Upload
katen-mistry
View
219
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/12/2019 Explaination of Peltier Devices
1/3
SummaryThis investigation demonstrates the Peltier priniciple. A Peltier device is supplied with different
voltages and then the temperature difference from the hot and cold sides is observed. The
investigation finds that the temperature difference increases very slowly with voltage increases.
Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this experiment is to demonstrate the Peltier principle, which is widely used in electrical
and electronic cooling equipment.
IntroductionThe Peltier effect is one of three reversible thermoelectric pheonomena (or thermoelectric effects).
Jean Peltier (1785-1845), who was a French physicists, discovered it in 1834 hence the name the
Peltier effect.
Jean Peltier observed that when junctions of two different metals were subjected to heating or
cooling, dependant on the direction of the electrical current passed through them, that the heat
generated by the current flowing in one direction, would be absorbed if the direction of the current
was changed. This would only work when the junctions were in pairs. The size of the Peltier Effect is
found to be proportional to the size of the current
around the circuit.
An example of the Peltier Effect is shown to the left.Under the conditions shown in the diagram, the right
hand side junction would be heated and the left hand
side junction would be cooled. At the right hand
junction the heating effect is seen has the electrical
energy changes to thermal energy and on the left hand
side cooling is observed as the thermal energy is
converted into electrical energy. If the current were to
be reversed the cooling would be on the right and the
heating on the left.(Daviddarling, 2010)1
When an electric current flows across a junction of two dissimilar conductors, heat is liberated or
absorbed. When the electric current flows in the same direction as the Seeback current, heat is
absorbed at the hotter junction and liberated at the cooler junction. The Peltier Effect is defined as
the reversible change in heat content when one coulomb crosses the junction.
The direction in which the current flows determines whether heat is liberated or absorbed. This
effect is reversible and is independant of the shape or dimensions of the materials composing the
junction. It is a function of the compositions of the materials and the temperature of the junctions,
not of the contact.
8/12/2019 Explaination of Peltier Devices
2/3
It is interesting to note that Peltier, using a thermocouple made of antimony and bismuth, was able
to freeze a droplet of water. This was the first demonstration of thermoelectric refridgration. Peltier
devices, made from suitably doped semi conductors, are widely used to cool sensitive, solid state
electronic circuitry, such as that used in computers. These have low thermal effencies, but are
virtually trouble free and lend themselves to simple control. In reverse mode, junctions with large
Peltier effects have been used for power generation where thermal efficiency is not of primary
importance. Use has been made of this to power satellites.(Pollock, D.D., 1985)
MethodologyThe Peltier device was setup in a circuit as shown below. The two fans above the Peltier device were
to act as heat sink cooling fans.
First the heat sink cooling fans were turned on. It is important that this is done first as it will prevent
the device from overheating and becoming damaged. Secondly the power supply was turned on and
set to 14 volts and allowed 5 minutes to settle down. Once the temperature readings had settled
down a reading was taken for the voltage, current and temperatures on both sides on the device.
After this readings were taken with the power supply set to 13, 12, 11 and 10 volts. Between each
reading the device was given time to settle down.
Results and Discussion
As more power is supplied to the peltier device the greater the temperature difference is. The power
being supplied in the investigation increases by nearly 50 Watts but the temperature difference only
35.9
36
36.1
36.2
36.3
36.4
36.5
36.6
36.7
36.8
36.9
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Te
mperatureDiff(C)
Power Supplied (w)
Temperature Diff vs Power Supplied
8/12/2019 Explaination of Peltier Devices
3/3
increases by 1 C. The increase in the temperature difference is proportional to the power supplied.
In the circled result there appears to be a small error.
Above is a graph of current against power transferred by the unit. As the current increases more
power is transferred by the unit. This pattern is similar to typical peltier devices.
ConclusionIn this investigation it can be seen the peltier principle works well enough to be measured andobserved experimentally. There is one error which has been outlined. This error could possibly be
from the changing of the reading display (flicking between two numbers). Errors like this could have
been avoided if more time was given to the peltier to settle.
References1http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/P/Peltier_effect.html[Accessed: 05/12/2010, 15:13]
2Pollock D.D., (1985) Thermoelectricity: theory, thermometry, tool ASTM International.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Current(I)
Power Transferred (W)
Power Supplied vs Current