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CITATION: Abad Ocubillo, Robin (2012). Experimenting with the Margin: Parklets and Plazas as Catalysts in Community and Government (graduate thesis). University of Southern California, Los Angeles. (This graduate thesis was prepared in partial fulfillment of a Master of Landscape Architecture at the University of Southern California)
Citation preview
EXPERIMENTING WITH THE MARGIN
PARKLETS AND PLAZAS
AS CATALYSTS IN COMMUNITY and GOVERNMENT by
Robin Abad Ocubillo
A Thesis Presented to the FACULTY OF THE USC SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree
MASTER OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
August 2012 Copyright 2012 Robin Abad Ocubillo
Abad Ocubillo 2012 ii
Acknowledgements
Thesis Committee:
Rachel Berney, Ph.D. Committee Chair Assistant Professor, School of Architecture University of Southern California Robert Harris, FAIA, Hon. ASLA Director, Graduate Landscape Architecture Program Professor Emeritus, School of Architecture University of Southern California Simon Pastucha Head, Urban Design Studio Los Angeles City Planning Department
Additional Reviewers:
John Kaliski Vinayak Bharne
Thank you to all the ‘Parkleteers’ who supported this study, especially those who generously contributed their time with an interview.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................. ii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES..........................................................................................................................................v ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................1 1.1 – EXPERIMENTING WITH THE MARGIN........................................................................................... 2 1.2 – AREAS OF INVESTIGATION.............................................................................................................. 6 1.3 – QUESTIONS .....................................................................................................................................18 1.4 – METHODS OF INVESTIGATION......................................................................................................19
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................................22 2.1 – PLANNING CONTEXT .....................................................................................................................23 2.2 – FROM TACTICS TO STRATEGIES AND BACK: OVERLAPPING URBANISMS ..............................34 2.3 – THE GENEALOGY OF PARKLETS AND PEDESTRIAN PLAZAS ....................................................44 2.4 – INTEGRATED MODES OF SPATIAL AND SOCIAL PRODUCTION.................................................58 2.5 – OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES OF HEURISTIC URBANISM..........................................................68
CHAPTER 3 – FINDINGS.......................................................................................................77 3.1 – INNOVATION AND RESTRUCTURING............................................................................................78 3.2 – PRE-‐EXISTING CONDITIONS AND EMERGING CRITERIA FOR VIABILITY .............................132
CHAPTER 4 – CONCLUSION ............................................................................................. 151 4.1 – RADICAL, INCREMENTAL, CATALYTIC......................................................................................152 4.2 – THE PRESENT AND FUTURE OF HEURISTIC URBANISM ........................................................155 4.3 – EPILOGUE: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY.......................................................185
ENDNOTES ............................................................................................................................ 189 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................... 199 APPENDIX A – METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................211 APPENDIX B – CATALOGUE OF INTERVIEWS.................................................................................214 APPENDIX C – CATALOGUE OF CASES ............................................................................................217 APPENDIX D – INTERVIEW TOOLS..................................................................................................224 APPENDIX E – HUMAN SUBJECTS REVIEW EXEMPTION / APPROVAL LETTER........................238 APPENDIX F – PARKLET PERMITTING FLOW CHARTS.................................................................238
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 v
List of Figures
Figure 1: Categories of Public Space Intervention ...................................................................... 7
Figure 2: Heuristic Urbanism model ...............................................................................................21
Figure 3: Parklet at Arlequin Café, ..................................................................................................13
Figure 4: 'Curbside Public Seating Platform' or Parklet ........................................................14
Figure 5: "Castro Commons” Plaza ..................................................................................................15
Figure 6: Typical Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza Stakeholder Structure...........................21
Figure 7: Parklets and Plazas in a Continuum of Permanence. ...........................................28
Figure 8: Tactical Spectrum ................................................................................................................37
Figure 9: Guerilla Sidewalk Beautification..................................................................................39
Figure 10: Heuristic Urbanism process illustrated..................................................................44
Figure 11: 'Portable Park IV' .............................................................................................................46
Figure 12: Hayes Valley Farm ...........................................................................................................47
Figure 13: The first PARK(ing) installation..................................................................................50
Figure 14: Parklet hosted by Caffé Roma......................................................................................50
Figure 15: ‘Community Living Room’ .............................................................................................55
Figure 16: A Historical Timeline for Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas .............................56
Figure 17: New Sidewalk Landscaping ..........................................................................................60
Figure 18: Elmer Avenue Greenstreet...........................................................................................62
Figure 19: What Makes a Good Place?...........................................................................................71
Figure 20: ‘Deepistan National Parklet,’ ........................................................................................75
Abad Ocubillo 2012 vi
Figure 21: Plaza at 'Fowler Square' ................................................................................................81
Figure 22: 'Pavement to Parks' Inter-‐Agency Collaborators ................................................84
Figure 23: ‘Showplace Triangle’ Plaza............................................................................................86
Figure 24: Interdepartmental Staff Committee on Traffic and Transportation..........88
Figure 25: City of Long Beach Internal Stakeholders .............................................................91
Figure 26: City of Oakland -‐ Initial Internal Parklet Stakeholders....................................96
Figure 27: CicLAvia, Saturday April 10 2012 ..........................................................................103
Figure 28: Map of Relevant Council Districts in Los Angeles ...........................................106
Figure 29: Sunset Triangle Plan ....................................................................................................109
Figure 30: Sunset Triangle Stakeholder Structure ...............................................................112
Figure 31: Parklet and 'Street Porch' Stakeholder Structure...........................................114
Figure 32: 'Street Porch' on York Boulevard in Highland Park, Los Angeles ............116
Figure 33: Spring Street Parklet Initiative (Abad Ocubillo 2012).................................118
Figure 34: Four Barrel Coffee Parklet.........................................................................................138
Figure 35: A network of design and planning professionals .............................................118
Figure 36: Concentric Circles of Catalysis.................................................................................153
Figure 37: Noe Valley Parklets ......................................................................................................160
Figure 38: Parklet signage at Absinthe restaurant ..............................................................129
Figure 39: Parklet signage at the 'Squat & Gobble Café’.....................................................129
Figure 40: Standard Cafe Furniture,............................................................................................165
Figure 41: Parklet at Lola's Mexican Cuisine...........................................................................167
Figure 42: Parklet access should not be restricted or regulated....................................168
Abad Ocubillo 2012 vii
Figure 43: Standard Signage for NYC 'Public Curbside Seating Platforms'................171
Figure 44: "Priority Map" from the "NYC Plaza Program Application Guidelines" 173
Figure 45: Freewheel Bike Shop Parklet and Bike Corral..................................................176
Figure 46: 40th Street Parklet.........................................................................................................177
Figure 47: Fabric8 Parklet...............................................................................................................178
Figure 48: Parkmobile.......................................................................................................................180
Figure 49: Spring Street Parklet Typologies............................................................................182
Figure 50: The Powell Street Promenade ..................................................................................184
Figure 51: Parklet Implementation Process, City of San Francisco................................241
Figure 52: Parklet Implementation Process, City of Long Beach....................................242
Figure 53: Parklet Implementation Process, City of Oakland ..........................................243
Abad Ocubillo 2012 viii
Abbreviations
BID Business Improvement District BOE Bureau of Engineering (Department of Public Works) BSS Bureau of Street Services BTE Bureau of Traffic Engineering (Department of Public Works) BSUM Bureau of Street Use and Mapping (City of San Francisco) CEDA Community Economic Development Agency (City of Oakland) CBD Community Benefit District CD Council District CRA Community Redevelopment Agency DP Department of Planning DOT Department of Transportation (City of Los Angeles) DPH Department of Public Health DPW Department of Public Works HOZ Historic Overlay Zone IMA Installation and Management Agreement (City of Long Beach) ISCOTT Interdepartmental Staff Committee on Transportation LA Los Angeles, City of LAC Loc Angeles County LB Long Beach, City of
Abad Ocubillo 2012 ix
LACBC Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition MTA Municipal Transportation Agency (San Francisco) NYC New York City P2P Pavement to Parks (City of San Francisco) PLUMC Planning and Land Use Management SubCommitte (City of Los Angeles) PWOP Public Walkways Occupancy Permit (City of Long Beach) S4P Streets for People (City of Los Angeles) SPC Street Plans Collaborative RFP Request for Proposals ROW Right-‐of-‐Way SF San Francisco, City and County of SFBC San Francisco Bicycle Coalition SFGS San Francisco Great Streets (A project of the SFBC) UDG Urban Design Group (San Francisco Planning Department) UDS Urban Design Studio (Los Angeles City Planning Department) WOBO Walk Oakland, Bike Oakland
Abad Ocubillo 2012 x
Abstract
Two related typologies of small-‐scale, experimental urban design have
emerged in recent years as a synthesis of community action and progressive
governmental experimentation: the Parklet and the Pedestrian Plaza. The Parklet
occupies curbside parking spaces while the Pedestrian Plaza reclaims excess
roadway, often at irregular intersections. While the typologies differ in physical
form, both emerge from a common thrust of experimental action redressing the
urban fabric and environment. Together, these two typologies – and the city
programs created to facilitate their implementation – begin to define a process of
Heuristic Urbanism: a collaborative practice that engages urban design through
provisional programs and projects that are continually self-‐evaluating. This thesis
illustrates how the Heuristic Urbanism of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas necessitates
innovation within city government through the assimilation of grassroots initiatives.
A literature review outlines the theoretical and practical contexts from which
Heuristic Urbanism emerges; suggests the evolutionary heritage of Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas; and examines the range of assumptions, expectations, and
outcomes engendered by the new typologies and their relatives. The thesis then
leverages interviews with over 65 individual stakeholders from government,
advocacy groups, design and business communities in four California cities which
are in various stages of advancing Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza programs.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 xi
The findings outline the evolution of Heuristic Urbanism in California,
critiquing the modes by which its contributing programs are initiated and
implemented; conditions for viable projects; and the observed and anticipated
impacts of those programs and projects.
By profiling four case cities where urban design experiments are being
institutionalized from grassroots actions into sanctioned planning objectives, the
thesis develops a narrative of how this Heuristic Urbanism is being disseminated
throughout California. While the study identifies some elemental commonalities
across all four cities, it also reveals a great variation in the respective processes of
each, illustrating how the process of Heuristic Urbanism adapts in unique contexts.
The discussion then moves from overarching examination of program
development to circumstances at the site and neighborhood scale; identifying
common physical and social conditions as pre-‐requisites for Parklet and Plaza
viability. This set of conditions is generated from stakeholder interviews and
correlated with the literature review. Here the thesis articulates a coherent
practical framework for evaluating future potential sites of intervention; engaging
the dialectic between action, research, analysis, and refinement that characterizes
Heuristic Urbanism.
The study concludes with a discussion on the long-‐term implications of
Heuristic Urbanism for urban design and planning practice. Significant and
recurring themes emerge from the interviews; defining a territory which addresses
public-‐private tensions, the role of design professionals in activism and governance,
Abad Ocubillo 2012 xii
and the catalytic potential of Heuristic Urbanism for re-‐adapting both the urban
fabric and modes of its management.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 1
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
Abad Ocubillo 2012 2
1.1 – Experimenting With the Margin
Through the last half century the American streetscape has suffered
significant inattention, to the grave detriment of the pedestrian experience. The
work of Donald Appleyard (1981), Douglass Lee (1973), Serge Chermayeff and
Christopher Alexander (1963), Mike Davis (1990/2006), Jane Jacobs (1961) and
others has demonstrated the devastating social effects of rationalist planning and
auto-‐centric urban design. Furthermore, the literature indicates that low-‐income,
minority communities are often disproportionately affected by proximity to
highways, the absence of open space amenities, and services accessible by walking.
This environmental injustice correlates with higher pollution levels, increased
disease and social dystopia.
As our principal open space network, streets embody significant potential for
improving urban life. In this complex spatial and social realm, constructs of public
and private fuse and overlap; modes of mobility compete for space; ecological and
habitat values remain largely underdeveloped. The sidewalk is now, perhaps more
than ever, the subject of exacting scrutiny and a venue of heightened contestation.
It’s functional, physical and philosophical extents seem to expand even as it
becomes a singular focal point through which new configurations of urban life are
envisioned and executed.
A bourgeoning movement of passionate designers, community groups, and
government facilitators has emerged in recent years to remake the streetscape with
Abad Ocubillo 2012 3
design experimentation. A robust ethos seems to inform the motivations of all
stakeholders involved, perceiving streetscape revolution as a critical mode for
advancing social and environmental equity. These interventions range from
engineered storm water gardens and permanent ‘road diets’ to semi-‐permanent,
‘artscape’ outdoor ‘living rooms’ and newly formed Pedestrian Plazas. The Parklet
(San Francisco) recently emerged as an unprecedented experimental form.
Ideologically aligned, these Programs and projects seem to occur through varying
modes of social, political, and design engagement; and at differing levels of financial
support from private and public sources.
1.1.1 – Relevance to Design
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas are design products. They are tactical
responses to the environmental, spatial, and social dysfunction of our streets, which
comprise up to 25% of the urban ground plane (Sadik-‐Khan 2011, Seligman 2011).
This translates into over 6,500 miles of streets apiece for the cities of Los Angeles
and New York (Sadik-‐Khan 2011). These environments – products of traffic
engineering – require immediate attention from other professions which are more
attendant to humanistic and ecological dimensions.
Currently, the public realm is planned and administered by a vast array of
agencies (public works, traffic, transit, planning) each imbued with their own realm
of oft-‐conflicting authority (Ford 2000; Garde 1999). Collectively – though not
necessarily collaboratively – these agencies produce the streetscape in its
Abad Ocubillo 2012 4
contemporary form. Here, landscape architecture can play a role integrating the
interests of each agency through the lens of design
The landscape architecture tradition draws upon vast aesthetic, social and
scientific considerations which equip it for design experimentation in the
contemporary streetscape. Moreover, when considered with its allied disciplines
such as Architecture, Urban Design, and Planning, Landscape Architecture most
consistently incorporates the human experience with ecological (horticultural,
biological, hydrological) performance criteria within its practice. Besides the
human and ecological aspects, current infrastructural systems are also under
examination and experimentation by landscape architects. Streets – within which
infrastructure such as energy, freshwater, sewage and storm water services are
spatially collocated – comprise a complex realm for which landscape architecture is
especially suited to investigate.
Experimental landscape architecture in the streetscape can effect lasting
collaboration between disparate government agencies while mitigating socio-‐
ecological dysfunction. For example in San Francisco, a new government program
comprised of several agencies was created to facilitate Parklet and Plaza
installations. This case demonstrates how the mutual desire for a landscape
architecture product necessitated the reformation of policy and structures of civic
governance.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 5
1.1.2 – Issues and Dilemmas
Throughout history, streetscape interventions have involved a complex
public-‐private dynamic. Much contemporary experimentation – for example with
the Plaza Program in New York and Pavement to Parks Program in San Francisco – is
based on a public-‐private partnership. At the very least, these partnerships impose
a maintenance and management burden on the private stakeholder; at the very
most, private entities fund all the costs of design, construction, and maintenance.
Extensive literature focuses on the implications of the private management of public
space, addressing issues of policing and classicism (Crawford 2008; Davis
1990/2006; Ehrenfeucht and Loukaitou-‐Sideris 2009). Again, landscape
architecture – by way of its development of park and boulevard typologies in
modern history – can inform the design and execution of streetscapes which
straddles the physical and legal boundaries between the public and private realm.
Experimental landscape architecture in streetscapes satisfies a wide array of
concerns, both conceptually and practically. Notable enterprises include the Plaza
Program in New York City; the Pavement to Parks program in San Francisco, Parklet
programs in Long Beach and Oakland; and other yet-‐isolated efforts throughout Los
Angeles. By investigating these phenomena, the landscape architecture profession
(along with urban designers, planners, and other advocates) can systematically
understand successful experimental approaches for retrofitting existing
streetscapes to improve the social and ecological functions of neighborhoods.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 6
1.2 Areas of Investigation
Experimental urban design can take many forms and is executed through
diverse modes of social, political, and governmental action. This study investigates
those cases which occur within or adjacent to the auto-‐right-‐of way. The pervasive
spatial and social extent of streets has already been discussed, thus narrowing this
study to the appropriation of auto-‐exclusive land uses.
1.2.1 – Places, Projects and Programs
This study focuses on two regions in California which exhibit significant
activity or potential for experimental urban design within the right-‐of-‐way: The San
Francisco Bay Area and the Los Angeles Region. The two regions – with their
respective cities – provide ample potential for structural comparison. By inquiring
with design professionals, governments, and other advocates in each city, models of
implementation emerge.
A brief presentation of experimental urban design in New York City prefaces
the discussion of California cities; providing valuable background. In NYC, urban
design experimentation has achieved a highly regarded and institutionalized status.
Underpinned by a rich and thorough heritage of urban traditions and planning, New
York’s Plaza Program presents an ever-‐relevant model for study and appropriation.
Indeed, the Plaza Program in New York has directly influenced the efforts of cities
elsewhere in the country.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 7
Figure 1: Categories of Public Space Intervention (Abad Ocubillo 2012). The typologies examined by this thesis are outlined in red.
San Francisco’s Pavement to Parks Program was modeled heavily on the New
York example. San Francisco’s Pavement to Parks program just completed an
inaugural two years and can be understood as experimental itself. The most striking
features of the San Francisco program are the cross-‐agency coalition on one hand,
and on the other hand, the emergence of the Parklet, an unprecedented public space
typology with roots in avant-‐garde performance art endemic to San Francisco. A
research focus on the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza – typologies of experimental
Abad Ocubillo 2012 8
design – sharpens the study and provides a ready unit of investigation in all four
concerned cities.
San Francisco provides a rich venue for discovering how ‘activist
architecture’, ad-‐hoc urbanism, and the initiatives of design professionals have
produced not only landscapes but also changes in policy and governance.
Describing the process of ‘bottom-‐up’ urban design – especially that emerging
explicitly from the design community – informs potential strategies for Los Angeles
and other cities. Here the thesis identifies three other cities with initiatives that
parallel those in New York and San Francisco. The study tracks possibilities for or
intentions of government, community organizations, and design networks to
institutionalize experimental programs within the cities’ sanctioned structures. The
cities examined in this these are presented order of their relative development:
1. The City and County of San Francisco
2. The City of Long Beach
3. The City of Oakland
4. The City of Los Angeles
Abad Ocubillo 2012 9
1.2.2 – Heuristic Urbanism
This thesis examines the dialectical relationships between urban design
experimentation and planning; tactics and strategies; citizen actions and
government policy. The recursive interplay between these overlapping arenas –
this process – is here named Heuristic Urbanism.
Heuristic Urbanism observes how ephemeral, renegade actions in public
space become legible to and assimilated by the governance regimes of cities. This
assimilation takes the form of permanent legislation, policies, programs, and
planning imperatives. This process of institutionalization – resulting in great part
from grassroots effort – entails a deeper and greater citizen involvement that tends
to become a normative and engrained element of the new policy or program.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 10
Figure 2: Heuristic Urbanism model (Abad Ocubillo 2012). The process often begins with a radical action or event staged by radical actors; the idea then
becomes institutionalized. The participation of radical actors – and the radical action itself – becomes normalized within this process. See Figure 10 for an
illustration of how the Parklet becam
e a Sanctioned Typology.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 11
Heuristic Urbanism refers to an evolutionary process within urban design
rather than the individual constituent actions, typologies, events, tactics, and
strategies associated with that process. An extensive survey of those actions,
typologies, and events is beyond the scope of this thesis. Instead, this study focuses
on two new and related urban design typologies at the center of Heuristic Urbanism:
the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza.
In outlining the shared genealogy of Parklets and Plazas, this thesis reveals
four commonalities which characterize the two interventions, the city programs
through which they are implemented, and Heuristic Urbanism:
1. Encroachment onto Auto-‐Exclusive Land Use – Each Program deliberately
targets the automobile right-‐of-‐way for opportunities to expand the
pedestrian realm. This fits within cities’ long-‐term intentions to create more
spatial balance between the auto, transit, bicycle and pedestrian modalities.
2. Experimental Nature – Both interventions are administered under programs
which typically begin with a 12-‐month pilot phase. Each individual project
usually receives a provisional permit of one year to accommodate monitoring
and evaluation on a site-‐by-‐site basis.
3. Innovation of New Government Structures and programs – Parklet and Plaza
Programs are often novel inter-‐departmental partnerships created to
facilitate implementation. The new collaborative program is self-‐monitoring
– becoming more sophisticated through successive cycles – suggesting
exciting potential for this study, and for longitudinal analyses as well.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 12
4. Public-‐Private Partnership – As interventions which integrate functional,
aesthetic, and experiential considerations, design professionals are often
critical initiators, participants, and advocates for projects and programs. This
community-‐based initiative, sometimes integrated with local government
planning activity, can predate implementation by up to a decade.
Furthermore, the public-‐private arrangement also aligns with the fiscal
realities of governments, who rely increasingly upon monetary and creative
investments from private groups and citizens. The public-‐private structure
also touches issues of privatization, policing, and design ethics.
1.2.3 – The Parklet
The term ‘parklet’ has heretofore been used informally to refer to a small
urban park, ‘mini park’ or ‘pocket park’ (Gillool 2010; Martin 1998; The
Washington Post 1967; Z Waugh 1947; Zion 1962). This thesis recognizes the
Parklet as distinct urban design typology with specific spatial characteristics
prototyped in San Francisco: the Parklet occupies a curbside parking lane, often
reclaiming contiguous spaces, functionally expanding the pedestrian realm of the
sidewalk.
Parklet installations are essentially temporary. Projects are granted permits
on a renewable annual basis, which implies a limit to their lifetimes and their
potential to effect – as individual sites or cumulatively – more permanent
interventions and policies.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 13
Figure 3: Parklet at Arlequin Café, Hayes Street, San Francisco. (Abad Ocubillo 2012). This simple platform extends from the sidewalk into the curbside parking lane. Most other Parklets employ a greater range of design creativity with integral seating, unconventional material combinations and whimsical plantings. (Designer:“Arlequin Café”)
Parklet projects are funded and managed exclusively by private entities
(‘applicants,’ ‘sponsors’ or ‘hosts’). Only one city in California surveyed in this thesis
(Long Beach) allows the host to regulate access to the Parklet. San Francisco
stringently stipulates open public access to the Parklet as a condition of permitting.
Oakland and Los Angeles, both in various stages of articulating Parklet regulations,
at this time trend towards equal public access as well.1
Abad Ocubillo 2012 14
The new typology described here as the Parklet does appear elsewhere
under different monikers. For example, the New York City Department of
Transportation refers to them as “Curbside Public Seating Platforms” or “Pop Up
Cafés” (New York City Department of Transportation 2011). They are referred to
alternatively as “Street Porches” or “Street Plazas” in community planning
discussions for Northeast Los Angeles (Newton 2012). This thesis recognizes all
interventions that share the same programmatic profile outlined above as Parklets.
Figure 4: 'Curbside Public Seating Platform' or Parklet at Cafe Local, 144 Sullivan Street, Brooklyn. (Designers: Craig and Elizabeth Walker; Architect: Sean Gale)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 15
1.2.4 – The Pedestrian Plaza
The term ‘plaza’ is imbued with rich and varied meaning in western culture
which undergirds its application to the specific typology studied here. In this thesis,
Pedestrian Plaza refers directly to pedestrian spaces reclaimed from formerly auto-‐
exclusive land use; often at irregular intersections or along the margins of wide
roadways. This definition comes from the NYC DOT (2012a, 2012b), which by
originating this method of open space production, formed the basis for like
procedures in San Francisco and Los Angeles.
Figure 5: "Castro Commons” Plaza (Design and Rendering by Seth Boor, Boor Bridges Architecture 2009. shown with permission). Boor generated this design rendering after a trial street closure that used reclaimed materials and temporary barricades (the trial phase was coordinated by Pavement to Parks, The Castro CBD, and Public Architecture). The second and permanent phase was executed using Seth's design shown here, with some modifications in the field. The checkered surface pattern and tall planters indicate the area closed to auto traffic. See Figure 23 and Figure 29 for examples of other Pedestrian Plaza plans.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 16
The ‘pilot’ phase of Pedestrian Plazas facilitates two crucial aspects of
experimentation: performance evaluation and resource efficiency. New York and
San Francisco systematically study the impacts of road closure to auto traffic,
pedestrian safety, and user perception (Dunlap 2009; New York City Department of
Transportation 2011, 2012; San Francisco Great Streets Project 2010, 2011). In
terms of project execution, the pilot design iterations often employ recycled,
reclaimed or otherwise inexpensive materials to facilitate speedy implementation
(Arieff 2009).
