Expert lecture on wireless communication & CDMA Technology By Mr. Mayank Mittal GM TTS

8/7/2019 Expert lecture on wireless communication & CDMA Technology By Mr. Mayank Mittal GM TTS

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MAYANK MITTAL

NEERAJ BHATT

NETWORK OPERATIONS

TTSL


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Agenda

Introduction

Services Offered

Brief History

What is CDMA

CDMA 1 x Network Architecture Basic Call Flow

CDMA Advantages

CDMA Services

EVDO Overview

3 G

4 G


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Introduction

TTSL Incorporated in 1996

First launced CDMA Mobile Services in Andhra Pradesh

Brand Name is Tata Indicom

Operates CDMA 3G 1x Mobile Services in 20 Circles


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Services

TATA Indicom CDMA Mobile ( Voice & Data )

Fixed Wireless Terminal ( For Limited Mobility )

Vo-Data Card & USB Modem for Laptop & PCs for

Highspeed Internet connectivity

Pay Telephone Booth & CCB ( PCO )

Fixed Wireline Phone Connection with Broadband

ISDN Connections to Customer & Corporates


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A Brief History

Mobile telephony started with the need forcommunication, to a person on the move

The initial versions of Mobile phones worked

on analog technology (1G).

They worked on wide area broadcast principle

similar to a Radio orTV system

Each Transmitter site covered large areas

No hand-offs between two sites


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A Brief History

Owing to the capacity limitation of such a mobile system

The Cell concept was introduced

The Cell allowed re-use of frequency spectrum.

This also warranted for the call hand-offs between cells


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ultiple Access Technologies?

FDMA (example : Analog )Frequency Division Multiple Access

each user has a private frequency

TDMA ( example: GSM )Time Division Multiple Access

each user has private time and privatefrequency

CDMA ( example : IS 95 , 1 x )Code Division Multiple Access

users co-mingle in time and frequency

but each user has a private code


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What is CDMA?

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a wireless cellulartechnology

Developed originally by Qualcomm

CDMA was adopted by the

T

elecommunications IndustryAssociation (TIA) in 1993

Uses the principle of spread spectrum communication


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What is CDMA?

Spread Spectrum technology, spreads the information containedin a particular signal of interest over a much greater bandwidth

than the original signal.

All users share the same bandwidth

Users separated by a unique Walsh code which are orthogonal& not a timeslot or frequency

Each user is spread in the frequency domain

At the Receiver end users are de-spread using their own uniquecode.


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Spectrum Requirement

CDMA Carrier Bandwidth = 1.23 MHz

Guard Band = 0.27 MHz on either side

CDMA Channel Band:- Forward Link - 869894 MHz

- Reverse Link - 824849 MHz

Frequency Calculations:

Transmitter Channel No. Frequency

Mobile 1


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Cdma Network Architechture

1XAir-IF

Mobile

Station

PSTN

IS-41CBSC

IN

HLR/

AuC

PLMN

SMSC

VMS OtherMSC

MSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

PSTN

PLMN

PDSN

Internet


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CDMA 1X Network Architechure

The cdma 1X system primarily consists of following basic

network -

Core Switching Network

Radio Access Network

Packet Core Network

Adjuncts

Transmission Network


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CoreSwitchingNetwork ( CSN )

Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

Provides all of switching and signaling functions

Establishes call from and to MS within a service area as well as

different service areas.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VLR contains the information (Users profile, Users location

information etc) of subscribers who are attached to the systemwhich helps to make correct routing of (terminating) calls

Home Location Register (HLR/AuC)

Database that stores and manages subscribers profiles.

Contains Electronic Serial Number (ESN), Mobile Identification

Number (MIN) etc. and the restrictions for call making eligibility

AuC handles subscriber authentication and encryption functions

for security purposes and interworks with MSC through HLR.


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BSC ( Base Station Controller)

All radio resources are primarily managed by the BSC.

Handles connections to Mobile Stations including hand-off.

It is connected with MSC for providing services to MS

(Mobile Station) through BTS.

Also connected to the PDSN to provide packet data services

to the MS.

Performs vocoding of the voice signal

Routes calls to the MSC.

