EXPOSITION OF FAILING OF CIRCUIT BREAKER ENGAGED FOR … · investigation of a flashover occurrence at 33 KV GIS substations during back to back capacitor switching. S. Bojic, et

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International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET)

Volume 11, Issue 6, August 2020, pp. 42-54, Article ID: IJEET_11_06_005

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijeet/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=11&IType=6

ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553

DOI: 10.34218/IJEET.11.6.2020.005

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EXPOSITION OF FAILING OF CIRCUIT

BREAKER ENGAGED FOR SWITCHING OF

CAPACITOR USING SOFT COMPUTING

M. R. Salodkar

Assistant Professor, Electrical Engineering, GH Raisoni College of Engineering &

Management, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

Dr. V. N. Ghate

Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, Govt. College of Engineering,

Amravati, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

In several parts of power system, we may experience the pockets having low

voltage and low power factor problem due to more share of inductive load in total

load fed by the EHV sub-stations. In such pockets, the system strengthening can be

done by several ways such as addition of new transformer capacity, smoothing of load

curve by way of load management, maintaining LT-HT ratio etc. These measures may

require exuberant time. The measure that can be adopted for system improvement

within minimum time span is the installation of capacitor bank across the buses of

EHV substation which feeds power in low voltage and low power segment of grid.

The addition of capacitor bank in EHV-HV system, improves the power factor and

voltage considerably, thereby reducing reactive power burden of system. But the

switching of capacitor bank on an energized system will generally result in a transient

voltage and increases the possibility of failure of circuit breaker engaged for its

switching earlier than its specified operations. Practically many such occurrences

were noticed in EHV-HV substations where capacitor banks have failed during

switching and also before attaining their prescribed number of operations. With the

large scale development in Artificial Intelligence technology, sophisticated and

accurate soft computing technique are coming up. Hence, effort is taken to examine

the causes for failing of circuit breaker engaged for switching of capacitor bank using

soft computing approach. Prototype experimental model of 132/11KV Sub-station is

developed using MATLAB Simulink and circuit breaker failure analysis is done by

using soft computing algorithm.

Key words: Restrike, Shunt Capacitor, Current Transients, Circuit Breaker,

Overvoltage.

Exposition of Failing of Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft

Computing


Cite this Article: M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate, Exposition of Failing of

Circuit Breaker Engaged for Switching of Capacitor using Soft Computing.

International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 11(6), 2020,

pp. 42-54.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJEET/issues.asp?JType=IJEET&VType=11&IType=6

1. INTRODUCTION

Nowadays, it has become a usual praxis to fix shunt capacitors at every voltage level of the

power system to ameliorate the power factor, voltage profile, the quality of electrical supply

and the efficient operation of the power system. Nearly, all electrical loads including domestic

user equipments are inductive. Because of down water table, the size of industries load and

agrarian load is also amplifying. These conditions are responsible for poor power factor and

huge reactive power flows though the transmission lines thereby occurring a voltage drop.

Due to this reason, in most of the areas low voltage satchels are found. To ameliorate the

power factor and for flat voltage profile appropriate power compensation is required to be

proposed at load end. Further, because of heavy increase in load, it has become very difficult

task to emphasize every consumer to confer a compensation device. Therefore, power supply

companies are forced to provide capacitor bank at the feeding substation at all voltage levels

including EHV. And now it is a common practice to provide a compensating device at the

feeding sub-station for ameliorating the system power factor. But the major issue with

compensating device i.e. capacitor bank is the failing of switching device i.e. circuit breaker

engaged for its switching [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7].

It is shared by power supply companies that circuit breaker failure occurs prior to its pre-

determined life. The life of circuit breaker is pre-determined in terms of normal switching

operations and operations on faults. Therefore, it is mandatory to ensure the standard

specifications of the circuit breaker employed for capacitor bank energizations.

Common factors for failure of circuit breaker are as under.

1.Due to ineffective medium in interrupting chamber.

2.Due to derangement of circuit breaker contacts owing to repeated capacitor bank operations.

3.Due to charging inrush problem of capacitor bank

4.Due to outrush problem owing to fault on bus or very near to supply bus.

5.Due to overvoltage (re-striking voltage).

We are aware that the state of art in electrical protection system is changing day by day.

Power handling companies are very much concerned about the protection of their systems and

especially regarding frequent failing of circuit breaker used for capacitor bank switching. It is

revealed that circuit breaker having standard normal specifications do not have similar

switching capacity for inductive and capacitive switching. Hence, an attempt is made to

simulate shunt capacitor switching actions connected to three phase power system using extra

high voltage circuit breaker with all normal standard specifications and to investigate

switching transients produced during switching. This is done to establish the specification

suitability of a circuit breaker employed for capacitor switching, so as to sort out the solution

of this problem and to ensure the shunt capacitor bank operation without vanity of circuit

breaker engaged for capacitor bank switching so that there may not be any problem to power

system, the stress on the power system can be minimized and MVA efficiency of transformer

is improved [8].