Though planning, design, and implementation is funded totally or in large
part by their host cities, Pedestrian Plazas are often predicated on significant,
longstanding local activism of community groups, associations, and Business
Improvement Districts (BIDs). In most cases, these same groups also assume the
management, maintenance, and programming of Plazas.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 17
Table 1: The difference between Projects and Programs. Programs are comprised of individual Projects. In San Francisco, Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza Projects are administered under a single Program: Pavement to Parks. A future arrangement for Los Angeles could also place Parklets, Pedestrian Plazas – and even other related typologies – within a single Program.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 18
1.3 - Questions
The inquiry in this thesis is guided by three questions examining the process
of Heuristic Urbanism, through the lens of Parklet and Pedestrian Plazas. These
questions address the larger structural context within which the Programs evolved;
the specific spatial and social conditions of project sites; and the significance of
Programs to urban design:
1. How are existing structures and systems of governmental and social
organization adapted in order to realize Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas in California Cities? What are the new innovative governmental,
private, and community mechanisms created?
2. Do the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza typologies emerge from specific
spatial and social conditions? What circumstances engender projects
and their viability?
3. What are the long-term implications of Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza
Programs in cities? For newer modes of producing urban space and
culture? What are factors worth watching?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 19
1.4 – Methods of Investigation
Literature Review
This study reviews the extensive literature touching experimental urban
design interventions, laying out a theoretical and epistemological background for
the contemporary cases in San Francisco, Oakland, Long Beach, Los Angeles and
elsewhere. Here, Parklets are framed within a historical narrative of temporary
streetscape intervention in modern American culture. At the same time, synthesis
of the literature furnishes a working set of definitions and terms specific to this
study and its analysis. Popular press and media material include newsprint, blogs,
audio and video interviews related to experimental urban design.
Stakeholder Interviews
A comprehensive catalogue of projects was developed by reviewing popular
press on programs in San Francisco, Oakland, Long Beach and Los Angeles (see
APPENDIX C). The study then targeted a minimum of 30% of cases in each city in
order to develop representative findings for each city.
The process of developing a catalogue of projects helped to identify
individual and group stakeholders associated with each city’s program and its cases.
At this stage, it became apparent that stakeholders across all cases fell naturally
within groupings indicative of their roles in the Heuristic Urbanism of Parklets and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 20
Pedestrian Plazas. (the significance of this organizational structure is discussed in
Sections 3.1.6 and 3.2.2). In terms of case and interviewee selection, the study then
targeted at least one individual from each of the first four stakeholder groups for
every case profiled. The exclusion of Users – the fifth and final group – is addressed
in later in Section 4.3.2.
• Government – City Departments and Staffers; Elected and Appointed Officials
• Private Partners – Businesses; Parklet and Plaza sponsors
• Community Partners – Local Non-‐profits, Neighborhood Groups, Homeowner
Associations
• Designers – Architects, Landscape Architects, Landscape Designers, plant
experts
• Users – Pedestrians and/or Parklet Users; Residents, Neighbors, Shoppers
and Commuters
Abad Ocubillo 2012 21
Figure 6: Typical Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza Stakeholder Structure (Abad Ocubillo 2012). The primary research revealed five main categories of people engaged with Projects and Programs. For each case study project, at least one individual from each group was targeted for interview.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 22
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW
This Chapter focuses on a brief historical overview that outlines the
theoretical and practical context from which Heuristic Urbanism emerges. Here,
constructs of public, private, space, permanence, and improvisation are surveyed
and defined. The literature review then develops a narrative tracing the evolution
of the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza typologies; connecting them with avant-‐garde
performance art and establishing a genealogy of concepts which undergird Heuristic
Urbanism, and. Finally, the literature review examines the impacts of Parklets,
Pedestrian Plazas, their antecedents and related typologies.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 23
2.1 – Planning Context
Heuristic Urbanism signifies a radical departure from the ‘master planning’
paradigm that dominated the first half of the previous century. Henri Lefebvre’s The
Right to the City (1967) established a philosophical benchmark that framed planning
and urban design discourse in following decades. Lefebvre argued for a collective,
collaborative, and holistic mode of shaping urban life and experience. This
contrasts sharply with the rigid absolutism, linear rationality, and panoptic
ambition of modernist urban planning, which were duly criticized by Douglas
(1973), Faludi (1973), Hall (1983, 1992), Jacobs (1961), and Webber (1983).
The postmodernists’ attitude towards urbanism moves away from
normativity, universality, and conformity towards plurality, multivalence, and
flexibility (Bugarič 2010; Rowe & Koetter 1984; Dear and Flusty 1998). Davis
(1990/2006), Harvey (1990), and others examined the production of urban space
and life in the postmodern era in great detail. Ellin describes the emergence of
“social planning, community-‐based planning, participatory architecture, process
architecture, advocacy planning, self-‐building, and sweat-‐equity” (1996, p. 49) in the
late 1960s and 1970s as conscious challenges to the dominant paradigms of the
prescriptive, auto-‐centric tradition. Alternative approaches including
“Incrementalism” (Lindblom 1959) and “Mixed-‐Scanning” (Etzioni 1969) entered
the discourse around this time; and are especially pertinent to the process of
Heuristic Urbanism in the present day.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 24
2.1.1 – Incrementalism and Mixed Scanning
Incrementalism was first proposed by Charles Lindblom (1959) as a radical
alternative to long-‐range master planning typical in the mid-‐twentieth century. The
major contribution of Lindblom’s theory to that of Heuristic Urbanism relates to
processes of self-‐evaluation and adjustment absent in the regime against which
Lindblom railed. As Marcus Lane enumerates in his history of “Public Participation
in Planning,” Incrementalism according to Lindbolm is characterized by Marcus
Lane in large part by: “continuously adjusting policy objectives,” “a reconstructive
treatment of data,” “serial analysis and evaluation,” and “remedial orientation and
evaluation” (2006, p. 290). Since Lindblom’s initial treatise in 1959, “Incremental
change” has been employed in discourse when referring not only to government
process and restructuring, but to physical changes to the urban fabric as well (Hou
2010; Street Plans Collaborative 2012). This thesis found that amongst
stakeholders, Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas are frequently identified with
“Incremental Change.”
David Harvey argues for the necessity of adopting an incremental approach
to the interpretation and production of urban space, describing The Condition of
Postmodernity as
…a conception of the urban fabric as necessarily fragmented, a ‘palimpsest’ of past forms superimposed upon each other, and a ‘collage’ of current uses, many of which may be ephemeral. Since the metropolis is impossible to command except in bits and pieces, urban design (and not that postmodernists design rather than plan) simply aims to be sensitive to vernacular traditions, local histories, particular wants, needs, and fancies, thus generating specialized, even highly
Abad Ocubillo 2012 25
customized architectural forms that may range from intimate, personalized spaces, through traditional monumentality, to the gaiety of spectacle. (1990, p. 66)
Later, Amitai Etzioni would propose the Mixed Scanning approach as both a
critique of and alternative to Incrementalism. Etzioni sought to mediate what he
saw as a polemic between “the rationalistic approach” and Incrementalism:
Mixed-‐scanning reduces the unrealistic aspects of rationalism by limiting the details required in fundamental decisions and helps to overcome the conservative slant of incrementalism by exploring longer-‐run alternatives. …The mixed-‐ scanning model makes this dualism explicit by combining (a) high-‐order, fundamental policy-‐ making processes which set basic directions and (b) incremental ones which prepare for fundamental decisions and work them out after they have been reached. …The flexibility of the different scanning levels makes mixed-‐scanning a useful strategy for decision-‐making in environments of varying stability and by actors with varying control and consensus-‐building capacities. (1969, p. 385)
Contemporary Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza Programs can be considered Mixed
Scanning in practice. Whereas a municipal imperative to improve and augment the
pedestrian realm can be considered ‘high-‐order’ policy, the organic proliferation of
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas – through mixed community-‐government initiatives –
embody incremental efforts.
The concept of Mixed Scanning applied by Etzioni to decision-‐making can also
frame scales of space and time. Klaus Ronneberger – when discussing regulation of
urban development – acknowledges the agency of tactical actors often operating at a
highly localized or site-‐specific scale, in elastic spaces defined by social meaning:
“…take into consideration the greater whole and avoid defining any one spatial level
as the decisive field of action. It would be far better to link urban-‐planning schemes
Abad Ocubillo 2012 26
at a number of different levels with projects that focus on social space” (2006, p. 54).
Here, Ronneberger addresses the utility – and indeed necessity – of accommodating
smaller, temporary programs within development planning. Not only do these
experimental programs provide crucial information by way of monitoring and
observation, but are unto themselves distinct and valuable (Temel 2006).
2.1.2 – Gradients of Permanence
Heuristic Urbanism observes how ephemeral, renegade actions in public
space become understood and assimilated by the governance regimes of cities. This
assimilation takes the form of permanent legislation, policies, programs, and
planning imperatives. However the transition between informal tactic and formal
strategy often requires intermediary stages of vetting and experimentation that
allows all stakeholders to become accustomed to the possibilities of change (Jones
2008).
In The Condition of Postmodernity, David Harvey contends that “the most
startling fact about postmodernism [is] its total acceptance of the ephemerality,
fragmentation, discontinuity, and the chaotic…” (1990, p. 44). Given this general
acceptance of the temporary and shifting nature of the states of postmodern life, its
follows that urban planning has – in transition from modernist absolutism –
assimilated short-‐term tactics and strategies into its practice. This mode of
experimentation and engagement is described variously as ‘semi-‐permanent,’
‘temporary,’ ‘interim,’ ‘provisional,’ and ‘ephemeral.’ A review of the literature
reveals varying definitions for these states of temporality which overlap in a
Abad Ocubillo 2012 27
continuum. By describing these gradients, a territory for Heuristic Urbanism
becomes discernible. The literature also defines aspects of the ‘temporary’ which –
as corroborated by stakeholder interviews – become essential in the execution of
Parklets, Pedestrian Plazas, and like projects.
In Temporary Urban Spaces: Concepts for the Use of City Spaces, Haydn and
Temel (2006) delineate how the ‘temporary,’ ‘provisional,’ and ‘ephemeral’ form a
spectrum of potential states:
‘Ephemeral’ is a term from biology that refers to creatures that live for only a day. Ephemerality is thus an existential temporality; the ephemeral has a short life, its existence cannot be extended. This contrasts with the provisional, which begins as something with a short life but then, not infrequently, remains for very long periods. The temporary stands between these two positions. It is, on the one hand, short-‐lived like the ephemeral, but unlike the latter it can certainly exist for a longer period than was initially intended. It is possible to extend its life (p. 55).
Heuristic Urbanism and its related typologies (see Section 1.2 and Section 2.3) are
readily categorized according to the construct offered by Haydn el al. For example,
PARK(ing) DAY installations – which exist for one day only – qualify decidedly as
‘ephemeral.’ The ‘testing’ phases of Plaza interventions – often employing low-‐cost
or recycled materials to reconfigure use of the ROW (Arieff 2009) – are ‘temporary.’
Parklets, typically permitted for a year at a time and perceived as urban design
interventions in their own right, might be categorized as ‘temporary.’ However
when considering Parklets as site-‐ or district-‐specific precursors to permanent
sidewalk widening, they can be categorized as ‘provisional.’
Abad Ocubillo 2012 28
Figure 7: Parklets and Plazas in a Continuum of Permanence (Abad Ocubillo 2012). Definitions for ‘Ephemeral,’ ‘Temporary,’ and ‘Provisional’ are based on Haydn and Temel, 2006.
This condition of ‘temporariness’ – incongruous with the preceding
conditions of modernist planning practice – is now recognized as a critical mode for
moving towards longer-‐term planning goals and imperatives. Framing
interventions as temporary experiments allows for monitoring and testing, by both
communities and government, in order to refine permanent strategies. For
example, the impact studies conducted in New York and San Francisco – during trial
phases of Plazas and Parklets – helped justify the permanent institutionalization of
those programs and projects (Dunlap 2009; New York City Department of
Transportation 2010, 2011; San Francisco Great Streets Project 2010, 2011). Parklet
programs are beginning in Oakland and Los Angeles as one-‐year trials; a period
allowing each city to vet the viability of a permanent, ongoing program.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 29
Temporary programs and interventions can recast the use of urban spaces in
ways previously inconceivable (Bugarič 2010; Jones 2009; Temel 2006), as the
Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza have done in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles,
and elsewhere. Peter Arlt describes “Interim Use… as a provisional measure rather
than as a permanent solution, although it can also be a way of demonstrating a
concept’s success in order to convince and investor that the chosen use could also
provide a permanent solution.” (2006, p.39). By accommodating an increasingly
diversified repertoire of temporary programs in public space, cities also further
empower their citizens to engage proactively in changing their urban environment,
engendering a practice of engagement described in Lefebvre’s Right to the City
(1967).
2.1.3 – Urban Design Research and Experimentation
The greater flexibility that distinguishes contemporary urban design from
past modes also allows for increased sophistication through iterative
experimentation and monitoring. Ephemeral, provisional, and temporary
typologies, projects, and phases provide for continual self-‐evaluation and
adjustment. At the typological and project level, research and experimentation
programmes monitor human factors such as usability, safety, and comfort. At the
program level, self-‐evaluation can lead to more efficient procedures, structures and
policies; modes of public engagement and collaboration with other city agencies.
Thus the programs and projects entailed in Heuristic Urbanism not only result from
Abad Ocubillo 2012 30
and are subjects of social science research, but are themselves tools in ongoing,
long-‐term experimentation by cities.
Jane Jacobs’ ethnographic approach to documenting the vibrant life of inner
cities just after the midcentury can be considered among the first pieces of research
most pertinent to the process of Heuristic Urbanism observed from the present day.
The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1989/1961) – considered by every
measure a radical work at the time of its publication – would influence generations
of future urbanists and planners. Her seminal treatise would, over decades, become
assimilated within the perspective of urban design and planning.
Around a decade after the publication of Jacobs’ first work, Donald Appleyard
outlined a research agenda for urban design and decision making with his 1973
article Priorities for Environmental Psychology; the tenets of which filter into the
very practice of Heuristic Urbanism today. Here he advocated for the integration of
social science research throughout the various stages of architectural and urban
design (Cuff 1984). This research programme emphasized situational research
such as user interviews and observation; simulation; and continual augmentation to
the body of research with documented findings that could be disseminated for
practical application. Later, William Whyte and Jan Gehl would each practice robust
variants of Appleyard’s research regimen in cities around the globe. Indeed,
Whyte’s studies of parks and plazas in New York City during the late 1960s and
early 1970s led to the revision of municipal codes in that City, resulting in increased
use and liveliness of once-‐underutilized open spaces. Decades later in the 2000s,
Abad Ocubillo 2012 31
Gehl Architects’ corridor studies of Broadway in New York City and other urban
districts around the world would substantially affect the planning objectives
adopted by those cities for redesign and reprogramming. The National Complete
Streets Coalition (LaPLante and McCann 2008), The Alliance for Biking and Walking
(2012), and the National Bicycle and Pedestrian Documentation Project all base
their highly effective advocacy on vigorous research programmes that test the
effects of and explore the need for policy actions and streetscape interventions.
Others have expounded on the covalent relationship between social science
research and urban design. In his essay The Social Construction of Public Space, Ezio
Manzini observes that
Academics and designers are shifting their attention, and issues relating to the social city, i.e. to the communities and interconnected networks that make up a city, are attracting increasing interest. This has led us to observe the social phenomena taking place in cities, and in society at large, more attentively…. We find that cities are like huge social laboratories where new ideas and new solutions are being invented and experimented within all fields of daily life… These are feasible solutions that have already been implemented and, as a side-‐effect, are generating unprecedented forms of community (elective communities) and public spaces (shared public spaces). (2010, pp. 12-‐13)
Kathy Madden revives Donald Appleyard’s founding argument in her essay Public in
Place: Creating Successful Public Places. Here she reiterates the critical potential for
social science research to affect development and management of urban space:
It is clear that public space planning is really a ‘science’ that can yield important data to inform both the design and management of public space. The challenge remains how to bring this science into the mainstream so that designers, people in government and others who make decisions about public space respect and use this knowledge in
Abad Ocubillo 2012 32
their work. Only then, will public spaces achieve their full potential to positively impact the lives of citizens in every community around the world. (2010, p. 93) These lines of inquiry and criticism – from Jacobs and Appleyard through to
Whyte and Gehl – all directly influence the process of Heuristic Urbanism in the
present day. The pilot Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza projects in New York City and
San Francisco provide opportunities for observation of onsite uses, traffic impacts
and other factors; producing studies that heavily influenced final decisions for
permanent interventions at those individual sites. Occupancy and post-‐occupancy
studies help shape policies and standards at the Program scale as well. In 2011, NYC
DOT published the Pilot Program Evaluation Report for Curbside Public Seating
Platforms, which included recommendations for the NYC Program and future
Parklet projects.
The necessity for research expands beyond social dimensions; for example
traffic studies are especially critical in situations involving road reconfigurations
(LaPlante and McCann 2008). When referring to Plaza-‐related street closures in
Midtown, NYC DOT Commissioner Janette Sadik-‐Khan carefully indicated that
ongoing monitoring and communication is critical to projects’ success: “It’s an
important first step to ease traffic and sidewalk congestion and create safe,
attractive spaces that are good for business… But it’s a work in progress, and we’ll
be monitoring the area closely during the initial adjustment period” (Dunlap 2009).
The 2010 Green Light for Midtown Evaluation Report helped New Yorkers
Abad Ocubillo 2012 33
understand the traffic and circulation impacts of the pilot road closures along
Broadway.
Parklets have likewise been the subject of close scrutiny in both New
York City and San Francisco. The first-‐ever Parklet impact study was
conducted by the Great Streets program at the San Francisco Bicycle
Coalition (2010). SF Greatstreets published more studies in 2011; and NYC
DOT published a Pilot Program Evaluation Report for their Parklets in 2011
as well. These invaluable studies documented user behaviors and
perceptions specific to Parklets, forming a foundation of applied research
literature particular to that typology. In the City of Oakland, the nonprofit
Walk Oakland Bike Oakland (WOBO) partnered with a City Planning
Department Intern to design and execute pre-‐Parklet studies of project sites;
to be followed up with additional observations after Parklet installation.2 The
Parklet initiative on Spring Street in Los Angeles is also conducting pre-‐ and
post-‐project studies.3
Abad Ocubillo 2012 34
2.2 – From Tactics to Strategies and Back:
Overlapping Urbanisms
Heuristic Urbanism refers to an evolutionary process rather than the
individual constituent actions, typologies, events, tactics, and strategies associated
with that process. It emerges from the Tactical vs. Strategic paradigm established by
Michel de Certeau (1984); where tactics are employed by the citizenry while
negotiating daily life in the city and strategies emanate from the state and
corporations in the form of government regulation and production of public space.
Heuristic Urbanism observes how ‘tactics’ become assimilated by the state (or city),
thereby transitioning from guerilla action into a sanctioned ‘strategy.’
Contemporary Parklet and Plaza programs are the premiere example of this tactic-‐
cum-‐strategy, and thus the subject of this thesis’ investigation.
The tactics first defined by de Certeau have been further elaborated by
others, signifying a broad range of actions and intentions. These ‘other urbanisms’
present a landscape of overlapping fields upon which Heuristic Urbanism is
inscribed and operates. De Certeau constructed a “producer / consumer” binary
that dissociated everyday people from modes of production, manipulation, or
regulation of their urban environment. An abundance of subsequent theory and
practice blurs de Certeau’s dual paradigm, demonstrating how the traditional
‘consumer’ defined by him is in fact intensely engaged – if not directly influencing –
Abad Ocubillo 2012 35
the production of urban experience. Alvin Toffler (2008) first named the ‘prosumer’
or producer-‐consumer, which more recently Anna Meroni described as
The new kind of aware citizen who knows what the right solutions are for his/her local situation. Without prosumer action, the mere physical public space is as useful as a piece of hardware without software. The community is the context in which to orchestrate this plurality of voices through a democratic process that recognizes equal opportunities to all member s and allows their desires to guide the creation and implementation of solutions. (2010, p. 19)
The prosumer figure presents both a challenge to and evolution of de
Certeau’s dichotomy. This hybrid citizen appears more and more prominently in
subsequent urbanism discourse and is the central persona enacting Heuristic Urban
Design in the present day. Parklet and Plaza Program initiatives emerge from both
communities and governments; requiring intimate collaboration between both
groups for production, management, and improvement of the projects and
programs.
Haydn and Temel catalogue Temporary Urbanism (2006) in Europe, where
ephemeral uses recast the programmatic potentialities of abandoned or underused
venues. Many of their examples of temporary uses were intended to precipitate
structural or institutional changes and therefore cannot be categorized as ‘tactical’
in the sense established by de Certeau. This is the exact case with the Heuristic
Urbanism of Parklets and Demonstration Plazas – which, while connected with a
‘tactical’ heritage, are deliberately cast as change agents and not just reactions to the
physical and social environment.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 36
Temel uses ‘tactical’ to describe the orientation of Temporary Urbanism,
while at the same time defining a causal relationship between ‘tactics’ and change in
a way that diverges from de Certeau:
…communities neither have the financial means nor the political power to plan entire neighbourhoods themselves. Like other individual actors, they have to proceed tactically rather than strategically, reacting to existing situations by attempting to locate the fulcrum that makes it possible to achieve large effects with limited means, by making arrangements with other actors or by cooperating with them. (2006, p. 57) More recently, groups such as the Street Plans Collaborative (2011, 2012)
employ the term ‘tactical’ when referring to a broad range of urban interventions
enacted by both sides of de Certeau’s tactical / strategic divide: the grassroots and
government. Their Tactical Urbanism explicitly links a wide spectrum of action with
an explicit intent to create change: “While larger scale efforts do have their place,
incremental, small-‐ scale improvements are increasingly seen as a way to stage
more substantial investments” (2011, p.1) They also acknowledge the
epistemological provenance of ‘tactic’ while decidedly expanding its realm of
contemporary application: “While the term is not our own, we do believe it best
describes the various initiatives surveyed herein… Sometimes sanctioned,
sometimes not, these actions are commonly referred to as ‘guerilla urbanism,’ ‘pop-‐
up urbanism,’ ‘city repair,’ or ‘D.I.Y. urbanism’” (2011, p.1).
Abad Ocubillo 2012 37
Figure 8: Tactical Spectrum (Street Plans Collaborative, 2012 p.7; shown with permission). PARK(ing) DAY and SF Pavement to Parks appear towards the ‘Sanctioned’ end of this Spectrum. Bu involving City departments, those actions become ‘strategic’ as much as ‘tactical.’
Other inventories of “DIY Urbanism” diverge from de Certeau by co-‐
identifying initiatives of both communities and governments. In a September 2010
essay accompanying an exhibit at the San Francisco Planning and Urban Research
Association (SPUR), author and curator Ruth Keffer (2010) lists ‘Outdoor Living
Rooms’ and PARK(ing) DAY with Parklets and San Francisco Sunday Streets, amongst
others. These cases which Keffer groups under “DIY Urbanism” fall on either side of
the tactical / strategic divide; their agents resembling the “prosumer” rather than
either producer or consumer. Furthermore Keffer celebrates the revolutionizing
ethos driving “DIY Urbanism,” with implicit cooperation between citizens and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 38
government: “these projects reveal the ways in which small or finite efforts can
blossom into larger-‐scale, ongoing transformations” (2010).
