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Gender
Ethnic
Educ
Income
Bio2
Bio EVO
Anthro EVO
PEB
AdultOut KidOut
Bio3 Bio4
Ant1 Ant2 Ant3
PEB1
Bio1 Bio5
PEB2
PEB3
OutKid OutAdult
Positive Relationships
Negative Relationships
0.43 (0.03)
t=5.31
0.54 (0.12)
t=5.70
0.19 (0.08)
t=2.56
0.27 (0.13)
t=2.63
0.17 (0.09)
t=1.99
-0.23 (0.06)
t=-2.14
-0.19 (0.06)
t=-3.19
-0.22 (0.06)
t=-3.78
R2=0.40
R2=0.18
R2=0.22
R2=0.16
Exploring the Influence of Outdoor Recreation
Participation on Pro-environmental Behavior Lincoln R. Larson, Jason W. Whiting, & Gary T. Green (Univ. of Georgia)
Background
Methods
Future Research
Efforts to promote conservation often focus on
factors influencing the development of pro-
environmental behavior (PEB) (Turaga et al. 2010)
Traditional PEB prediction models have centered
on causal relationships among values, attitudes,
& behaviors (i.e., Stern et al. 1995)
However, studies suggest that other factors may
also contribute, including:
Socio-demographics (Johnson et al. 2004)
Outdoor recreation participation (Kareiva
2008; Tarrant & Green, 1999)
Discussion
Both biocentric & anthropocentric value
orientations linked to PEB
Antropocentric connection could stem from
desire to produce societal good
Effects of socio-demographics on PEB mediated
by value orientations
Low income/education associated with
higher anthropocentric scores
Females & minorities associated with higher
biocentric scores
Indirect effects of socio-demographics on PEB
suggest that ethnicity & income may not
influence PEB participation, challenging
traditional assumptions (Floyd 1998)
Evidence for link between outdoor recreation
participation & PEB
Supports theory that time outdoors could
influence conservation ethos (Cordell &
Tarrant 2002, Louv 2008)
Supports evidence that childhood interaction
with nature promotes adult environmentalism
(Wells & Lekies 2006)
Model Fit Statistics: Satorra Bentler χ2(99) = 195.2, p<0.001;
SRMR = 0.07; RMSEA = 0.06; NNFI = 0.93; CFI = 0.95
Statement of Purpose To extend existing models & account for the effects
of demographic diversity & outdoor recreation
participation on PEB.
Intercept survey of summer 2009 visitors to
Georgia State Parks (N=319, response rate=83%)
Structural equation modeling used to examine
relationships among PEB & potential correlates:
Variable Scale/Code
Pro-environmental Behavior (PEB) from 1=never to 5=very often 3 items, factor loadings>0.49, Cronbach’s α=0.649
Environmental Value Orientations
Biocentric (Bio EVO)
Anthropocentric (Anthro EVO)
from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree 5 items, factor loadings>0.54, Cronbach’s α=0.820
3 items, factor loadings>0.63, Cronbach’s α=0.706
Socio-demographics
Gender (Gender)
Ethnicity (Ethnic)
Education (Educ)
Income (Income)
0=female, 1=male
0=non-white, 1=white
from 1=some high school to 4=postgrad degree
from 1=$19,999 or less to 6=$100,000 or more
Outdoor Recreation Participation
During childhood (Kid Out)
During adulthood (Adult Out)
from 1=never to 5=very often
PEB Prediction Model Accounting for Environmental Value Orientations,
Socio-demographics & Outdoor Recreation Participation (Only standardized coefficients of significant paths are shown)
Results
For more information about this study & associated references, see: Larson, L. R., Whiting, J. W., & Green, G. T. (2011). Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro- environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environment, 16(1), 67-86.
Account for motivation to participate in PEB
Examine other latent variables including subjective norms,
behavior intentions, & perceived behavioral control –
critical components of Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen
1991) & Value-Belief-Norm Theory (Stern et al. 1999)
Incorporate other PEB metrics (i.e., green consumerism,
environmental citizenship, energy/water conservation, etc.)
Build on existing framework to investigate factors
influencing relationship between outdoor recreation & PEB