EXPLORATION & THE EXPLORATION & THE COLONIAL ERACOLONIAL ERA

CHAPTER 1CHAPTER 1

TIMELINE OF CHAPTER 1TIMELINE OF CHAPTER 1

1492: Columbus 1492: Columbus reaches Americasreaches Americas

1607:Jamestown is 1607:Jamestown is foundedfounded

1620: “Pilgrims” settle 1620: “Pilgrims” settle in Plymouthin Plymouth

1681: William Penn 1681: William Penn founds Pennsylvaniafounds Pennsylvania

1754: French & Indian 1754: French & Indian WarWar

THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, & THE AMERICAS, WEST AFRICA, & EUROPEEUROPE

Sec. 1

ANCIENT CULTURES IN AMERICAANCIENT CULTURES IN AMERICA

Hunters and Gatherers Hunters and Gatherers – Nomads– Nomads

Some traveled to what Some traveled to what Is now MexicoIs now Mexico

MayasMayas, , AztecsAztecs, and , and Incas Incas flourishflourish

NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETIES OF 1400’SOF 1400’S

SOUTHWEST NATIVESSOUTHWEST NATIVES::PueblosPueblos tribe lived in stone tribe lived in stone

or adobe homes. or adobe homes. Grew maize, beans, melons, Grew maize, beans, melons,

and squashand squashDry, warm climateDry, warm climate NORTHEAST NATIVESNORTHEAST NATIVES::Iroquois Iroquois tribe nomadic.tribe nomadic.Hunted/fished & used wild Hunted/fished & used wild

animals for clothing and animals for clothing and foodfood

Harsh winters, cool climateHarsh winters, cool climate

WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF 1400’S1400’S

Songhai

Kongo

Benin

CULTURE OF WEST AFRICAN CULTURE OF WEST AFRICAN SOCIETIES OF 1400’SSOCIETIES OF 1400’S

Small villages w/strong family themeSmall villages w/strong family theme Usually worshiped 1 god (Islam)Usually worshiped 1 god (Islam) Farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining, Farming, herding, hunting, fishing, mining,

and trading.and trading. Portuguese began European trade in Portuguese began European trade in

enslaved W. Africansenslaved W. Africans

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF 1400’SEUROPEAN SOCIETIES OF 1400’S

““BIG 4” were Portugal, Spain, BIG 4” were Portugal, Spain, France, England.France, England.

Merchants and TradersMerchants and Traders European Monarchs searched European Monarchs searched

for new lands and trading for new lands and trading routes(gold).routes(gold).

Improved sailing techniques and Improved sailing techniques and technology (caravel ship and technology (caravel ship and compass)compass)

Christopher Columbus believed Christopher Columbus believed shorter route to Asia existed by shorter route to Asia existed by going west across the Atlantic going west across the Atlantic Ocean.Ocean.

SPANISH NORTH AMERICASPANISH NORTH AMERICA

SEC. 2SEC. 2

COLUMBUS CROSSES THE COLUMBUS CROSSES THE ATLANTICATLANTIC

In 1492, Columbus found the Caribbean islands.In 1492, Columbus found the Caribbean islands. Thought he had landed on islands off Asia called Thought he had landed on islands off Asia called

“Indies”…. Therefore, called people “Indians”.“Indies”…. Therefore, called people “Indians”.

IMPACT ON 3 SOCIETIESIMPACT ON 3 SOCIETIES

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGECOLUMBIAN EXCHANGE What Americas GotWhat Americas Got:: DiseaseDisease LivestockLivestock GrainsGrains Sugar CaneSugar Cane GrapesGrapes BananaBanana Citrus FruitsCitrus Fruits OliveOlive OnionOnion Coffee BeanCoffee Bean

What Europe Got:What Europe Got: SquashSquash QuinineQuinine Sweet PotatoSweet Potato CornCorn AvocadoAvocado PeanutsPeanuts PotatoPotato TomatoTomato TobaccoTobacco PumpkinPumpkin TurkeyTurkey PeppersPeppers PineapplePineapple VanillaVanilla BeansBeans Cacao BeanCacao Bean

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIREEMPIRE

HERNANDO CORTEZ VS. AZTECSHERNANDO CORTEZ VS. AZTECS

1519, Cortez discovers 1519, Cortez discovers city of Tenochtitlan.city of Tenochtitlan.

Conquers Aztec and Conquers Aztec and leader Montezumaleader Montezuma

Forced them to mine Forced them to mine for gold and silverfor gold and silver

SPANISH PATTERN OF SPANISH PATTERN OF CONQUESTCONQUEST

Lived among native people & intermarried Lived among native people & intermarried (mestizos)(mestizos)

Forced Native American to labor Forced Native American to labor (encomienda system)(encomienda system)

Priests demanded end to encomienda Priests demanded end to encomienda system.system.

