Extended Essay Rough Comp

8/18/2019 Extended Essay Rough Comp

1/19

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

II. GIMNAZIJA MARIBOR

EXTENDED ESSAY

Subject: Physics

Title: Lui!"sity "# $ %i&elessly '"%e&e( LE) $s $ #u!cti"! "# (ist$!ce bet%ee! $*!etic$lly

c"u'le( c"ils

CAN)I)ATE NAME: Be!j$i! +!e,

SC-OOL CO)E: /01

CAN)I)ATE PERSONAL CO)E: 23

MENTOR4SUPER5ISOR: G"&$,( 6ibe&!$

E7AMINATION SESSION: MA8 920

OR)COUNT: 19/


2/19

Abst&$ct

This ess$y e;$i!es h"% the lui!"sity "# $ LE) i! the '&"cess "# wireless energy transmission

is affected by the distance between the two coupled coils . A! e;'e&ie!t %$s (esi*!e(< %he&e

the lui!"sity "# the LE) %$s e$su&e( by $ lu; ete& #"& e$ch i!c&ee!t "# (ist$!ce< #"& th&ee

(i##e&e!t c"ils =/ tu&!s< 2 tu&!s $!( 9/ tu&!s>. The &esults %e&e the! "&*$!i,e( $!( '&ese!te( i!

*&$'hs< '&"?i(i!* $ls" the best #it li!es. It %$s "bse&?e( th$t the /@tu&! c"il h$( the #$stest &$te "#

(ec&e$se "# lui!"sity $t l"% (ist$!ces< 2@tu&! c"il $ little sl"%e& &$te< $!( 9/@tu&! c"il the sl"%est

&$te. "& l$&*e& (ist$!ces< the &$te "# the /@tu&! c"il %$s the sl"%est< %hile the &$tes "# the 2@tu&!

c"il $!( 9/@tu&! c"il %e&e ?e&y siil$&. The best #it li!e #"& the /@tu&! c"il c"ul( be (e#i!e( by b"th<

$ li!e$& "& $ u$(&$tic eu$ti"!< %hile the best #it li!es #"& the 2@tu&! $!( 9/@tu&! c"il c"ul( be

(e#i!e( by u$(&$tic eu$ti"!s. It c$! be c"!clu(e( th$t %i&eless e!e&*y t&$!sissi"! is "st

e##icie!t $t s$ll (ist$!ces =s$lle& "& eu$l t" t%" c"il (i$ete&s> $!( bec"es i!c&e$si!*ly

i!e##icie!t $t l$&*e& (ist$!ces. The &esults c$! be use( #"& #u&the& i!?esti*$ti"! "! %h$t the $ctu$l

e##ects "# the !ube& "# tu&!s "! c"ils "! the '"%e& "ut'ut $t l$&*e& (ist$!ces $ctu$lly is $!( c$! be

use( t" c"!st&uct l"!* (ist$!ce %i&eless '"%e&e( systes. It c$! $ls" be use( t" $ssess $t %h$t

(ist$!ces is the %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"! still use#ul.

"&( c"u!t: 93

C"!te!t

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2 I!t&"(ucti"!..........................................................................................................4

2.2 Rese$&ch uesti"!:............................................................................................4

2.9 -y'"thesis......................................................................................................4

2.1 5$&i$bles.........................................................................................................6

9 M$te&i$ls $!( eth"(s.............................................................................................8

9.2 E;'e&ie!t (esi*!.............................................................................................8

9.9 E;'e&ie!t$l '&"ce(u&es.....................................................................................9

1 P&i$&y ($t$ c"llecti"!..........................................................................................11

3 A!$lysis "# ($t$ $!( (iscussi"!................................................................................15

/ C"!clusi"!.........................................................................................................17

0 Re#e&e!ces..........................................................................................................19

List "# #i*u&

i*u&e 2: RLC $!( LC ci&cuits use( i! the e;'e&ie!t........................................................7

i*u&e 1: G&$'h "# lui!"sities ?e&sus the (ist$!ce bet%ee! c"ils #"& the /@tu&! c"il.................11

i*u&e 3: G&$'h "# lui!"sities ?e&sus the (ist$!ce bet%ee! c"ils #"& the 2@tu&! c"il...............12

i*u&e /: G&$'h "# lui!"sities ?e&sus the (ist$!ce bet%ee! c"ils #"& the 9/@tu&! c"il...............13

List "# 'ictu&es8Pictu&e 2: I!(uce( $*!etic #lu; i! t%" c"u'le( c"ils........................................................4

Pictu&e 9: E;'e&ie!t setu' %ith $ si'le sec"!($&y c"il....................................................9

List "# t$bles

T$ble 2: A?e&$*e ?$lues "# lui!"sities c"llecte(............................................................10

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2 I!t&"(ucti"!