M. R. Salodkar and Dr. V. N. Ghate


Owing to deregulation, the stability, reliability and availability of power systems ought to

be ameliorated in order to enhance the competition of electricity markets. To improve such

viewpoints, power systems must be operated with negligible weird conditions and conditions

must be removed forthwith and power supply must be resumed as early as possible using best

practices and standards laid down from time to time for achieving consumer satisfaction [9].

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The review of literature review carried out for publishing this paper is listed below. A

bottommost review of circuit breaker, capacitor bank, shunt capacitor bank along with

switching action issues like charging inrush, outrush during fault, fault interruptions, re-

striking voltage and also condition monitoring is reviewed. This is followed by soft

computing method and proposal is made for suitable changes / modifications in circuit

breakers specification intended for switching of a capacitor bank.

Bohnam Faiz et.al. [10] presented a novel algorithm for detection of circuit breakers

failure. The power loss due to arcing event at the input and output terminals of CBs is

calculated, which is further utilized for estimation of arcing energy. Payman Dehghaniam

et.al. [11] explained a technique for the finding of CBs deterioration, using its data of

condition monitoring control circuit. Pratap Shekar Puhan et.al. [12], investigated the

effectiveness of soft computing approach to detect the fault in AC motor.

George Becker, P E et.al. [1], explained the inrush and outrush problem of capacitor bank

and reactor bank, also back-to-back switching. Aniket Jain et.al. [13], described the technique

for fault detection, classification of transmission lines by using Artificial Neural Network

(ANN). Wenxia Sima et.al. [2] presented a field experiments on 10KV shunt capacitor bank

using phase control VCB.

Prachal Jadeja et.al. [14] explained the effects of DC components on circuit breaker and

the conclusion drawn. J.C. Attachie and C. K. Amuzuvi et.al. [3] explained the identification

of harmonic resonance and capacitor bank switching in distribution network using fixed and

switched capacitor bank. The study investigate a frequent capacitor bank tripping and damage

in substation of the electric company Ghana.

Alexander Perera, et.al. [4] proposed a signal processing technique for identifying and

characterizing the number of capacitor bank connected to standard feeder circuit. This allows

a real time remote monitoring of their operation. Gopal Gajjar et.al. [15] reviewed the

investigation of a flashover occurrence at 33 KV GIS substations during back to back

capacitor switching. S. Bojic, et. al. [16] presented the occurrence of SF6 circuit breaker

failure in 400 KV substations due to which both breaking chambers were burst.

Kadri Kadriu et. al. [17] analyzed the measurement of an actual incidents occurred during

circuit breaker mis-sychronization. Shehab Abdulwadood Ali et. al. [18] offers an advent to

capacitor financial institution switching transients, illustrate the outcomes of capacitor bank

switching inside the utility primary distribution at special places of power machine, but

specially at the customers plant. This paper covers special operational instances to discover

the correct method or strategies used to restriction the impact of capacitor switching

transients. Transient disturbances in strength structures can also damage key gadget,

doubtlessly having a splendid effect on machine reliability. These transients may be

introduced during normal switching operations, lighting strikes, are because the equipment

failure. And consequently, time area pc simulations are evolved to take a look at risky

instances because of brief occurrences.

Durga Bhavani Muppart et.al. [19] explained the switching of capacitor transient on

distribution system is modelled and analyzed. Analysis of voltage is made to extract the

appropriate capacitor switching times with the aid of gazing the temporary over voltage and,


Computing


harmonic components. An algorithm is developed for practical implementation of zero

crossing technique by talking the results obtained from the simulink model. S.J. Kulas et.al.

[20] analyzed the problem of the capacitive inrush current and methods to reduce the same are

also explained.

Florian Korner et.al. [21] represented the behavior of different interrupter materials and

design is studied by carrying out various tests. The take a look at collection is comprised of

creating operations and present day interruptions followed by way of a next capacitive

recuperation voltage. Also, this paper explains the need of reconsideration and adaption of

circuit breaker design for vacuum circuit breaker capacitive current switching, as vacuum

circuit breaker capacitive current switching means a specific operating condition.

Mohd Shamir Ramli et.al. [5] investigated switching transients produce during circuit

breaker switching a capacitor bank, shunt reactor bank using a non-unbidden measurement.