Street Plans Collaborative ‘Tactician’ Mike Lydon carefully delineates the
distinction between the popular term ‘D.I.Y. Urbanism’ and Tactical Urbanism as
defined by the SPC. Shortly after the online publication of Tactical Urbanism:
Volume 1 (March 2011) via the Pattern Cities website, Lydon posted an entry on the
website entitled “The Difference Between Tactical and DIY Urbanism,” in which he
expounds:
DIY efforts are enacted from the bottom-‐up, not the top down. In other words, individuals or small groups of people work together to make an improvement or to communicate a message, typically at the scale of the urban block or building. Tactical Urbanism, however, allows both bottom-‐up and top-‐down initiatives to proliferate. Thus, you can DIY, or sometimes, if you are luck [sic] enough to have progressive leadership, the city may do it for you. (2011)
Thus DIY Urbanism – as framed here by Lydon – can be associated more closely with
de Certeau’s pure concept of the ‘tactical:’ actions emanating solely from the
disenfranchised polity; not a mode of engagement employed by both citizens and
government.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 39
Figure 9: Guerilla Sidewalk Beautification (Abad Ocubillo 2012) on Valencia Street, between 15th and 16th Streets. These granite curbs have been painted around their bases, evoking grass. The salvaged blocks also provide a place to sit and rest. (Guerilla urbanist unknown)
The popular moniker “Guerilla Urbanism” is also subject to codification and
definition. Jeffrey Hou begins to characterize “Guerilla Urbanism” in his preface to
Insurgent Public Space (2010), outlining a realm of investigation that is decidedly
‘tactical:’
The making of insurgent public space suggest a mode of city making that is different from the institutionalized notion of urbanism and its association with master planning and policy making. Unlike the conventional practice of urban planning, which tends to be dominated by professionals and experts, the instances of insurgent public space… suggest the ability of citizen groups and individuals to play a distinct role in shaping the contemporary urban environment in defiance of the official rules and regulations. Rather than being subjected to planning regulations or the often limited participatory opportunities,
Abad Ocubillo 2012 40
citizens and citizen groups can undertake initiatives on their own to effect changes. The instances of self-‐help and defiance are best characterized as a practice of guerilla urbanism that recognizes both the ability of citizens and opportunities in the existing urban conditions for radical and everyday changes against the dominant forces in the society. (2010, p.15)
In articulating a framework for “Guerilla Urbanism,” Hou duly acknowledges
“Everyday Urbanism” previously articulated by Crawford, Kaliski and Chase
(1999/2008). “Everyday Urbanism” deliberately turns from fixed or bourgeoisie
ideas of urbanism to those forms previously undervalued. Springing from
Lefebvre’s regard for the “quotidian,” Crawford et al. exhibit a decided focus on
cultural adaptations to the environment; bringing certain under-‐examined realms of
urban life and production into the formal discourse through the very act of defining
them as being traditionally excluded.
In 2008 – the same year as Everyday Urbanism’s second publication – Diego
Ramirez-‐Lovering published “Opportunistic Urbanism,” examining the survival
adaptations of a rapidly expanding population of Guadalajara, Mexico:
Large, disenfranchised segments of the population in this vulnerable economy have become displaced with little access to socio-‐economic infrastructures. To contend with such pressures, many turn to a well-‐established culture of informality where housing, commerce and public space -‐ the fundamental elements of city life -‐ are shaped by the ad hoc, the contingent and the easily obtainable. This is a city governed by opportunity -‐ an Opportunistic Urbanism. (RMIT Press 2008, p. 27)
Of the constructs thus far surveyed in this thesis, the “Opportunistic Urbanism,” so
named and studied by Ramirez-‐Lovering, bears the closest resemblance to de
Certeau’s definition of the tactical: that which is purely responsive, necessitated by
Abad Ocubillo 2012 41
daily survival, and enacted in spite (or in absence) of the state’s apparatus of control
and regulation.
Reflecting upon their work, Blaine Merker of REBAR Group eloquently
describes the zeitgeist of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas with the concept of
“Generous Urbanism” (2011). As an organization closely associated with the early
prototyping of Parklets in San Francisco (discussed in detail in Section 2.3),
Merker’s precision is not surprising:
Rebar defines generous urbanism as the creation of public situations between strangers that produce new cultural value, without commercial transaction. This isn’t to say that money doesn’t play a role in the execution, since materials may still be bought, and grants or commissions distributed. However, the ultimate value is produced independently of commerce. It’s possible to call this activity art production (“art” being a convenient category for cultural goods that are ends in themselves), but there are not absolute “consumers” or “producers” for this type of art, only participants with varying levels of responsibility for instigating the situation. (2011, p.51)
“Generous Urbanism” is not specific to Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas, but refers to
a broader range of experiments, and overlaps with other constructs here surveyed;
especially in terms of the continually shifting roles of tacticians and strategists.
Merker directly evokes the ‘prosumer’ first identified by Toffler as a “new kind of
citizen” but who has since become prominent and recognizable player in the urban
sphere. The increasing fluidity between tactics and strategies create an interstitial,
dialectical territory within which Heuristic Urbanism is situated.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 42
Figure 10: Heuristic Urbanism process illustrated with the PARK(ing) --> Parklet typology (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 43
The Heuristic Urbanism posited by this thesis considers the progression of
urban interventions from guerilla tactics to sanctioned strategies. Whereas the
‘Urbanisms’ surveyed here present a series of case studies, Heuristic Urbanism refers
to a specific process of urban change engendered by those cases: the Parklet and
Pedestrian Plaza each form a ready unit for investigating the assimilation of tactical
prototypes into state-‐sanctioned, ‘prosumered’ programs.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 44
2.3 – The Genealogy of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas
This thesis suggests a conceptual and physical genealogy of Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas by identifying their historical antecedents. The typologies can be
traced to a series of precedents strongly linked with avant-‐garde performance art,
especially in San Francisco. These precedents exemplify a provocative and
transgressive ethos that lends a particular cast to the genesis of Parklets, especially.
As the outcomes of evolving and institutionalizing processes within city
governments, Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas embody the potency of radical
grassroots actions to effect larger systemic changes.
2.3.1 – SITUATIONISTS and the AVANT-GARDE
The ethos of avant-‐garde art, demonstration, and performance in the public
realm is deeply interrelated with the Situationist movement of the mid-‐nineteenth
century. In his assessment of the Situationists, Boštjan Bugarič essentially describes
the philosophy underlying various precedents of the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza
experiments: “Temporary installations, performances and urban actions organized
in public space represented an answer to social, cultural, and spatial discordances…
The situationists raised space-‐related questions through staging stiuationist
events…” (2012, p.22). He then elaborates on the effects of ‘temporary
installations’ in the contemporary context:
The concept of active urban scenes increase the attraction of the place and induce the consideration of issues associated with the site. In that way they become places with deliberately constructed events or spatial installations whose staging of events transforms their
Abad Ocubillo 2012 45
significance. Staging changes non-‐places to places and brings in all symbolic expression displaying its character, relations or historical predispositions…. The problems associated with a chosen site are presented to the wider public on location with the purpose of educating and justifying physical interventions. (2010, p22) This thesis contends that the 1970s performance art demonstrations of San
Francisco artist Bonnie Ora Sherk form the first major preceptor to contemporary
Parklets and Plazas. Her work anticipated later expressions of the ‘tactical’ in both
physical and conceptual terms. Sherk’s Portable Parks I-III (installed in partnership
with Howard Levine) temporarily appropriated road and highway spaces using the
design and material vocabulary of an idealized countryside; importing turf, trees,
picnic tables, bales of straw, and farm and zoo animals (including a live calf and
llama) into the urban environment (Lewallen 2011; San Francisco Museum of
Modern Art 1970). In succeeding decades, she explored elements of agriculture,
animals, and the urban/natural construct with gallery and museum installations,
public performance pieces, and at the Crossroads Community or ‘The Farm,’ 1974-‐
80) (Bradley 2005; Sardar 2005). “The Farm,” situated underneath the 101
Freeway in San Francisco, forms another distinct typology of reclaimed use. Sherk’s
application of an agricultural program to abandoned lots and highways anticipated
widespread experiments in the current era characterized by ‘shrinking cities,’
deindustrialization, and increasing concerns over food security. The Crossroads
Community also anticipated the Hayes Valley Farm (Figure 12), which began
operating in 2010 with a provisional license on former freeway ramps in central San
Francisco.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 46
More recently, Sherk reprised the Portable Park concept with an exhibit at
Santa Monica Place, a mall in Southern California. Portable Park IV (2011-‐12)
converted the central courtyard of a private mall into a vegetable and herb garden.
By employing symbols of self-‐sustenance agriculture and the commons, Portable
Park IV subtly comments on contemporary inversions of public and private space.
Figure 11: 'Portable Park IV' (Abad Ocubillo 2012) at Santa Monica Place. (Artist: Bonnie Ora Sherk)
Sherk’s carefully orchestrated tableaus on San Francisco roads and highway
underpasses underscored how autocentricty accelerated the degradation of
naturalized environments within the city; and the ongoing decimation of exurban
Abad Ocubillo 2012 47
countryside via sprawl. Portable Parks I-III were underwritten by the Society for the
Encouragement of Contemporary Art (SECA) grant at the San Francisco Museum of
Modern Art, which mandated that funded projects acquire the proper permits and
clearances, the installations exemplify an ongoing tension and negotiation between
renegade actors and the regulators of the public realm (Merker 2010). In 1981
Sherk explained that “With the Portable Parks it was necessary for me to deal with
certain established systems, communicate with them, and convince them of the
rightness of the work” (Burnham 1981). This negotiation is an ongoing dimension of
Parklets, Pedestrian Plazas, and their precedents.
Figure 12: Hayes Valley Farm (Abad Ocubillo 2011). The Hayes Valley Farm is a temporary program located at the site of the Central Freeway onramps and offramps at Laguna, Oak, and Fell Streets in San Francisco.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 48
Other guerilla actions in cities across the globe have helped to
reconceptualize the purpose and meaning of urban space by temporarily
introducing similarly incongruous programs. For example, the Permanent
Breakfast art experiment began in Vienna in 1996 as a way to challenge the
traditional regulation of public spaces (Hofbauer 2006). Each breakfast participant
is asked to organize yet another meal on a different day, inviting new guests; who
then organize other breakfasts with new invitees, and so on. The meals have been
staged in public squares, on sidewalks, in traffic islands, and on even on beaches.
Permanent Breakfast founder Friedmann Dershmidt evokes Lefebvre’s Right
to the City in an interview:
Our point of departure is the question of who owns the public space and how local situations determine that. Historically the open domain was a stage for authoritarian entities. Nowadays there is supposedly a guaranteed right of assembly which in fact is more than infringed. This discrepancy allows us to engage in a play with authorities. Permanent Breakfast in Chile was non-‐stop escorted by a patrol car... (Derschmidt 2006)
An ingenious organizing structure leveraging social networks rapidly expanded
participation in permanent breakfast worldwide. Between 1996 and 2010, the
Permanent Breakfast demonstration was celebrated around in over 25 countries
(2012).
The dissemination and enactment of collective street demonstrations, art
performance, and other forms of spatial appropriation through social networking is
an emerging hallmark of Heuristic Urbanism. As discussed later in Sections 3.1.6
and 3.2.2, the social network figures prominently into the processes of Heuristic
Abad Ocubillo 2012 49
Urban Design as well; where the inception, advocacy, execution and monitoring of
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas are highly dependent on tightly knit social-‐
professional groups.
2.3.2 – PARK(ing) DAY
This thesis further contends that curbside PARK(ing) DAY installations
(‘PARKs’) are the immediate preceptor to the Parklet typology and a strong relative
of the Pedestrian Plaza (indeed, the founders of PARK(ing) DAY designed three of
the first eight pilot Parklet projects and one pilot plaza in San Francisco). Both
PARK(ing) DAY and Parklet installations are defined physically by parallel parking
space; programmatically by their connection to and extension of the sidewalk;
economically in terms of their sponsorship by private organizations; and by a
temporary or provisional existence.
PARK(ing) DAY began in 2005 as a single isolated experiment by REBAR
Group in San Francisco and has since evolved into an annual celebration with global
participation (Merker 2010). The concept involves appropriating curbside parking
stalls for an entire day; using furniture, vegetation and props which evoke parks and
leisure. The material and conceptual palette of PARK(ing) DAY directly recalls
Sherk’s Portable Parks from several decades earlier; noted most recently by
Constance Lewallen in her writing on Conceptual art of the 1970s (Lewallen 2011).
The same subtext of militancy and transgression is clearly replicated with
Abad Ocubillo 2012 50
Figure 13: The first PARK(ing) installation (REBAR Group 2005, shown with permission). Lifetime: 1 day, voluntarily self-regulated, non-permitted. (Designer / Installer: REBAR Group)
Figure 14: Parklet (Abad Ocubillo 2011) hosted by Caffé Roma at 526 Columbus Avenue, San Francisco. Lifetime: 1+ years, regulated and permitted by city. (Designer: REBAR Group)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 51
contemporary PARK(ing) DAY actions. Others have observed a renewed focus
within contemporary art practice which fuses “environmentalism and urban
planning,” with “a resurgence of interest in 1970s street actions like Sherk’s”
(Zimbardo 2011, p.144).
We see how ‘tactics’ such as Permanent Breakfast and PARK(ing) brilliantly
leverage a crowdsourcing strategy as a means to encourage worldwide participation
in place-‐specific events. The first annual PARK(ing) Day in 2006 was celebrated in
forty-‐seven cities and in 2007 increased to fifty cities (Merker 2010). In September
2011, over 975 ‘PARKs’ registered for PARK(ing) DAY; representing 162 cities in 35
countries (REBAR Group 2012). This movement (and indeed all corollary
expressions of ‘Tactical Urbanism’ cataloged by the Street Plans Collaborative, see
Section 2.1.2) has rapidly and radically readjusted the popular discourse on public
space and life in cities in several ostensible ways:
First, the simple ‘open-‐source’ formula of PARK(ing) DAY invites easy
widespread participation. The first PARKs were organized by groups of architects,
landscape architects, urban designers and planners; however now, community
groups, government agencies, neighborhood associations, and even private
individuals increasingly sponsor them. The accessible nature of PARK(ing) Day
increases the possibility for citizens to experience and cultivate a ‘prosumer’
identity (see Section 2.2) focused directly on the spatial and environmental
conditions of their localities. In his essay The Space Formerly Known as Parking,
John Chase credits PARK(ing) DAY for creating
Abad Ocubillo 2012 52
…a new set of opportunities for an individual citizen to participate in ownership of the city, at the scale of a quarter in the meter rather than the quarter million dollars and up that it would cost that citizen to invest in a place to live. (2008, p.195)
PARK(ing) DAY’s global presence amplifies the popular dialogue on public space and
life with unprecedented scope. Abetted by information technology in a postmodern
era, the annual celebration is – in spatial and temporal terms – both specific and
transcendent.
Second, the PARK challenges casual passersby to re-‐envision the possibilities
for public life and mobility through its provocative combination of spatial,
programmatic, and temporal novelty. Its temporary re-‐appropriation of the street
with highly visible and often flamboyant installations not only incites renewed
dialogue on public space, but also actually reinvents a new vocabulary, giving us
new images and experiences with which to discuss the land typically allotted to car
storage. The PARKs’ open configuration interacts with citizens both visually and
experientially, inviting inhabitation and rendering an oft-‐unforgettable sensory
experience for observers and users alike. In this regard, the provenance of
PARK(ing) DAY celebration in avant-‐garde art is unmistakable. Indeed
contemporary reflections on the Situationists readily illuminate the parallels
between both movements (Haydn and Temel 2006; Bugarič 2010).
Third, the temporary nature of PARKs disarms immediate reactionary fears
of rapid change. Ephemeral installations such as the day-‐long PARKs allow
observers to reconsider multiple and overlapping uses of public space without
Abad Ocubillo 2012 53
aggressively threatening accustomed patterns of behavior. In his essay Active Urban
Scenes, Boštjan Bugarič contents that
Participative techniques of cultural practices address questions concerning various urban topics as means of inducing development of programmes in various urban environments. This prevents the development of a single type of activities by encouraging visits to certain urban areas, which are facing abandonment due to various urban, social and economic processes. Temporary installations, performances and urban actions organized in public space represented an answer to social, cultural, and spatial discordances. (2010, p.22)
Lastly, PARK(ing) DAY directly influenced the formulation of the Parklet
typology itself (Seltenrich 2011). In primary research undertaken by this thesis,
stakeholders draw a direct association between PARK(ing) Day and the adoption of
‘Pavement to Parks’ and like programs by city governments. The provisional
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas produced by such programs are, in turn, positively
linked in stakeholder interviews with an intention to permanently re-‐appropriate
right-‐of-‐way for pedestrian uses. A great number of Parklet locations examined in
this thesis were anticipated for one or more preceding years by a PARK(ing) Day
installation – some examples include Lakeshore Avenue and Actual Café in
Oakland;4 Ritual Coffee in San Francisco;5 and at LA Café on Spring Street in Los
Angeles. Thus, PARK(ing) DAY can be understood as directly advancing – through
‘tactical’ means – the long-‐range, ‘strategic’ agendas of cities to make permanent
change.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 54
2.3.3 – Analogues
This thesis cannot ignore the significance of other similar forms of avant-‐
garde action that are contemporaneous with, and even somewhat precede, the rise
of PARK(ing) DAY in 2005. In addition to the cases of ‘Tactical Urbanism’ indexed
by the Street Plans Collaborative (2011, 2012), other guerilla actions bear
acknowledgement. Artist and “traffic campaigner” Ted Dewan originated the “road
witching” movement in Oxford, England in 2003. These “folk traffic calming” tactics
employ sculpture and household furniture staged like rooms as temporary road-‐
closure devices (Coughlan 2005). Dewan’s manifesto frames his activism as “The
Road Witch Trial;” an ongoing process of “Challenging the popular delusion that
roads are for cars to drive down and little else” (Dewan 2005) One road witch
installation was staged like a living room (“Room Rage”) in the middle of the street,
replete with furniture such as a couch, floor lamp, houseplants and television. In an
interview with the BBC, Dewan states:
There's an element of fun and mischief, but underneath is the ambition to encourage people to re-‐examine how roads are used… With the living room, it was the most direct way of saying 'We live here. This is our living space. (Coughlan 2005, p.1)
Dewan applies the moniker “road witching” to a broad spectrum of related actions
overlapping with the ‘tactical’ and ‘guerilla.’ Indeed, the Road Witch website refers
directly to the first PARK(ing) installed by REBAR, with a photograph and link to
“Road Witching in San Francisco”
Abad Ocubillo 2012 55
The ‘living room’ program deployed quite literally by Dewan – and more
abstractly by PARKs, Parklets and demonstration Plazas – finds other creative and
socially conscious applications within the urban context of California. Having
pioneered the concept in Oakland several years before (Gropman 2008; Steinhauer
2008), landscape architect Steve Rasmussen Cancian coordinated the installation of
‘Community Living Rooms’ throughout Los Angeles.
Figure 15: ‘Community Living Room’ at a bus stop for both Metro (regional) and LADOT ‘Dash’ (local) lines, 7th and Witmer Streets, Los Angeles. Besides introducing much-needed seating facilities, the simple sculptural objects transform the character of the streetscape. (Designer: Steve Rasmussen Cancian)
Cancian’s ‘Community Living Room’ tactic issues from a personal philosophy
especially attentive to the spectre of gentrification. Cancian carefully outlines how
Abad Ocubillo 2012 56
public space improvements can contribute to larger patterns of displacement in
central cities (Jesi 2010; Gropman 2008). Cancian emphasizes a ‘Planning to Stay’
approach that investigates and addresses problems identified by existing resident
communities (Jesi 2010; Gropman 2008) and implements solutions through simple
and straightforward means that are carefully calibrated for those residents. The
‘Community Living Rooms’ explicitly target neighborhoods deficient in public space
amenities. In Los Angeles, a survey of bus riders indicated a lack of seating at transit
stops; in response to the survey, 7 of the 15 living rooms catalogued in April 2008
were installed at central-‐city transit stops (Steinhauer 2008). The ‘Community
Living Rooms’ can be carefully distinguished from other typologies of ‘tactical
urbanism,’ which (as the thesis discusses in Section 4.1) can become associated with
gentrification, displacement, and replicating existing patterns of inequity.
2.3.4 – A Genealogical Timeline
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas are no longer regarded as wholly novel
typologies, but rather tried and tested interventions incorporated into sanctioned
city strategies. Their conceptual and material expression, however, originates in a
militant strain of avant-‐garde performance art which challenged dominant modes of
designing and managing public space. An analysis of the typologies’ origins reveals
a marked revolution within urban design and planning practice; showing how
radical action resulted – with especial rapidness in over the last five years – in the
widespread reconsideration of the function of streets.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 57
Figure 16: A Historical Timeline for Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 58
2.4 - Integrated Modes of Spatial and Social Production
As the spatial and social interface between public and private domains, the
sidewalk has been the venue of intense contestation throughout history
(Ehrenfeucht & Loukaitou-‐Sideris 2010; Ford 2000). The sidewalk remains a site of
ongoing negotiation between the public and private dimensions of our society; it
physical and spatial manipulation expresses political, social, and economic
dynamics. Furthermore, as municipalities continually reassess their expenditures in
order to balance ever-‐shrinking budgets, investment in and stewardship of public
open space amenities shifts to private citizens and non-‐governmental groups. This
presents a number of implications specific to the production of space at the
sidewalk; and the following section establishes the historic context of physical and
social production and re-‐production from which the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza
emerges.
2.4.1 – Grassroots Initiative, Organizing and Action:
In the most successful and inspring cases coming from Heuristic Urbanism,
the involvement of individuals and community groups can initiate greater social
integration, environmental quality, and changes in city polices and programs. The
streetscape provides a ready arena for expression and experimentation, where
Margaret Crawford sites “the intersection of publics, spaces, and identities” which
“delineate a new urban arena for democratic action that challenges normative
definitions of how democracy works. Specifically constituted conunterpublics
Abad Ocubillo 2012 59
organized around a site or activity create what anthropologist James Holston calls
‘spaces of insurgent citizenship’” (2008, p.35).
Meroni and Tapani assert that bottom-‐up design initiatives inherently
reinforce or even create local social capital where none had existed before, thus
illustrating “the power of the social fabric to shape the meaning and structure of a
physical public space, instead of the other way round” (2010, p.16). This causality
lies at the heart of Heuristic Urbanism, where local actors or groups of actors assume
tactical approaches to changing government strategies of planning, production, and
management of the urban topos.
In California, several grassroots initiatives in the last decade directly
addressed the ecological dysfunction of streets and sidewalks, resulting in the
creation or adjustment of new municipal codes. These legislative victories
anticipated or concurred with a suite of actions and policy changes concerning the
streetscape; a survey of which is beyond the scope of this thesis. In brief, the
‘sidewalk greening’ efforts described here relate to a broad range of activism around
bicycle and transit mobility, complete and living streets policy (LaPlante and
McCann 2008), neighborhood beautification and economic development.
For example in San Francisco, advocacy by landscape architect Jane Martin
resulted in the formulation of a Sidewalk Landscaping Permit (2006). This permit
created a valid legal definition for the resident-‐sponsored replacement of sidewalk
concrete with plantings – an informal practice of parkway intervention technically
forbidden before, or permittable only though expensive and cumbersome means.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 60
Martin’s pilot landscaping experiments on her own residential block in the Mission
District also functioned as a community-‐building endeavor – giving neighbors
reasons to speak, interact and collaborate where they had never done so before
(Bishop 2009; Eaton & Sullivan 2009). Martin also founded Permeable Landscape As
Neighborhood Treasure in San Francisco (PLANT SF), which provides technical
support and information for interested residents. Between 2006 and 2009, the City
of San Francisco received over 500 sidewalk landscaping permits (Taylor 2009).
Figure 17: New Sidewalk Landscaping at 24th and Alabama Streets in San Francisco (Abad Ocubillo 2012). This was planted by Friends of the Urban Forest through the Sidewalk Landscape Permit.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 61
Similarly, in Los Angeles, a diverse range of landscape activists also thrive;
empowered through organizations focusing on design, ecological restoration, and
community development. These nonprofits in southern California mediate complex
relationships between the City and local communities, setting precedents of
increased interaction with demonstration projects.