2.2 Rese$&ch uesti"!:

How does the luminosity of the LED during wireless power transmission change as the

distance between the coils increases

Th&"u*h c$&e#ully st$te( hy'"thesis I 'l$! t" $!s%e& y &ese$&ch uesti"! %ith $! e;'e&ie!t I

(esi*!e(. The! I 'l$! "! e?$lu$ti!* the e&&"&s %ith y e;'e&ie!t $!( su**esti!* i'&"?ee!ts s"

y #i!(i!*s $&e "&e &ele?$!t.

2.9 -y'"thesis

My hy'"thesis %$s th$t the %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"! %"ul( be "st e##icie!t $t s$ll (ist$!ces<

$!( the! the e##icie!cy %"ul( (ec&e$se #i&st sl"%ly $!( the! #$ste& %ith (ist$!ce. As it is see! i! the

'ictu&e 2< $t l$&*e& (ist$!ces the&e %"ul( "st liDely be "&e $!( "&e l"sses t" the su&&"u!(i!*s

bec$use "# the s$lle& $!*le $t %hich the $*!etic #lu; still &e$ches the sec"!($&y c"il.

T%" $*!etic$lly c"u'le( c"ils th$t $&e '$&t "# &es"!$!t ci&cuits< c$! e!*$*e i! the '&"cess "#

&es"!$!t i!(ucti?e c"u'li!* "& elect&"(y!$ic i!(ucti"!. This is the s" c$lle( !e$& #iel( %i&eless

t&$!sissi"! "# elect&ic$l e!e&*y bet%ee! the c"ils. I! %i&eless e!e&*y t&$!sissi"!< "& "the&%ise

$ls" D!"%! $s %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"!< t%" RLC ci&cuits< c"!sisti!* "# $ c"il< c$'$cit"&< $!(

&esist"& $&e i! (i##e&e!t (e?ices $ t&$!sitti!* c"il i! "!e (e?ice t&$!sits elect&ic '"%e& th&"u*h

s'$ce t" $ &es"!$!tly &ecei?i!* c"il i! $!"the& (e?ice. =P$%$!< +.< 923> F2

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Picture 1: Induced magnetic flux in two coupled coils1

Res"!$!t t&$!s#e& %"&Ds by i!(uci!* $! "scill$ti!* cu&&e!t i! the c"il< %hich $Des the c"il H&i!*.

This c"!seue!tly *e!e&$tes $! "scill$ti!* $*!etic #iel(. Bec$use the c"il is hi*hly &es"!$!t

=hi*hly c$'$ble "# c"i!* i! &es"!$!ce %ith the sec"!( c"il>< the e!e&*y th$t is st"&e( i! the c"il is

l"st &el$ti?ely sl"%ly "?e& ?e&y $!y cycles but i# $ sec"!( c"il is b&"u*ht !e$&e&< it c$! 'icD u'

"st "# the e!e&*y be#"&e it is l"st t" the su&&"u!(i!*s< e?e! i# it is s"e (ist$!ce $%$y. The #iel(s

i! the '&"cess $&e !e$& #iel(s< %hich $&e !"!@&$(i$ti?e. =P$%$!< +.< 923> F2

Ne$& #iel( %i&eless t&$!sissi"! is $ %i&eless t&$!sissi"! tech!iue "?e& (ist$!ces "# $ #e% ties

the (i$ete& "# the (e?ice=s>< $!( u' t" $&"u!( $ u$&te& "# the %$?ele!*ths use(. E!e&*y '&ese!t i!

the !e$& #iel( is !"! &$(i$ti?e< but s"e &$(i$ti?e l"sses c$! "ccu&. I! $((iti"! the&e $&e usu$lly

&esisti?e l"sses. Ne$& #iel( t&$!s#e& c"!sist "# t%" ty'es: $*!etic =i!(ucti?e>< %hich is "stly

