Exploring the Micro-Exploring the Micro-universe of the Celluniverse of the Cell

Chapter 1Chapter 1

1. What is biochemistry? Give 1. What is biochemistry? Give an example.an example.

Biochemistry is the study of Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of reactions in the chemistry of reactions in living things including the living things including the chemical substances and chemical substances and processes involved.processes involved.- eg. breathingeg. breathing

- Carbon and hydrogen.- Carbon and hydrogen.

2. Distinguish between 2. Distinguish between polar and nonpolar bonds.polar and nonpolar bonds.

3. What elements make up 3. What elements make up an organic compound?an organic compound?

- Polar bonds have an unequal Polar bonds have an unequal sharing of electrons whereas sharing of electrons whereas nonpolar bonds have an equal nonpolar bonds have an equal sharing of electrons.sharing of electrons.

4. A macromolecule is a 4. A macromolecule is a very large molecule very large molecule composed of smaller composed of smaller subunits linked together, subunits linked together, give examples of this.give examples of this.--Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins, Polysaccharides, lipids, proteins,

and nucleic acids and nucleic acids

5. Which organic 5. Which organic compounds have the compounds have the chemical formula Cchemical formula CnnHH2n2nOOnn??CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

6. Name and describe the 6. Name and describe the three main subunits of three main subunits of carbohydrates. carbohydrates.

- Monosaccharides – simple sugarMonosaccharides – simple sugar Disaccharides – double sugarDisaccharides – double sugar Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrate Polysaccharides – complex carbohydrate

consisting of many simple sugarsconsisting of many simple sugars

7. What is the main difference between 7. What is the main difference between starch and glycogen?starch and glycogen?- Starch is used for energy storage in plants Starch is used for energy storage in plants

whereas glycogen performs the same whereas glycogen performs the same functions in animals.functions in animals.8. Cattle, rabbits, and termites obtain 8. Cattle, rabbits, and termites obtain

nourishment from the cellulose in plant nourishment from the cellulose in plant cell walls. Why is the food energy in cell walls. Why is the food energy in cellulose not directly accessible to cellulose not directly accessible to humans?humans?- The human gut does not host the bacterial - The human gut does not host the bacterial species needed to break cellulose down species needed to break cellulose down into glucose units and release energy.into glucose units and release energy.

9. What purpose do lipids serve in 9. What purpose do lipids serve in animals?animals?

- Long-term nutrient and energy storage, Long-term nutrient and energy storage, insulation, cushioning of internal organs and insulation, cushioning of internal organs and hormones to send messages around the bodyhormones to send messages around the body

10. Name and explain the differences 10. Name and explain the differences between two different types of fatty between two different types of fatty acids.acids.

- Saturated fatty acids – only single bonded Saturated fatty acids – only single bonded carbons carbons

Unsaturated fatty acids – one or more double Unsaturated fatty acids – one or more double bonds between carbons (kinks)bonds between carbons (kinks)

11a) What is a polypeptide? 11a) What is a polypeptide? -a chain of amino acids-a chain of amino acids 11 b) What is the name of the 11 b) What is the name of the

bond between amino acids?bond between amino acids? -peptide bond joins amino acids.-peptide bond joins amino acids. 12. A protein may unfold or 12. A protein may unfold or

change shape, when this change shape, when this happens it is said to have been happens it is said to have been denatured. What could cause denatured. What could cause this?this?- Extreme temperatures, extreme pH - Extreme temperatures, extreme pH conditions, or harsh chemicalsconditions, or harsh chemicals

13. How many amino acids (of 13. How many amino acids (of twenty) are considered to be twenty) are considered to be essential amino acids?essential amino acids?

- EightEight14. What are the long chains of 14. What are the long chains of

linked subunits called in nucleic linked subunits called in nucleic acids?acids?- Nucleotides Nucleotides

15. Who created the first usable 15. Who created the first usable electron microscope?electron microscope?

- - James Hillier James Hillier

16. A phospholipid has a ______ head 16. A phospholipid has a ______ head group and a ______ tail group.group and a ______ tail group.

- Polar or hydrophilic Polar or hydrophilic Nonpolar or hydrophobicNonpolar or hydrophobic17. What does the fluid – mosaic model 17. What does the fluid – mosaic model

represent? What is it mainly made of?represent? What is it mainly made of?- The cell membrane….Phospholipid bilayer The cell membrane….Phospholipid bilayer

+ proteins+ proteins18. The steady states that results from 18. The steady states that results from

maintaining near – constant maintaining near – constant conditions is in the internal conditions is in the internal environment of a living thing is called environment of a living thing is called what?what?- - HomeostasisHomeostasis

19. Define diffusion.19. Define diffusion.- Diffusion is the movement of Diffusion is the movement of

molecules from a more concentrated molecules from a more concentrated region to a less concentrated region.region to a less concentrated region.

20. What is the difference in 20. What is the difference in concentrations between regions concentrations between regions called?called?

- Concentration gradientConcentration gradient21. What is the diffusion of a 21. What is the diffusion of a

solvent solvent across a semi-permeable across a semi-permeable membrane called?membrane called?

- osmosis- osmosis

22. What is a cell with a water 22. What is a cell with a water concentration that equals the concentration that equals the water concentration inside the water concentration inside the cell considered to be?cell considered to be?- IsotonicIsotonic

23. What is it called when there is 23. What is it called when there is greater water concentration outside greater water concentration outside the cell than inside the cell? In this the cell than inside the cell? In this condition what may happen to the condition what may happen to the cell?cell?-Hypotonic, cytolysis- the cell will burst-Hypotonic, cytolysis- the cell will burst

24. If the water concentration inside 24. If the water concentration inside the cell is greater than outside the the cell is greater than outside the cell, what are the conditions called? cell, what are the conditions called? In this condition what may happen to In this condition what may happen to the cell?the cell?-Hypertonic, plasmolysis-Hypertonic, plasmolysis

25. What facilitates the movement 25. What facilitates the movement of glucose molecules from a of glucose molecules from a more concentrated region to a more concentrated region to a less concentrated region? What less concentrated region? What type of passive transport is this?type of passive transport is this?

- Carrier Protein, Facilitated diffusionCarrier Protein, Facilitated diffusion

26. What allows charged particles to 26. What allows charged particles to pass through the lipid bilayer?pass through the lipid bilayer?

- Channel proteinChannel protein

27. What type of transport requires 27. What type of transport requires energy?energy?- Active transport- Active transport

28. Name and describe the three 28. Name and describe the three different types of endocytosis.different types of endocytosis.

--Pinocytosis – intake of a small droplet of Pinocytosis – intake of a small droplet of extracellular fluidextracellular fluid

Phagocytosis – Intake of a large droplet of Phagocytosis – Intake of a large droplet of extracellular fluidextracellular fluid

Receptor–Assisted endocytosis – intake of Receptor–Assisted endocytosis – intake of specific molecules that attach to special specific molecules that attach to special proteins in the cell membraneproteins in the cell membrane

29. What possesses a uniquely shaped 29. What possesses a uniquely shaped projection or cavity that fits the projection or cavity that fits the shape of only one specific molecule?shape of only one specific molecule?

- - Membrane receptorsMembrane receptors

30. What is exocytosis?30. What is exocytosis?- (opposite of endocytosis) The vesicle (opposite of endocytosis) The vesicle

membrane fuses with the cell membrane; membrane fuses with the cell membrane; the contents of the outwards-bound the contents of the outwards-bound vesicle are secreted into the extracellular vesicle are secreted into the extracellular fluid.fluid.

THE END!!!THE END!!!

Proceed to Chapter 2 Review….Proceed to Chapter 2 Review….