This measures the variation of frequency voltage wave from during capacitor switching

operations without the need of an outage. The ideas of the dimension techniques are

mentioned and field measurements had been finished at a shunt reactor and capacitor bank set

up in 275 KV air insulated sub-station. The results of the measurement were presented and

discussed in this report.

Phuwanart Choonhaprar et.al. [22], contributed mainly three phases, failure modes and

effect analysis, the probabilistic model and maintenance optimization. The conclusion is made

to summarize the result and suggest the course of the in addition development. Joe Rostron

et.al.[23], analysed the example of capacitor switching and recommended for confirmation

from generic and application specific point of view.

Ying-Yi Hong et.al. [24] explained a technique to locate the position of the transient

sources using PQ monitoring System. The DWT is used to measure the features of transients.

The fuzzy-c means is then used to find the location of PQ measurements facilities. The signal

actuates reap by using wavelet coefficient served as inputs to the hybrid primary component

evaluation neural network for finding the brief resources. The simulation results so obtained

show the applicability of the proposed method.

Lutz Gebhard et. al. [25] explains about (a) the use of surge arrester to arrest or limit over

voltage during capacitor bank switching and hence to prevent circuit breaker failure. (b)

Installation of surge arrester mitigates the risk of multiple restrikes by limiting transient

recovery voltage of circuit breaker.

Florian Korner et. al. [26] gives the experimental results obtained from “Synthetic Test of

Capacitive current switching using a test vessel”. The paper elaborates the effect of inductive

load switching and capacitive load switching on breaker contacts in terms of deterioration.

Also the results with different materials contacts are obtained. This review has further helped

to determine this specification of circuit breaker to be used for capacitor bank switching.

Thomas M. Blooming et.al.[27] investigated fuse operation and capacitors failures in

financial institution of an industrial facility. Gustavo Brunello et.al. [28] describes principles

of shunt capacitor bank design for sub-station installation and basic protection techniques.

J. Lopez-Rolden et. al. [29] discuss about the case study of failure of EHV breakers while

switching the shunt capacitor and detail analysis is explained which helped again to determine

the behavior of EHV breaker while interrupting the load current.

Salil S. Sabade et. al. [30] investigated the frequent capacitor tripping and damage in the

distribution sub-station of the electricity company of Ghana (ECG). For this paper, the study

was conducted using the electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) software. From the result

it is concluded that failures were with reference to harmonic resonance.



Govind Gopal Kumar et.al. [31] provides an explanation about to switching transient of

capacitor bank. A case study at Split-Rock is discussed followed by a discussion and

interpretation of the results. M. Blooming et.al. [32] evaluated the variation in capacitors bank

that are applied on power system.

T.E. Bellie et.al. [33] describes the info of the analysis worried in figuring out the series of

the occasions that caused the circuit breaker being unable to break efficiently and highlight

the effect of the current limiting inductors on fault current interruption in capacitor financial

institution utility.

The Electricity Act 2003 [9] has enforced the development of transmission network and

its efficient use for providing transmission services in a nondiscriminatory manner.

Accordingly MSETCL, action is developed to meet the task and challenges successfully. In

their mission statement they assured that a state transmission utility dedicate themselves to

plan, build up, operate and maintain the state transmission system to facilitate transmission of

electricity from its source to load centers in a secure, reliable and economic manner for best

services to the consumer and society by using best practices and standards laid down time to

time.

3. PROPOSED WORK

The methodology proposed for this paper is given below and illustrated in Figure.1.

a) Bus Model : A bus representing single conductor per phase and as a single section (here

capacitance effect is neglected) because it is very less as compared to 20MVAR capacitor

bank which is proposed for switching, for improvement in power factor.

b) Transmission Line : 2 Nos. of 132KV transmission lines having 150Amp load on each line

with power factor 0.8 are connected to bus.

c) Trasnformers : 2 Nos of 132/11KV, 10MVA transformer are connected to bus which are

feeding highly inductive load of 11KV feeders. Each transformer is drawing 45Amp HV side

current with 0.8 power factor.

d) Capacitor Bank and Load Modelling : Capacitor bank connected to bus is considered as

single 20MVAR capacitor bank and lumped inductive load.