'&ese!t< $!( elect&ic =c$'$citi?e> e!e&*y t&$!s#e&< %hich c$! $ls" "ccu&. The elect&ic$l t&$!s#"&e& is

the si'lest e;$'le "# %i&eless e!e&*y t&$!s#e&. The '&i$&y $!( sec"!($&y ci&cuits "# $

t&$!s#"&e& $&e !"t (i&ectly c"!!ecte(. The t&$!s#e& "# e!e&*y t$Des 'l$ce by elect&"$*!etic

c"u'li!* th&"u*h $ '&"cess D!"%! $s utu$l i!(ucti"!. =T$!**$'$!< S.< 92> F1

The Helect&"(y!$ic i!(ucti?e e##ect "& H&es"!$!t i!(ucti?e c"u'li!* 'l$ys $! i'"&t$!t &"le i!

1 Image can be found at:

http://www.wie!e""powecon"otium.com/techno!og#/magnetic$e"onance$and$

magnetic$induction$ma%ing$the$ight$choice$fo$#ou$app!ication.htm!

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s"l?i!* the $i! '&"ble $ss"ci$te( %ith !"!@&es"!$!t i!(ucti?e c"u'li!* #"& %i&eless e!e&*y

t&$!s#e& the e##ect "# (ist$!ce "! the t&$!sissi"! e##icie!cy. Elect&"$*!etic i!(ucti"! %"&Ds "!

the '&i!ci'le "# $ '&i$&y c"il *e!e&$ti!* $ '&e("i!$!tly $*!etic #iel( $!( $ sec"!($&y c"il bei!*

%ithi! th$t #iel( s" $ cu&&e!t is i!(uce( i! the sec"!($&y. C"u'li!* ust be ti*ht =#&$cti"! "# the

#lu; "# the '&i$&y c"il th$t cuts the sec"!($&y is hi*h> i! "&(e& t" $chie?e hi*h e##icie!cy. As the

(ist$!ce #&" the '&i$&y is i!c&e$se(< "&e $!( "&e "# the $*!etic #iel( isses the sec"!($&y.

E?e! #"& &el$ti?ely s$ll (ist$!ces< the e!e&*y t&$!s#e& is hi*hly i!e##icie!t $!( "st "# the e!e&*y

!e?e& &e$ches the &ecei?i!* c"il.

The s"luti"! is the $''lic$ti"! "# &es"!$!ce %hich (&$stic$lly i'&"?es the situ$ti"!. he!

&es"!$!t c"u'li!* is use( the t&$!sitte& $!( &ecei?e& i!(uct"&s $&e tu!e( t" the s$e #&eue!cy by

$(justi!* the i!(uct$!ce $!( c$'$cit$!ce ?$lues $!( the i!'ut cu&&e!t is "(i#ie( #&" $ si!us"i($l

t" $ !"!@si!us"i($l =su$&e %$?e> t&$!sie!t %$?e#"&. "ll"%i!* this eth"(< si*!i#ic$!t $"u!ts

"# '"%e& c$! be t&$!sitte( "?e& $ (ist$!ce "# u' t" $ #e% ties the si,e "# the t&$!sitti!* c"il.

Such t&$!sitti!* $!( &ecei?i!* c"ils $&e "#te! si!*le l$ye& s"le!"i(s "& #l$t s'i&$ls %ith se&ies

c$'$cit"&s< th$t (i##e& #&" the usu$l ulti'le@l$ye& %i!(i!*s th$t $&e c""! %ith !"!@&es"!$!t

t&$!s#"&e&s. This $ll"%s the &ecei?i!* c"il $!( the (e?ice t" be tu!e( t" the t&$!sitti!* c"ils

#&eue!cy $!( &e(uce l"sses. A c""! use "# the tech!"l"*y is #"& '"%e&i!* c"!t$ctless s$&t

c$&(s< $!( systes e;ist t" '"%e& $!( &ech$&*e l$'t"'s $!( cell 'h"!es. =T$!**$'$!< S.< 92> F1

2.1 5$&i$bles

The&e %e&e (i##e&e!t ?$&i$bles th$t I %$!te( t" '&"'e&ly e$su&e $!(4"& c"!t&"l.