Recently, a new Residential Parkway Landscaping Guideline (2010) was
adopted by the City of Los Angeles. The guidelines were co-‐authored by Tree
People, “…an environmental nonprofit that unites the power of trees, people and
technology to grow a sustainable future for Los Angeles” (2012). The new guidelines
expanded the palette of plantings to include native and drought-‐tolerant species,
whereas before, only turf grass was legally permissible. North East Trees, founded
in Los Angeles in 1989, seeks “To restore nature's services in resource challenged
communities, through a collaborative resource development, implementation, and
stewardship process" (2012). North East Trees produced a number of pocket parks
from remnant pieces of road right-‐of-‐ways in working class neighborhoods adjacent
to the Los Angeles River. These small, networked project sites were produced in
intimate collaboration with community residents. North East Trees also works
closely with the Los Angeles Department of Public Works’ Bureau of Street Services’
Engineering Division to experiment with new landscape infrastructure solutions
addressing storm water mitigation. Their partnership installed demonstration
projects with parkway rain gardens and storm water infiltration technologies below
the street; an integrated mode of streetscape and infrastructure enhancement
Abad Ocubillo 2012 62
advised by Ehrenfeucht and Loukaitou-‐Sideris (2010, p.462) and others. In these
cases of ‘sidewalk greening,’ a nonprofit group bridges the political and technical
gap between communities and the city government.
Figure 18: Elmer Avenue Greenstreet (Abad Ocubillo 2011). This unincorporated neighborhood in the San Fernando Valley was prone to flooding during rainstorms. The streetscape, which previously lacked sidewalks, became untraversable for pedestrians and cars alike.
The creation of the Sidewalk Landscaping Permit (SF) and the Residential
Parkway Landscaping Guideline (L.A.) clearly demonstrates how design-‐based
Abad Ocubillo 2012 63
streetscape activism can produce community cohesion, enhance environmental
ambience, and affect change in municipal government. Later, this thesis reveals how
Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza initiatives effect the same changes in both the
community and government arenas.
2.4.2 – Public-Private Partnership in the Parkway
The American tradition of planting the ‘parkway’ (the strip between curb and
sidewalk) dates as far back as the early nineteenth century (Lawrence 2006). The
custom of private citizens cultivating their city-‐owned frontages persists to the
present day. This arrangement has since been formalized in municipal codes, which
typically place the initiative for planting – and the burden of maintenance – on the
fronting property owner.
The Los Angeles Department of Public Works’ Bureau of Street Services
already requires a 3-‐5 year privately-‐funded maintenance plan for all new parkway
landscape projects (City of Los Angeles 2003). While the cost and maintenance of
‘parkway’ plantings has always rested with fronting property owners, arboriculture
(care of trees) is typically undertaken by municipal urban forestry divisions due to
its technical complexity. However recently, in some extreme cases, urban forests
are transitioning away from governmental management entirely. In San Francisco,
the Department of Public works expects to relinquish approximately 90% of the
urban forest into the care of fronting property owners before 2019 (Gordon 2011;
Kuchar 2011; Sabatini 2011).
Abad Ocubillo 2012 64
As discussed in the previous Section, numerous nonprofit programs provide
fully or partially subsidized parkway tree-‐planting programs: Friends of the Urban
Forest (San Francisco), Tree People, North East Trees and the Los Angeles
Conservation Corps (Los Angeles). This helps to offset the financial hardship faced
by may lower-‐income neighborhoods which suffer from a historic lack of
investment. At the same time, these tree plantings tend to compound the resource
challenges faced by governmental forestry divisions. This has been the chief
criticism of Los Angeles Mayor Villaraigosa’s Million Trees L.A. initiative – that our
human desire and ecological necessity for augmenting the urban canopy directly
conflicts with the city’s capacity to manage that infrastructure properly. Without a
robust and sustainable stewardship component, the future outcomes of aggressive
tree planting programs does seem uncomfortably uncertain. This underscores the
necessity for ongoing maintenance and management agreements for Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas, which Sections 1.2 and 3.2.2 discuss in greater detail.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 65
Table 2: Public-Private Arrangements: Parklets and Pedestrian Plaza Im
plementation (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 66
2.4.3 – Inequity and the Distribution of Open Space Amenities
The historic practice of privately-‐sponsored parkway planting created
uneven tree distribution and inequitable streetscape investment from the very
beginnings of American urbanization. These patterns are still legible today – the
environmental infrastructure of mature urban forests and open space preserves are
typically associated with the districts of wealthier citizens (Pincetl & Gearin 2005).
A clear correlation exists between adjacent open space amenities and increased
property values, further reinforcing preexisting conditions of geographical class
distribution (Criscione 2001). For example in Los Angeles, Bel Air has 53% canopy
cover, whereas South Los Angeles has less than 7% (McPherson et al 2007), a
contrast attributable to the city’s historic narrative of class settlement. This
inequality contextualizes current efforts to ‘green’ city streets; where community
organizations such as North East Trees (Los Angeles) are working towards
environmental and social equity through the landscape medium.
Class and race intersect as well, creating a condition whereby certain
ethnicities are disproportinately affected by the lack of open space amenies. In an
analysis of parks and park funding in Los Angeles, Wolch, Wilson, and Fehrenbach
found that “low-‐income and concentrated poverty areas as well as neighborhoods
dominated by Latinos, African Americans, and Asian-‐Pacific Islanders, have
dramatically lower levels of access to park resources than White-‐dominated areas of
the city” (2005, p1). Other studies track the same perpetuation of historic patterns
in other cities; for example in Baltimore where of Boone, Buckley, Grove and Sister
Abad Ocubillo 2012 67
assert that “the present-‐day pattern [of parks]… should be interpreted as
environmental injustice” (2009, p.1).
Abad Ocubillo 2012 68
2.5 – Objectives and Outcomes of Heuristic Urbanism
The previous section explored how the physical sidewalk is a product of
social forces; the manipulation of public and private interests; and the remnant of
past regimes of investment and management. Conversely, this section explores how
physical interventions – or the process of implementing them – are meant to
influence social dynamics and contribute to the formulation of a new urban culture.
2.5.1 – Living Streets: Multimodality, Safety and Public Health
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas form integral components of a whole suite of
interventions correlated with encouraging pedestrian and bicycle mobility. The
primary research undertaken by this thesis found that stakeholders universally
identify Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas with ‘Living’ and ‘Complete Street’ strategies.
‘Living’ or ‘complete streets’ are, according to LaPlante and McCann, “designed to be
safe for drivers; bicyclists; transit vehicles and users; and pedestrians of all ages and
abilities” (2008, p.24). Physical traffic-‐calming features include small
interventions such as bulb-‐outs, neck downs, and curb extensions; while larger
projects such as Pedestrian Plazas have demonstrated decreased danger to both
pedestrians and motorists (McFredies 2008; Los Angeles County 2011). For
example robust impact studies of interventions in New York City verified reduced
pedestrian-‐motorist injuries along Broadway (New York City Department of
Transportation 2010); while auto collision rates on Guerrero Street in San Francisco
Abad Ocubillo 2012 69
were shown to decrease by 53 percent since the installation of Guerrero Park
(Arieff 2009). The primary research undertaken by this thesis also found that
Parklets are perceived as having traffic-‐calming effects as well (presented in more
detail in Section 3.2.1), although these effects have not yet been tested.
Furthermore, an abundance of literature documents how sedentary lifestyles
contribute to widespread obesity and other health issues (Ashe et al 2009; Frank,
Schmid & Sallis 2005; Frumkin, Frank & Jackson 2004; Jackson 2003; McCann &
Ewing 2003). Thus much of the rhetoric of streetscape intervention emphasizes the
potential for more walkable communities to impact public health; especially that of
children. For example, Rahman, Cushing and Jackson (2009) have found that
“children lacking access to sidewalks or paths, parks, playgrounds, or recreational
centers have 20% – 45% higher odds of becoming obese or overweight compared
with children who have regular access to such amenities” and that “perceived safety
from traffic and crime is associated with higher rates of children walking and
bicycling to school” (201, p.54). The ‘Safe Routes to Schools’ movement in California
– structured heavily around a multi-‐stakeholder community engagement approach –
focuses on interventions which increase pedestrian and bicycle accessibility for
young people (Seifert, Christopher, Farrar, Preston, Duarte & Geraghty 2009).
2.5.2 – Quality of Place
Jane Jacobs (1961/1989), Donald Appleyard (1981), Davis (1990/2006), and
others have described how the urban environment – and therefore the humane
Abad Ocubillo 2012 70
urban experience – was decimated by programmes of urban renewal and the
predominance of traffic planning starting around the mid-‐twentieth century. They –
along with Jan Gehl (1987; 2010), William Whyte (1988/2009), the Project for
Public Spaces (1975-‐present) – also developed schema for a high-‐quality urban
experience. The primary research undertaken by this thesis revealed how Parklets
and Pedestrian Plazas are positively associated by stakeholders with creating a high-‐
quality urban experience, correlating with attributes identified by the literature.
The Project for Public Spaces identifies four key qualities of successful open
spaces: “…they are accessible; people are engaged in activities there; the space is
comfortable and has a good image; and finally, it is a sociable place: one where
people meet each other and take people when they come to visit” (Project for Public
Spaces 2012). The primary research undertaken by this thesis (presented in
Chapter 3) links stakeholder perceptions of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas to all four
of these qualities. Additionally, the schema articulated by The Project for Public
Spaces comprehensively synthesizes a range of findings identified by the other
urbanists cited above, and provides a ready structure for parsing their respective
contributions to a definition of what constitutes a successful urban place.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 71
Figure 19: What Makes a Good Place? (The Project for Public Spaces 2012)
Jane Jacobs found that multi-‐functional spaces and a concentration of users
were key elements of high-‐quality urban places. Similarly, Gehl Architects and
William Whyte identified (in each of their respective studies) that a range of
activities and options for activities are also a characteristic of good spaces. Whyte
found that food service – in or adjacent to urban open spaces – encouraged
occupation and inhabitation throughout greater periods over the day. This thesis
Abad Ocubillo 2012 72
observed how the physical implantation of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas expand
the range of opportunities for gathering and therefore activities.
The work of Kevin Lynch (1960), Peter Bosselman (1998; 2008), and Dolores
Hayden (1995) explored how people remember and image their urban experience.
Bosselman documented the space-‐time experience of progressing through the city;
while Lynch and Hayden studied spatial memory and perceptions of legibility and
territory. This thesis found that at the project level, Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas
act as landmarks; while at the program level, they contribute significantly to the
image of the city in terms of its progressiveness. Other research emphasizes variety,
differentiated articulation, and heterogeneity of urban fabric, architecture, and
streetscape environments to be important contributing elements to successful
places (Appleyard 1981; Gehl 1987, 2010; Project for Public Spaces 1975-‐present;
Whyte 1988).
Appleyard correlated wider streets with greater traffic volumes and higher
vehicle speeds, which in turn correlated with decreased interaction and cohesion
between neighbors (1981). Jacobs (1961/1989), Gehl (2010), and Bugarič (2010)
insist that a variation in the articulation and vintage of buildings lends added
interest and opportunity to the street scene; while Dover and King (2007) call for a
mix of land uses and housing types. At the same time, Appleyard’s work emphasizes
the necessity of pedestrian connectivity and access for the success of public spaces.
William Whyte developed the theory of “Triangulation,” whereby “some
external stimulus provides a linkage between people and prompts strangers to talk
Abad Ocubillo 2012 73
to other strangers as if they knew each other… The stimulus can be a physical object
or sight” (2009, p.154). While Whyte was refering here to public art (sculpture), his
theory of triangulation also applies to Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza installations.
These novel insertions into the urban landscape prompt lively discourse in the
popular media as well as on the street, in their immediate environs. In this way,
Parklet and Pedestrian Plazas can – given the appropriate prerequisite conditions
(presented in Section 3.2.2) – be understood as vital, contributing elements of
successful public spaces.
2.5.3 – Economic Boosterism
Pedestrian and bicycle enhancement programs can correlate directly with
increased economic development at the site and district scales (Drennen 2003; New
York City 2011; Prokai 1999; San Francisco Great Streets Project 2011). Projects
that improve streetscape ambience, expand the pedestrian-‐right-‐of-‐way, and even
close streets to automobile traffic on temporary or permanent bases are perceived
as positively contributing elements of a business environment (Baltes 2004;
Schaefer 2011). These have the documented effects of decreasing local vacancy
rates, increasing property values, and diversifying the mix of business types (Prokai
1999).
In particular, the few impact studies of Parklets indicate the probability of a
highly localized enhancement of business performance. The Divisadero Trial Parklet
Impact Report (SF Great Streets Project 2010) reported that increased foot traffic
Abad Ocubillo 2012 74
correlated with the Parklet does “have the potential to contribute to economic
activity in an area” (p. 17). Overall, the SF Great Streets studies were not at the time
of their publication able to confirm a causal relationship between Parklets and
increased profits for hosts or adjacent businesses (2010, 2011). However, the scope
of their studies focused on environmental perception and pedestrian amenity only
months after the completion of certain Parklet cases. Its likely that longitudinal
studies that focus more on economic impacts would reveal the true effects of
Parklets on local business performance. The Curbside Public Seating Platform Pilot
Program Evaluation Report (New York City Department of Transportation 2011)
reported that “Most establishments experienced sales increases, and they all felt the
installations were good for business… and would also bring financial benefits in the
long term” (p. 14).
2.5.4 – Collective Identity and Citizenship
By engaging all strata of society in its processes, Heuristic Urbanism effects a
sense of group and community identity amongst its participants. Rachel Berney
identified the “Pedagogical Urbanism” (2011) of Bogotà, Colombia, where public
infrastructure programmes initiated by civic leadership formulated a renewed
image for the city and sense of collective identity for its citizens. A similar dynamic
prevails with Heuristic Urbanism, whereby citizens are invited to participate in the
improvement of urban life through interventions to the streetscape. Indeed much of
the tactical action associated with Heuristic Urbanism as defined by this thesis was
Abad Ocubillo 2012 75
Figure 20: ‘Deepistan National Parklet,’ 937 Valencia Street (Abad Ocubillo 2012). “Trixie’ the triceratops has become a mascot for mid-Valencia. (Parklet Host: Amandeep Jawa, a private citizen; Designer: Jane Martin, Shift Design Studio)
credited by interviewees as being directly inspired by strategies employed by the
“Pedagogical Urbanism” described by Berney in Bogota. For example, bicycle street
festivals such as ‘Sunday Streets’ (San Francisco), ‘CicLAvia’ (Los Angeles)’ and
‘Critical Mass’ (cities worldwide) were patented on ‘Ciclovia,’ which began in Bogota
in the late 1970s. These events not only alter street functions on an ephemeral
basis, but also provide alternative modes of engaging physically with the city and
identifying with a civic community. In Chapter 3, this thesis will describe how the
open space infrastructure of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas entails intense
Abad Ocubillo 2012 76
cooperation between government, neighborhood groups, business operators and
individuals; engendering a type of community-‐building process tied closely with
identities as the neighborhood and civic scale.
The impact studies conducted by San Francisco Great Streets emphasized the
effects Parklets have on neighborhood identity. This exemplifies what Kevin Lynch
called “Place Character,” that which lends a sense of identity, security, pleasure and
understanding to a landscape (1976). The character of a neighborhood is enriched
by the diversity and variation of activity on the sidewalk (Ehrenfeucht & Loukaitou-‐
Sideris 2010; Ford 2000; Gehl 2010; Whyte 1988), which streetscape interventions
can support. Parklets tend to help enhance, or in some cases help generate, a
persona for their neighborhood where none had existed before. Sole installations
function as local landmarks, whereas an assemblage of Parklets create a district with
enhanced or special character, such as the Valencia Street, Polk Street, or Columbus
Avenue Corridors in San Francisco. The findings of this thesis, generated from
stakeholder interviews, concur decidedly with the literature by confirming place-‐
making effects of projects like Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas on their respective
neighborhoods.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 77
CHAPTER 3 – FINDINGS
The research questions structure the inquiry and subsequent findings into
discussions focusing on three different scales: that of the city, as an independent
case and in terms of its relationship to the other cities being studied; that of the
individual project site; and that of development over time. Only questions one and
two are addressed here in this Chapter; question three is addressed in the next and
final Chapter of the thesis.
The first question reveals the developmental histories of Parklets and
demonstration Plazas in each case city; which taken together begin to outline a
meta-‐narrative for Heuristic Urbanism in California. The second research question
investigates pre-‐existing conditions at project sites; drawing a set of commonalities
across Parklet and demonstration Plaza interventions. The third research question
considers the long-‐term implications of Heuristic Urbanism for neighborhoods and
cities over time.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 78
3.1 - Innovation and Restructuring
The Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza typologies (defined in Section 1.2) are
relatively novel in comparison to existing modes of urban design, especially in
California. Thus their implementation requires considerable innovation and
creativity on the part of stakeholders. The thesis explores the challenges that each
city faces with the Heuristic Urbanism of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas, revealing
sets of differences and commonalities between municipalities. A narrative history
of each case city is presented here in order of their relative stage of development
with Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza experimentation: San Francisco, Long Beach,
Oakland, and Los Angeles. Though not in California, a brief narrative of New York
City’s Plaza Program is provided as context for subsequent program developments
in the other cities. This Chapter considers the first research question:
1. How are existing structures and systems of governmental and social
organization adapted in order to realize Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas in California Cities? What are the new innovative
governmental, private, and community mechanisms created?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 79
3.1.1 – Background: The New York Plaza Program
The New York City Plaza Program provided a model for the ‘Pavement to
Parks’ program in San Francisco.6 Recognizing the successful formula prototyped by
New York, San Francisco assimilated the key aspects of that program which would
in turn influence the development of Parklet programs in other cities. The primary
characteristics of the New York model – thence disseminated to other cities – are
both spatial and social: First, the program redresses the imbalanced allocation of
uses in the right of way. Secondly, the interventions were staged initially as
temporary experiments whose performance would inform the possibility of
permanent changes. Third, the city created new apparatuses for the
implementation, evaluation and regulation of the program and its sites. Lastly, the
program relied upon a public-‐private partnership for execution and ongoing
management of the interventions.
New York deliberately targeted sites with an acute spatial imbalance
between pedestrian and automobile facilities; identifying areas of “underutilized
street space” as potential venues for expansion of the pedestrian realm:
Streets make up approximately 25% of the City's land area and yet, outside of parks there are few places to sit, rest, socialize, and to enjoy public life. To improve the quality of life for New Yorkers, DOT creates more public open space by reclaiming underutilized street space and transforming it into pedestrian plazas. (New York Department of Transportation 2012a)
This pervasive spatial condition forms the logical basis for intervention by other
cities, amply supported by the primary research undertaken in this thesis7.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 80
Experimentation – by way of monitoring and evaluation – facilitated the
temporary road closures on Broadway in midtown Manhattan during the summer of
2008 (Dunlap 2009; Jones 2009; New York City Department of Transportation 2008,
2010). The popularity of this seminal experiment prompted the ‘Green Light for
Midtown’ project, an even larger trial substantiated by a monitoring program
evaluating the impacts on traffic flow and pedestrian safety. The results of the
“Green Light for Midtown Evaluation Report” (NYC DOT 2010) provided concrete
justifications for transitioning the closures along Broadway from experimental to
permanent. Since then, all plazas created from closure of excess roadway are
studied with “pedestrian and vehicle counts, accident data, reports from the
nonprofit partners and surveys targeted to get feedback from the public, businesses
and landlords” (NYC DOT, 2012b).
The creation of a Plaza Program entailed a significant cultural shift within the
NYC Department of Transportation that prioritized pedestrian amenity over
automobile efficiency. As this shift in priorities was and is occurring in other cities,
Parklet and/or Plaza programs within those cities have entailed the creation of new
interdepartmental and community collaborations, policy innovations, and
permitting procedures.
Every plaza in New York requires advance community initiative and local
support before it is considered by the City. A lead nonprofit assumes responsibility
for maintenance and programming of the site; also garnering endorsement from
local community boards and elected officials. Likewise, Plazas in
Abad Ocubillo 2012 81
Figure 21: Plaza at 'Fowler Square,' Brooklyn (Abad Ocubillo 2012). Despite its name, Fowler Square is actually a triangle park formed between Lafayette Avenue, Fulton Street, and Elliot Place. This plaza was created by closing Elliot Place between Lafayette Avenue and Fulton Streets.
San Francisco – implemented through the Pavement to Parks Program – often
capitalize upon pre-‐existing community organizing and local planning efforts. These
Neighborhood Associations or Improvement Districts become the natural stewards
for Plaza sites in both cities. The public-‐private arrangement was also adapted to
facilitate Parklets in San Francisco and New York; Long Beach, Oakland, and soon
Los Angeles. While Plazas are installed by the city private maintained, Parklets are
both funded and maintained through private means. This cost-‐sharing structure
provides for faster public realm improvements than if undertaken by the city alone.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 82
A fascinating dialectical relationship developed between these two flagship
initiatives: Its important to note that though Pedestrian Plazas began in New York,
San Francisco originated the Parklet typology which was subsequently exported
back to New York. In San Francisco, Parklets are administered together with
Pedestrian Plazas under the Pavement to Parks program.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 83
3.1.2 – San Francisco: Emergence and Evolution
As the Parklet pioneer, San Francisco’s Pavement to Parks (P2P) Program
offers the longest narrative and history for examining how a such a novel initiative
evolves within a California city. The Program’s inception can be attributed to a visit
of New York City Transportation Commissioner Janette Sadik-‐Khan to San Francisco
in 2008. She addressed Mayor Gavin Newsom and city staff, challenging them to
experiment with a plaza program like that initiated in 2007 by NYC Mayor
Bloomberg (Jones 2008; Seltenrich 2011).8 In response, Mayor Newsom issued an
executive mandate to city staff to create a pilot program.9 The subsequent
interaction between New York City and San Francisco around typologies of
streetscape intervention exemplifies a dynamic that is replicated between the other
cities in this thesis. The interviews indicated how stakeholders in Long Beach,
Oakland, and Los Angeles looked towards San Francisco and New York for models of
projects and programs. The issuance of an executive mandate – in this case by
Mayor Newsom – also resurfaces as a tactic in other cities; notably in Los Angels
where city departments are looking to City Council for a directive to create a Parklet
program.
In response to Sadik-‐Khan and Newsom, various city departments in San
Francisco appointed staffers to an internal task force to formulate the program. The
initial stakeholders were the Mayor’s Office of Greening, the Urban Design Group of
the Planning Department, the Bureau of Street Use and Mapping of the Department
Abad Ocubillo 2012 84
of Public Works (DPW), and the Municipal Transportation Agency (SFMTA).10 Since
the initial mayoral mandate, however, the Mayor’s Office of Greening has not been
involved.11 Together, these staffers devised a program with two distinct typologies
of intervention: Plazas and Parklets. The first typology borrowed directly from New
York’s plazas; whereas the latter typology evolved from PARK(ing) DAY installations
as discussed previously in Section 2.3.2.
Figure 22: 'Pavement to Parks' Inter-Agency Collaborators (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
At this stage, the Urban Design Group (UDG) from the Planning Department
was mutually identified as an appropriate lead agency for the inter-‐departmental
collaboration. The experimental and public-‐private characteristics of the proposed
Abad Ocubillo 2012 85
program were identified more closely with a public engagement strategy rather
than a capital improvement program. Whereas the latter function is typically
handled by other agencies, the former is endemic to the Planning Department; thus
making the UDG a more natural choice for administering the program.12 Andres
Power – a staffer at the UDG – spearheaded the effort; marshalling resources,
materials, and information while coordinating city staff members, external
communications, and recruitment of design talent.
The program officers defined a trial period of approximately one year, during
which interventions were granted a provisional status (the significance and function
of ‘temporary urbanism’ was introduced in Section 2.1; and is discussed in detail
later in Section 3.1.6). A public-‐private partnership emerged as a viable
arrangement for implementation; with differing application to the Plazas and
Parklets. For pilot Plazas in San Francisco, the City typically provided capital
funding and installation services while the private partner(s) accepted long-‐term
stewardship13. For pilot Parklets, the private partner(s) were responsible for
capital costs, liability and ongoing maintenance. For both pilot Plazas and Parklets,
Andres Power was involved in soliciting designers to participate on a voluntary
basis with the demonstration projects (see Table 2, Section 2.4.2).14 In later cycles
subsequent to the pilot stage, the public-‐private structure would to include some
compensation by host for design services.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 86
Figure 23: ‘Showplace Triangle’ Plaza (Designer: REBAR Group, plan rendering shown with permission). The triangle is formed at the intersection of Eighth, Wisconsin and Sixteenth Streets. The colored portion of the plan represents portions of Eighth Street closed to traffic and reclaimed for pedestrian use. A similar triangular configuration forms other San Francisco Plazas, including Jane Warner Plaza or ‘Castro Commons’ (Figure 5) at Castro, Seventeenth and Market Streets; and at Guerrero Park where Guerrero Street terminates at San Jose Avenue.
