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EXTENDED SURFACES / FINS
Convection: Heat transfer between a solid surface and a moving fluid is governed by the Newton’s cooling law: q = hA(Ts -T
). Therefore, to increase the convective heat transfer, one can
Increase the temperature difference (Ts -T
) between the surface and the fluid.
Increase the convection coefficient h. This can be accomplished by increasing the fluid flow over the surface since h is a function of the flow velocity and the higher the velocity, the higher the h. Example: a cooling fan.
Increase the contact surface area A. Example: a heat sink with fins.
Extended Surface Analysis
x
Tb
q kA dTdxx C q q
dqdx
dxx dx xx
dq h dA T Tconv S ( )( ), where dA is the surface area of the elementS
AC is the cross-sectional area
Energy Balance:
if k, A are all constants.
x
C
q q dq qdqdx
dx hdA T T
kA d Tdx
dx hP T T dx
x dx conv xx
S
C
( )
( ) ,2
2 0
P: the fin perimeterAc : the fin cross-sectional area
Extended Surface Analysis
(contd….)d Tdx
hPkA
T T
x T x T
ddx
m hPkA
D m
x C e C e
C
C
mx mx
2
2
2
22 2 2
1 2
0
0 0
( ) ,
( ) ( ) ,
, , ( )
( ),
A second - order, ordinary differential equation
Define a new variable = so that
where m
Characteristics equation with two real roots: + m & - mThe general solution is of the form
To evaluate the two constants C and C we need to specify two boundary conditions: The first one is obvious: the base temperature is known as T(0) = TThe second condition will depend on the end condition of the tip
2
1 2
b
Extended Surface Analysis (contd...)
For example: assume the tip is insulated and no heat transferd/dx(x=L)=0
The temperature distribution is given by
)cosh()(cosh)(
mLxLm
TTTxT
bb
The fin heat transfer rate is given by
mLMmLhPkAxdxdTkAq CCf tantanh)0(
Temperature distribution for fins of different configurations
Case Tip Condition Temp. Distribution Fin heat transfer A Convection heat
transfer: h(L)=-k(d/dx)x=L mLmk
hmL
xLmmkhxLm
sinh)(cosh
)(sinh)()(cosh
MmLmk
hmL
mLmkhmL
osinh)(cosh
cosh)(sinh
B Adiabatic (d/dx)x=L=0 mL
xLmcosh
)(cosh mLM tanh0
C Given temperature: (L)=L
mL
xLmxLmb
L
sinh
)(sinh)(sinh)(
mL
mLM b
L
sinh
)(cosh0
D Infinitely long fin (L)=0
mxe M 0
bCbb
C
hPkAMTT
kAhPmTT
,)0(
, 2
Example
An Aluminum pot is used to boil water as shown below. The handle of the pot is 20-cm long, 3-cm wide, and 0.5-cm thick. The pot is exposed to room air at 25C, and the convection coefficient is 5 W/m2 C. Question: can you touch the handle when the water is boiling? (k for aluminum is 237 W/m C)
100 C
T
= 25 Ch = 5 W/ m2 C
x
Example (contd...)
We can model the pot handle as an extended surface. Assume that there is no heat transfer at the free end of the handle. The condition matches that specified in the fins Table, case B. Use the following data:h=5 W/ m2 C, P=2W+2t=2(0.03+0.005)=0.07(m), k=237 W/mC, AC =Wt=0.00015(m2), L=0.2(m)Therefore, m=(hP/kAC )1/2=3.138, M=(hPkAC )(Tb -T
)=0.111b =0.111(100-25)=8.325(W)T x TT T
m L xmL
T x
T x x
b b
( ) cosh ( )cosh
cosh[ . ( . )]cosh( . * . )
,
( ) . * cosh[ . ( . )]
-
25100 25
3138 0 23138 0 2
25 62 32 3138 0 2
Example (contd…)Plot the temperature distribution along the pot handle
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.285
90
95
100
T( )x
x
As shown in the figure, temperature drops off but not very steeply. This is because k of aluminium is fairly high. At the midpoint, T(0.1)=90.4C. At the end T(0.2)=87.3C. Therefore, it should not be safe to touch the end of the handle.The end condition is insulated, hence the gradient is zero.
Example (contd...)The total heat transfer through the handle can be calculated also. qf =Mtanh(mL)=8.325tanh[(3.138)(0.2)]=4.632 W
If a stainless steel handle is used instead, what will happen?For a stainless steel, the thermal conductivity k=15 W/m°C, which is much less compared to aluminium.Using the same process parameter as before:
0281.0,47.122/1
C
C
hPkAMkAhPm
Example (contd...)
)](47.12cosh[3.1225)(cosh
)(cosh)(
xLxTmL
xLmTT
TxT
b
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.20
25
50
75
100
T x( )
x
Temperature at the handle (x=0.2 m) is only 37.3 °C, not hot at all. This example illustrates the important role of the thermal conductivity of the material in the temperature distribution in a fin.