Handles call control processes

Traffic Handler, Power Control, Frame selection/distribution


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BTS ( Base Transceiver Station)

Provides transmission and reception of radio communication for

interfacing with the MS Provide the radio connection betweenmobile users and the switch

Connected with Base Station Controller for providing services

to the MS.

Performs the CDMA processing of all signals including power

control and handoffs

BTS allocates radio resources

Consists of 3 Sectors

MS ( Mobile Station) MS is the wireless terminal used by subscribers to access the CDMA

network over a radio interface.

The MS includes portable units, packet data access units, and units

installed in vehicles, and fixed Terminals.


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Packet CoreNetwork(PCN)

PDSN (Packet Data Service node)

PDSN provides mobile communication subscribers with packetdata service through interface with Internet network and PSPDNnetwork.

AAA (Authentication, Authorization and Accounting) It contains subscriber packet data provisioning information and

is used to authenticate and determine the parameters of a

subscribers packet data session. AAA also generates Billing Records (UDRs - - - Usage Data

Records) for packet data usage.

HA - FA ( Home Agent - Foreign Agent) The FA is the critical entity in the PCN, which makes mobility

services available in the network.


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Adjuncts

Adjunct systems provide value-added services to the

subscribers of the the network.

Short Message Service Center (SMSC)

SMSC is responsible for the relaying, storing and forwarding of sho

messages between the mobile station and other networks.

Voice Mailing System (VMS)

The VMS provides facilities to callers for recording voice messages

for retrieval later by the CDMA subscribers.


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Adjuncts Cont

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

OMC performs operation and maintenance functions for allelements in the network.

Customer Care and Billing System (CCBS) CCBS collects and processes the charging data and manages

call information.

WIN( Wireless Intelligent Network)

Supports various features/services like prepaid, VPN, Free phone

etc.

OTAF ( OverThe Air Function)

The OTAF is an entity that interfaces to the Customer Care tosupport service-provisioning activities.


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TransmissionNetwork

Transmission Network provides physical connectivity between different NetworkElements. It provides the physical media through which the data flows betweentwo elements in a Network.

Types ofTransmission Systems

Copper Wire Copper pair is used to connect two communication elements

through Modems (BTS- Tx system , Switch to POI )

Optical Fibre Communication System Optical Fibre is used as a media between two network elements to carry high

bandwidth data upto 10 Gbps.

PDH optical Transmission System

SDH optical Transmission System ( Data rates from STM- 1 TO STM 64 )

DWDM

Microwave Communication System Microwaves between 1 GHz to 30 GHz is used to connect two Elements.

PDH Microwave Radios & SDH Microwave Radios


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Pilot Channel (F-PICH)- W0

Provide a reference signal for all MSs that provides the phase

reference for Coherent demodulation

Used for Soft handoff trigger

Sync Channel (SYNC)-W32

Provides System Time and Network IDs

Paging Channel(s) (F-PCH)- W1Pages the MS in case of an incoming call, or to carry the control

messages for call set up

Uses W1-W7

Fundamental Channels (F-FCH)- W8-W63

Support Voice and Low Bit Rate Data, Control, and Signaling

Supplementary Channel (F-SCH)

Support High Bit Rate Data upto 153.6 Kbps

Forward Link


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ReverseLink

Access Channel Used to originate call requests or respond to page

messages received from the base stations.

Pilot Channel (R-PICH)Provides Phase Reference to the BTS for Coherent

Demodulation

Fast Power Control for BTS Transmit

Fundamental Channel (R-FCH) Support Voice and Low Bit Rate Data, Control, and

Signalling

Supplementary Channel (R-SCH) Support High Bit Rate Data for upto 153.6 Kbps


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Types of Handoff inCDMAHandoffs happens when Mobile moves between the cells while the

mobile is in traffic or idle to avoid call drop

Soft Hand-off Make before break

The mobile communicates with multiple BTSs during the hand-off

Softer Hand-off Make before Make

Hand-off between two sectors in the same cellThe mobile communicates with two sectors during the hand-off

Hard Hand-off Break before Make

CDMA to CDMA on different frequencies

CDMA to CDMA on different bands

CDMA to analog (AMPS)

Inter System Handoff


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LocationUpdation

Is required to deliver the incoming calls to the Mobile

The MS sends a location update request to the VLR via BTS-

BSC and MSC.