The c"!t&"lle( ?$&i$bles %e&e:

2. Nube& "# tu&!s "! c"ils =t&$!sitti!* / tu&!s $!( &ecei?i!* / tu&!s< 2 tu&!s $!( 9/ tu&!s>

It is i'"&t$!t t" $i!t$i! $(just the c$'$cit"&s ?$lues "! the &ecei?i!* c"il< %he! ch$!*i!* the

!ube& "# tu&!s. C$'$cit$!ce $!( i!(uct$!ce $&e c"!!ecte( by the &es"!$!t #&eue!cy #"&ul$9:

2 &omu!a can be found at: http://www.1728.og/e"fe'.htm

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f =1

2π √ L×C < %he&e f is the #&eue!cy i! he&t,< L the i!(uct$!ce i! he!&ys $!( C

the c$'$cit$!ce i! #$&$(s.

9. )i$ete& "# the c"il l""'

1. ThicD!ess "# %i&e3. Ty'e "# %i&e =$te&i$l the %i&e is $(e "#>

C"il i!(uct$!ce is (e'e!(e!t "! the (i$ete& "# the l""'< !ube& "# tu&!s< the %i&e thicD!ess $!(

the &el$ti?e 'e&e$bility "# the %i&e =$bility "# the $te&i$l t" su''"&t the #"&$ti"! "# $ $*!etic

#iel(>. It h$s t" be c$lcul$te( i! "&(e& t" #i!( the &i*ht c$'$cit"&s< the&e#"&e $ll these ?$lues sh"ul(

&e$i! c"!st$!t. Rel$ti?e 'e&e$bility "# the %i&e is (e'e!(e!t "! the ty'e $!( $te&i$l "# the %i&e.

/. Res"!$ti!* #&eue!cy 4 ?"lt$*e "ut'ut

I! this c$se< the &es"!$ti!* #&eue!cy is !"t th$t i'"&t$!t $s the c"ils i!(ucti?e c"u'li!* is

(e'e!(e!t "stly "! the ?"lt$*e "ut'ut %hich h$s t" be c"!st$!t.

0. O&ie!t$ti"! "# c"ils

I &e'e$te( $ll the e;'e&ie!ts #"& the s$e 'e&'e!(icul$& "&ie!t$ti"!< s" the $*!etic #lu; %$s

t&$!s#e&&e( $s e##icie!tly $s '"ssible.

I!(e'e!(e!t ?$&i$ble:

K. )ist$!ce bet%ee! c"ils

The (ist$!ce bet%ee! c"ils is i! y e;'e&ie!t the ?$&i$ble th$t is i!c&ee!t$lly i!c&e$se( i! eu$l

i!te&?$ls.

)e'e!(e!t ?$&i$ble:

. Lui!"sity "# the LE)

Lui!"sity "# the LE) is e$su&e( ?i$ the 'h"!e $'' #"& e$ch i!te&?$l "# (ist$!ce bet%ee! c"ils

$!( is the! "&*$!i,e( i! $ *&$'h.

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9 M$te&i$ls $!( eth"(s

9.2 E;'e&ie!t (esi*!

At #i&st< I i!te!(e( t" buil( t%" si'le LC ci&cuits th$t $&e e$ch $(e "# $ c"il =t&$!sitti!* $!(

&ecei?i!*> $!( $tchi!* c$'$cit"&s< but th$t '&"?e( t" be i!e##icie!t $!( t"" (e'e!(e!t "! $!y

#$ct"&s. I the! c"!(ucte( #u&the& &ese$&ch i!t" "the& ?e&si"!s "# RLC ci&cuits th$t i*ht %"&D< $!(

(eci(e( t" use $ '&"?e! t" %"&D t&$!sitti!* RLC ci&cuit %ith $ t&$!sist"&< c"!!ecte( t" $ ?"lt$*e

"ut'ut $!( $! LC &ecei?i!* ci&cuit. This ci&cuits $&e $ls" c"!siste!t i! the #&eue!cy *e!e&$te( by

the ?"lt$*e "ut'ut< %hich %$s i! y c$se still the #&eue!cy *e!e&$t"&. The t&$!sitti!* ci&cuit

the&e#"&e $l%$ys &es"!$tes $t the s$e #&eue!cy< %hich %$s c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely 2 M-,.

