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Export Credit Agencies and Human Rights
How do they take human rights into account? For the most part, they don’t Four general models
– Conflating social with human rights – Social +– Political risk assessment– Actual human rights screening
Model One: Conflating “Social” with human rights
Common Approaches – environmental and social safeguards (WB and IFC)
Human rights Few social “add-ons”– involuntary resettlement, (OD 4.30)– project-associated health impacts (IFC guidelines)– cultural property (OPN 11.30)– indigenous rights. (OD 4.20)
Approach of most ECAs Remainder left to host country legislation
Model Two: Social +
Reference in preambles (JBIC, EDC) Reference to OECD guidelines (Ducroire,
Atradius) Social + (ECGD) Compliance mechanism (JBIC, EDC, OPIC) Belgian Model (under discussion) Ex-Im – Office of Human Rights Assessment
(Failed)
Model Three: Political Risk Assessment
EDC assesses PRA at two levels:– Country level risk
Socio-economic equality Government action on corruption, regime legitimacy and stability Existence of democratic institutions Risks of political violence (existing and potential) Risks of expropriation
– Project level risk Projects relationship with local population Costs and benefits to the country and local populatoni
Total risk country+project = risk rating (financial) Reverse flow analysis (reputational)
Model Four: Actual Human Rights Screening
ECGD take account of social, environmental and HR Uses a case impact analysis
– Company questionnaire– See whether a country has ratified various conventions– Expects companies to comply with these conventions– Categorical prohibition: forced and child labour
Very superficial; other models are more advanced– Human Rights Impact Assessment (Rights & Democracy) – Conflict Risk Impact Assessment (International Alert)– Human Rights Compliance Assessment (Danish Institute)
Where to next?
Conflation of the issues isn’t working Social+ too ad hoc – more formal advances (regional,
international) PRA limited Improve screening - HRIA models
International context – who sets the pace More conditionalities? Better policies, better projects?