The VLR send a location update message to HLR

The service and security data for the Mobile is downloaded to the

VLR from HLR

The Mobile is sent an Ack of successful location update


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MobileCall origination

The Mobile sends the dialed number on the access channel via

BSS to MSC.

The MSC checks from the VLR for the requested service

MSC ask the BSS to allocate radio resources for the call

The BSS allocates a radio channel and sends the assignment

message to the MS via paging

The BSS connects the Radio TCH to the assigned ckt to the

MSC

The MSC routes the call to the destination PSTN Exchange

The Exchange rings the called terminal

Ring back signal is routed to the MS from the MSC and

completes the speech path on the traffic channel


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MobileCallTermination

The PSTN user dials to the Mobile number

The PSTN exchange routes the call to the MSC

The MSC checks from the HLR for the current location and

services of the Mobile

The MSC pages the MS via the BSS .

The MS responds to the page and sets up the signalling links

The BSS allocates the radio resources

The MSC is informed and the call is delivered to the MS

The MS answers the call and the speech path is through


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Advantages

Outstanding Voice and Call Quality

CDMA filters out background noise, cross-talk, and interference so

you can enjoy crystal-clear voice quality, greater privacy, and

enhanced call quality.

The rake receiver reduces errors

QUALCOMM's CDMA variable rate vocoder reduces the amount of

data transmitted per person, reducing interference.

The soft handoff also reduces power requirements and interference.

Power control reduces errors by keeping power at an optimal level.

Cell A Cell B


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Advantages Cont

Greatest Coverage for Lower Cost

CDMA's spread spectrum signal provides the greatest coverage in thewireless industry, allowing networks to be built with far fewer cellsites than is possible with other wireless technologies.

Fewer cell sites translates to reduced operating expenses, whichresults in savings to both operators and consumers.

CDMA's features result in coverage that is between 1.7 and 3 timesthat ofTDMA

Power control helps the network dynamically expand the coveragearea.

Packet Data

CDMA networks are built with standard IP packet data protocols.Standard cdmaOne phones already have TCP/IP and PPP protocolsbuilt into them.

High Data Rates upto 307 Kbps in CDMA 1X


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Advantages Cont

LongerTalk Time, Longer Battery Life

CDMA uses power control to monitor the amount of power system and handset need

at any time.

CDMA handsets transmit at the lowest power levels in the industry.

Thus allowing for longer battery life which results in longer talk time and standby time.

Simplified frequency reuse

Each BTS in a CDMA network can use all available frequencies.

Adjacent cells can transmit at the same frequency because users are separated by

code channels, not frequency channels.

This feature of CDMA, called "frequency reuse of one," eliminates the need for

frequency planning

Fewer Dropped Calls

CDMA's patented "soft handoff," method of passing calls between cells sharplyreduces the risk of dropped calls during a handoff.

Improved Security and Privacy

CDMA's digitally encoded, spread spectrum transmissions resist eaves dropping.


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Advantages Cont

Greater Capacity

CDMA allows the largest number of subscribers to share the same

radio frequencies, helping service providers increase their profitability.

CDMA uses spread spectrum technology which can provide up to 10-20

times the capacity of analog equipment and more than three times the

capacity of other digital platforms.

Reasons for this include:

CDMA's universal frequency reuse

Users are separated by code channels, not frequency channels.

Power control minimizes interference, resulting in maximized capacity.

CDMA's soft handoff also helps increase capacity. This is because a soft

handoff requires less power.


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Advantages Cont

Reduced Background Noise and Interference

CDMA combines multiple signals and improves signal strength. This leads to the

near elimination of interference and fading.

Rapid Deployment

Due to Higher Capacity they require fewer cell sites, CDMA networks can be deployed

faster than other types of wireless networks.

Wide Product Selection

QUALCOMM has licensed CDMA technology to over 75 leading communications

manufacturers worldwide, enabling service providers and customers to choose from

a wide range of highly advanced, cost-competitive, CDMA-based products.


