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Explorations in !Cyber International Relations (ECIR)!
Explorations in Cyber International Relations! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Layers and levelsModels of analysis!
David D. Clark!MIT CSAIL!
March, 2011!
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 2! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Review!
• At our last mee,ng I presented two tools of analysis for our work. – A layered model of cyberspace • A model familiar to computer science.
– Levels of analysis • A model familiar to poli,cal science.
• My goals today – Elaborate these models. – Link them together.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 3! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
A layered model of cyber-space!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
Web, etc
DNS
TCP/IP
Ethernet Op,cal fiber
People
Capital intensive Physically localized
Highly plas,c Recursive
Strong boundaries.
Unregulated and diverse Low cost distribu,on
Blogs, Youtube, Wikipedia, etc.
Global, diverse, balance of empowerments
Individuals groups, govts.
The net
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 4! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Cyberspace itself!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
Web, etc
DNS
TCP/IP
Ethernet Op,cal fiber
People
Blogs, Youtube, Wikipedia, etc.
Individuals groups, govts.
The net
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 5! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Review!
• In previous talks, I have discussed the importance of cataloging actors, their objec,ves, their interac,ons, the tools of interac,on, and the outcomes. – Which actors are successful in shaping cyberspace and its context, and by what means?
– Previous approach: case studies of actors and their interac,ons.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 6! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Providers of service and content!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People
ISPs: Comcast, Level 3 MIT, etc
Hotels, Hot-‐spots
Akamai
Google, Hollywood, us…
Providers The net
Fiber: SEACOM
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 7! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Equipment/technology!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People
Routers: Cisco, Huawei
Server hardware
Data centers, Cloud providers
Providers The net
Fiber: Corning
Suppliers
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 8! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Governance (intl)!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People
Providers The net Suppliers
W3C
IETF
IEEE
Standards
ITU
ITU WSIS IGF
Intl policy
NANOG
ICANN
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 9! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Governments!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People Providers
The net
Suppliers Standards Govts Intl policy
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 10! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Users!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People Providers
The net
Suppliers Standards Govts
Businesses Ci,zens NGOs, etc. Illegi,mates
Intl policy
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 11! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Action: providers!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People Providers
The net
Suppliers Standards Govts
Money: While all providers purchase equipment to make cyberspace, lower
layers are capital intensive.
Design requirements
Influence: lobby, filings, etc.
Adver,sing
Businesses Ci,zens NGOs, etc. Illegi,mates
Collabora,on with the law.
Strategic alliance,
partnership; discriminatory nego,a,on
Intl policy
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 12! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Action: legitimate users!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People Providers
The net
Suppliers Standards Govts
Businesses Ci,zens NGOs, etc. Illegi,mates
Compe,,ve purchasing
Demand, usage
Complaint
Advocacy
Corporate influence
Intl policy
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 13! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Action: government!Logical
Physical
Applica,on
Internet
Services
Informa,on
People Providers
The net
Suppliers Standards Govts
Businesses Ci,zens NGOs, etc. Illegi,mates
Direct par,cipa,on,
research funding
Law enforcement
Par,cipa,on, so\ power,
ins,tu,onal design
Regula,on
Purchasing, FIPS
Intl policy
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 14! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Case studies!
• These three “influence pictures” are somewhat anecdotal.
• As part of research, need to provide robust grounding. – What tools are used?
– Which are effec,ve? – What are the range of mo,va,ons.
• Research by Jesse Sowell to make this work rigorous.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 15! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Interactions!
• If we drew all the arrows from all the case studies: – The picture would be impossible to understand. – It would emphasize the dynamic nature of the interac,ons. • Many cycles among the actors.
• Current research approach: – Use basic SD and agent-‐based tools to try to capture which cycles of interac,on are the most salient. Research of Chintan Vaishnav.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 16! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Levels of analysis!
• The other tool, familiar to poli,cal science. – But extended in fundamental ways.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 17! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
IR levels of analysis!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 18! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Adding in private actors!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Private sector actors
Collec,ve actors come with many scopes: • Local to a state • Trans-‐na,onal • “Going for Global”
The “belongs to” arrows do not strongly apply to collec,ve private actors.
Scop
e
Degree of state involvement
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 19! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Using this model!
• This model can be a tool of analysis to characterize problems: – Causes of war, nature of spam, climate change.
• Some problems may suggest a framing at mul,ple levels, some (like climate change) seem to have a natural level where their analysis must necessarily go.