1542, Spanish monarch ended encomienda 1542, Spanish monarch ended encomienda system and began using Africans. system and began using Africans.

NEW SPAINNEW SPAIN

Spain conquers Mexico, part of Guatemala, Spain conquers Mexico, part of Guatemala, parts of Central and South America and parts of Central and South America and Caribbean.Caribbean.

Spain also conquers Florida….1565, St. Spain also conquers Florida….1565, St. Augustine ….. Oldest European founded city Augustine ….. Oldest European founded city in U.S.in U.S.

SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST & SPAIN EXPLORES SOUTHWEST & WESTWEST

Establish New Mexico, Establish New Mexico, Texas, and CaliforniaTexas, and California

Set up Spanish Set up Spanish Missions to convert Missions to convert people to Catholicism.people to Catholicism.

RESISTANCE TO SPANISHRESISTANCE TO SPANISH

Native Americans Native Americans resisted by 1680.resisted by 1680.

Spain regained control Spain regained control but never completely but never completely because………..because………..

England began to England began to colonize after colonize after defeating the Spanish defeating the Spanish Armada in 1588.Armada in 1588.

EARLY BRITISH COLONIESEARLY BRITISH COLONIESSec. 3Sec. 3

ENGLISH SETTLE AT ENGLISH SETTLE AT JAMESTOWNJAMESTOWN

Jamestown, Va. Jamestown, Va. Established by John Established by John Smith, and the Virginia Smith, and the Virginia CompanyCompany

Wanted gold….neglected Wanted gold….neglected farmingfarming

Smith took control , got Smith took control , got help from Powhatan tribehelp from Powhatan tribe

After almost failing, new After almost failing, new colonists and discovery of colonists and discovery of Tobacco helped to thrive.Tobacco helped to thrive.

INDENTURED SERVANTSINDENTURED SERVANTS

Tobacco required Tobacco required supply of laborsupply of labor

Indentured servants Indentured servants came from Englandcame from England

Served 4-7 yrs.Served 4-7 yrs.

BRITISH COLONISTS CLASH BRITISH COLONISTS CLASH WITH NATIVE AMERICANSWITH NATIVE AMERICANS

Needed more space Needed more space for crops and for crops and populationpopulation

Differed from Differed from Spanish….. British Spanish….. British drove Natives away or drove Natives away or defeated them.defeated them.

PURITANS CREATE A “NEW PURITANS CREATE A “NEW ENGLAND”ENGLAND”

Puritans separated Puritans separated (“Separatists”) from (“Separatists”) from Church of England Church of England

1 group of Separatists 1 group of Separatists (Pilgrims) to America in (Pilgrims) to America in 16201620

Pilgrims founded 2Pilgrims founded 2ndnd permanent English colony permanent English colony called PLYMOUTH.called PLYMOUTH.

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY (lower red) (lower red) EST. 1630EST. 1630

Capital was BostonCapital was Boston Eventually Eventually

incorporated Plymouth incorporated Plymouth ColonyColony

Strict Puritan laws Strict Puritan laws

DISSENT IN PURITAN DISSENT IN PURITAN COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY

Roger Williams was Roger Williams was extreme extreme SeparatistSeparatist

He believed in He believed in purchasing land from purchasing land from IndiansIndians

Felt every person Felt every person should have religious should have religious freedomfreedom

Providence, R.I. Providence, R.I. resultedresulted

NATIVE AMERICANS RESIST NATIVE AMERICANS RESIST COLONIAL EXPANSIONCOLONIAL EXPANSION

As more colonies were settled, As more colonies were settled, problems arose over land and problems arose over land and

religionreligion

KING PHILIPS WARKING PHILIPS WAR

King Philip was the King Philip was the Wampanong Chief, Wampanong Chief, MetacomMetacom

He organized tribes to He organized tribes to fight British.fight British.

Began in 1675 for 2 yearsBegan in 1675 for 2 years Indians eventually worn Indians eventually worn

down by food shortages, down by food shortages, disease, and heavy disease, and heavy casualties.casualties.

SETTLEMENT OF MIDDLE SETTLEMENT OF MIDDLE COLONIESCOLONIES

DutchDutch went South of went South of New England to New England to form…form…

““New Amsterdam” in New Amsterdam” in 1625. Now NYC1625. Now NYC

Opened door to all Opened door to all ethnic/religious groupsethnic/religious groups

Quakers Quakers settle in settle in PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

Founded by William Founded by William PennPenn

Penn was against war Penn was against war and paid Indians for and paid Indians for land.land.