The Pavement to Parks task force identified four sites for demonstration
Plazas, employing two site selection criteria common to other programs including
the Streets for People initiative in Los Angeles:15 Firstly, the plaza spaces are all
formed from excess right-‐of-‐way16 (see Figure 5, Figure 23, and Figure 29).
Secondly, the P2P program in two cases (‘Castro Commons’ and Naples Green)
leveraged existing planning and conceptual design proposals produced by local
community and business organizations.17 At the same time, the P2P group identified
eight sites in four neighborhoods for demonstration Parklets.18 As with the Plaza
Abad Ocubillo 2012 87
demonstration projects, Parklet interventions were preceded in at least two
neighborhoods by significant community planning (Noe Valley)19 and intervention
in the streetscape. A discussion of general site selection criteria for both Parklets
and Pedestrian Plazas is presented in Section 3.2.
The proposed interventions were, at the time, legal novelties in the City of
San Francisco. The closest legal definition for the plaza was a temporary street
closure.20 Permits for those closures and encroachments were typically processed
and granted by the Interdepartmental Staff Committee on Traffic and
Transportation (see Figure 24).21 During the early scoping phases of P2P Parks,
Andres Power presented case studies to ISCOTT to give them a sense of what was
being planned. It was through this body that provisional approval was granted to
the trial Plazas and Parklets initiated in March 2010 and completed in December
2010. 22
Concurrent with pilot project implementation through 2010, the P2P group
developed a structure for the Program, including an RFP and a new legal definition
for the Plazas and Parklets. Nick Elsner (DPW) authored a Public Works Order
laying out the structural and procedural aspects of the Pavement to Parks program
(San Francisco Municipal Code 2010). The new order was modeled on the existing
Table and Chairs Ordinance (San Francisco Municipal Code 1993), but legally tied to
a pre-‐existing Landscaping Ordinance (San Francisco Municipal Code 2008). DPW
Director Ed Rieskin signed the order into effect of October 2010; in September, the
first Parklet RFP was circulated publicly by P2P.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 88
Figure 24: Interdepartmental Staff Committee on Traffic and Transportation, San Francisco (Abad Ocubillo 2012). This body reviewed and approved the proposals for pilot Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza projects.
At present, the DPW Order facilitates the efficient functioning of a Parklet
Program within the current structure of municipal code and does not necessitate
full legislation by the city council. However as the nominal application processing
fees do not offset the true cost of staff resources devoted to project management,
staffers may eventually recommend that council enact legislation that could secure
in perpetuity funding and human resources for the program.23
A nonprofit group served as a vital complement to the city departments’
internal efforts. San Francisco Great Streets (SFGS), a program of the San Francisco
Bicycle Coalition, conducted outreach and public engagement throughout the pilot
Abad Ocubillo 2012 89
and ongoing program phases.24 Their independent Parklet monitoring programme
produced some of the first research on the short-‐term local impacts of Parklet
interventions. The Divisadero Parklet Impact Study in March 2010 focused on the
very first pilot Parklet project, while later reports with a broader geographic scope
allowed for comparison across different neighborhoods (SF Great Streets 2011a,
2011b).
Ongoing monitoring by the Pavement to Parks Program – and its nonprofit
partner SF Great Streets – resulted in careful revisions of the Parklet RFP and permit
requirements. The pilot stage was succeeded (as of the writing of this thesis) by two
annual cycles of open RFPs (SF Planning Department 2010, 2011). Between these
two stages, the language in the permit evolved in response to emerging issues
related to privatization and design quality (addressed in detail in Section 4.2.3). In
preparation for the release of a third-‐cycle RFP, the P2P program plans to convene a
working committee of city staffers and current permit holders to brainstorm ways
to improve the program even further.25
Abad Ocubillo 2012 90
3.1.3 – The City of Long Beach: Straightforward Simplification
The City of Long Beach created its Parklet permitting procedure quickly,
relative to the other three cities (San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles) profiled in
this thesis. As in San Francisco, the Long Beach Parklet initiative resulted from
unilateral priorities within the city government and strong leadership by its staff.
Long Beach is committed to becoming ‘America’s Most Bike Friendly City,’ and
agenda which is systematically reconceptualizing and reconfiguring the ROWs
throughout the entire city. The Parklet typology fits easily within the city’s
improvement of bicycle-‐pedestrian facilities and was rapidly assimilated by the
Department of Public Works (DPW).
Sumi Gant, then Transportation Planner in DPW Traffic Engineering Bureau,
presented the idea in early 2011 to City Engineer Mark Christoffels and Right-‐of-‐
Way Coordinator Sue Castillo.26 All three immediately recognized the potential for
Parklets to enhance a bourgeoning sidewalk culture in Long Beach. As with San
Francisco, a lead government agency in Long Beach (DPW) established early and
naturally, without the same difficulty observed later in the cities of Oakland and Los
Angeles.
Sue Castillo was well positioned in her capacity as plan-‐checker to focus
attention and action on Parklets, thenceforth assuming a project management and
advocacy role for the fledgling program. From inception to first Parklet installation,
Sue diligently shepherded the process through city and community process;
Abad Ocubillo 2012 91
resolving construction and safety details as well as coordinating with the architects,
local business and community groups around issues such as site selection.27
Castillo identified several Long Beach neighborhoods for Parklet
demonstrations and worked with other city agencies (Figure 25) to vet their
viability.28 To help build support and understanding for the initiative within the
Department of Public Works, Sue brought DPW Inspector Rene Bracamontes on a
tour of Parklets in San Francisco in October 2011.29 This provided both city staffers
with an understanding of the physical realities of Parklet installations in different
spatial contexts; and develop their own sensibilities about what conditions could be
appropriate for installations in Long Beach.
Figure 25: City of Long Beach – Internal Stakeholders (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 92
Equipped with case studies, resources from San Francisco’s Parklet program,
and impressions from the San Francisco’s Parklet tour, Castillo then worked with
the City Engineer (then Mark ChrisTofflers), City Traffic Engineer (David Roseman)
and the City Attourney (Linda Trang) to develop criteria for Parklet construction
and operation.30 These criteria were then circulated to the City Departments for
review and comment. The City also worked with a local architecture firm (Studio
111) during the program development process. The firm’s concept drawings and
renderings helped city staffers visualize what the interventions could look like at
those sites.31
Initial concerns with the Parklet program in Long Beach were both technical
and political in nature. The DPW Traffic Engineering Bureau anticipated a
specification for a no-‐ Parklet buffer clearance from street curbs32 – already
articulated in the San Francisco RFP – which the City Attorney duly included within
the language of the eventual permit.33 The Department of Safety and DPW Traffic
Engineering Bureau were concerned with liability issues; whereas the Planning
Department anticipated community opposition to the loss of parking.34 Eventually
the City Engineer, City Manager and City Council adopted a philosophy that the
anticipated net benefits of Parklets (expanded pedestrian facilities, economic
development, public space improvement) would according to Castillo “be a higher
win than losing a parking space.”
Abad Ocubillo 2012 93
At this juncture, the city attorney was asked to draft a modification of the
Public Walkways Occupancy Permit (PWOP – City of Long Beach 1989/2010).35
Structurally, the modification of a PWOP was more efficient as it didn’t require the
passing of a municipal code change by City Council.36 As a consequence of adapting
the sidewalk dining (PWOP) permit, full public access to Parklets in Long Beach is
articulated somewhat differently than that of San Francisco and other cities.
Namely, private table service on Parklets is permissible in Long Beach as a natural
extension of the sidewalk dining permit. The public/private dimensions of Parklets
are addressed in more detail in Sections 3.2 and 4.1.
The PWOP clearly articulated liability as the business owner’s responsibility,
addressing the initial concerns brought up by the Bureau of Traffic Engineering
(DPW). In contrast to other cities, Long Beach also dispensed with creating a formal
RFP process like that pioneered by San Francisco (and currently in development
during Oakland’s Parklet pilot cycle). This reflected a desire for streamlining and
resource efficiency with city government. The pilot program was initiated the
winter of 2011, and the first Parklet installed in January 2012 at Lola’s Mexican
Restaurant on 4th Street.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 94
3.1.4 – The City of Oakland: Synthesis and Synergy
The genesis of the Oakland Parklet program exhibits a clear synergy between
community activists and government actors. A significant level of community-‐
instigated action, intervention, and planning predated and influenced the creation of
a pilot parklet program by the City.37 As with San Francisco and Long Beach,
development of Oakland’s city program is attributable to strong leadership from a
few city staffers. However despite unilateral commitment to the program across the
community and government of Oakland, the collapse of the Community
Redevelopment Agency (CEDA) presented immediate organizational challenges for
the city which severely impacted the schedule of implementation for their pilot
Parklet program.
Blair Miller joined (CEDA) in May 2010, recognizing that a general awareness
of Parklets already existed within city government. With the backing of Eric
Angstadt – then Deputy Director of the CEDA – Blair volunteered to lead the Parklet
initiative within city government by adopting the orphaned idea into the Agency.38
While Eric handled external communications, interfacing with the City Council and
the media, Blair led the internal coordination between city agencies.39
As with every other developing Parklet program profiled in this thesis,
Oakland’s scoping phase began with the formation of an interdepartmental task
force and research into San Francisco’s pioneer program. Miller consulted with San
Francisco Pavement to Parks staff; acquiring the Parklet RFP and project
Abad Ocubillo 2012 95
specifications from Andres Power.40 Miller also initiated outreach within the City of
Oakland; taking David Harlan of the Oakland City Building Department on a tour of
San Francisco Parklets to examine the installations firsthand. Harlan agreed to
serving as the Building Department’s liaison to the Parklet initiative, as the
Department would be the city agency to process the pilot projects with ‘minor
encroachment permits.’41 In May 2011, Miller convened an internal working group
of representatives from various city departments (Figure 26). The initial group
discussions resulted in several agreements which are nearly identical to those of the
other cities profiled in this thesis: 42
1. Test the Parklets with a pilot program
2. Execute the program efficiently, without changing or amending municipal code through legislative action by City Council
3. Implement Parklet projects with a revenue-neutral (public-
private) model
Blair Miller then set about developing a ‘notice of opportunity’ adapted
directly from San Francisco’s Pavement to Parks RFP.43 This was presented to the
Rules Committee of the City Council, who advised her to reproduce the RFP in
different languages to better represent Oakland’s ethnic complexity.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 96
Figure 26: City of Oakland - Initial Internal Parklet Stakeholders (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
Walk Oakland, Bike Oakland
At the same time, a nonprofit organization – Walk Oakland Bike Oakland
(WOBO) – was working to bring awareness of Parklets to communities and
neighborhoods. As with agitators in the cities of San Francisco and Los Angeles,
WOBO leveraged the PARK(ing) DAY celebration as a part of a public education
campaign for future Parklets. WOBO had directly sponsored a number of PARK(ing)
DAY installations in September 2010, which in particular provided valuable insights
for the organization’s evolving sensibilities about site selection.44 For example, one
2010 PARK(ing) installation was located outside a bar, which WOBO organizers
Abad Ocubillo 2012 97
later concluded would not be ideal for a Parklet as alcohol consumption is not
permitted on city streets.
In the next year, WOBO would transition from directly sponsoring
PARK(ing) DAY installations to conducting advocacy and research around Parklets.
For example on Bike to Work Day 2011 (Thursday May 12), WOBO gathered
approximately 700 petitions in support of a Parklet pilot program for the City.45
Ruth Miller – then fellow with WOBO – worked with Oakland North, a news project
of U.C. Berkeley Journalism Program, to create video and audio explorations of a
Parklet program.46 WOBO also worked in coordination with Stephen Newhouse, an
intern staffer within the city of Oakland, to develop an impact study for the pilot
Parklets in Oakland. Ruth Miller and Stephen Newhouse worked together to devise
an approach methodology. WOBO recruited and trained volunteers who executed
both Quantitative and Qualitative components of the study in the field. 47
In 2012, WOBO selected the Parklet initiative in Oakland as a top campaign
priority,48 acting at both the project and citywide program levels. They identified
technical support as a key function of a nonprofit Parklet advocate, and currently
provide assistance to applicants by helping potential Parklet sponsors complete
applications to the level required for approval. Additionally, WOBO has committed
to assisting hosts with community relations for Parklet projects as they are rolled
out, advising crafting to replies to appeals.49
Besides assisting with individual projects, WOBO also campaigns at the
citywide scale and aggressively lobbyies for the advancement of a Parklet Program
Abad Ocubillo 2012 98
for Oakland. 50 In 2011, WOBO initiated an advocacy campaign targeting city
officials, meeting with select council members between October and December of
that year to present Parklet case studies from other cities.51 At the writing of this
thesis, WOBO staff expressed the desire for the creation a new ordinance within the
City of Oakland institutionalizing the program within city code, passed by the City
Council.52 According to WOBO strategists, this code could be modified from the
existing minor encroachment permit,53 and consist of a temporary one year permit
renewable up to three years.54
WOBO is committed to the installation of at least one Parklet in every
Oakland Council District,55 and are actively identifying other sites, neighborhoods,
and businesses.56 Additonally, the organization has identified itself as a key shaper
of the Parklet culture in Oakland; advocating for equity in geographic distrubtion
and access for the City’s diverse classes and ethnicities.57
Actual Café
In 2011, Sal Bednarz – the proprietor of Actual Café – contacted WOBO
regarding his plans to transform an abandoned bus stop fronting the café.58
Bednarz exemplifies the Parklet community champion; having conducted extensive
research and communication in order to execute his own project while at the same
time contributing to the overall movement with his continued commitment to the
realization of a program in his own city. Bednarz had already assembled the
funding and material resources to execute a PARK(ing) DAY installation;59 and so
Abad Ocubillo 2012 99
WOBO and the East Bay Bicycle Coalition helped to recruit volunteer labor to
construct the platform. Bednarz had also communicated previously with AC Transit,
who confirmed that it was very unlikely that the bus zone would become active
again. Sal was also able to garner tacit support from the City Planning Department
for the installation;60 however approval for such an installation lays formally within
the purview of The Department of Public Works. However at this time, the DPW did
not have an appropriate permit for such an installation. The Actual Café Parklet
crew was resolved to building the Parklet anyway, with tacit (but not official)
approval from city officials, with whom Sal communicated regularly about progress
at his site. At this time, Actual Café is one of the seven approved applicants in
Oakland’s pilot program.
Moving Forward in Oakland
Seven applicants responded to the pilot RFP released by CEDA in fall 2011.61
As of March 2012, Kaminski was in the process of finalizing the application
requirements for the pilot projects, which was originally intended to be distributed
by January 2012.62 The final application is based on the minor encroachment
permit, which names commercial liability within its language; ordinarily with an
encroachment permit, it’s the property owners who carry liability, but the
adaptation allows for the private sponsor to take it on.63
At the writing of this thesis, several of circumstances have contributed to a
slowed formation of the pilot Program’s final structure and procedures. As an
Abad Ocubillo 2012 100
initiative led from within CEDA, the program’s goal was to have a final RFP, with
internally-‐approved application materials by winter 2011/2012. However with the
dissolution of the CRA and consequently of CEDA, the program’s development was
significantly curtailed and those materials were not made available until May 2012.
After Blair Miller’s departure from the City of Oakland at the dissolution of CEDA,
Planning Department staffer Laura Kaminski assumed leadership of the program
and since advanced it by ensuring the City Attorney’s Office and Buildings
Department reviewed and vetted the draft application materials.64
The final RFP will entail “construction level approval” reviewed and
approved by the Building Department.65 The pilot phase will last one year, during
which Oakland will draft a permanent program.66 The Planning Department will
oversee design review and coordinating with the technical divisions (Figure 26).67
In the event that a permanent Parklet program is created by a change of municipal
code, the City Council can, before enacting the new legislation, influence the
program’s structure and provisions.
Moving forward, the pilot program will likely be administered from within
the Planning Department,68 (or possibly from Building or Public Works).69 As with
the other cities profiled in this thesis, Oakland began its citywide Parklet program
with a trial, which stakeholders here confirmed as the best tactic for garnering
approval from the Oakland City Council and the City Attorney’s Office.70 In this way,
CEDA (now Planning) could demonstrate an intention to learn from mistakes as the
program was seen in action.71
Abad Ocubillo 2012 101
As Oakland finalizes its pilot stage, and evaluates weather or not a
permanent program is feasible, the city will likely modify an existing permitting
mechanism to process Parklet applications. The Minor Encroachment Permit has
been identified by WOBO72; however some city staff feel that it may be too unwieldy
a process for a permanent Parklet program.73 As with other cities, the issue of
liability remains sensitive and in Oakland, is unresolved at this time.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 102
3.1.5 – Los Angeles: Fledgling Incubation
The narrative in Los Angeles is much more complex than the other cities
covered by this investigation – reflecting the city’s geographic, cultural, and
jurisdictional complexity; an enormous government apparatus (Sonenshein 2006);
and a highly idiosyncratic political landscape. Despite a robust and diverse
coalition of public and private agencies working in and around the streetscape, local
leadership around Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas is, as of yet, somewhat more
diffuse and loosely organized than initiatives observed in the other cities.
As with other cities profiled in this thesis, Los Angeles is currently
undergoing a renaissance of street life and culture, with amplified presence in the
public consciousness.74 Department of Public Works Commissioner John Choi
referred to the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza experiments as “Symptomatic of [a
pervasive] effort to try and rethink our urban space” (personal communication,
interview 4/15/2012). Growing participation in ephemeral and temporary street
celebrations evidence a newfound enthusiasm for public life and citizenship, setting
the stage for more permanent forms of intervention and interaction in the urban
fabric of Los Angeles.
Foremost among these energizing events is CicLAvia, a day-‐long celebration
which closes miles of Los Angeles streets to automobile traffic. CicLAvia began as a
single event in October 2010 and since enjoyed ever-‐increasing attendance,
popularity with city officials, and an expanding portfolio of sponsors. Organizers
Abad Ocubillo 2012 103
have managed to produce the event every six months, with the possibility of even
greater frequency. The self-‐reinforcing popularity of CicLAvia follows that of similar
pedestrian-‐bicycle events such as Sunday Streets in San Francisco, Pedalfest in
Oakland, BikeFest in Long Beach.
Figure 27: CicLAvia, Saturday April 10 2012 (Abad Ocubillo).
This thesis documents how the importation of PARK(ing) DAY links to
Parklet initiatives in cities. The first PARK(ing) DAY was celebrated in Los Angeles
in 2007,75 and as with CicLAvia,, participation increased exponentially over coming
years. This thesis will describe how a PARK(ing) DAY was leveraged in 2012 by the
Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council to advance its own Parklet campaign
Abad Ocubillo 2012 104
while at the same time expanding public awareness of like projects. The popularity
of CicLAvia and PARK(ing) DAY events indicates an increasing receptiveness of
public and government to temporary street closures in Los Angeles: at a large
geographic scale in the case of CicLAvia, or at the microscale in the form of
PARK(ing).
As a large City in its fledgling stages of experimentation with Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas, each project in Los Angeles was initiated independently from the
others. This typifies the City and Region, described by stakeholders as a ‘community
of communities’ or ‘city of cities.’76 This also underscores the highly localized,
community-‐driven processes inherent to the ‘radical’ stages of Heuristic Urbanism.
Each community in Los Angeles adopted different approaches of interfacing with the
City to permit and implement their projects; 77 to varying degrees of success. Despite
the apparent disjuncture between initiatives, their concurrence is creating increased
consensus among community organizers that a unified approach to the City could
expedite and consolidate processes of approval.78 Some community stakeholders
also suggested that uniting under a single brand, coalition, or umbrella organization
would create more opportunity to share tactics and approaches that could transfer
successfully to other projects and sites.
The structure and culture of Los Angeles’ government shapes Heuristic
Urbanism in ways totally unique from the other cities profiled in this thesis. On the
government side, Parklets were championed by individual City Council members –
elected officials; whereas like initiatives in other municipalities typically emerged
Abad Ocubillo 2012 105
from the staff of city agencies. The involvement of Neighborhood Councils also
distinguishes the Los Angeles cases. The Council program was created in 2001 to
improve citizen engagement in policymaking through local boards of elected
volunteers. These bodies comprise a unique layer of civic governance, lending their
respective Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza initiatives with added political and even
fiscal resources.
The Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza interventions are located in 3 adjoining
Council Districts comprising some of Los Angeles’ oldest neighborhoods, on streets
which continue their historic function as local shopping districts. Dating to an era
before auto-‐dominance, the street fabric and building stock in these districts largely
retain their intimate scale and humane ambience. This spatial and social character
generally supports the findings presented in Section 3.2.2, which suggests that
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas tend to appear in – or are proposed for –
neighborhoods with a robust pre-‐existing base of pedestrian and commercial
activity. The projects are presented here in rough order of when planning for each
began:
A. Sunset Triangle Plaza – Silverlake
B. ‘Street Porch’ Parklet – Highland Park / York Boulevard
C. ‘Street Plaza’ Parklet – El Sereno / Huntington Blvd
D. Downtown Los Angeles / Spring Street Parklets
Abad Ocubillo 2012 106
Figure 28: Map of Relevant Council Districts (as of March 2012) . A – Sunset Triangle Plaza; Council District 13, Eric Garcetti. B – Highland Park / York Boulevard ‘Street Porch,’ and C – El Sereno / Huntington Blvd ‘Street Porch;’ Council District 14, Jose Huizar. D – Downtown Los Angeles / Spring Street Parklets; Council District 14, Jose Huizar and Council District 9, Jan Perry. Redistricting in 2012 will bring the Spring Street Parklets wholly within the new boundaries of Council District 14) Hoover Street (indicated by the dotted line) marks the interface between the historic Spanish street grid (angled 45 degrees) and the Jeffersonian street grid. (Map generated using GIS datasets provided by the Los Angeles City Department of Planning).
Abad Ocubillo 2012 107
Abad Ocubillo 2012 108
Sunset Triangle Plaza
As in New York City, irregular street intersections abound in Los Angeles,
forming triangular islands of oft undeveloped value and amenity to pedestrians.
Several concentrations of these triangles occur throughout the city; most notably
along the Hoover Street, at the interface of the Jeffersonian and historic Spanish
street grids (Garde 1999). Topography of the Los Angeles basin also influenced the
organization of streets, especially along the interface with the Santa Monica
Mountains. The trajectories of major east-‐west corridors (Hollywood, Sunset, Santa
Monica, Melrose, Beverly, Wilshire and San Vicente) bend in conformity with the
mountainous terrain to the north; generating a variation of interstitial roadway
spaces when intersecting with regular north-‐south streets. Sunset Triangle Plaza is
situated at just such an intersection, in a neighborhood straddling the interface of
the mountains with the Spanish and Jeffersonian street grids (Figure 28, Location
A). The project site’s geometry resembles that of numerous Pedestrian Plazas in
New York City and San Francisco, where an aberration of an orthogonal street grid
forms opportunity for reclamation by closure to the automobile.
Planning at and around this site dates as far back as the early 2000s, when
Council District 13 leveraged Community Block Grant Development Funds to
develop a vision plan for the neighborhood.79 Those plans, generated by Katherine
Cerra Associates,80 were only partially executed. The fountain at the center of the
triangular park is one mark of the Cerra plan, which also recommended a road
Abad Ocubillo 2012 109
closure. More recently the site was considered by the Living Streets LA working
group (part of the Transportation Working Group at the Green Los Angeles
Coalition, a nonprofit housed within the California Endowment)81 in community
meetings as a potential site for a demonstration project.