Fin Design
Total heat loss: qf =Mtanh(mL) for an adiabatic fin, or qf =Mtanh(mLC ) if there is convective heat transfer at the tip
C C
C,
,
hPwhere = , and M= hPkA hPkA ( )
Use the thermal resistance concept:( )hPkA tanh( )( )
where is the thermal resistance of the fin.For a fin with an adiabatic tip, the fin
b bc
bf b
t f
t f
m T TkA
T Tq mL T TR
R
,C
resistance can be expressed as( ) 1
hPkA [tanh( )]b
t ff
T TRq mL
Tb
T
Fin Effectiveness
How effective a fin can enhance heat transfer is characterized by the fin effectiveness f : Ratio of fin heat transfer and the heat transfer without the fin. For an adiabatic fin:
ChPkA tanh( )tanh( )
( )If the fin is long enough, mL>2, tanh(mL) 1, it can be considered an infinite fin (case D of table3.4)
In order to enhance heat tra
f ff
C b C C
fC C
q q mL kP mLq hA T T hA hA
kP k PhA h A
nsfer, 1.
However, 2 will be considered justifiableIf <1 then we have an insulator instead of a heat fin
f
f
f
Fin Effectiveness (contd...)
To increase f , the fin’s material should have higher thermal
conductivity, k.
It seems to be counterintuitive that the lower convection
coefficient, h, the higher f . But it is not because if h is very high,
it is not necessary to enhance heat transfer by adding heat fins.
Therefore, heat fins are more effective if h is low. Observation: If
fins are to be used on surfaces separating gas and liquid. Fins are
usually placed on the gas side. (Why?)
fC C
kP k PhA h A
P/AC should be as high as possible. Use a square fin with
a dimension of W by W as an example: P=4W, AC=W2,
P/AC=(4/W). The smaller W, the higher the P/AC, and the
higher f.
Conclusion: It is preferred to use thin and closely spaced
(to increase the total number) fins.
Fin Effectiveness (contd...)
Fin Effectiveness (contd...)
, ,
, ,
The effectiveness of a fin can also be characterized as( ) /
( ) ( ) /It is a ratio of the thermal resistance due to convection to the thermal resistance of a fin
f f b t f t hf
C b b t h t f
q q T T R Rq hA T T T T R R
. In order to enhance heat transfer,the fin's resistance should be lower than that of the resistancedue only to convection.
Fin Efficiency
Define Fin efficiency:
where represents an idealized situation such that the fin is made upof material with infinite thermal conductivity. Therefore, the fin shouldbe at the same temperature as the temperature of the base.
f
q
q hA T T
f
f b
max
max
max ( )
T(x)<Tb for heat transferto take place
Total fin heat transfer qf
Real situation Ideal situation
For infinite kT(x)=Tb, the heat transferis maximum
Ideal heat transfer qmax
Tb x x
Fin Efficiency (contd…)
Fin Efficiency (cont.)
Use an adiabatic rectangular fin as an example:
m a x
f
m a x
,,
( ) ta n hta n h( ) ( )
ta n h ta n h (se e T a b le 3 .5 fo r o f c o m m o n f in s )
T h e f in h e a t tra n s fe r : ( )
, w h e re 1 /( )
f c bf
f b b
c
f f f f b
b bf t f
f f t f
q h P k A T T m LM m Lq h A T T h P L T T
m L m Lm Lh P L
k Aq q h A T T
T T T Tq Rh A R
,
, , b
1
T h e rm a l re s is ta n c e fo r a s in g le f in .1A s c o m p a re d to c o n v e c tiv e h e a t tr a n s fe r :
In o rd e r to h a v e a lo w e r re s is ta n c e a s th a t is r e q u ire d to e n h a n c e h e a t tra n s fe r : o r A
f f
t bb
t b t f f f
h A
Rh A
R R A
Overall Fin Efficiency
Overall fin efficiency for an array of fins:
Define terms: Ab : base area exposed to coolant
Af : surface area of a single fin
At : total area including base area and total
finned surface, At =Ab +NAf
N: total number of fins
qb
qf
Overall Fin Efficiency (contd…)
( ) ( )[( ) ]( ) [ (1 )]( )
[1 (1 )]( ) ( )
Define overall fin efficiency: 1 (1 )
t b f b b f f b
t f f f b t f f b
ft f b O t b
t
fO f
t
q q Nq hA T T N hA T Th A NA N A T T h A NA T T
NAhA T T hA T T
ANAA
Heat Transfer from a Fin Array
,,
,
,
1( ) where
Compare to heat transfer without fins1( ) ( )( )
where is the base area (unexposed) for the finTo enhance heat transfer Th
bt t O b t O
t O t O
b b b f b
b f
t O
T Tq hA T T RR hA
q hA T T h A NA T ThA
AA A
Oat is, to increase the effective area .tA
Thermal Resistance Concept
T1T
TbT2
T1 TTbT2
L1 t
R1 =L1 /(k1 A)
Rb =t/(kb A)
)/(1, OtOt hAR
1 1
1 ,b t O
T T T TqR R R R
A=Ab +NAb,f