Figure 1: RLC and LC circuits used in the experiment 3

At the be*i!!i!*< I 'l$!!e( t" e;'l"&e the &el$ti"!shi' bet%ee! the !ube& "# tu&!s "! the c"il i!

the &ecei?i!* ci&cuit $!( the lui!"sity "# the LE). Si!ce this is %ell ("cue!te( $!( "b?i"us th$t

the lui!"sity is *&e$te& %ith $ l$&*e& $"u!t "# tu&!s< I (eci(e( t" *&$'h $ #u!cti"! "# the

lui!"sity "# the LE) (e'e!(e!t "! the (ist$!ce bet%ee! the c"ils i! the ci&cuits #"& th&ee (i##e&e!t

3 &igue can be found at: http://(o!tage.g6.c)/img/be)dato(#$peno"$

enegie/wet.gif

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10/19

i!t&"(ucti"!.

he! buil(i!* the &ecei?i!* c"il I h$( t" be c$&e#ul %he! c"!si(e&i!* the c$'$cit"&s ?$lues use i!

e$ch "# the th&ee c"ils. ith the hel' "# $! "!li!e LC ci&cuit c$lcul$t"&< the c$'$cit"&s ?$lues %e&e

c$lcul$te( #"& the (esi*!e( #&eue!cy "# $''&";i$tely 2 M-, $!( the $''&"'&i$te ?$lues "#

i!(uct$!ce #"& $ll th&ee c"ils. I the! s"l(e&e( t"*ethe& th&ee ties the c"il< $''&"'&i$te c$'$cit"& $!(

LE) i! '$&$llel.

I $ls" built $ si'le sec"!($&y c"il %ith !" c$'$cit"&s $tt$che( #"& &e#e&e!ce. This setu' $ll"%e( the

LE) t" be illui!$te( $t $ $;iu "# $''&";i$tely 9 c "# (ist$!ce.

Picture 2: Experiment setup with a simple secondar coil

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1 P&i$&y ($t$ c"llecti"!

My i!iti$l hy'"thesis %$s th$t the e##icie!cy "# the elect&ic$l '"%e& t&$!sissi"!< c"!seue!tly the

lui!"sity "# the LE) %"ul( e;'"!e!ti$lly (&"' $s the (ist$!ce bet%ee! the c"ils %"ul( be

i!c&e$se(.

I! $ll c$ses< it %$s "bse&?$ble %ith $ !$De( eye th$t $t s$lle& (ist$!ces< the &$te "# (ec&e$se i!

lui!"sity %$s uch s$lle&. The! t"%$&( l$&*e& (ist$!ces the lui!"sity (ec&e$se( "&e $!(

"&e $!( t"%$&( the e!(< "!ly l"% lui!"sity %$s still see!.

!a"le 1: #$erage $alues of luminosities collected

! turns "# turns $! turns

)ist$!ce i!

c

(±0.05)

Lui!"sity

i! lu;

)ist$!ce i!

c

(±0.05)

Lui!"sity

i! lu;

)ist$!ce i!

c

(±0.05)

Lui!"sity

i! lu; ±1 ±1 ±19 9 ±1 9 / ±1 9 K ±13 / ±1 3 2 ±1 3 / ±1

0 ±1

0 K ±1

0 9 ±1

K1 ±1 ±1 0 ±12 00 ±1 2 K/ ±1 2 2 ±129 / ±1 29 0 ±1 29 K/ ±123 /9 ±1 23 / ±1 23 0/ ±120 3 ±1 20 30 ±1 20 /3 ±12 11 ±1 2 13 ±1 2 39 ±19 92 ±1 9 91 ±1 9 9 ±199 23 ±1 99 20 ±1 99 92 ±193 ±1 93 22 ±1 93 21 ±190 3 ±1 90 3 ±1 90 3 ±1

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Figure 2: %raph of luminosities $ersus the distance "etween coils for the &'turn coil

At the be*i!!i!* "# the e$su&ee!ts #"& the /@tu&! c"il< the lui!"sity %$s e$su&e( t" be lu;.

The *&$(ie!t "# the &$te "# (ec&e$se #"& the i!iti$l $&e$ "# t%" c"il (i$ete&s =#&" t" 2 c> %$s

c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely @1.1lux

cm. A#te& the i!iti$l $&e$< %he! the &$te "# (ec&e$se &$'i(ly

i!c&e$se( be#"&e the $lle?i$ti"! "# the (ec&e$se< i! the $&e$ bet%ee! 23 $!( 9 c< the *&$(ie!t %$s

c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely @/.2lux

cm. The best #it li!e is $''&";i$te( %ith $ u$(&$tic

eu$ti"!< $lth"u*h the li!e$& eu$ti"! $ls" '&"?i(es $ *""( #it.