3.1. Circuit Breaker Specifications (Electrical)

1. Rated Normal Voltage – 145 KVrms (Max)

2. Rated Normal Current – 1600 Amp (rms)

3. Rated frequency – 50 Hz

4. Rated Insulation Level

– One Minute power frequency withstand – 275 KVrms

– Impulse withstand – 650 KVp

5. Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current – 25 KA

6. Rated Short Circuit Making Current – 62.5 KAp

7. Rated Operating Sequence – 0 - 0.3sec – CO – 3min – CO.

8. First pole to clear factor - 1.3.

9. DC component - 51%.

10. Rated duration of Short Circuit – 1sec.

11. Total Break Time (maximum) – 3 cycles

12. Line Charging Breaking Current – 50 Amp


Computing


3.2. Circuit Breaker Specifications (Mechanical)

“ Nozzel of moving contact should be designed in such a way that smooth and sufficient SF6

gas flow is ensured in arcing area”.

Figure 1 Single Line Diagram of Proposed 132/11 KV Model Substation

Here in the following Table-I, the cases of capacitor bank energization, de-energization,

fault occurring and re-striking are discussed for radial power system (i.e. for prototype model

of 132/11KV substation)

Table 1 Effect of Switching Operation of Capacitor Bank on Circuit Breaker (CBKR)

Sr No Switching Operations

Switching Transients

Breaker Status Inrush

Curren

t

Outrush

Current

Re-striking

Voltage

Case 1 Normal Switching (Inductive

Switching) - - - Healthy

Case 2 Healthy Capacitor Bank Switched ON Yes - Yes Unhealthy

Case 3 Healthy Capacitor Bank Switched OFF - - Yes Unhealthy

Case 4 Capacitor bank breaker switching OFF

in case of fault in capacitor bank - Yes Yes Unhealthy

Case 5 Capacitor bank breaker switching OFF

in case of fault on 132 KV Bus -

Yes (Bus Fault

Current) Yes

Unhealthy

(Faulty)

As regards to normal switching i.e. inductive switching, no transient are observed and

breaker condition is found to be healthy. In case 2, the transient is characterized by source of

heavy inrush current and transient over voltage caused by surge of inrush current. The

condition of capacitor bank circuit breaker is found to be unhealthy. The immediate failure

will not occur. The failure occurs after some operations of capacitor bank circuit breaker.

However, the capacitor banks are required to be operated (i.e. Switch on/off) daily, as per the

requirement of reactive power. In case 3, during de-energization, the capacitor bank becomes

unhealthy due to transient recovery voltage that is re-striking voltage. In case 4, due to



significant outrush current from the capacitor bank, the condition of capacitor bank circuit

breaker found to be unhealthy. In case 5, the condition of capacitor bank circuit breaker is

found to be unhealthy (faulty) because of fault on 132KV bus (or line). Whenever the

capacitor bank is connected to bus and is in charged condition, the capacitor bank acts as a

source to feed the fault and fault magnitude is very high because capacitor bank is suddenly

discharged to the fault.

Figure 2 Circuit breaker condition assessment architecture using soft computing

The proposed prognostics architecture is shown in Figure.2. The architecture consist of

two parts, first, knowledge of circuit breaker status at the time of switching and second, model

using soft computing. Trip and close CB signals feature are extracted using wavelet

transformation and then it is given to the soft computing techniques, in this Multi-Layer

Perceptron Neural Network and Random Forest is used.

4. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS

The proposed prototype system is modelled using MATLAB Simulink as shown below in

Figure.3.

Figure 3 Simulation model of proposed system


Computing


All the switching operations are taken observations at bus 6 node i.e. after capacitor bank

circuit breaker and at bus 3 node i.e. before capacitor bank circuit breaker as per the Table- I.

Transient variation of voltage and current at bus 3 is shown for case 1 in Figure.4, whereas

transient variation of voltage and current at bus 6 for cases 2, 3 and 4 is shown in Figure.5,

Figure.6 and Figure.7 respectively. Figure.8 and Figure.9 shows transient variation of voltage

and current for case 5 at bus 3 and bus 6 respectively.

Figure 4 Voltage and current observation of case 1 at bus 3








The contemplation of all the switching operations carried out at bus 3 and bus 6 only i.e.

near capacitor bank circuit breaker an signals are in the form of voltage and current. Those

signals are given to feature extraction using wavelet transformation, later on all signals feature

are given to soft computing algorithms to know the circuit breaker status whether it is Healthy

or Unhealthy. In soft computing algorithms, Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) Neural Network

and Random Forest algorithm (RF) is used for analysis purpose. We compared performance

of both the algorithms as shown below in Table-II and Figure. 10.