Figure 29: Sunset Triangle Plan (Design and Rendering by Rios Clementi Hale Studios 2012, shown with permission). The Los Angeles Department of Transportation generated final construction drawings based on this pro-bono design developed by Rios Clementi Hale Studios. The light green fields are new pedestrian-only areas created from the closure of Griffth Park Boulevard along this block length. The dark green field is a pre-existing park in the triangular traffic island.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 110
The Living Streets LA working group provided a venue for resources such as
funding, expertise, and political clout to coalesce around the Sunset Triangle
project. In August 2010, Planning Commission President Bill Roschen connected
with Margot Ocañas, then Policy Analyst the Los Angeles County Department of
Public Health. Margot oversaw the deployment of funding through project RENEW
(Renew Environments for Nutrition, Exercise, and Wellness) which sought to
change environmental conditions contributing to obesity.82 Until then, RENEW
funding had supported policy and planning initiatives, but no physical interventions
in the execution of its mission. Both Roschen and Ocañas immediately recognized
that a partnership could bring such a demonstration to fruition. Together they
formed Streets for People, a collaboration with their two agencies (LA City Planning
Commission and County DPH) at the core; partnering with other city agencies and
community groups to advance the repurposing of streets for pedestrian use and
mobility.
Despite funding provided by LAC DPH, and the considerable political backing
through the LA City Planning Commission, the execution of a demonstration project
by Streets for People proved challenging for two reasons. First, a funding expiration
date in 2012 demanded an expedient implementation schedule that precluded
extensive site scoping, outreach, and vetting. Second, project approval by the city’s
technical Departments proved elusive, as a street closure of this kind was
unprecedented in Los Angeles.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 111
A constrained execution timeline strongly influenced site selection criteria.
The Streets for People team initially identified a number of locations, with
underutilized streets space appropriate for pedestrian reclamation, in
neighborhoods with documented health issues.83 However, as the reality of ongoing
maintenance became more and more prominent in discussions with City staff, it
became apparent that the presence of a stable community partner would play a
greater role in site selection.84 Finally the Sunset Triangle location was chosen, with
the Silverlake Improvement Association as a community partner and 13th Council
District on board as local stewards. A strong, pre-‐existing relationship between the
Association and Council District Office better ensured long-‐term viability of the
demonstration project, addressing concerns with maintenance, programming, and
ongoing communication with local stakeholders.
In most cases of Heuristic Urbanism, novel ideas face skepticism or even
opposition from municipal technical Departments whose current set of standards,
procedures, and policies delimit nonconforming experimentation. The cases in Los
Angeles experience the most acute difficulty of this kind, whereas in the other
California cities, resolution of departmental concerns proceeded more quickly. To
build support within the City government, Bill Roschen and Margot Ocañas brought
Planning Department Director Michael LoGrande to NYC in June 2011. There,
LoGrande met with NYC DOT Commissioner Janette Sadik-‐Khan, Planning
Commissioner Amanda Burden, Ethan Kent at the Project for Public Spaces and
others to discuss how Pedestrian Plazas are implemented and operated through the
Abad Ocubillo 2012 112
NYC Plaza Program. The visit also provided an opportunity for LoGrande to observe
street-‐reclamation Plazas firsthand. Upon his return to Los Angeles, LoGrande
initiated conversations with Jaime de la Vega, General Manager of Los Angeles
Department of Transportation (DOT) about advancing the Sunset Triangle
proposal.85
Figure 30: Sunset Triangle Stakeholder Structure (Abad Ocubillo 2012)
In order to execute the Sunset Triangle Plaza on time, de la Vega adopted the
project into DOT, issuing an executive order to his staff to implement the project. In
making the project one of its own, DOT essentially absolved other technical
Departments (namely the Department of Public Works and its Bureaus) of further
Abad Ocubillo 2012 113
interactions with the applicant on issues of review and permitting. 86 Thus the
Streets for People group, through the implementation of Sunset Triangle Plaza,
established an important precedent for Heuristic Urbanism in Los Angeles by
leveraging an opportunity within City government’s existing structure to minimize
and streamline approvals from different agencies
Implementation also required motions from City Council to authorize the
transfer of funding from LAC DPH to LA DOT; and to authorize the street closure at
Griffith Park Boulevard between Sunset and Edgecliffe.87 LA DOT installed the Plaza
in February 2012 (based on conceptual designs developed by Rios Clementi Hale
Studios in the preceding year). The Silverlake Improvement Association officially
accepted maintenance of the space; which is also undergoing continual monitoring
by Streets for People volunteers. Since the expiration of RENEW funds in 2012 and
the consequent departure of Ocañas from LAC DPH, Streets for People remains an
initiative of the City Planning Commission with Bill Roschen as its current President.
The ‘Street Porch’ and ‘Street Plaza’
The interventions proposed in Los Angeles Council District 14 (Jose Huizar)
do conform with the physical and programmatic profile of a Parklet outlined in
Section 1.2.3; there defined as a removable platform extending the sidewalk into the
roadbed. However several conceptual and philosophical characteristics distinguish
the two CD 14 cases from the Parklet appearing elsewhere. These characteristics
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(York Boulevard, Highland Park) and the ‘Street Plaza’ (Huntington Boulevard, El
Sereno) installations are components of larger Community Vision Plans for each
neighborhood, not isolated projects unto themselves. While some other Parklet
cases in California form parts of larger neighborhood improvement strategies, these
are the first to emerge directly from a Councilmember’s office. Also, the two
projects in Highland Park and El Sereno are further distinguished by their funding
source. Planning and design funds came directly from the Council District Office,
with capital costs budgeted there as well. If installed, they will comprise the first
Parklets funded through public monies.
The Community Vision Planning facilitators (Steve Rasmussen Cancian and
Ryan Lehman of Shared Spaces Landscape Architecture) deliberately refer to the
proposed interventions as a ‘Street Porch’ and ‘Street Plaza.’ This distances those
installations somewhat from the Parklet proper, which as discussed later in Section
4.2, can be associated with gentrification and privatization. The choice to deploy a
Parklet typology – but refer to it with other terminology that re-‐emphasizes the
democratic essence of the Parklet’s origins – evidences Cancian’s ‘planning to stay’
approach to urban design exemplified the by ‘Community Living Rooms’ presented
previously in Section 2.3.3.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 116
Figure 32: 'Street Porch' on York Boulevard in Highland Park, Los Angeles (Design and rendering by Steve Rasmussen Cancian, Shared Spaces Landscape Architecture 2012, shown with permission). While this installation matches the physical definition of a Parklet outlined in Section 1.2.3, it’s deliberately referred to as a 'Street Porch’ in Community Vision Planning discussions in the neighborhoods of Highland Park and El Sereno.
Spring Street Parklets
The Parklet initiative in the downtown Historic Core is highly exceptional in
terms of its formation through a Neighborhood Council, a type of governance body
of grassroots volunteers empowered through a municipal ordinance to advise on
the creation of City policy. While collaborations between governmental and
community actors has produced pilot Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza experiments in
Abad Ocubillo 2012 117
other cities, none enjoyed the unique institutional backing furnished by a
Neighborhood Council structure.
The Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council (DLANC) engages in a
wide range of community projects, including a suite of bicycle and pedestrian
initiatives through its Complete Streets Working Group (CSWG). Valerie Watson –
then Director of the CSWG – already spearheaded the organization’s collaboration
with the Los Angeles County Bicycle Coalition (LACBC) and the LA DOT on bicycle
infrastructure improvements downtown. The collaboration would bring the first
green-‐striped, dedicated bicycle lane to Spring Street in the downtown Historic
Core.90
Leveraging the positive social and political capital building around the
bicycle lane effort, Watson assembled a group of volunteer designers and architects
to explore the possibility of a Parklets on Spring Street. Through DLANC, Watson
was also able to forge collaboration between Council Districts 9 and 14, whose
jurisdictions met on Spring Street (Figure 28, location D). Concurrent planning by
CD 14 for Parklet interventions in Highland Park and El Sereno complimented the
effort downtown.91
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 119
Spring Street. This outreach effort entailed the administration of a short intercept
questionnaire, the results of which helped Watson and her team understand the
range of programming desires endemic to the neighborhood. The survey results
generated three different themes, which then directly influenced the design of three
separate Parklets for Spring Street.
This especially deliberate, research-‐rich approach to Parklet design and
programming produced a collection or assemblage of Parklets heretofore
unprecedented in California. Designed at the same time, the three Parklets share the
same modular elements, detailing and materials; but are each executed according to
the ‘Active,’ ‘Passive,’ or ‘Communal’ theme particular to each site. DLANC also
initiated an Impact Study which will evaluate the effects of the Parklets on a range of
local issues including pedestrian volumes and behavior, environmental perception
of residents and neighbors, and the business confidence of merchants. Another
partnership between DLANC and the Lewis Center at UCLA will both fund and
evaluate a single Parklet designed to encourage walking and activity in “park-‐poor,
low-‐income community.” The suite of research programmes at DLANC have the
potential to help Angelenos understand the impacts and benefits of Parklets on local
sociability, economy, image, identity, human activities and behaviors.93
Moving Forward in Los Angeles
As different Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza projects came forward during 2011
and 2012, the ‘family’ of LA City Government officials and staff realized the necessity
Abad Ocubillo 2012 120
for developing a standard process, program, and policy for vetting, approving and
regulating the requests for pilot projects.94 Issues of permitting, maintenance, and
liability became magnified as the technical divisions reviewed proposals for the
projects which are unprecedented in Los Angeles.
At present, a process for achieving approval for current pilot Parklet
proposals in Los Angeles is unclear. Community and government stakeholders
described a range of different courses of action that could – in various combinations
– garner the appropriate sign-‐offs that would facilitate implementation. These
involve application through existing mechanisms such as the A-‐Permit (Minor Street
Construction) and R-‐Permit (Revocable Private Use of Public Right-‐of-‐Way) with
DPW Bureau of Engineering; and the Adopt-‐a-‐Median Program within the Board of
Public Works’ Office of Community Beautification. All stakeholders indicated the
eventual necessity of a Motion from City Council directing the Departments to move
forward with implementation of the pilot projects; or designating a single
Department to adopt the pilot initiative. All stakeholders likewise indicated that a
Motion from Council was likely required for the Departments or a Department to
create and administer a permanent program for Parklet and/or Pedestrian Plazas.
The re-‐organization of Council District Boundaries in 2012 will also bear on
the development of both a pilot and long-‐term program within the City for Parklets
and/or Pedestrian Plazas. The thesis observes how when compared to other cities,
the championship of an elected Council Member is an especially critical element of
successful initiatives in Los Angeles. Outcomes which in other municipalities might
Abad Ocubillo 2012 121
not require the passing of a full Council Motion – for example to begin a trial Parklet
program – seems by all accounts requisite in Los Angeles. With the absorption of all
current Proposals (Figure 28, locations B, C, and D) into the newly redrawn
jurisdiction of Council District 14, especial emphasis is placed on Councilmember
Jose Huizar to advance the fledgling effort.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 122
3.1.6 – Heuristic Urbanism Across California
The cities of San Francisco, Long Beach, Oakland and San Francisco are each
undergoing a renaissance of street life and culture.95 This manifests in citizens’
tactical actions and experiments; the advocacy and organizing of community groups
and nonprofits; and the steady re-‐alignment of planning and public policy. Cities are
re-‐prioritizing the use of streets to better balance between pedestrian, cyclist,
transit, and auto mobility. By profiling the Heuristic Urbanism of Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas in all four cities, a number of significant themes emerge which
bear upon the structures and even cultures of city government. These themes
center on experimentation, adaptation and innovation;96 the structure of city
governments and their attendant procedures of permitting and evaluation;
interdepartmental collaboration and the championship of individuals and agencies.
Program Modelling and the Social-Professional Network
Stakeholders in each city attested to the strong influence of New York and
then San Francisco on Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza programs in their own cities.
Those model programs, policies, and projects were examined by individuals in all
stakeholder groups – from city staffers to architects and designers; community
organizations and business operators. The thesis documented the directness with
which Commissioner Sadik-‐Khan (NYC DOT) affected Mayor Newsom, effecting the
genesis of the Pavement to Parks Program in San Francisco. City staffers from Long
Beach and Oakland visited San Francisco’s Parklets, as did community organizers
Abad Ocubillo 2012 123
and designers from Los Angeles. Commissioner Roschen and Director Lo Grande
from the Los Angeles Planning Department paid visits to their counterparts in New
York City and experienced those Plazas firsthand.
Stakeholders universally referred to San Francisco’s pioneering of the Parklet
typology. The Parklet design standards, RFPs, and permit language developed by
San Francisco provided models for organizers and governments in Long Beach,
Oakland, and Los Angeles.97 A majority of interviews with designers and city
staffers described direct, one-‐on-‐one communication with and support from Andres
Power and the staff at San Francisco Pavement to Parks. This underscores the
necessity for a design and program manual which synthesizes all the practical and
technical aspects of creating a Parklet program. Neither the Pavement to Parks
Program nor their nonprofit corollary SF Greatstreets are developing such a guide
or toolkit (although Greatstreets produced several substantial impact studies on
Parklets which, when taken with the study produced by NYC DOT on Curbside
Dining Platforms, comprise the whole of practical studies on the typology). The
Lewis Center at UCLA is currently developing such a toolkit, with publication
targeted for summer 2012.
The interpersonal interaction between SF Pavement to Parks staff and other
interested stakeholders – so critical to the dissemination of the Parklet throughout
California and indeed elsewhere – had the effect of amplifying, replicating, and
enlarging a social-‐professional community associated with Heuristic Urbanism. This
thesis contends that such a network is requisite for the advancement of radical
Abad Ocubillo 2012 124
actions to institutionalized projects, for example from PARK(ing) DAY to Parklet
programs; anarchist Critical Mass bike rides to the creation and implementation of
municipal bicycle plans and infrastructure. These networks span professional
disciplines (design, planning, engineering); the governance spectrum (community,
advocacy groups, neighborhood councils, city agencies and staff); and geographies
(between efforts in different neighborhoods, cities, regions).
Experimentation
A pilot phase figured into every project and program in all cities profiled in
California; and in New York as well. The merits of temporary or provisional projects
were presented in Section 2.1; and stakeholders universally acknowledged the
utility of – and necessity for – structuring Parklet and Pedestrian Plazas around
temporary or experimental phases. The practical dimensions of pilot phases are
twofold. First, demonstrations at both the project and program level function as
critical public outreach and education tools. A majority of stakeholders referred to
the potential for built demonstrations to galvanize support and positive opinion of
Parklet and Plazas. Often, built projects had the effect of reversing negative or
oppositional attitudes of which may have preceded implementation.
Second, Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza pilot projects facilitated greater
understanding of those novel typologies within city government.98 Stakeholders
often referred to differences of culture and values between city agencies – rooted in
the training of their respective disciplines – which exacerbate the challenges with
Abad Ocubillo 2012 125
experimental projects and programs.99 However stakeholders also observed how
processes of negotiation associated with Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas – and indeed
the built projects themselves – helped to change the traditional cultures of city
departments.100
On the project level, demonstrations allowed city agencies to assess site and
situation, and to develop technical standards related to construction, drainage,
clearance, materiality, etc.101 A majority of stakeholders cited the utility of pilot
projects to allow for more conservative elements of city governments – for example
technical divisions such as traffic engineering – to evaluate nonconforming
interventions before denying their installation outright.102 Issues of insurance and
liability surfaced most often as the single biggest impediment to the project
implementation; insurance arrangements were tested and resolved during the
demonstration stage, setting important precedents for proceeding with an ongoing
program. On the program level, trials also give cities the opportunity to test
resource allocation, structural and procedural aspects of a potential future program;
better informing the creation of related policies or legislation.103 Thus, the Heuristic
Urbanism of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas effect cultural shifts within both the
government and public; at the program and project level.
Adaptation
Interviews with government stakeholders (and other informed individuals)
confirmed that rather than enact new municipal code, Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza
Abad Ocubillo 2012 126
projects were implemented by re-‐interpreting current laws. Existing permits and
approval processes were adapted to accommodate the new typologies. This
facilitated speedy execution of pilot projects, 104 as well as efficient management of
long-‐term programs. Interviews with all government stakeholders indicated a
preference for adaptation of existing permits and working within existing legal
frameworks,105 while other community stakeholders (for example WOBO in
Oakland and others in Los Angeles) believed that the creation of new municipal
code(s) for Parklets and/or Pedestrian Plazas was either ideal or necessary.106
In San Francisco, the Parklet permit was based on that used for ‘Tables and
Chairs (sidewalk dining),’ and connected formally with the ‘Sidewalk Landscaping
Ordinance.” This permitting structure still operates today. Long Beach adapted the
existing ‘Public Walkway Occupancy Permit’ for its Parklets; whereas staffers in
Oakland and Los Angeles based their proposed pilot program structures directly on
those of San Francisco.107 With the absence of pilot program at this time
stakeholders in Los Angeles are experimenting with standard ‘A’ and ‘R’ permits.
Where a Parklet permitting process does exist – in San Francisco and Long
Beach (and in Oakland as a pilot) – stakeholders expect to see the procedure and
requirements change over time in response to new conditions and situations.108 For
example in San Francisco, the language of the permit evolved to address the design
of Parklet seating elements. Some Parklet designs in constructed in 2011 employed
a very minimal program consisting of a deck, planters and railing. Consequently the
language in the RFP for the succeeding cycle was amended to encourage greater
Abad Ocubillo 2012 127
interest and variety by suggesting the incorporation integral seating in Parklet
designs. In another San Francisco case (discussed in detail in Section 4.2.3),
neighborhood controversy over perceived privatization prompted the revision of
the permit to prohibit the use of matching street furniture in the Parklet and
sidewalk dining areas of sponsors.109
Agency Adoption
Heuristic Urbanism entails highly functional collaboration across city
agencies, often engendering the creation of new inter-‐departmental coalitions and
partnerships, typically with a single agency at the lead. In San Francisco, pilot
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas were vetted through ISCOTT (Figure 24); later,
projects were processed by the formally created Pavement to Parks Program led by
the Urban Design Group of the Planning Department. Pavement to Parks officers
represent a number of key city Departments (Figure 22). In Long Beach, city
staffers identified a lead agency naturally and with relative ease. That Department
also led Parklet effort by coordinating between technical and legal agencies,
communicating with Council District offices and business, and setting up policies
and procedures for project implementation.
In the Cities of Oakland and Los Angeles, where Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza
initiatives are less developed as of yet, interaction between city agencies has been
less clear. In Oakland, the early reticence of the Planning and Zoning Department
and Public Works Agency to spearhead the initiative caused frustration for eager
Abad Ocubillo 2012 128
community partners.110 Later, the pilot Parklet Program in Oakland suffered from
the dissolution of the CRA which delayed the release of a final pilot RFP by several
months. The Oakland program finally found a home within the Planning
Department which will likely administer a permanent Parklet program as well.
In Los Angeles, a single lead agency or ‘home’ for Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas has not been confirmed as of yet. This is the chief difficulty cited by a
majority of Los Angeles stakeholders regarding the implementation of pilot Parklet
proposals currently in circulation amongst city agencies. The Sunset Triangle Plaza
project demonstrates how a nonprofit community forum (Green LA Coalition)
provided a venue for brokering new collaborations between government agencies.
The only built project to date, Sunset Triangle Plaza was executed by the
Department of Transportation through an initiative of the City Planning Commission
and funding from the County Department of Health (Figure 29). However moving
forward, its unclear if the precedent set at Sunset Triangle – where DOT acted as the
‘owner’ and lead – will result in DOT permanently adopting the Streets for People
program and projects. 111 Furthermore, stakeholders varied in their opinions on
which department should lead the approval of Parklet proposals; 112 DPW, DOT, and
Department of City Planning were all cited as preferred ‘home’ agencies. The
majority of non-‐governmental stakeholders in Los Angeles identified DOT as the
most logical choice for a Parklet program (pilot and permanent), due to the
precedent set with DOT’s adoption of the Sunset Triangle Plaza. A majority of
stakeholders from all cities agreed that review processes for both the Parklet and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 129
Pedestrian Plaza typologies should be consolidated within a single Department; or a
collaborative of departments with one as the lead.
This thesis contends that strong leadership of a single city agency is
absolutely requisite to the process of Heuristic Urbanism; facilitating the
advancement of radical ideas to pilot projects, and the successful development of
those projects into viable city programs. The thesis documented how such
leadership brought about institutionalization of programs in San Francisco, Long
Beach, and Oakland. Los Angeles progresses somewhat more slowly due to the
absence at this time of a single agency lead; despite an abundance of dedicated
individual champions and the consolidation of proposed Parklet sites within a single
Council District in summer 2012.
Internal vs. External Generation
The emergence of the Parklet idea – and implementation of the typology –
typically followed one of two patterns in the case cities. In San Francisco and Long
Beach, the ideas were nurtured primarily by city staff and introduced to the public
at large with a fairly organized program devised by city government. However in
Oakland and Los Angeles, the Parklet typology percolated upward into government
from grassroots and community efforts; which then compelled city staff to respond
with program development.
The relative distinctiveness of these two patterns may bear on the efficiency
and speed with which cities were able to implement programs. Its clear that the
Abad Ocubillo 2012 130
successful formation of a pilot program hinges upon leadership by a single agency
within the city; and that ongoing, permanent programs require a ‘home’ agency to
coordinate between government divisions, community groups, applicants, and other
stakeholders. In the cases of San Francisco and Long Beach – each characterized by
strong leadership by a single department – the Parklet went from idea to pilot
implementation in a little over a year. In Oakland and Los Angeles, the process from
community agitation to city adoption may take between a year and a half to two
years; possibly longer.
Above and Beyond
The advocacy and internal leadership of city staffers is also another
necessary element in the process of Heuristic Urbanism. Stakeholder interviews
consistently cited one or two such leaders in every city profiled here. These agents
coordinated between departments, set up public fora, and helped broker new
agreements between stakeholders. Pilot Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza initiatives are
typically managed without city Program budgets, further underscoring the deep of
commitment and leadership exhibited by city staffers who often assume these new
responsibilities in addition to their existing workload.113 This was emphasized by
interviews in San Francisco, Oakland and Los Angeles.
Fee structures for permit processing do not offset the cost of staff time
required to review applications. In Los Angeles, some interviewees suggested that
in addition to capital costs, applicants for Pedestrian Plazas should fund city staff
Abad Ocubillo 2012 131
time associated with that particular project.114 Irrespective of how city staff are
compensated in ongoing, institutionalized city programs, its clear that the process of
Heuristic Urbanism entails not only the championship but extraordinary
commitment of time from individuals in government; especially during pilot and
demonstration phases.
This thesis also observed how championship for Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas does emerge from other quarters of the government besides that of city staff.
In some cases, a kind of executive mandate galvanized stakeholders into action.
This was the case with San Francisco Mayor Newsom115 and the Pavement to Parks
Program; or Los Angles DOT Director de la Vega and the Sunset Triangle Plaza
demonstration. Los Angeles Planning Commissioner Roschen was widely cited as
the personality leading the Sunset Triangle Plaza effort, connecting resources and
decision-‐makers around the project. Interviews in Los Angeles universally
acknowledged the necessary advocacy of Los Angeles City Councilmembers and
their staff in advancing projects Silverlake, Highland Park, El Sereno and downtown.
Leadership on the part of individual government agents – working in tandem with
their corollary champions in the general public – creates a ‘bottom-‐up meets top-‐
down dynamic’ that animates Heuristic Urbanism.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 132
3.2 – Pre-Existing Conditions and Emerging Criteria for Viability
Whereas the previous Section explored Heuristic Urbanism using the City as
the unit of investigation, this Chapter focuses the scale of analysis to the site and
neighborhood. The interviews reveal a common set of conditions at the local scale
that tend to anticipate Parklet and Pedestrian Plazas. In some cases the conditions
appear universally across all cases and can be considered requisite for the
successful implementation of project proposals.
At times the popular discussion around Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas refers
to them as agents which activate neighborhoods; whereas this thesis actually
contends that conditions of public life and liveliness, commercial success, and
revitalization in fact anticipate proposals for the projects.116 Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas are seen to enhance what already exists, rather than introduce wholly new
elements. The narrative here begins to define criteria for the viability of Parklet and
Pedestrian Plaza proposals, ranging from physical prerequisites such as the size and
configuration of pedestrian facilities to social factors such as community networks
and fiscal potency.
A successful project is here defined as one which is not only implemented,
but is used by the community as intended. A successful project is also sustainable
over the long-‐term; the continual beneficiary of local investment and stewardship.