• This model can also be a tool to explore the space of solu,ons. – A proposed solu,on that is at a lower level than the “natural” level of the problem may not be effec,ve.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 20! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Curing spam!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Private sector actors
Install a spam filter
Pass laws
Discuss at ITU
Abandon email; Use IM
Establish Spamhaus
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 21! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Some actors move the locus!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Private sector actors
Advocacy groups
Advocacy groups adempt to take issues at the individual level and elevate them to state-‐level issues.
• Privacy
Such ac,on may rebalance the power among the actors.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 22! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Private order!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Private sector actors Administra,ve organiza,on
States delegate regula,on to collec,ve actors: • FASB • UL • D&B
U.S. Congress and agencies.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 23! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Asymmetric contention!
• When actors of different sorts contend, they use different tools, leading to asymmetric conten,on. – States pass laws and enter into contracts.
• Military is confounded…
– U.N. organiza,ons convene summits and pass resolu,ons. States use tools of diplomacy, such as consensus building and stalling.
– Companies lobby, form larger collec,ves for clout, fund preferred outcomes.
– Advocacy groups protest.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 24! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
States differ in their control!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Private sector actors
Chinese ISPs
US views ISPs are (largely) private actors. Other na,ons such as China view ISPs as full agents of the state.
Interac,ons among these ISPs may have an asymmetric feel.
U.S. ISPs
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 25! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Contention over DNS!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Private sector actors ICANN
US delegate DNS regula,on to ICANN. Claims it is “global”.
State and non-‐state actors contest the legi,macy of this at WSIS and IGF.
“Internet” companies back ICANN
U.S. Dept of Commerce
WSIS/IGF
Internet-‐based firms Other na,ons
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 26! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
A potentially useful elaboration!
Global
Interna,onal
State
Individual
Non-‐profit actors
Scop
e
Degree of state involvement
Profit-‐seeking actors
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 27! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Combining the models!
• Actors can be posi,oned within both models – As can “issues” and “solu,ons”.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 28! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
The matrix!
Individual State Interna.onal Global Non-‐profits Profit-‐seeking
People
Informa,on
Applica,ons
Services
Internet
Physical
Logical
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 29! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Examples of issues!
Individual State Interna.onal Global Non-‐profits Profit-‐seeking
People Digital divide Advocacy Off-‐shoring
Informa,on Privacy; Peer produc,on
Censorship Takedown; IPR,
Spam Wikileaks Aggrega,on
Applica,ons Peer produc,on
Lawful intercept; blocking
Control
Services Blocking DNS Authority over DNS
Internet Home network mgt.
Network neutrality
Physical Home wiring Facili,es unbundling
Satellite orbit spectrum
Facili,es investment
Logical
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 30! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Controlling spam!
Individual State Interna.onal Global Non-‐profits Profit-‐seeking
People
Informa,on Filter Pass laws; authorize private ac,on
Discuss Spamhaus Filter
Applica,ons Block ports
Services Block DNS
Internet Disconnect ISPs
Disconnect ISPs;Iden,fy BOTs
Physical
Logical
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 31! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Lessons!
• This (and other) examples suggest the following: – Remedies can be implemented at different levels and layers.
• Remedies at different levels (e.g. individual vs. state) may or may not be effec,ve. – Want to understand issues.
• Remedies at different layers are o\en either ineffec,ve or “blunt instruments”.
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 32! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Examples of institutions!
Individual State Interna.onal Global Non-‐profits Profit-‐seeking
People FTC (consumer protec,on)
EFF, CDT
Informa,on Copyright Censors
WIPO Spamhaus; Google, NetFlix, etc.
Applica,ons Freegate W3C; Open so\ware
Facebook, Twider
Services ICANN* (DNS)
DynDNS, DNS registrars
Internet Agencies as ISPs
NANOG; IETF ISPs
Physical State-‐owned facili,es
IEEE 802 Fiber, satellite, etc.
IGF
ITU
Wikipedia
Logical
Explorations in Cyber International Relations Slide 33! OSD Minerva Research Project at Harvard & MIT!
Summary!
• Who governs the Internet? – Unask the ques,on. Malformed as asked.
• Ask instead more structured ques,ons: – Who governs informa,on and its flow? – Who governs the design of applica,ons? – Who governs physical deployment?
– How are these aspects related • Our matrix is a first cut at structuring this analysis.
