Exploring OceanExploring Ocean

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Sec 1Sec 1

By Mr. CookBy Mr. Cook

Why Study the ocean Why Study the ocean

• People have studied the ocean since People have studied the ocean since ancient times, because the ocean ancient times, because the ocean provides food and serves as a route provides food and serves as a route for trade and travel. Modern for trade and travel. Modern scientist have studied the scientist have studied the characteristics of the ocean’s water characteristics of the ocean’s water and the ocean floorand the ocean floor

Tools of the TradeTools of the Trade

• Major advance in ocean-floor mapping was Major advance in ocean-floor mapping was sonar, which stands for sound navigation sonar, which stands for sound navigation and ranging, and ranging, Sonar-Sonar- is a system that uses is a system that uses sound waves to calculate the distance to sound waves to calculate the distance to an object. The sonar equipment on ships an object. The sonar equipment on ships sends out pulses of sound that bounces off sends out pulses of sound that bounces off the ocean floor. The equipment then the ocean floor. The equipment then measures how quickly the sound waves measures how quickly the sound waves return to the ship.return to the ship.

• \\SSMS-DC1\users\staff\adam.cook\My Videos\RealPlayer Dow\\SSMS-DC1\users\staff\adam.cook\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\PH - nloads\PH - Video.movVideo.mov

Ocean FloorOcean Floor

SeamountsSeamounts

• Mountains whose Mountains whose peaks do not break peaks do not break the surface of the the surface of the ocean water above ocean water above them are called them are called seamounts.seamounts.

TrenchTrench

• These canyons These canyons include earth’s include earth’s deepest points. deepest points. The Mariana The Mariana Trench is the Trench is the Deepest on Earth Deepest on Earth

Volcanic IslandVolcanic Island

• When volcanoes on When volcanoes on the ocean floor the ocean floor erupt, they can erupt, they can create mountains create mountains whose peaks break whose peaks break the surface of the the surface of the ocean. As the lava ocean. As the lava cools, islands form.cools, islands form.

Abyssal PlainAbyssal Plain

• Thick layers of sediment, formed by the Thick layers of sediment, formed by the sunken remains of dead organisms from sunken remains of dead organisms from the surface, cover these vast, flat plainsthe surface, cover these vast, flat plains

Mid-Ocean RidgeMid-Ocean Ridge

• The mid-ocean The mid-ocean ridge consists of ridge consists of many peaks along many peaks along both sides of a both sides of a central valley. This central valley. This chain of undersea chain of undersea mountains rund all mountains rund all around the world.around the world.

Continental SlopeContinental Slope

• A Steady incline marks the continental A Steady incline marks the continental slope. Continental slopes in the Pacific slope. Continental slopes in the Pacific Ocean are steeper than those in the Ocean are steeper than those in the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic Ocean.

Continental Shelf Continental Shelf

• This gradually This gradually sloping area sloping area borders each borders each continent. Its continent. Its width varies from width varies from just a few just a few kilometers to as kilometers to as much as 1,300 much as 1,300 kilometerskilometers

Ocean Zones Ocean Zones

• Link To Ocean ZonesLink To Ocean Zones

Life in the oceanLife in the ocean

• Scientist classify Scientist classify marine organisms marine organisms according to where according to where they live and how they live and how they move. they move.

Plankton Plankton

• Plankton are tiny algae Plankton are tiny algae and animals that float in and animals that float in the water and are carried the water and are carried by waves and currents. by waves and currents. Algae plankton include Algae plankton include geometrically shaped geometrically shaped diatoms. Anima plankton diatoms. Anima plankton include some tiny young include some tiny young fish and microscopic fish and microscopic crustaceans, such as crustaceans, such as copepods.copepods.

Nekton Nekton

• Nekton- are free Nekton- are free swimming animals swimming animals that can move that can move throughout the throughout the water column. water column. Squid, most fishes, Squid, most fishes, and marine and marine mammals such as mammals such as whales and seals whales and seals are nekton.are nekton.

BenthosBenthos

• Benthos- are Benthos- are organisms that inhabit organisms that inhabit the ocean floor. Some the ocean floor. Some benthos, like crabs, benthos, like crabs, sea starts, octopus, sea starts, octopus, and lobsters, move and lobsters, move from place to place. from place to place. Others like sponges Others like sponges and sea anemones, and sea anemones, Stay in one location.Stay in one location.

Intertidal ZoneIntertidal Zone

• Organisms that live in the rocky intertidal Organisms that live in the rocky intertidal zone must be able to tolerate the zone must be able to tolerate the pounding of the waves and changes in pounding of the waves and changes in both salinity and temperature. They must both salinity and temperature. They must also withstand periods of being also withstand periods of being underwater and periods of being exposed underwater and periods of being exposed to the air. to the air.

• intertidal zone.pdfintertidal zone.pdf

Neritic Zone and Open Neritic Zone and Open OceanOcean

• The shallow water over the The shallow water over the continental shelf receives sunlight continental shelf receives sunlight and a steady supply of nutrients and a steady supply of nutrients washed from the land into the ocean. washed from the land into the ocean. The light and nutrients enable large The light and nutrients enable large plantlike algae to grow.plantlike algae to grow.

Open OceanOpen Ocean

• The open ocean The open ocean differs from the differs from the neritic zone in two neritic zone in two important ways. important ways. First, only a small First, only a small part of the open part of the open ocean receives ocean receives sunlight. Second, sunlight. Second, the water has fewer the water has fewer nutrients. nutrients.

Surface Zone Surface Zone

• The Surface ZoneThe Surface Zone

• open ocean can be divided into three zones. open ocean can be divided into three zones. The surface zone extends as far as sunlight The surface zone extends as far as sunlight reaches below the surface. The surface zone reaches below the surface. The surface zone is the only part of the open ocean that is the only part of the open ocean that receives enough sunlight to support the receives enough sunlight to support the growth of algae. These microscopic algae are growth of algae. These microscopic algae are the base of open-ocean food webs. Animal the base of open-ocean food webs. Animal plankton that feed on the algae include plankton that feed on the algae include shrimplike krill, as well as the young of crabs, shrimplike krill, as well as the young of crabs, mollusks, and fishes.mollusks, and fishes.

Transition Zone Transition Zone

• The Transition ZoneThe Transition Zone

• The transition zone extends from the The transition zone extends from the bottom of the surface zone to a bottom of the surface zone to a depth of about 1 kilometer. The depth of about 1 kilometer. The water here is darker and colder than water here is darker and colder than in the surface zone.in the surface zone.

Deep Zone Deep Zone

• The Deep ZoneThe Deep Zone

• In the deep zone, the water is even darker In the deep zone, the water is even darker and colder than in the transition zone. and colder than in the transition zone. Because of its harsh conditions, the deep Because of its harsh conditions, the deep ocean is often compared to a desert. Few ocean is often compared to a desert. Few organisms live in the deep zone, compared organisms live in the deep zone, compared to other ocean and land environments. But to other ocean and land environments. But unlike a desert, which bakes under the unlike a desert, which bakes under the bright sun, the deep ocean is cold, dark, and bright sun, the deep ocean is cold, dark, and wet.wet.

Quiz TimeQuiz Time

#1 #2