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Figure 3: %raph of luminosities $ersus the distance "etween coils for the 1('turn coil

At the be*i!!i!* "# the e$su&ee!ts #"& the 2@tu&! c"il< the lui!"sity %$s e$su&e( t" be

lu;. The *&$(ie!t "# the &$te "# (ec&e$se #"& the i!iti$l $&e$ "# t%" c"il (i$ete&s =#&" t" 2 c>

%$s c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely @9.3lux

cm. A#te& the i!iti$l $&e$< %he! the &$te "# (ec&e$se

&$'i(ly i!c&e$se( be#"&e the $lle?i$ti"! "# the (ec&e$se< i! the $&e$ bet%ee! 29 $!( 9 c< the

*&$(ie!t %$s c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely @/.Klux

cm. The best #it li!e is $''&";i$te( %ith $

u$(&$tic eu$ti"!.

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Figure ): %raph of luminosities $ersus the distance "etween coils for the 2&'turn coil

At the be*i!!i!* "# the e$su&ee!ts #"& the 9/@tu&! c"il< the lui!"sity %$s e$su&e( t" be

lu;. The *&$(ie!t "# the &$te "# (ec&e$se #"& the i!iti$l $&e$ "# t%" c"il (i$ete&s =#&" t" 2 c>

%$s c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely @2.lux

cm. A#te& the i!iti$l $&e$< %he! the &$te "# (ec&e$se

&$'i(ly i!c&e$se( be#"&e the $lle?i$ti"! "# the (ec&e$se< i! the $&e$ bet%ee! 29 $!( 9 c< the

*&$(ie!t %$s c$lcul$te( t" be $''&";i$tely @/.lux

cm. The best #it li!e is $''&";i$te( %ith $

u$(&$tic eu$ti"!.

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3 A!$lysis "# ($t$ $!( (iscussi"!

The &$tes "# (ec&e$se "# lui!"sity c$! be &e$( #&" the *&$'hs usi!* the L"**e& P&" s"#t%$&e< $!(

c$! be c$lcul$te( #"& $!y $&e$ "# the *&$'hs. The *&$'hs $&e siil$& i! sh$'e< but the&e $&e s"e

!"tice$ble (i##e&e!ces i! the ?$lues "# lui!"sities #"& the (i##e&e!t c"ils.

As ?e&i#ie( #&" the *&$'hs< t&$!sitti!* e!e&*y %i&elessly is "st e##ecti?e $t &$the& s$ll

(ist$!ces< %hich $&e less th$! t%" (i$ete&s "# the c"il. At these s$ll (ist$!ces the e##ect "# the

!ube& "# tu&!s "! c"ils is "st '&ese!t $!( #"ll"%s the the"&y th$t "&e tu&!s "! the c"il e$!s

*&e$te& i!(uct$!ce< thus bette& '"%e&i!* "# the LE). C"il %ith the "st tu&!s i! y e;'e&ie!t< 9/

tu&!s< %$s $ble t" be the best &ecei?i!* c"il i! the i!iti$l st$*e "# the '&"cess< %ith $ &$te "# (ec&e$se

"# lui!"sity "# "!ly @2.lux

cm i! *&$(ie!t. A#te& the s$ll (ist$!ces< the c"ils st$&te( t" siil$&ly

(ec&e$se thei& e##icie!cy =*&$(ie!t "# @/.Klux

cm $!( @/.

lux

cm>< %ith the e;ce'ti"! "# the /@tu&!

c"il %hich h$( !"% $ l"%e& &$te "# (ec&e$se "# lui!"sity =@/.2lux

cm>< $s the '&"cess %$s "&e

li!e$&. The&e#"&e it %$s '"ssible t" see th$t %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"! is &e$lly "st '&$ctic$l "?e&

s$ll (ist$!ces. My hy'"thesis %$s c"&&ect i! (e#i!i!* the &$te "# (ec&e$se i! lui!"sity $c&"ss $ll

e;$'les $s i!c&e$si!* i! !$tu&e $!( the best #it li!e "# the *&$'h %$s the u$(&$tic eu$ti"!. This

%$s $''&";i$te( by #"ll"%i!* the Bi"t@S$?$&t l$% %hich st$tes< th$t the (ec&e$se i! the st&e!*th "#

$ $*!etic #iel( $l"!* $! $;i$l (ist$!ce #&" $ cu&&e!t c$&&yi!* c"il l""' is (ete&i!e( $s the

i!?e&se "# the su$&e "# the (ist$!ce. This e$!s th$t the st&e!*th "# the $*!etic #iel( (ec&e$ses

