half hours prior to admission. Present history. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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A one-year-old boy was referred to Siriraj hospital
due to an accidental ingestion of unknown liquid substance for two and a half
hours prior to admission.
3
Present historyPresent history
2 ½ hours PTA, the patient was brought to his uncle’s house by his
father and his step-mother. While his father and his uncle were watching
the television, the step-mother found that her son was drinking some amount of liquid substance from plastic bottle which was used for
battery refilling.
4
Present historyPresent history
The child was crying and sweeping his hand over his mouth.
His father washed the patient’s mouth with drinking water and gave
his son some milk to induce vomiting. The patient vomited the
ingested milk with sputum and saliva for 4 times.
5
Present historyPresent history
Before his parents brought him to a nearby hospital, he vomited some streaks of blood with gastric
contents.The parents did not notice that
the patient was aspirated or not.
6
Present historyPresent history
At emergency room, the patient was given
• Activated charcoal 10 g orally• Metoclopramide 2 mg intravenously• Ranitidine intavenously • Cetriaxone intravenously• NPO
Then the patient was referred toSiriraj hospital.
The patient was admitted at AN 5 on 6/8/50
7
Past historyPast history
• He has no underlying disease.• He has no previous history of
unexplained injuries or poisoned.• He has normal developmental
milestones.• He has no previous history of drugs
or food allergy.
8
Family historyFamily history
• The patient lived with his father, his step-mother, and his grandmother.
9
Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination
V/S: T 37 oc, PR 148/min, RR 40/min, BP 98/72 mmHg
GA: A crying Thai boy, looked distress, no pallor, no jaundice, no dyspnea, no cyanosis, no evidence of trauma,
Ht 87 cm (P75-P90), Wt 11.5 kg (P50-P75)
10
Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination
HEENT:nose: no swelling turbinate, no dischargeears: normal tympanic membranes, both sidesmouth & throat: mild dry lips, mild injected upper & lower lips, no injected oral mucosa, mild injected oropharynx
11
Physical ExaminationPhysical Examination
RS: no stridor, normal breath sound, no adventitious sound
CVS: normal S1&S2, no murmurAbd: soft, no tenderness, active bowel
sound, liver & spleen cannot palpable
NS: pupil size 3 mm both RTL, otherwise unremarkable
12
Problem listProblem list
1. Ingestion of unknown liquid substance
2. Mild injected upper and lower lips with mild injected oropharynx
Management in poisoned child
1. Assessment and resuscitation
2. Diagnosis of poisoning
3. Decontamination / Enhanced elimination
4. Disposition
15
1. Assessment and 1. Assessment and ResuscitationResuscitation• Airway : Maintain airway
• Breathing : Proper ventilation and oxygenation
• Circulation : Adequate perfusion
• Disability : Assess level of consciousness and neurological examination
16
2. Diagnosis of poisoning2. Diagnosis of poisoning• History taking :
– including the containers and labels of the ingested substance
• Physical Examination: Focus on– Cardiopulmonary– Respiratory– Neurological– Toxidromes
• Proper investigation
18
What has been ingested?
• Ask for containers of the substance, they may offer more details.
• What is the substance used for?• The details of ingredients of the
commercial products and medications can be obtained from the poison center.
19
Labelน้ำ��กลัน่-กรด ตร�ปล�ทอง
ใชส้้ำ�หรบัเติมในแบตเตอรีเ่ท่�นั�น ค้ำ�เตือน ถ้�สมัผัสถกูส�รนี�ใหร้บีใชน้้ำ��สะอ�ดล้�ง
ทันทีโทร : 081-xxxxxxx
NOTE : Information from patient’s father
The information from the manufacturer: 1.5 % Sulfuric Acid
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How much has been intake?
• Ask the parents or the caregivers who has been in the situation.
• In liquid ingestion, it is noted that the amount of the ingested substance may be over reported but should not be assumed to be wrong.
