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Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T. 1 , Lorenzo‐Trueba, J. 2 , Anderson, J. 1 , Nittrouer, J. 1 1 Rice University 2 Montclair State University Image: Google Earth 160 km 1 John Fest! Saturday April 21 st 2018

Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

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Page 1: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast

Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba, J.2, Anderson, J.1, Nittrouer, J.11Rice University 2Montclair State University

Image: Google Earth160 km  1

John Fest!Saturday April 21st 2018

Page 2: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

You are here (approximately)

México Texas

Texas

Louisiana

Texas coastal communities benefit from:

Over 80% coverage from coastal barriersforming a coastline which spans 590 km!

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

BarrierNon‐barrier

160 km 

2

Page 3: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

You are here (approximately)

México Texas

Texas

Louisiana

Texas coastal communities benefit from:

Over 80% coverage from coastal barriersforming a coastline which spans 590 km!

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

BarrierNon‐barrier

160 km 

3

Big question: What is the long‐term (102 yr) trajectory of Texas’ coastal barrier 

system?

Reasonable response:Apply a suitability complexmodel to estimate barrier response to relative sea‐level rise (RSLR).

Page 4: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

160 km 

1Ortiz and Ashton (2016), 2Paine et al (2016)

BrazosDelta

Colorado River

Río Grande

Texas Coast: VITAL STATISTICSTidal range < 1m

Sig. Wave 0.9 to 2.1 m @ SE direction

Depth of Closure 1 4.2 to 11 m @ 500 yr

Shoreline disp.2 p10, p50, p90: ‐4.6, ‐0.9, 1.6 m yr‐1

RSLR 2 to 6 mm yr‐1

Shelf slope 10‐3 to 10‐4.2 

Barrier Height <1 m to >5 m

Barrier Width <300 m to >8000 m

4

Page 5: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

Follets Island

Mustang Island

North Padre Island

Three key regions of interest:1) Follets Island 2) Mustang Island 3) North Padre Island

160 km 

Paine et al, 20165

Page 6: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

Follets Island

Mustang Island

North Padre Island

160 km 

Paine et al, 20166

4 km

Three key regions of interest:Follets Island (sensitive canary)

• Flanks a major deltaic headland• Retreating landward > 2m yr‐1• Low, narrow

Mustang Island (stable and stout)• updrift of “longshore convergence zone”• Retreating landward < 1m yr‐1• Tall, wide

North Padre Island (modestly prograding)• Within “longshore convergence zone”• Slightly prograding 0.03 m yr‐1• Very tall and wide

Image: Google Earth

Follets Island 

Page 7: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

Follets Island

Mustang Island

North Padre Island

160 km 

Paine et al, 20167

7.5 km

Three key regions of interest:Follets Island (sensitive canary)

• Flanks a major deltaic headland• Retreating landward > 2m yr‐1• Low, narrow

Mustang Island (stable and stout)• updrift of “longshore convergence zone”• Retreating landward < 1m yr‐1• Tall, wide

North Padre Island (modestly prograding)• Within “longshore convergence zone”• Slightly prograding 0.03 m yr‐1• Very tall and wide

Image: Google Earth

Mustang Island 

Page 8: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Upper Coast

Lower Coast

Follets Island

Mustang Island

North Padre Island

160 km 

Paine et al, 20168

7.5 km

Three key regions of interest:Follets Island (sensitive canary)

• Flanks a major deltaic headland• Retreating landward > 2m yr‐1• Low, narrow

Mustang Island (stable and stout)• updrift of “longshore convergence zone”• Retreating landward < 1m yr‐1• Tall, wide

North Padre Island (modestly prograding)• Within “longshore convergence zone”• Slightly prograding 0.03 m yr‐1• Very tall and wide

Image: Google Earth

North Padre Island 

Page 9: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Reduced complexity modeling: 

Barrier morphology

Surface Processes

External forcing

Task: simplify Texas’ coastal barrier morphology into characteristic scales and morphodynamic processes into parameterized expressions which resolve fundamental geomorphic responses to external forcing

Morphodynamicinteractions

9

Page 10: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Reducing a barrier to characteristic scales

Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton (2014) 

Coastal plain

Conceptual figure: highly vertically exaggerated!10

Page 11: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton (2014), Ashton and Lorenzo‐Trubea (2015)

Reduced complexity process representation in Barrier Sections:

1) Passive flooding during RLSR:

11

Passive flooding drives:

1) Inundation of barrier (↓ H)2) Depth of closure (Dc) translates3) Barrier shoreface steepens (↑ )

a) Perturbs shoreface from equilibrium

Page 12: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton (2014), Ashton and Lorenzo‐Trubea (2015)

Reduced complexity process representation in Barrier Sections:

12

2) Shoreface sediment fluxes: Local wave climate drives shoreface toward equilibrium slope:

Under−steepended (  <  )Onshore directed sediment flux

Over‐steepended ( >  )Offshore directed sediment flux

Example: under‐steepened shoreface = onshore flux

Page 13: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton (2014), Ashton and Lorenzo‐Trubea (2015)

Reduced complexity process representation in Barrier Sections:

3) Net longshore sediment flux

13

Longshore sediment flux is assumed:1) Driven by:

a) shoreline curvatureb) local significant wave class

2) remove subaerial barrier3) linear with shoreface depth4) vary significantly along the TX coast

Page 14: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton (2014), Ashton and Lorenzo‐Trubea (2015)

Reduced complexity process representation in Barrier Sections:

Critical width (Wc) = 300 mCritical height (Hc) = 2 m

14

4) Overwash sediment transport

1 kmFollets Is.

1 kmS. Padre Is.

Within any barrier section:if 

Overwash aggrades barrierif

Overwash widens barrier

Modern transgressive barriers:

Page 15: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Active shoreface

Shoreline

Individual barrier sections have local morphodynamic parameters. 

Barrier sections communicate via longshore sediment flux.

Ashton and Lorenzo‐Trubea (2015),Ashton and Lorenzo‐Trubea (2018)

Boundary conditions set by long‐term rates.

Connecting coastal barrier sections:

15

Shelf

Page 16: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Active shoreface

Shoreline

Individual barrier sections have local morphodynamic parameters. 

Barrier sections communicate via longshore sediment flux.

Boundary conditions set by long‐term rates.

Connecting coastal barrier sections:

16

Shelf

Big assumptions:1. Barrier sediment composition is sand2. Inlets/jetties allow longshore bypass3. Seawalls prevent shoreline displacement4. Wave climate is unchanging5. Fluvial contributions are steady6. No further human modification7. No geomorphic clearing events

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Simplified regional barrier morphology:Barrier height and width (NOAA survey)Shoreline shape (Paine et al. 2016)Shoreface, shelf slope (NOAA survey)

Data sources & methods

Local relative sea‐level rise(NOAA tide gauges)

Parameterizedmorphodynamic processes:local morphodynamically significant wave class (ACoE, Ortiz and Ashton, 2015)longshore sediment transport (theoretical + calibration, inhomogeneous diffusion)

cross‐shore sediment transport (theoretical, Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton, 2014)Morphodynamic depth of closure (theoretical, Ortiz and Ashton, 2015)

17

Page 18: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Simplified regional barrier morphology:Barrier height and width (NOAA survey)Shoreline shape (Paine et al. 2016)Shoreface, shelf slope (NOAA survey)

Data sources & methods

Local relative sea‐level rise(NOAA tide gauges)

Parameterizedmorphodynamic processes:local morphodynamically significant wave class (ACoE, Ortiz and Ashton, 2015)longshore sediment transport (theoretical + calibration, inhomogeneous diffusion)

cross‐shore sediment transport (theoretical, Lorenzo‐Trubea and Ashton, 2014)Morphodynamic depth of closure (theoretical, Ortiz and Ashton, 2015)

18

Model execution:1. Initial condition: modern coast2. Timestep: 1 day3. Run time: 500 yr4. Model output

1. Moving boundaries2. Barrier scales3. Sediment fluxes

Page 19: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

A sensitive canary of the coastUpdrift of major deltaic headland

Elevation (M

HHW)