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Planning

Switch & RAN planning

Network Design Engineering of Core Switching

& RAN Network elements POI Planning

New features deployment

Budgeting & CAPEX approval

Plan network changes for Optimisation

Regulatory compliance

RF Planning

Coverage / Capacity site selection

RF Optimization

Planning for in-building solution

Transmission Planning Backbone & Access Planning

BOQ, costing & capex finalisation


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Project Implementation

Project Planning

BoM finalization & Ordering

LC opening/ Import of Eqpts

Infra Ordering & Construction

Site RFI & RFS

Timely implementation of NW Rollout

Resolution of Project issues

Optimum utilization of NW equipment


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Network Operations

Operation & Maintenance of all the Elements in a Network

i.e MSCs, BSCs, BTSs, Transmission Systems, Powerplant,

etc is done by the Network Operations Team

Responsible for

Network Up Time

Quality of Service ( Key Performance Indicators )

Capacity Upgradation

Revenue Exposure


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KPIs-KeyPerformanceIndicators

KPI Parameter BenchmarkTT

SL Gujarat

Network Availability 99.90% 99.98

Call Setup time < 7 sec 4 Sec

Access failure Rate < 2% 1.18

Call Drop rate < 2% 0.38

Paging Success Rate 85% 92.3

Call Setup Succ rate >96 % 98.82

Traffic Channel congestion < 2% 0


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Network OperationsMainly consists of -

Field Team Ensures Network Availability

Fault Rectification

Preventive Maintenence

Project Roll Out

RF optimization

Operation & Maintenance Centre (OMC )- 24*7Regional OMC of Gujarat in Ahmedabad

Network Alarm Monitoring

Fault Escalation & resolution

Database Configuraton changes

Performance Monitoring and Analysis

Capacity Upgradation

Customer Complaints Resolution


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BTS Shelter 1 BTS Shelter 3

BTS Shelter 2

BTS

EQUIP

BTS

EQUI

P

BTS Shelter 1

BTS Shelter 2

BSNLEXCHANGE

Fibre towards

MSC & BSC

Fibre towards

Other City

PCM Cable

M/W link

Town Connectivity


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CDMA surpasses 373 MillionGlobalSubscribers


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3G - CDMA2000 Subscriber Growth History:December 2001

through December 2006


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Total Number of 3G - CDMA2000 Subscribers

(includes CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO)

01-Dec 02-Dec 03-Dec 04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec

3,650,000 33,121,000 85,410,000 146,800,000 225,100,000 325,050,000

(includes cdmaOne, CDMA2000 1X & 1xEV-DO)

Asia-Pacific

North

Americ

a

Caribbean &

Latin

America

Europe,

Middle

East &

Africa Total

06-Dec 170,025,000 123,380,000 71,600,000 8,498,000 373,503,000

Number of CDMA Subscribers byRegion


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EV-DOEvolution Data Optimized


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What is EV-DO ?

Evolution, Data Only or Evolution, Data Optimized

EVDO, also known as EV-DO, 1xEvDO and 1xEV- DO

It is a CDMA standard for high speed wirelessbroadband.

Data rates: up to 2.45Mbps downlink, 153.6Kbps uplink

Natural evolution from IS-95, IS-2000

EV-DO needs 1.25MHz spectrum for 2.45 Mbps

Higher rate in forward link

Uses time-division multiplexing


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EV-DO Network Architecture


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Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

RF components for transmitting/receiving signals Software/hardware for digital communications/DSP

Connected to RNC with backhaul links

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Session establishment and release Frame selection Radio Link Protocol (RLP) processing

Access Network (AN) BTS and RNC form the AN

Packet Control Function (PCF)

Allows RNC functions to interface with PDSN

Packet Data Service Node (PDSN)

Interfaces with Internet Home/Foreign agent for mobile IP Terminates PPP connection with AT

EV-DO Network Elements


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How does EVDO compare to other technologies?