Anna Maroni described “physical public space” as “hardware” which is only as useful
Abad Ocubillo 2012 133
as its software – the people and programs which animate it.117 In this Chapter, we
consider the second research question:
1. Do the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza typologies emerge from specific
spatial and social conditions? What circumstances engender projects
and their viability?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 134
3.2.1 – Spatial and Physical Conditions
The prevailing rhetoric justifying the creation of Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas centers largely on correcting a pervasive spatial imbalance between
pedestrian and automobile uses in the public right-‐of-‐way. Historical overviews
have documented how over the last century, street functions rapidly transitioned
from prioritizing pedestrian circulation to that of the automobile (Barthold 1993;
Ehrenfeucht & Loukaitou-‐Sideris 2010). Others have observed how our legacy of
modern Euclidean zoning, planning regulations, and the dominance of traffic
engineering in structuring the urban environment produced a street network which
treats its pedestrian function as secondary to that of the car (Appleyard, 1981;
Garde 1999).
As our principal open space network, streets form the single largest
opportunity for reinventing urban life – as experienced in public space – through
physical, design-‐based interventions. In Rediscovering the City, William Whyte
enjoins cities to
take a closer look at what they already have. Most of them are sitting on a huge reservoir of space yet untapped by imagination. …In their inefficiently used rights-‐of-‐way, their vast acreage of parking lots, there is more than enough space for broad walkways and small parks and pedestrian places – and at premium locations, at ground level. (2009/1988, p75)
Heuristic Urbanism observes how Whyte’s call to action becomes institutionalized
within city planning processes and policies. The New York City Plaza, San Francisco
Pavement to Parks, and Oakland Parklet Programs all refer explicitly to repurposing
Abad Ocubillo 2012 135
of the ROW. In its Background Statement for the Pavement to Parks Program, the
San Francisco Planning Department declares:
San Francisco ’s streets and public rights-‐of-‐way make up fully 25% of the city’s land area, more space even than is found in all of the city’s parks. Many of our streets are excessively wide and contain large zones of wasted space, especially at intersections. San Francisco’s new “Pavement to Parks” projects seek to temporarily reclaim these unused swathes and quickly and inexpensively turn them into new public plazas and parks. (San Francisco Planning Department 2010)
All the interviews referred to common spatial and physical conditions – at both the
city and site scale – which justify the necessity for Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas.
These factors relate to the proportion of roadway to sidewalk; the presence or lack
of pedestrian amenities; environmental factors such as urban vegetation; and
remnants of historic urban fabric.
Excess and Irregularity
Most interviews expressed the perception that in general streets in their
cities, and in the vicinity of their proposed project site, are ‘unnecessarily,’
‘needlessly,’ or ‘excessively’ wide.118 Many interviewees correlated wider streets
with faster traffic119 while at the same time expressing a belief that Parklets could
act as traffic calming devices that change driver behavior and speed.120 Nonetheless,
streets with speed limits over 25 mph are generally considered unsuitable for
Parklet installations.
Besides creating excess roadway, irregular intersections tend to present
human safety issues. Motorist and pedestrian behavior is often unpredictable and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 136
difficult to regulate at street intersections of varying geometry (NYC DOT 2010).
Pedestrian safety did figure into the creation of Pedestrian Plazas in New York, San
Francisco, and Los Angeles. As presented earlier in Sections 2.1.3 and 3.1.1, robust
impact studies of interventions in New York City verified reduced pedestrian-‐
motorist injuries (NYC DOT 2010, 2011). At Sunset Triangle Plaza in Los Angeles,
stakeholders attested to the mitigating effects of the road closure on dangerous
motorist behavior. Before Plaza installation there, Griffith Park Blvd. provided a
direct route into the neighborhood which encouraged speeding, while a blind corner
at its intersection with Maltman Avenue caused a number of vehicle-‐pedestrian
accidents. Thus the simplification of irregular intersections – by using street
closures to eliminate redundant paths of vehicle travel – renders the multiple
benefits of creating expanded pedestrian spaces, reducing traffic speeds and traffic-‐
related injuries.
Constrained Pedestrian Right-of-Ways
A poor pedestrian facilities or a lack of amenities formed the principal
concern for many Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza stakeholders, especially merchants
and neighborhood groups. For example in majority of cases, stakeholders referred
to sidewalks being too narrow to accommodate existing levels of pedestrian activity
at their sites.121 This was the case in middle Valencia Street and at Powell Street in
San Francisco; on 4th Street in Long Beach; at 40th Street and on Lakeshore Avenue
in Oakland. Interviewees often described streetside conditions as congested not
Abad Ocubillo 2012 137
only by high volumes of pedestrian traffic, but bicycle racks, newspaper stands and
other fixtures on the sidewalk.122 Cities recognized these constrained conditions
which furnished much of the justification for experimenting with curbside Parklets.
In the case of upper Valencia Street (between 15th and 19th Streets) in San
Francisco, the city actually widened the sidewalk to accommodate high pedestrian
volumes generated by the local shopping district and Bay Area Rapid Transit
(BART) station. In some situations, areas with amply proportioned sidewalks were
discounted by government stakeholders as viable locations for Parklet installations.
This was the case in the Naples neighborhood in Long Beach, which was considered
by city staffers during early scoping but later discounted due to the 12-‐foot
sidewalks.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 138
Figure 34: Four Barrel Coffee Parklet, 375 Valencia Street, San Francisco. Valencia Street was recently subject to a 'road diet' that introduced bicycle lanes and conversion of the parking lane between 15th and 19th streets with permanent sidewalk extensions. The rest of Valencia’s length features the highest concentration of Parklets on a single street anywhere in the world. (Design: Seth Boor, Boor Bridges Architecture)
Lack of Seating Opportunities
The next most pervasive factor cited by stakeholders was an acute lack of
seating opportunities at or near project sites.123 At times this shortage forces
pedestrians to improvise seating in uncomfortable and potentially dangerous ways.
For example on Lakeshore Avenue in Oakland – a busy shopping district– patrons
are accustomed to sitting literally on the curb; sandwiched between the congested
pedestrian thoroughfare and parked cars.124 The Greater Lakeshore Retail
Association Group produced a study in 2008 which documented how seating and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 139
pedestrian facilities in the district did not support current or projected levels of use.
Demonstrating a scarcity of safe seating options is perhaps the single most
important and reliable factor for helping Parklet organizers garner project support
and approval from local stakeholders and governments. This thesis notes how
pedestrian advocates, in justifying a range of interventions in the ROW (not just
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas but also their antecedents), refer often to the
deficiency or complete absence of seating facilities where they are most needed. In
selecting sites for 2011 PARK(ing) DAY installations, Walk Oakland Bike Oakland
(WOBO) deliberately targeted areas where they observed seating was most
needed.125 As presented previously in Section 2.3.3, a survey of transit riders in Los
Angeles substantiated the installation of ‘Outdoor Living Rooms’ at transit stops
throughout central Los Angeles.
Greening the Gray
Augmenting human comfort and amenity emerged as a significant driver for
the creation of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas. Besides expanded walkways and
seating facilities, nearly every interview described the projects as opportunities for
introducing vegetation and trees to environments that typically lacked such
features.126 This attitude concurs with the genealogy of Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas presented in Section 2.3, which traces the typologies’ genesis to precedents
that employed the material vocabulary of parks and countryside. Indeed every
Parket and Pedestrian Plaza studied here incorporates plants and trees as an
Abad Ocubillo 2012 140
integral design component, at times with great virtuosity and inventiveness. The
Parklet at Four Barrel Coffee on Valencia Street in San Francisco incorporates a
trellis and canopy for climbing vines (Figure 34), while the Deepistan National
Parklet further south features a topiary dinosaur (Figure 20).
Abad Ocubillo 2012 141
3.2.2 – Social Prerequisites
Anna Meroni referred to “physical public space” as “hardware” made useful
only through the ‘software’ of human activity, inhabitation and use. This thesis
documents a number site-‐scale social factors that precede the inception and
implementation of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas. Stakeholders routinely referred
to a suite of conditions related to commercial activity and pedestrian traffic; social
networks; political and financial backing; and supportive public policy. This thesis
contends that these pre-‐existing social conditions – universally present in all cases
examined by this study – as absolutely requisite for both implementation and long-‐
term viability of projects.
Bases of Captive Pedestrians and Commerce
“…visitors did not create the foundations of diversity in areas like these, nor in the many pockets of diversity and economic efficiency scattered here and there, sometimes most unexpectedly, in big cities. The visitors sniff out where something vigorous exists already, and come to share it, thereby further supporting it.” -‐ The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs 1961, p149
All Parklets and Pedestrian Plaza projects rely upon local foot traffic,127128 an
assumption confirmed by all stakeholder interviews. This emerged as the principal
factor for evaluating appropriate neighborhoods and sites. Though not codified as
an official criterion in Parklet RRPs or permit documents, the instinct for a steady,
‘captive ‘pedestrian base affected how project sites were targeted. For example
when editing a shortlist of neighborhoods for Parklet pilot projects in Long Beach,
Abad Ocubillo 2012 142
city staff opted for “Retro Row” on 4th Street over the Naples neighborhood as the
former exhibited higher volumes and variation of pedestrian activity. 129
Stakeholders attribute high levels of foot traffic to various factors; notably
local commercial activity or recurrent temporary programs such as festivals and
markets. The great majority of projects examined by this thesis are sited on local
shopping streets embedded in neighborhoods of relative commercial and residential
density, creating a suite of nested social structures referenced by stakeholder
interviews as ideal for project success.130 Valencia Street and Columbus Avenue in
San Francisco, 4th Street in Long Beach, and ‘Sunset Junction’ in Los Angeles are
excellent examples.
Often, interviewees correlated projects with extant processes of
neighborhood revival; for example in formerly blighted shopping districts reviving
an historic character of bustling commercial activity. Stakeholders described the
recent resurgence of ‘Retro Row’ and East Village in Long Beach;131 ‘The Lakeshore’
and downtown in Oakland; 132, 133, 134, 135 Highland Park and Spring Street in
downtown Los Angeles. 136, 137 Interviews described how new energy and
investment targeting those districts naturally drew the interest of Parklet and
Pedestrian Plaza organizers; engendered local receptivity to project proposals; and
helped establish local sources of funding and stewardship for projects. Section 4.2.2
discusses how in turn, Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas elevate the profile of
neighborhoods, drawing even more patrons which fuel local revival.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 143
Stakeholders also linked other soft factors to a robust pedestrian presence
that in turn, support the placement and use of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas.
Events, festivals, and markets – by temporarily transforming sites with their
programme – often anticipated projects in neighborhoods. Interviews referred
specifically to the Farmer’s Markets at Sunset Triangle in Los Angeles and in the
Lakeshore district of Oakland.138 Stakeholders in Oakland also cited the summer
events staged by Manifesto bicycle shop and Subrosa Café on 40th Street; 139 and the
‘Art Murmur’ events in downtown.140
Social and Political Capital
This thesis identified how robust social networks undergird the creation of
projects and programs associated with Heuristic Urbanism. The networks
encompass government and community agents, designers and planners, elected
officials and everyday citizens. Almost every single project profiled by this thesis is
preceded with vigorous local community outreach and planning efforts, even before
the inception of a Parklet or Pedestrian Plaza in those neighborhoods. At times,
those local fora produced proposals for interventions resembling Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas many years before, evidencing the appropriateness of projects in
the local social context.
For example, community organizations in San Francisco – such as the
Castro/Upper Market CBD, Noe Valley Association, and Outer Mission Merchants
and Residents Association – had for many years explored the potential for street
Abad Ocubillo 2012 144
closures in their neighborhoods. These local planning efforts were eventually
leveraged by the Pavement to Parks Program in pilot Parklets and Plaza
demonstrations in the Castro, along 24th Street, and at Naples Green. Similarly, the
4th Street Business Association in Long Beach had for years explored possibilities for
public realm improvements in their district.141 In most cases, these BIDS, CBDs, and
Associations became natural stewards for Pedestrian Plaza interventions, entering
formal agreements to manage, maintain, and program the newly created spaces.
The culture in Los Angeles of strongly self-‐identified communities was
presented in Section 3.1.5; and every case of Heuristic Urbanism there emerged from
pre-‐existing local community organizing. Sunset Triangle had been subject to
planning in the early 2000s through Community Development Block Grant funding.
142 Community Vision Planning in Highland Park and El Sereno – spearheaded by the
Council District but heavily engaging local neighborhood Councils – rendered ‘Street
Porch’ and ‘Street Plaza’ proposals in those neighborhoods. 143 The Downtown Los
Angeles Neighborhood Council’s Complete Streets Working Group had partnered
with the LACBC and DOT to bring bicycle infrastructure downtown; 144 introducing
Parklets more recently.
In cases where Parklets emerged as initiatives of individual business owners
and/or intrepid design professionals instead of larger community planning efforts,
public outreach and education still played a critical role. This is due in most part to
the provisions of Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza permitting procedure, which in San
Francisco, Long Beach and Oakland (patterned on New York City) require
Abad Ocubillo 2012 145
demonstration of local support from merchants, residents, and/or other groups.
Lack of demonstrated support leads to rejection by city regulators. Or, in some
cases in San Francisco where Parklets were approved by the city, subsequent
community opposition expressed during the public hearing period belayed
construction altogether. For those cases, city staffers in San Francisco concluded
that pre-‐application public engagement had been minimal. 145 Thus, local outreach
and support forms a critical factor to successful project implementation and use.
This thesis documented the natural tendency of many Parklet organizers to
themselves be active stakeholders in their communities, lending a additional layer
of social and political integrity to their projects. Interviews often cited particular
individuals whose advocacy in other areas besides Parklets or Plazas exemplified
their roles as community champions. Amandeep Jawa – who sponsors a Parklet in
front of his residence in San Francisco (Figure 20) – is an avid bicycle activist and
had been involved with sidewalk widenings on Upper Valencia street. Before
designing Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas, Jane Martin led an effort to create San
Francisco’s Sidewalk Landscaping Permit (Section 2.4.1). Sal Bednarz of Actual Café
in Oakland pioneered discussions with city staff and transit authorities;
coordinating first semi-‐permanent Parklet – billed as an extended PARK(ing) DAY
installation – at a decommissioned bus stop, in advance of a sanctioned city pilot
program. Valerie Watson leveraged a considerable network of engaged
stakeholders already working around complete streets projects in downtown Los
Angeles.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 146
The backing of political figures or high-‐ranking city managers also bears
upon the successful implementation of projects. In some cases, a strong executive
mandate created a progressive operating environment. This was the case with San
Francisco Mayor Newsom146 and Oakland CEDA Deputy Director Angstadt. In Los
Angeles, Councilmembers Huizar and Perry introduced the first Council Motion
addressing pilot Parklets, while Huizar continues to advocate for the projects now
consolidated within his newly redrawn District. Sunset Triangle Plaza in Los
Angeles is associated with the backing of Planning Commissioner Roschen, Planning
Director Lo Grande, and Department of Transportation General Manager Jaime de la
Vega. In Long Beach, the approval of City Council is required for the execution of the
permit associated with Parklets.
Finally, the involvement of nonprofit advocates comprises an invaluable
element of the social-‐political network associated with Heuristic Urbanism. The
Great Streets program of the San Francisco Bicycle Coalition produced the first
Parklet impact studies on the west coast, establishing a critical foundation for
ongoing monitoring and analysis of the new typology in San Francisco and
elsewhere. Walk Oakland Bike Oakland (WOBO) sponsored a number of PARK(ing)
DAY installations in 2011, and also collaborate with the city to execute impact
studies of Parklet projects in Oakland. WOBO identified the Parklet campaign as
their ‘top priority’ for 2012,147 committing to provide technical assistance to
applicants, engage in community outreach and education, and lobby for new
municipal code for Parklets. Along with WOBO in Oakland, Bicycle Coalitions in San
Abad Ocubillo 2012 147
Francisco and the County of Los Angeles are strongly associated with the successful
advancement of Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza experiments.
Generosity of Design Professionals
This thesis discovered that leadership and involvement of designers is a
defining element of Heuristic Urbanism. Architects, landscape architects, urban
designers and horticulturalists contributed much more than just designs to Parklet
and Pedestrian Plaza projects. The literature review and findings revealed how the
same designers were already involved as agitators and advocates in other arenas of
urban design – from guerilla gardening and sidewalk landscaping to bicycle activism
and car parking-‐occupying.
Notably, a great majority of Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza designers worked
pro-‐bono on the cases studied here. This emphasizes that Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas are first and foremost products not only of design, but of love and a certain
pronounced altruism. During the pilot program stages in San Francisco, Oakland,
and Los Angeles, design professionals worked for free. In San Francisco, a number
of designers contributed work to more than one project at a time, advancing the
movement through their generosity of time and spirit.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 148
Figure 35: A network of design and planning professionals involved with Heuristic Urbanism of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas in San Francisco. (Abad Ocubillo
2012). Often, individuals contribute to multiple projects. The projects shown here are those targeted in this thesis – every designer shown was interviewed. The
actual network in San Francisco is much larger, involving many more designers and fabricators; individuals, organizations, business operators and other
stakeholders. This network also interacts with those in New York, Long Beach, Oakland, and Los Angeles; m
ainly through communications between Pavement
to Parks staff with their corollaries in other city governments, but also through the involvement of designers in multiple places. For instance, Riyad Ghannam
(rg-Architecture) designed and constructed projects in both San Francisco and New York. The international influence of REBAR group – especially with
PARK(ing) DAY – was presented in Section 2.3.2.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 149
Designers of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas exemplify the “Prosumer” figure
presented in Section 2.2. Thus far, those involved the early stages of Heuristic
Urbanism have all advanced the movement without making their living from doing
so; and this thesis contends that their donation of time and expertise is a recurring
feature of pilot projects and programs in cities.
Financial Capital
In an era of waning budgets, cities increasingly rely upon public-‐private
partnerships in order to implement projects. Therefore Parklets rely upon the ready
availability of private financial resources for implementation and stewardship;
while Pedestrian Plazas also rely on private management. Given the necessity of
local foot traffic and therefore adjacent commercial programs, Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas routinely appear in neighborhoods of economic significance and
stability. As discussed earlier, these districts are often supported by BIDs and CBDs
who – if not outright initiators of Parklets and Plaza projects – become the
managers, maintenance partners, and programmers of the spaces. In the cases of
Parklets, a private sponsor underwrites capital costs as well as assumes
maintenance responsibilities. These public-‐private arrangements have profound
implications for issues of access and equity, discussed in Sections 4.2.3 and 4.24.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 150
Policy Frameworks
A progressive policy framework establishes social-‐political contexts
amenable to the Heuristic Urbanism of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas. For example
San Francisco has declared itself a ‘transit-‐first city,’ undertaking infrastructure
projects which encourage pedestrian, bicycle and transit mobility. Similarly, Long
Beach adopted an aggressive bicycle plan, the aims of which intersect with those of
the Parklet experiments there. In downtown Los Angeles a suite of recent policies
set the stage for the emergence of a Parklet initiative there.148 First, the Adaptive
Reuse Ordinance (1999) introduced a new residential community to downtown,
which then spurred the development of local-‐serving businesses there. Secondly, a
number of related efforts emerging from the Urban Design Studio of the Los Angeles
City Planning Department explicitly address the streetscape; most notably the
reclassification of downtown streets with the Downtown Street Standards (2009)
and the corresponding Downtown Design Guide (2009). Other documents include
the Walkability Checklist (2006), Urban Design Principles (2008), Bicycle Plan and
Bicycle Plan Technical Design Handbook (adopted as components of the General Plan
in 2011).
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 152
4.1 – Radical, Incremental, Catalytic
The literature review (Chapter 2 ) established a prevalent appreciation for
temporary tactics within contemporary urban design, planning and practice. The
interviews likewise confirm how ephemeral, temporary, and provisional projects
are perceived as instrumental for achieving larger-‐scale, longer-‐term change. A vast
majority of interviews referred to Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas as on the one hand
having their own merits unto themselves, but on the other hand as provisional
measures leading towards more permanent transformation; at both the site and city
scale.
Parklets were universally cited as a catalyzing agent, 149 encouraging the
production of even more Parklets which in turn galvanize other types of local
change. A number of stakeholders clearly linked Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas with
the future possible permanent closure of streets to automobile traffic; citing
precedents in Denmark, New York, and elsewhere. The small acts of reclamation
enacted by Parklets were understood as incremental means towards more sweeping
changes;150 practicing a form of Incremental Urbanism first posited by Charles
Lindblom (1959) so many years ago.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 153
Figure 36: Concentric Circles of Catalysis, Illustrated with PARK(ing) Day as the root action. This model is synthesized from stakeholder interviews, which in different ways described this progression of transformative action/events
Stakeholders also observed that as privately funded public infrastructure
projects, Parklets demonstrate immediate and tangible transformation;151 while at
the same time concluding that they should lead to more investment of public
resources towards the improvement of the public realm.152 Specifically,
Stakeholders in San Francisco described the potential for corridors of Parklets to
result in permanent sidewalk widening, like that implemented on Valencia Street
between 15th and 19th Streets.153
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas are perceived as change agents not only for
physical public space, but for social and cultural spaces as well. Chapter 3 described
Abad Ocubillo 2012 154
how demonstration projects can effect shifts in the cultures of city agencies and
governments. A majority of stakeholders described how the Heuristic Urbanism of
Parklets and Plazas effect a shift in the public’s perception of how public space
should and can be used. Thus the sidewalk becomes the venue for transforming and
enlarging physical, social, and cultural public spaces through urban design
interventions on ephemeral, temporary, provisional and permanent bases.
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 156
Plazas came up as an issue in only a small minority of cases. A number of
possible factors might account for this. First (as noted in Chapter 3), Parklet
and Pedestrian Plaza projects are often preceded by significant outreach that
crystallizes support at the local level. Second, permitting processes for
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas (where existing) entail two measures that,
when not satisfied, tend to disqualify project eligibility: proof of support
(usually in the form of a letter) by neighboring merchants and residents; and
a period of public comment for addressing outstanding community concerns.
Third, the realignment of city policies – and public attitudes – towards more
balance between modalities (presented in Section 3.2.2) creates an operating
environment which favors the creation of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas.154 This
thesis documented how an executive (mayoral) mandate in the cities of New York
and San Francisco provided an aegis for both experimentation and the de-‐emphasis
of factors related to the private automobile.
Lastly, all the stakeholders interviewed are involved with the creation of
Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas and, as a group, regard the repurposing of car
parking as a necessary consequence of project implementation. In many interviews,
especially those with sponsoring businesses, car parking was perceived as
negatively impacting businesses. For example at Manifesto bicycle shop and
Subrosa Café on 40th Street in Oakland – one block away from a regional BART train
station – onstreet parking is both free and without time limit. Often, curbside
parking spaces fronting the two businesses are occupied all day by the cars of BART
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 158
overused areas while increasing use of underutilized areas of the city. In November
2011, NYC DOT Commissioner Janette Sadik-‐Khan announced plans to establish a
similar system in New York.
4.2.2 – Identity and Economic Incentive
The literature review (Section 2.4) and subsequent findings (Sections 3.1.6
and 3.2.2) outlined how Heuristic Urbanism fortifies local social capital by focusing
community organizing, action and interaction around a common objective. The vast
majority of interviews indicate that first and foremost, Parklets and Pedestrian
Plazas come to symbolize community effort and pride.157 Additionally, the projects
– products of tightly interwoven networks of local residents, business, and
designers – represent those stakeholders’ economic hopes and desires.