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When was it taken?
• Time since ingestion• This can help you to know a time for
onset of symptoms consequently you can obtain proper investigations and management.
• Crucial for poisons that require blood level monitoring (example: paracetamol)
22
What symptoms or signs have been shown?• These information can help to narrow
down that class of ingested substance.• Physical examination focused on
cardiopulmonary, respiratory and neurological systems and look for secondary trauma : burned lips and oral cavity in the patient with caustic ingestion.
• Look for the signs and symptoms of toxidromes.
23
3.Decontamination/Enhanced 3.Decontamination/Enhanced eliminationelimination• Gastric lavage
• Ipecac
• Activated charcoal
• Whole bowel irrigation
• Hemodialysis
24
4. Disposition4. Disposition
• Discharge from emergency department – Intensive care unit– Ward– Nonmedical facility eg. Psychiatric
25
Recognition of child abuseRecognition of child abuse• Unexplained delay in seeking
treatment• Parents are uninterested by an
accident• Is the history consistent each time?• Mechanism of injury inconsistent with
developmental capability• Reluctance to give information or
mention about previous injury.• Unexplained injury on examination.
26
Investigations Investigations (in this patient) (in this patient)
• BUN 17.0 mg/dl• Cr 0.4 mg/dl • Na+ 135 mmol/L• K+ 4.4 mmol/L• Cl- 99 mmol/L• HCO3- 11 mmol/L
28
Activated charcoal
Functions of activated charcoal1. Initial toxin absorption2. Interruption of enterohepatic
circulation of toxic metabolite 3. gastrointestinal dialysis
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Activated charcoal• Activated charcoal is being
increasingly used in the management of childhood poisoning
• Adsorb toxic material in the gut by offering alternative binding site
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Activated charcoal
No advantage inAlkali, Boric acid, Cyanide, DDT, Ferrous sulfate, Lithium, Mineral acids, Methanol, Malathion, N-methyl carbamate
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Activated charcoal
Route and doses• 1 gm/kg/dose (maximum, 50-60
gm) oral• Repeated every 2-6 hrs until
charcoal is passed through the rectum
32
Activated charcoal
Contraindications1. People with an obstruction of
the intestines 2. Person swallowed a corrosive
agent, such as a strong acid or alkali
34
Accidental caustic ingestion
• High risk group is children younger than 5 years old.
• Male > Female• The extent and severity of the
caustic injury depends on :1. The corrosiveness of the ingested
substance2. Quantity and concentration3. Duration of contact time4. Subsequence secondary infection
35
Caustic agents• Caustics are typically classified as
acids or alkalis.
• Zinc chloride, Phenol and button battery are capable of producing severe burns even though they have near physiologic pH.
• Hydrofluoric acid has not only local effects but also has fatal systemic effects eg. hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia.
36
Caustic agents• Acid
– Coagulation necrosis of tissue that produces an “eschar” to have some protective effect on deeper tissue.
• Alkali– Saponification of lipids– Liquefaction necrosis which causes
much deeper ulceration because of no barrier to the alkali until it is sufficiently buffered by proteins, tissue fluid, and soaps.
37
Complications• Early complications
– Local complications• Upper GI Perforation• Respiratory inflammation (rare)
– Systemic complications• Renal insufficiency, hepatic
dysfunction, DIC, hemolysis
38
Complications• Late complications
– Esophagus• Stricture, fistula• Peptic esophagitis, hiatus hernia,
Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal carcinoma
– Stomach• Stricture, fistula• Anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, growth
retardation in case of total gastrectomy
39
Complications• Children VS adults
– In children, most such events are inadvertent.
– In adults, ingestion usually is a deliberate attempt to commit suicide.
– The lower mortality in series of pediatric patients might be explained by ingestion of smaller amounts of the chemical agent.
– However, stricture formation in pediatric patient is relatively common.
40
Management in caustic ingestion• Acute management
– Initial assessment and stabilization should focus on airway.