Peak Data Rate by Technology:

CDMA Rev A 3,000 kpbs

CDMA 2000-1x EVDO 2,400 kbps

W-CDMA 2,000 kbps

EDGE 384 kbps

CDMA 2000-1x 144 kbps

GPRS 115 kbps

GSM 14.4 kbps


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CDMA N t k Mi ti B d 2G


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CDMA 2GIS-95A

CDMA2000 1X

1xEV-DO

1xEV-DV

CDMA Network Migration Beyond 2G

Download Rates (Peak)

Subscriber Usage

SectorThroughput

Value Proposition

9.6 - 153.6 Kbps

Messaging Services via

CDMA2000 SMS, EMS,

MMS

Packet Data (throughput

of 200 kbps)

1.5-2 times voice

capacity, increasedcoverage, introduction

of packet data services,

backward compatible

with IS-95A/B

38.4 - 2450 Kbps

Wireless Internet,

Streaming Audio/Video,

Messaging Services via

IP Network

3 times 1X capacity

(throughput of 600 Kbps)

Delivering high data

download speeds +capacity

9.6 - 3100 Kbps

Wireless Internet,

Streaming Audio/Video,

Real-Time Video, Voice

Over IP, Messaging

Services via CDMA2000

SMS, EMS, MMS and/or

IP Network

5 times 1X capacity

(throughput of 1 Mbps)

Overlay option with 1X,

backward compatible withIS-95/1X, voice and data in

a single carrier,

simultaneous voice and

data


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3G - CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Subscriber Growth History:

December 2002 through December 2006

02-Dec 03-Dec 04-Dec 05-Dec 06-Dec

174,000 4,382,000 12,088,000 24,424,000 55,072,000

3G Overview


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3G Overview


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Why3G?

Higher bandwidth enables a range of new applications!!

For the consumer

Video streaming, TV broadcast

Video calls, video clips news, music, sports

Enhanced gaming, chat, location services

For business

High speed teleworking / VPN access

Sales force automation

Video conferencing

Real-time financial information


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3G servicesCDMA (1xEV-DO)

USA ( Verizon ,Sprint.AlltelKorea: SKT, KTF

Japan: AU (KDDI)

Australia(Telstra)

Brazil(Vivo)

Canada(Bell Mobility )

China( China Unicom)

Russia .. etc

WCDMA / UMTS

Japan ( NTT DoCoMo , Vodafone KK)

Australia ( 3 Hutchinson )

Hong Kong ( 3 Hutchinson )New Zealand

Europe ( Vodaphone )


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3G Standards

3G Standard is created by ITU-T and is called as IMT-2000.

The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G

systems to provide Global Roaming.

Evolution of Mobile Systems to 3G


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Evolutionof MobileSystems to 3G- drivers are capacity, data speeds, lower cost of delivery for

revenue growth

cdmaOnecdmaOne

GSMGSM

TDMATDMA

2G

PDCPDC

CDMA2000

1x

CDMA2000

1x

First Step into 3G

GPRSGPRS

EDGEEDGE

WCDMAWCDMA

CDMA2000

1x EV/DV

CDMA2000

1x EV/DV

3G phase 1 Evolved 3G

3GPP Core

Network

CDMA2000

1x EV/DO

CDMA2000

1x EV/DO

HSDPAHSDPA

EDGE

Evolution

EDGE

Evolution


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3 G Vendors

Nokia-Siemens

Ericsson Hyundai

LG Electronics

Motorola

Samsung

Lucent- Alcatel

Nortel

FUJITSU

ZTE

Huwai


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4 GFourth generation mobile communications systems that arecharacterized by high-speed data rates at 20 to 100 Mbps, suitable

for high-resolution movies and television. Initial deployments areanticipated in 2007-2010.

Also known as Mobile Broadband everywhereMAGICMobile Multimedia Communication

Anywhere, Anytime with Anyone Global Mobility Support Integrated Wireless Solution Customized Personal Service

According to 4G Mobile Forum, by 2008 over $400 billion would beinvested in 4G mobile projects.

In India, communication Minister Mr. Dayanidhi Maran, hasannounced a national centre of excellence to work in 4G arena.


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4G:Data RateFacts

Transmission at 20 to 100 Mbps

2000 times faster than mobile data rates

10 times faster than top transmission rates planned in finalbuild out of 3G broadband mobile

10-20 times faster than standard ADSL services.

Companies developing 4G technologyCellular phone companies: Alcatel, Nortel, Motorola,

IT Companies: Hughes,HP,LG Electronics


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Performanceevolutionofcellular technologies


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Documents

Expert lecture on wireless communication & CDMA Technology By Mr. Mayank Mittal GM TTS