ENGLAND & ITS COLONIES ENGLAND & ITS COLONIES PROSPERPROSPER

Original 13 colonies Original 13 colonies over 125 yrs beginning over 125 yrs beginning in 1600’s.in 1600’s.

Colonies existed Colonies existed primarily to benefit primarily to benefit EnglandEngland

MERCHANTILISM & NAVIGATION MERCHANTILISM & NAVIGATION ACTSACTS

MercantilismMercantilism: Practice : Practice of selling more goods of selling more goods than buyingthan buying

Navigation ActsNavigation Acts: Acts : Acts to benefit England by to benefit England by having control of all having control of all colonial trade.colonial trade.

COLONIES COME OF COLONIES COME OF AGEAGE

Sec. 4Sec. 4

Even though colonies prospered, Even though colonies prospered, many colonists began to ? British many colonists began to ? British

authorityauthority

PLANTATION ECONOMY ARISES PLANTATION ECONOMY ARISES IN THE SOUTHIN THE SOUTH

Single cash crop on Single cash crop on plantationsplantations

Most southerners were Most southerners were small farmerssmall farmers

By 1750, more than By 1750, more than 200,000 slaves in 200,000 slaves in Southern coloniesSouthern colonies

MIDDLE PASSAGEMIDDLE PASSAGE

Triangular tradeTriangular trade = = process in which good process in which good and enslaved people and enslaved people were exchanged were exchanged across Atlantic Ocean.across Atlantic Ocean.

Middle passageMiddle passage= = Voyage that brought Voyage that brought Africans to W. Indies & Africans to W. Indies & later N. America.later N. America.

COMMERCE GROWS IN NORTHCOMMERCE GROWS IN NORTH

Port cities(philadelphia)

Multiple crops(no need for slave labor)

Ships & iron(1/3 of all British ships)

(more iron than England)

THE ENLIGHTENMENTTHE ENLIGHTENMENT

European ideas inspire European ideas inspire ColonistsColonists

Enlightenment= Enlightenment= Philosophers valued Philosophers valued reason & scientific reason & scientific methods.methods.

Enlightenment ideas Enlightenment ideas spread to colonies by spread to colonies by such men as Benjamin such men as Benjamin Franklin.Franklin.

THE GREAT AWAKENINGTHE GREAT AWAKENING

Series of religious revivals aimed at Series of religious revivals aimed at restoring intensity & dedication of restoring intensity & dedication of

early Puritan churchearly Puritan church

RELIGIOUS REVIVALSRELIGIOUS REVIVALS

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards Preachers traveled Preachers traveled

village to village village to village Some colonists Some colonists

abandoned old abandoned old Puritan/Anglican Puritan/Anglican congregations and congregations and established Baptists & established Baptists & MethodistsMethodists

EFFECTS OF GREAT AWAKENING EFFECTS OF GREAT AWAKENING & ENLIGHTENMENT& ENLIGHTENMENT

Both Caused people to ? Traditional Both Caused people to ? Traditional authority (British)authority (British)

Leads to American RevolutionLeads to American Revolution

FRENCH & INDIAN WARFRENCH & INDIAN WAR17541754

As French empire expanded, As French empire expanded, collided w/growing British empire.collided w/growing British empire.

Rivals for an EmpireRivals for an Empire

Most French colonists Most French colonists were single menwere single men

Fur traders or Catholic Fur traders or Catholic priestspriests

Better relationship Better relationship w/Indians than British.w/Indians than British.

WAR ERUPTSWAR ERUPTS Fought over rich Ohio Fought over rich Ohio

River ValleyRiver Valley French est. Fort Duquesne French est. Fort Duquesne

despite already claimed by despite already claimed by the Britishthe British

British militia (led by British militia (led by George Washington) sent George Washington) sent to F.D. and defeatedto F.D. and defeated

22ndnd attempt, Indians helped attempt, Indians helped French defeat British againFrench defeat British again

George Washington During the French George Washington During the French and Indian War and Indian War

BRITAIN DEFEATS OLD BRITAIN DEFEATS OLD ENEMYENEMY

King George II sick of losing to King George II sick of losing to French. Appoints William Pitt French. Appoints William Pitt

(1757) to run government(1757) to run government

British In/French OutBritish In/French Out

1759, French lose Quebec

1763War Ends

Iroquois aid British

CHANGES FOR NATIVE CHANGES FOR NATIVE AMERICANSAMERICANS

French loss was a loss for Native French loss was a loss for Native AmericansAmericans

PROCLAMATION OF 1763PROCLAMATION OF 1763

British government set British government set line along Appalachian line along Appalachian Mountains to keep Mountains to keep settlers and Native settlers and Native Americans separate.Americans separate.

Settlers ignored Settlers ignored Proclamation.Proclamation.