#$ste& $t l$&*e& (ist$!ces< the&e#"&e the lui!"sity (ec&e$ses #$ste&. F3

The&e %$s $! i'"&t$!t liit$ti"! t" the e;'e&ie!t< bec$use the e;$ct ?$lues "# c$'$cit"&s !ee(e(

(i( !"t $l%$ys e;ist< $!( "!ly th"se i! $''&"'&i$te i!te&?$ls %e&e $?$il$ble. I h$( t" use the cl"sest

best $lte&!$ti?e #"& the c$'$cit"&s. Bec$use "# th$t< they %e&e !"t $s e##icie!tly c"u'le(.

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The *&$'h #"& the c"il %ith / tu&!s h$s the hi*hest i!iti$l &$te "# (ec&e$se =*&$(ie!t @1.1lux

cm> $s

e;'ecte(< but the $;iu &$te =*&$(ie!t @/.2lux

cm> is l"%e& th$! the &$tes #"& 2@tu&! =*&$(ie!t

@/.Klux

cm> $!( 9/@tu&! c"il =*&$(ie!t @/.

lux

cm>. The&e#"&e< the *&$'h $''e$&s t" be "&e li!e$&

th$! the "the&. It c$! be i!te&'&ete( th$t %hile the hi*he& !ube& "# tu&!s "! the c"il le$(s t" "&e

e##icie!t %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"! $t s$ll (ist$!ces< the e##ect "# this is l"%e& $t l$&*e&

(ist$!ces< s" the &$te "# (ec&e$se "# lui!"sity &$'i(ly i!c&e$ses $!( the lui!"sities $&e siil$& t"

th"se "bse&?e( $t c"ils %ith l"%e& !ube&s "# tu&!s. I $ls" !"tice( th$t $s the LE) $''&"$che( ,e&"

lui!"sity< the lu; ete& st"''e( e$su&i!* $t the ?$lue "# 3 lu;. The&e#"&e the lui!"sities %ith

$ll c"ils $''&"$che( the s$e ?$lues "# 3 lu;< %hich c$! $ls" le$( t" the li!e$&i,$ti"! "# the *&$'h

#"& the /@tu&! c"il.

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/ C"!clusi"!

My &ese$&ch uesti"! %$s: -"% ("es the lui!"sity "# the LE) (u&i!* %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"!

ch$!*e $s the (ist$!ce bet%ee! the c"ils i!c&e$ses

)u&i!* the i!?esti*$ti"! I %$s $ble t" stu(y the !$tu&e "# the %i&eless '"%e&4e!e&*y t&$!sissi"!.

Th&"u*h the e;'e&ie!t$l '&"ce(u&es I (e&i?e( y &ese$&ch uesti"!< %hich h$s $ l"t "# '&$ctic$l

use $s this tech!"l"*y is c"!st$!tly e?"l?i!* $!( "! the &ise t"($y. It is bec"i!* i!c&e$si!*ly

'"'ul$& %ith the use "# 'h"!es< $!( c"'ute&s. The uesti"! th$t is "#te! $sDe( is h"% e##ecti?e

%i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"! &e$lly is< h"% it c$! be i'&"?e(< $!( $t %h$t (ist$!ces c$! it still

'&"?e t" be e##ecti?e. I! this ess$y I $&&i?e( t" the c"!clusi"! th$t %i&eless '"%e& t&$!sissi"! is

uite e##ecti?e $t l"% (ist$!ces but bec"es i!c&e$si!*ly i!e##icie!t $!( i'&$ctic$l $t l$&*e&

(ist$!ces ="&e th$! t%" c"il (i$ete&s>.

It is i'"&t$!t t" $ls" $cD!"%le(*e the e&&"&s "# the e;'e&ie!t. The best #it li!es "#te! ("!t *"

th&"u*h the e&&"& b$&s $!( $&e !"t %ithi! the u!ce&t$i!ties th$t the e$su&i!* i!st&ue!ts c$uses.

This c$! be $tt&ibute( t" the #$ct th$t bec$use the e$su&i!* i!st&ue!t %$s $ 'h"!e %ith $!