Computing


Table 2 CB status analysis using soft computing algorithm

Classifier Test Sample CB Status

Healthy Unhealthy

Model

Accuracy

(%)

MLP Healthy

Unhealthy

19 1

0 40

95

100

RF Healthy

Unhealthy

18 2

0 40

90

100

Figure 10 Graph showing model accuracy

5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE

From the simulation results of switching actions carried out, it is concluded that the de-

energization of capacitor bank associated with transient voltages and current and puts stresses

on circuit breaker employed for capacitor switching thereby the circuit breaker switching

capacitor bank have been found unhealthy or faulty and increases the possibility of failure of

breaker. However, immediate failure may not occur. Failure occurs before attaining the

prescribed operation i.e. prior to the predetermine life. The life of circuit breaker is pre-

determined in terms of normal switching operations and operations on fault. And therefore it

is finally concluded that the elements of the power system propone a different kind of

breaking and making duty to the circuit breaker and hence it is confirmed that the circuit

breaker with normal standard specifications cannot be used for inductive and capacitive load

switching. For capacitive load switching, the modifications in normal standard specifications

are required to be suggested, for healthy and efficient operation of the system. It is observed

that soft computing approach for finding the capacitor bank circuit breaker status as healthy or

unhealthy, is found to be more efficient using MLP than RF in terms of accuracy. Even

though some estimation of capacitor bank switching transient can be made by hand

calculation, estimation using a software study is really required to properly model the

complex behavior of the power system. Once the model is developed, many scenarios can be

simulated and detailed statistical studies can be performed. The study proposed in this paper,

is by no way means a pervasive and complete representation of the work carried out, but

intends to give the researcher an appreciation for the basic behaviors observed and the type of

things to be concerned about. There are other complex interaction between capacitor bank and

system non linarites that have not been mentioned here.

As discussed above and also it is experienced that the immediate failures of circuit breaker

switching capacitor bank will not occur. The failure occur because of degradation of Nozzle

overtime due to arcing caused by high frequency re-ignition currents thereby puncturing the

Nozzle material. Therefore it has become very necessary to concentrate research / study on



Nozzle material to be used and design of Nozzle also to avoid the deterioration of Nozzle

during restrike and re-ignition.

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Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological university, Houghton, MI 49931. Mythili

Chaganti, Xcel Energy Inc.414 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis, MN55401 on “Shunt Reactor

Switching transients at high compensation levels”, pp1-14.

[31] ”Shunt Capacitor Bank Switching transients. A Tutorial and case study”, carried out by

Govind Gopalkumar, Huihua yan, Dr.Bruchs A.Mork of Michigan Technological university

Houghtan, MI 49931 and Kalyan K. Mustabhi, Northen states Power company, Minneapolis,

MN-55401. Pp1-13.

[32] ”Capacitor Application Issues”, Senior member IEEE i)Thomas M. Blooming,P.E. Eaton

corporation,7000 Highlands Parkway SE Smyrna, GA 30082 ii)Daniel J.Carnovale ,P.E,

Eaton corporation,1000 cherrington PKWY, Moon Township PA 15108. pp 1-14.

[33] Terrance A. Bellei, S&C Electric company, Chicago, Lllinois and Gene Ranson, ComEd,

Chicago, Lllinois ”Current Limiting Inductors used in capacitor Bank Applications and their

Impact on Fault current Interruption ”.

AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Prof Mukund R Salodkar received his BE, Electrical Engineering from Nagpur

University in year 1977 and ME, Electrical Power Systems from SGB, Amaravati

University in 1988. He joined MSEB in 1977 and retired as Executive Engineer

Transmission in July 2011. Then he joined G H Raisoni College of Engineering and

Management, Amravati in September 2011 as Assistant Professor. He also served as

Head of Electrical Engineering Department and as Dean Development in same

college. He is former member of Board of Studies, Electrical Engineering in SGB Amravati

University, Government College of Engineering (Autonomous) Amravati and G H Raisoni University

Amravati. He is member of Institution of Engineers (IE), India, Indian Society for Technical

Education, IAENG, IRED. He has published several research papers in International and National

Journals and Conference Proceedings. He guided many PG students. Presently He is pursuing PhD

from SGB Amravati University. His area of interest is Power Systems and Switch Gear Protection.

Dr. V. N. Ghate received the B.E. degree in Electrical Engineering from Sant

Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India, in 1990, the M.E. degree in

control systems from Shivaji University, Kolhapur, India, in 1993, and the Ph.D.

degree from Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University in 2010. From 1994 to 2001, he

was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Polytechnic,

Technical Education Government of Maharashtra. Since 2002, he has been with the

Department of Electrical Engineering, Government College of Engineering, Technical Education

Government of Maharashtra. At present he is working as Associate Professor, Government College of

Engineering (Autonomous), Amravati. His areas of interest include neural network, and Electrical

Machines and Drives Dr. Ghate is a fellow of Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication

Engineers (India), Institution of Engineers (India) and member of Instrument Society of India, IEEE

and the Indian Society for Technical Education (India).

Documents

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