Offshore Distance km

Sea‐level

mean profile

Follets Island

Dc

H = 1.3 mW = 412 m

A stout, stable barrier Updrift of “longshore convergence zone”

Offshore Distance km

Sea‐level

Mustang Island

Closure depth

H = 3.0 mW = 751 m

Modestly progradingWithin “longshore convergence zone”

Offshore Distance km

Sea‐level

North Padre Island

Closure depth

H = 3.4 mW = 1736 m

Post‐processing: Monitor three key regions

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Page 20: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

mean

max

min

seaward

landward BarrierheightCriticalheightBarrierWidthCriticalWidth

overwash

no overwash

Follets Island: A sensitive canary of the coast

20

shrinking

growing

seaward

landward

Longshore flux 

Overwash: Height deficit 

Overwash: Width deficit 

Cross‐shore flux

Page 21: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

mean

max

min

seaward

landward

BarrierheightCriticalheightBarrierWidthCriticalWidth

overwash

no overwash

Mustang Island: A Stout, stable barrier

21

shrinkinggrowing

seaward

landward

Longshore flux 

Overwash: Height deficit 

Overwash: Width deficit 

Cross‐shore flux

Page 22: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

mean

max

min

seaward

landward

BarrierheightCriticalheightBarrierWidthCriticalWidth

overwash

no overwash

N. Padre Island: Modestly prograding

22

shrinking

growing

seaward

landward

Longshore flux 

Overwash: Height deficit 

Overwash: Width deficit 

Cross‐shore flux

Page 23: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Conceptual summary – retreating barriers:3 Overwash is sourced from shoreface

1) retreat rates increase2) progradation rates decrease3) barrier volume stabilizes

Sea‐level increasesBarrier scales diminish

1

Overwash becomes frequent2

23

Longshore transport system is modified4

Map viewx

y

Retreating barriers:

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Conceptual summary – retreating barriers:3 Overwash is sourced from shoreface

1) retreat rates increase2) progradation rates decrease3) barrier volume stabilizes

Sea‐level increasesBarrier scales diminish

1

Overwash becomes frequent2

24

Longshore transport system is modified4

Map viewx

y

Prograding barriers:

Page 25: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Conclusions• Texas’ long‐term barrier trajectory is set by initial scalesand location within Texas’ longshore transport system

• Barrier responses to sea‐level rise modify longshore transport patterns

• Dependence on initial barrier scales highlights needs:• Barrier topography• Barrier bayline motion• Barrier sediment composition

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Download this presentation @ www.tswanson.net

Page 26: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Thanks John! Thanks ya’ll!A special thanks to Dr. Hongbo Ma! (Rice U.)

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Download this presentation @ www.tswanson.net

Page 27: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

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Page 28: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

Modeling strategy:

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Texas coastal system is segmented into large regionalCHUNKS based on subaerial barrier morphology.Specifically, 

1) wide barriers2) narrow barriers3) barriers fused/welded to coastal plain4) coastal headlands5) deltaic headlands

These regions partially inform the initial condition for 1000 nodes alongshore (∆ = 5.1 km).

200 km

Model region

Specifically, cross‐shore morphology and process:1) barrier height2) barrier width3) Depth of closure (Dc)4) shoreface slope ( )5) shelf slope ( )3) shoreface response rate (K)

Afterward,Each node adopts its own trajectorywith further timesteps.

Image: Google Earth

Page 29: Exploring the morphodynamic response of coastal …...Exploringthe morphodynamic response of coastal barriers to sea‐ level rise along the Texas Gulf Coast Swanson, T.1, Lorenzo‐Trueba,

What is closure depth, Dc?

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ACoE hindcast http://wis.usace.army.mil/ 

Goal: find the spatial variability of a single wave classthat describes long‐term morphological change. Use this wave to describe Dc, and other long‐term processes.

1) upper and lower 2% are removed2) Histogram weighted by H5, a first order controlon sediment flux → ∝ ∝

‐sediment flux‐ Wave orbital velocity  

‐ significant wave heightOrtiz and Ashton, JGR Earth Surface, 2016

Sabine

Rio Grand

e

Alongshore distance km

Breaker zone

swash

Beach 

Gulf 

Sea‐level