– Steroids : The use of corticosteroids remains controversial. There was a reduction in the number of dilatations required and the number of patients who developed stricture when using 1 mg/kg/day of dexamethasone.
41
Management in caustic ingestion• Acute management
– Antibiotics• There are no control trials that identify
the routine use of antibiotics after caustic ingestion
• Indications:– Grade 2 or greater lesion with deep ulcer– Elevated in temperature– Grade 3 lesion or perforation, antibiotics
should be started immediately
42
Management in caustic ingestion• Acute management
– Acid suppression• Should be used in cases of grade 2-3
esophageal injury.• The refluxing acid from stomach will
damage the exposed tissues of the esophageal wall and may inhibit the healing process by damaging in-growing new cells.
43
Management in caustic ingestion• Decontamination, dilution,
neutralization – Dilutional therapy is of limited
benefit beyond the first few moments following ingestion but should be avoid in patient with nausea, drooling, stridor or abdominal distension as it may induce vomiting.
44
Management in caustic ingestion• Decontamination, dilution,
neutralization – GI decontamination is usually
limited in the patient with caustic ingestion.
– Induce emesis is contraindicated.– Caustic agents are poorly
absorbed by activated charcoal.
45
Management in caustic ingestion• Decontamination, dilution,
neutralization – Neutralization of caustics should
be avoided because of potentially tissue damaging by forming gas and generating heat.
46
Management in caustic ingestion• Surgical management :
– Evidence of perforation either by endoscopic or diagnostic imaging
– Severe abdominal rigidity– Persistent hypotension– Severe extensive burns
47
Management in caustic ingestion• Subacute management
– Early endoscopy should be performed in every patients to assess
• Extent of lesions • Severity • Further management.
49
Grade Visible effect Clinical Significance
Grade 0 History of ingestion, no visible damage or symptoms.
Able to take fluid immediately.
Grade 1 Edema, loss of normal vascular pattern, hyperemia. No
transmucosal injury.
Temporary dysphagia, able to swallow within 0-2 days. No long-term
sequalae.
Grade 2a Trans-mucosal injury with fragility, hemorrhage,blistering, exudates, scattered superficial ulceration.
Scarring, no circumferential damage = no stenosis. No long
term sequelae.
50
Grade Visible effect Clinical Significance
Grade 2b Plus deep discrete ulceration and/or circumferential.
Small risk of perforation. Scarring which may result in
later stenosis.Grade 3a Scattered deep ulceration with
necrosis of tissue.Risk of perforation.
High risk of later stenosis.
Grade 3b Extensive necrotic tissue. High risk of perforation and death. High risk of
stenosis.
Note : Grade 4 may be used to indicate perforation
68
Summary of EGD ReportSummary of EGD Report
• Procedure : none
• Complication : no immediate complication
• Diagnosis : caustic ingestion• CLO test : not done
• Recommendation : -• Specimens : -• Plan : Re-EGD 17/8/50
69
Preventing childhood Preventing childhood poisoningpoisoning
1. Insist on packages with safety closures and learn how to use properly
70
Preventing childhood Preventing childhood poisoningpoisoning
2. Keep household cleaning supplies, medicines, garage products, and insecticides out of the reach and sight of your child
3. Never store food and cleaning products together. Store medicine and chemicals in original containers and never in food or beverage containers
71
Preventing childhood Preventing childhood poisoningpoisoning
4. Avoid taking medicine in your child’s presence. Children love to imitate. Never suggest that medicine is candy.
5. Never use medicine from an unlabeled or unreadable container
6. If you are interrupt while using a product take it with you.
72
Preventing childhood Preventing childhood poisoningpoisoning
7. Know what your child can do physically. For example , if you have a crawling infant, keep household product stored above floor level.
8. Keep the phone numbers of your doctor, poison center ,hospital ,police department, and emergency medical system near the phone