$''lic$ti"! th$t e$su&es lui!"sity ?i$ the 'h"!es c$e&$< e$su&ee!ts c$! "#te! be i!$ccu&$te

bec$use the c$e&$ %$s !"t s'eci#ic$lly $(e #"& such 'u&'"ses< %hile the '&"#essi"!$l lu; ete&

is. The&e is $ '"ssibility "# '""& i!te&$cti"! %ith li*ht #&" the LE) $t l$&*e& (ist$!ces< le$(i!* t"

%"&se 'e&ce'ti"! "# lui!"sity ch$!*es =the $lle?i$ti"! "# &$te "# (ec&e$se>. The c$e&$ $ls" c$!t

be c$lib&$te(< %hich is i'"&t$!t t" e!su&e &ele?$!t &esults. I! #utu&e &ese$&ch $ "&e $ccu&$te lu;

ete& c"ul( be use( '&"?i(i!* "&e $ccu&$te &esults.

I %$s $ls" u!$ble t" $ssu&e th$t the "&ie!t$ti"! "# the c"il is $l%$ys the s$e. The&e is $ ch$!ce th$t

the&e %e&e s"e i!"& !e*li*ible (i##e&e!ces i! $!*les $!( $li*!e!t. This (i##e&e!ces i*ht i! the

e!( le$( t" l"%e& $*!etic #lu; (e!sity =l""se c"u'li!*> $!( hi*he& i!e##icie!cy.

A! i!te&esti!* u!&es"l?e( uesti"! th$t st$&te( b"the&i!* e $#te& the e;'e&ie!t %$s %hy (i( the

2@tu&! $!( 9/@tu&! c"il st$&t (ec&e$si!* thei& e##icie!cy $t $l"st the s$e &$te =*&$(ie!ts @/.K

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lux

cm $!( @/.

lux

cm> $#te& the s$ll (ist$!ce "# t%" (i$ete&s. This c"ul( be the! #u&the&

i!?esti*$te( %ith $ "&e '&"#essi"!$l lu; ete& $!( $ssesse( %hethe& the siil$&ities $&e

st$tistic$lly si*!i#ic$!t. ith the &esults< i'"&t$!t i!#"&$ti"! c"ul( be &e?e$le( c"!ce&!i!* the

c"!st&ucti"! "# l"!* (ist$!ce =&$!*e> %i&eless '"%e&e( systes =t&$!sitti!* c"il c"!!ecte( t" $

s"u&ce "# '"%e& %ith &ecei?i!* c"ils "! "!e "& "&e elect&ic$lly '"%e&e( (e?ices> %hich $&e

c"!st$!tly (ist$!t #&" e$ch "the&.

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0 Re#e&e!ces

F2 P$%$!< +. =923< N"?ebe& 2>. iT&icity @ i&eless T&$!sissi"! "# Elect&icity @

)"cue!ts. Ret&ie?e( J$!u$&y 2/< 920< #&" htt':44("cue!ts.;4("cue!ts4%it&icity@

%i&eless@t&$!sissi"!@"#@elect&icity.htlF9 i&eless P"%e& C"!s"&tiu< =92< A'&il 9>. i&eless Elect&icity T&$!sissi"!. Ret&ie?e(

J$!u$&y 2/< 920< #&" htt':44%%%.%i&eless'"%e&c"!s"&tiu.c"4tech!"l"*y4h"%@it@

%"&Ds.htlF1 T$!**$'$!< S. =92< Oct"be& 2>. i&eless E!e&*y T&$!s#e& By Usi!* Elect&"$*!etic

I!(ucti"!. Ret&ie?e( J$!u$&y 2/< 920< #&"

htt's:44uh$$($lt%$y.%"&('&ess.c"49242424%i&eless@e!e&*y@t&$!s#e&@by@usi!*@

elect&"$*!etic@i!(ucti"!4F3 +esle&< M. =921>. -i*hly Res"!$!t i&eless P"%e& T&$!s#e&: S$#e< E##icie!t< $!( "?e&

)ist$!ce. Ret&ie?e( J$!u$&y 2/< 920< #&" htt':44%%%.%it&icity.c"4$ssets4hi*hly@

&es"!$!t@'"%e&@t&$!s#e&@Desle&@%it&icity@921.'(# F/ Elect&ic$l 3u.c". Bi"t S$?$&t L$%. Ret&ie?e( J$!u$&y 2/< 920< #&"

htt':44%%%.elect&ic$l3u.c"4bi"t@s$?$&t@l$%4F0 Gi$!c"li< ). =9/>. Physics. -$&l"%: Pe$&s"! E(uc$ti"! Liite(. Secti"! 9: M$*!etis.

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