A majority of stakeholders held the perception or assumption that Parklets
and Pedestrian Plazas result in economic development, at the site, neighborhood, or
even civic level. The literature does confirm that some types of pedestrian
improvement programs can yield economic benefits in discrete districts as a
function of increased foot traffic. The few studies in New York and San Francisco
targeting Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas do indicate a slight increase volume for the
sponsoring and/or adjacent businesses (see Section 2.5.3). However these studies
were undertaken within months of Parklet installation, suggesting that longitudinal
studies could confirm the expected increase in business performance.158
Stakeholders at the government level identified how Parklet and Pedestrian
Plaza projects tend to elevate the profile of their cities, reinforcing civic image
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 160
Figure 37: Noe Valley Parklets (Abad Ocubillo 2011). This pair of Parklets is sponsored by the Noe Valley Association. They were designed and installed together as part of the Association’s ongoing streetscape improvement initiative. (Designer: Riyad Ghannam, rg-architecture)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 161
Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza projects act not only as a district landmarks, but
as a marker for sponsoring business(es) as well. Though the Parklet culture
originating in San Francisco strongly discourages the application of graphic
branding (logos) onto Parklets, their adjacency to the business is enough to indicate
sponsorship. The uniqueness of Parklet designs reflect their respective host
businesses,166 resulting in a diverse collection of installations comprised of a wide
range of design expression (a discussion of sub-‐typologies is presented later, in
Section 4.2.5). A number of stakeholders expected their Parklet to make the
sponsoring business “more visible” to passersby on all modes of transportation.167
4.2.3 – Shifting Motivations
As the Parklet typology gains increasing notoriety and popularity, its
significance expanded beyond the core objective of improving and augmenting
pedestrian amenity and ambience. The ‘generous urbanism’ with which Blaine
Merker characterized the founding ethos of Parklet experiments seems to some
extent challenged or even endangered by the spectre of gentrification and
privatization associated with some cases.168 As Merker presaged in his essay Taking
Place: Rebar’s Absurd Tactics in Generous Urbanism:
There is always the danger among the more successful forms of generous situations that they will absorbed by the dominant cultural milieu and, once absorbed, their critical dimension diminished as they join familiar, acceptable, and potentially commercial categories of festival and spectacle. (2012, p.51)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 162
In certain instances, private commercial interests seem to override free public
access to Parklet installations. These interests can manifest in the design and
material execution of Parklets. In one case city, sanctioned privatization sits at the
heart of the Parklet permitting process.
As the Parklet program evolved in San Francisco, planners recognized that
public-‐private partnership was essential for the execution of individual projects and
the success of the Program as a whole.169 The first pilot Parklets were executed by
businesses and organizations who shared a collective priority with the Planning
Department to improve the public realm.170 In later permitting cycles, city staff (?)
attested to the diversifying motivations of applicants; some of whose intentions
clearly tied more closely with commercial gain for their businesses.171
The first San Francisco Parklet permit emphasized an all-‐public access policy
that also restricted how hosts incorporate their Parklet into business operations.
For example, while hosts assume responsibility for cleaning, maintenance, and daily
stewardship of movable furniture on the Parklet; they are not legally permitted to
bar access to the amenity. In the case of cafés and food service establishments –
which comprise a majority of Parklet hosts – policies in San Francisco adhere to a
strict ethic. The Parklet permit does not extend the right to provide table service
within the Parklet; table service is permissible only on the sidewalk immediately
adjacent to the storefront, and only when the business already holds a pre-‐existing
permit for sidewalk dining. Through the experience of several successive annual
Abad Ocubillo 2012 163
cycles of Parklet permits, these basic rules would become even more specific in
response to certain cases that challenged the spirit of the Program.
The Parklet at the ‘Squat & Gobble Café’ on 16th and Market Streets in San
Francisco is the premiere example of how a private sponsor’s choices challenge both
city policy and local neighborhood support, prompting the city to revise its
permitting standards for future applicants. At the Squat & Gobble, the Parklet
furnishings exactly match those of the Café’s sidewalk dining area. This confused
both the general public and café patrons as to the subtle operational distinctions
between the Parklet, sidewalk dining area, and the restaurant (Nevius 2011).
Despite the standard city signage posted at the Parklet and additional signage
posted by the Squat & Gobble (Figure 39), the overall impression of that site can still
mislead patrons and passersby as to the functional and philosophical status of the
Parklet installation.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 164
Figure 38: Parklet signage at Absinthe restaurant, 384 Hayes Street, San
Francisco. The language in this sign differs subtly from that in Figure 39.
Figure 39: Parklet signage at the 'Squat & Gobble Café,’ 3600 16th Street, San
Francisco (Abad Ocubillo 2011). Interpreted with this sign, the intentions of the
Parklet sponsor here contrast sharply with others’.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 165
In response, the City decided to permanently update the language for future
RFPs and permits to help ally confusion about the purpose of Parklets. The 2011
RFP was the first to address this issue by specifying that moveable furniture at
Parklets be distinctly different than those used by the host business.
Figure 40: Standard Cafe Furniture, 1755 Polk Street, San Francisco (Abad Ocubillo 2012). The same folding tables and chairs, manufactured by Fermob, are used in New York City Plazas and the Sunset Triangle Plaza in Los Angeles. These models are recommended by San Francisco for use in Parklets and Plazas. Using the same movable furniture in all Parklets and Plazas also helps to unify disparate sites under the same city program. (Parklet Designer: Riyad Ghannam, rg-architecture. Bicycle Corral installed by SFMTA).
Other tactics employed by the Squat & Gobble disrupted the community’s
initial support of their Parklet installation. Besides using identical outdoor
furnishings, the café operators deployed matching potted plants and lights strung
Abad Ocubillo 2012 166
over the Parklet and sidewalk, further enhancing the impression of a private
extension of their restaurant. This conflicts with local community expectations
about the provision of truly publicly accessible open space, as well as prevailing
attitudes about the aesthetic character of the neighborhood. During the writing of
this thesis, San Francisco Pavement to Parks staff were engaged in ongoing
conversations with the Squat & Gobble operators to address conflicts with
neighbors.
Iterative changes to the San Francisco Parklet permit illustrate a process of
Heuristic Urbanism whereby public policy adapts to protect the foundational ethos
of an urban design idea; namely unmitigated public access to an enhanced public
realm. Thus the Parklet program in San Francisco remains alert to the spirit of the
first, radical PARK(ing) installation staged by REBAR group which reclaimed public
space from privatized (car parking) use.
In the City of Long Beach, the adaptation of an existing permit to
accommodate Parklets creates a wholly different functional arrangement than that
of San Francisco and Oakland. As described in Section 3.1.3, Parklets in Long Beach
are approved through the ‘Public Walkways Occupancy Permit (PWOP),’ a tool
already used to sanction sidewalk dining. The PWOP essentially grants the right to
provide table service on the sidewalk; thus extending that right out into the Parklet
as well.172
Abad Ocubillo 2012 167
Figure 41: Parklet at Lola's Mexican Cuisine, 4th Street, in Long Beach. Lola's is the first Parklet in Southern California and provides table service within the Parklet. (Designer: Michael Bohn, Studio 111).
The use of a PWOP to approve Parklet installations in Long Beach essentially
creates an expanded private encroachment into the public realm; sandwiching the
pedestrian right-‐of-‐way with private commercial operations at both the building
line and in the curbside parking lane. While the installations themselves provide
some benefits (see Section 2.5) to the streetscape, in reality the Parklet situation in
Long Beach does not augment publicly accessible open space. Here, sponsors retain
vested authority, through their city-‐issued permit, not only to refuse service but to
bar access to their Parklet.173 This sits in direct opposition to the functional and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 168
philosophical origins of the Parklet prototyped in San Francisco which (as discussed
in Section 2.3) emanated from a then-‐radical set of actions and there prioritizes
truly full public access. Oakland also remains committed to a policy of open access
to Parklets, articulated in their draft RFP and permit materials.174 The Oakland
Planning Department is also developing Parklet signage inspired by those in San
Francisco.175
Figure 42: Parklet access should not be restricted or regulated by private entities. The full spectrum of urban inhabitants have a right to public open space; for example this transient citizen at Powell Street Promenade in the early morning (Abad Ocubillo 2012).
The condition of Long Beach Parklets replicates forms of privatization
decried by Davis (1990/2006), Ehrenfeucht & Loukaitou-‐Sideris (2010), Kohn
(2004), and Mitchell (1995); while realizing Merker’s prediction that ‘generous
situations’ become co-‐opted and commodified into ‘commercial categories’ of policy
Abad Ocubillo 2012 169
and action (Merker 2010). As more and more cities across the country experiment
with and adopt Parklet programs, the typology’s original cast may morph into a
wholly different set of meanings, potentialities, and functions within the larger
discourse of urban public space. The Parklet may come to signify less for
enhancement of the accessible pedestrian realm and more for economic boosterism
and privatization. This thrust would concur readily with opinions that Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas are a function and/or facilitators of gentrification.
4.2.4 – Public-Private Partnership, Classism, and Inequity
The literature review outlined both the necessity for and problems with
public-‐private partnerships. In his essay “Deregulation and Urbanity,” Peter Arlt
(2006) describes how governments which traditionally acted as ‘strategists’ no
longer have the resources to do so; establishing an operating environment which
relies upon the solutions generated from the ‘bottom-‐up.’ Recent structural changes
in California – such as the dissolution of the Community Redevelopment Agency in
2011-‐12 – underscore the imperative for private, non-‐governmental stakeholders to
invest more in public infrastructure. This imperative was described almost
universally by stakeholders in all groups, including those in city governments.
The creation of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas was often – and rightly –
touted by stakeholders as real examples of ‘Participatory Planning.’ Despite near-‐
universal enthusiasm for Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas, the ‘Participatory Planning’
paradigm itself has been duly criticized by Arnstein (1969), Sandercock (1994), and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 170
others for its limitations. The chief indictment of ‘Participatory Planning’ is its
tendency to tokenize the planning process or to exclude certain classes or
populations. This line of criticism usually outlines exclusion in terms of economic
class; for example ESL populations and/or working class groups without the means
or free time to participate in public fora. The same classicism inherent in
‘Participatory Planning’ can also manifest in the geography of Parklets and
Pedestrian Plazas.
The work of Wolch, Wilson & Fehrenbach (2005) on equity mapping in Los
Angeles revealed that despite new innovations in park funding, the distribution of
open space assets remained relatively unchanged from historical patterns. In other
words, investment in parks continued to occur in communities of higher socio-‐
economic status instead of underserved areas. Some stakeholders interviewed for
this thesis believe that a like dynamic effects the distribution of Parklet and
Pedestrian Plazas today. For example, some stakeholders observed how to date,
Parklets tend to occur in neighborhoods of relative affluence. This observation
concurs with the Findings (Section 3.2.2), which indicated the success of Parklets
and Pedestrian Plazas depends on a robust baseline of pedestrian activity which
exists in a complimentary relationship with a diverse and plentiful local merchant
population. Furthermore, as Parklets rely upon private partners for design,
construction, and ongoing maintenance,176 they most often appear in districts of
economic significance and stability; or districts transitioning into increased levels of
commercial activity.177 This has the effect of concentrating public space
Abad Ocubillo 2012 171
improvements in areas already experiencing influx of investment (Wolch et al
2005).
Figure 43: Standard Signage for NYC 'Public Curbside Seating Platforms' or Parklets (Abad Ocubillo 2012). This unobtrusive sign is affixed to Parklets in New York City, for example at this installation at Cafe Local, 144 Sullivan Street.
The rhetoric of Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas emphasizes the creation of
‘public open space’ in highly urbanized parts of the city. While Parklets do augment
the pedestrian-‐accessible realm of the sidewalk, they do so at a highly localized scale
that perhaps reinforces – in physical and spatial terms – current patterns of
inequity. In terms of park funding, Wolch et al. (2005) concluded that in order to
Abad Ocubillo 2012 172
achieve better distribution of open space assets, policy should shift to prioritize
currently underserved areas; and provide technical assistance to applicants from
those neighborhoods. The New York City Plaza program incorporates such a policy
measure by awarding ten extra points to Plaza applications from low-‐ or moderate-‐
income neighborhoods. Their “NYC Plaza Program Application Guidelines” (March
2012) even provides a “Priority Map” (Figure 44) indicating where Plazas are most
in need. This thesis asserts that California cities should adopt a similar framework
for the publicly funded Pedestrian Plazas.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 173
Figure 44: "Priority Map" from the "NYC Plaza Program Application Guidelines," (New York City Department of Transportation, March 2012, p.13). In addition to low- or moderate-income neighborhoods, NYC DOT prioritizes proposals from communities lacking open space.
Some stakeholders do believe that the public-‐private partnership for Parklets
should evolve to include support from public sources, in the form of partial or
Abad Ocubillo 2012 174
matching funds for capital costs; 178 or possibly maintenance. Such arrangements
could help certain neighborhoods develop unrealized economic potential – as the
literature review and findings revealed how Parklets do tend to increase the
confidence of adjacent business operators. This thesis noted how cases in Highland
Park and El Sereno in Los Angeles are funded through public sources (via the
Council District), which entailed higher levels of community engagement, planning
and participatory design than seen in most other Parklet cases. Partial or full public
funding for Parklets would also further democratize not only the process of
implementing them, but possibly their distribution across the cities also. Still other
measures could help to encourage equity in the Parklet permitting process; for
example in Oakland, pilot Parklet RFPs were provided in multiple languages.179
Moving forward, Parklet programs in cities should consider evolving their selection
and funding structures; which would not only encourage greater equity but also
mitigate the associations of gentrification180 and classism which some believe are
overtaking the Parklet movement.
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 176
Francisco) and future 40th Street Parklet (Manifesto Bicycles and Subrosa Coffee,
Oakland) feature integral custom-‐made bike racks. A majority of stakeholders
referred to bicycle planning and infrastructure in interviews; and these ‘bikelets’
emphasize the influence and overlap of bicycle culture with that of the Parklet
movement.
Figure 45: Freewheel Bike Shop Parklet and Bike Corral (Abad Ocubillo 2012). See Figure 40 for another Parklet-Bike Corral pairing on Polk Street in San Francisco. (Parklet Designer: Kanbayashi Designs; Planting Design by Micah Reed of Thrive Landscaping; Bicycle Corral installed by SFMTA)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 177
Figure 46: 40th Street Parklet or ‘bikelet,’ Oakland, CA. (Designers: Andrea Gaffney and Justin Viglianti, Rendering dated May 2012, shown with permission. Sponsors: Manifesto Bicycles and Subrosa Coffee.)
The ‘Artscape’
A children’s art gallery on 22nd Street in San Francisco leveraged the Parklet
format to create an ‘artscape.‘ The concept here is to host different artists to create
new installations on the Parklet on a quarterly basis. The Fabric8 Parklet explores a
whole new dimension of community engagement and interaction by inviting
community artists to shape the installations; and for extending the community-‐
based programming from inside the gallery outside. This Parklet demonstrates how
other types of businesses besides food and coffee service can come forward and
Abad Ocubillo 2012 178
sponsor a meaningful place. Another gallery-‐adjacent Parklet is proposed in
Oakland at the Marquee Lofts building.
Figure 47: Fabric8 Parklet or 'Artscape.’ 3318 22nd Street, San Francisco. (Designer / Artist: Erik Otto).
The Trapezoid
Increasingly, communities become interested in the Parklet concept and
adapt it to unique physical site conditions. For example, proposals for angled
parking situations have been put forth in San Francisco, Oakland, and Los
Angeles.182 These proposals are subject to considerably more revision and
adjustment given their nonconformity to the parallel parking configuration. The
Abad Ocubillo 2012 179
Pavement to Parks officers in San Francisco have acknowledged an intention to
develop guidelines for Parklets in non-‐parallel parking stalls.183
The ‘Collection’
Several groupings of Parklets emerged from the efforts of BIDs, CBDs, and
neighborhood groups, often as part of district brand identity campaigns. The 24th
Street Parklets sponsored by the Noe Valley Association in San Francisco were
discussed in Section 4.2.2. As a ‘collection’ of interventions designed together, these
Parklets can be understood as defining a subset unto themselves. Additionally,
within these ‘collections,’ certain sub-‐typologies emerge that further evolve the
diversity of the Parklet’s form and function.
The Parkmobile
The Yerba Buena CBD, also in San Francisco produced Parkmobiles with its
design partner CMB Landscape Architecture. The Parkmobile emerged as one of the
36 components of the Yerba Buena Street Life Plan developed by CMG for the
District. The Parkmobiles are easily relocated using a trailer truck: “repurposed
dumpsters which include a bench and planting space for distinct gardens ranging
from bird habitats to prehistoric Tasmanian fern landscapes. The six Parkmobiles
will rotate around parking spots throughout the district every 2-‐3 months so that
businesses and institutions can have chances to engage Yerba Buena's street life at
their doorstep” (CMG 2012).
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Abad Ocubillo 2012 180
Figure 48: Parkmobile mobile Parklet (Abad Ocubillo 2012). The repurposed dumpster is modified on the sidewalk side with a long bench. (Designer: CMG Landscape Architecture)
Sponsoring businesses and institutions are able to host the Parkmobiles with
a maintenance agreement with (property owner or business operator??) to do light
cleaning. The YBCBD maintains the plantings through their contract with a vendor
(Gardens Guild). The as with the Powell Street Promenade, Parkmobiles are
permitted through the Pavement to Parks Program.184
Abad Ocubillo 2012 181
The pre-programmed Parklet
In Los Angeles, the Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council took a
research and design approach to developing concepts for three Parklets in the
Historic Core (see Section 3.1.5). They leveraged PARK(ing) Day in 2011 to conduct
on-‐street surveys of local residents to gain an understanding of preferred
programmes for future Parklets in the area. Consequently, the design tem in the
Complete Streets Working Group developed three Parklet “typologies” for
implementation at three separate sites on Spring Street: the “Active,” “Passive,” and
“Communal” Parklets. The “typologies” incorporate different design strategies to
encourage certain uses and situations according to the Parklet theme. The
programs for each “typology” were generated based on observation of the existing
life at each identified location and were crafted to enhance, support or compliment
the lively activity already present.185
For instance, the design team observed that LA Café already has a busy
sidewalk seating area and so surmised that more cafe-‐style seating could be
redundant. They instead proposed instead “active uses” such as a foosball table and
exercise equipment for that Parklet that would to further enliven the storefront and
adjacent residential building entrances. The proposed Parklet location north of LA
Café suffers from a constrained sidewalk condition, due to the presence of utility
boxes and other physical impediments to pedestrian flow. The restaurant and cafe
businesses along that stretch have more limited capacity for sidewalk dining.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 181
The pre-programmed Parklet
In Los Angeles, the Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council took a
research and design approach to developing concepts for three Parklets in the
Historic Core (see Section 3.1.5). They leveraged PARK(ing) Day in 2011 to conduct
on-‐street surveys of local residents to gain an understanding of preferred
programmes for future Parklets in the area. Consequently, the design team in the
Complete Streets Working Group developed three Parklet “typologies” for
implementation at three separate sites on Spring Street: the “Active,” “Passive,” and
“Communal” Parklets. The “typologies” incorporate different design strategies to
encourage certain uses and situations according to the Parklet theme. The
programs for each “typology” were generated based on observation of the existing
life at each identified location and were crafted to enhance, support or compliment
the lively activity already present.185
For instance, the design team observed that LA Café already has a busy
sidewalk seating area and so surmised that more cafe-‐style seating could be
redundant. They instead proposed instead “active uses” such as a foosball table and
exercise equipment for that Parklet that would to further enliven the storefront and
adjacent residential building entrances. The proposed Parklet location north of LA
Café suffers from a constrained sidewalk condition, due to the presence of utility
boxes and other physical impediments to pedestrian flow. The restaurant and cafe
businesses along that stretch have more limited capacity for sidewalk dining.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 182
Additionally, designers observed how residents of all walks of life seem to gather,
socialize, and linger at that location despite narrow sidewalk conditions. Thus, the
Parklet “typology” proposed there focused more on provision of communal seating
and is arranged to encourage group interactions. The “Passive” Parklet was
designed with more opportunities for quietly sitting, people-‐watching, or using
computers and smart phones.
Figure 49: Spring Street Parklet Typologies (Downtown Los Angeles Neighborhood Council, Complete Streets Working Group. Architects: Tony Lopez, Rob Berry, Daveed Kapoor. Graphic layout by Valerie Watson; shown with permission).
Abad Ocubillo 2012 183
The Promenade
On Powell Street in San Francisco, Walter Hood designed a series of 8
platforms which flank the street and are collectively referred to as The Powell Street
Promenade. Organized through the Union Square BID and sponsored by Audi, 186
the Promenade was approved using the same permit as that used for Parklets. This
indicates the flexibility and inventiveness that the San Francisco permit encourages.
To date, Parklet projects are typically sited, designed, and executed as single
interventions, but the Promenade permutation allows us to understand the potential
for integrated series or assemblages.
The Future of Parklet Sub-Typologies
Given the relative newness of the Parklet typology, a great variety of
permutations and adaptations of the concept has yet to evolve. However even a
cursory inventory in the present day reveals the adaptability and flexibility of the
Parklet concept. At present its is most associated with adjacent food service land
uses, however even a cursory inventory of Parklet sponsors reveals an ever-‐
diversifying set of sponsors with equally varied business programs.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 184
Figure 50: The Powell Street Promenade. The sweeping aluminum forms create a signature for Powell Street at Union Square, which experiences some of the highest pedestrian volumes of any two blocks in San Francisco. (Designer: Walter Hood)
Abad Ocubillo 2012 185
4.3 – Epilogue: Recommendations for Further Study
4.3.1 – Long-Term Economic Impacts
To date, Parklets have been subject to only a handful of impact studies;
mostly undertaken within months of Parklet installation. Some measures –
especially those related to economic impacts – revealed little to no change in the
immediate term. However the willingness of so many private entities to invest in
these unique public-‐space improvements indicates an intuition that Parklets can and
will render economic benefits to sponsors. Other studies have attempted to
examine the economic impacts of related streetside infrastructure improvements –
for example bicycle facilities (Drennen 2003). Longitudinal studies of Parklets –
both as individual cases or as a local assemblage of installations – have the potential
to help substantiate prevailing opinions about the economic benefits of the
interventions.
4.3.2 – User Behavior and Perception
This thesis focused on the four stakeholder groups directly involved with
Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza implementation: Government, Private Partners,
Community Partners, and Designers. Users – the fifth and final group – were
excluded as not all project cases were built during the execution of this thesis. Only
cases in San Francisco, and one in Long Beach, had been installed. Cases were
selected to represent all four cities, the range of sponsor types (cafes, bike shops, art
Abad Ocubillo 2012 186
galleries, BIDs, CBDs, etc), and to represent all stages of project design, planning,
and operation.
4.3.3 – Heuristic Urbanism and the Grand Narrative of Parks
Galen Cranz’s Politics of Park Design (1982) established a critical framework
for the social and spatial history of parks in the United States. Later, Cranz and
Boland would advance the narrative with the Ecological Park (2003) and the
Sustainable Park (2004). Others (Byrne & Wolch 2009; Low, Taplin & Scheld 2005)
further explored the social, cultural, and political dimensions of our park legacy.
Byrne and Wolch explore “ethno-‐racial” and “socio-‐ecological” factors of park
production, while Cronon (1996) and others critiqued our culture’s construct of
‘nature.’ This thesis attempted to historicize the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza, thus
establishing a basis for placing them within a larger narrative of the development of
park types in the American context.
The rhetoric of Parklets employs vocabulary and imagery linked with
traditional parks, countryside, and ‘nature.’ This rhetoric was inherited from the
radical performance art installations of Bonnie Ora Sherk (1979, 2012), REBAR
Group (2005-‐present) and others. While at first glance, these isolated interventions
– each with their bits of vegetation – may seem to possess negligible ecological or
environmental value. However their importance to evolving socio-‐cultural values
about ecology and ‘nature’ bears further investigation. For example Mozingo (1997)
and Nassauer (Ed., 1997) observe that ecological parks no longer depend on
Abad Ocubillo 2012 187
picturesque aesthetics to communicate the idea of nature and therefore the
appreciation of it. Hough (1987) contends that our connection to ‘nature’ flows
through a nesting hierarchy of types of experiences, from backyard gardens to
remote nature preserves. The potential for Parklets and even Pedestrian Plazas to
form a link in the urbanite’s connection to, sense of, or appreciation for ‘nature’
warrants serious consideration.
The significance of multiple Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas for
neighborhoods, corridors, or even cities also bears further exploration. For
example, this thesis noted the series or “corridor” of Parklets appearing along
Valencia Street in San Francisco. These independently sponsored Parklets on
Valencia transform – as a function of their proximity and serial distribution – street
life and character exponentially. This suggests the potential for a cluster or series of
Parklet or Pedestrian Plazas to function – and be examined – collectively as a
‘Corridor.’ Valencia Street was already a commercial corridor, a bicycle corridor
(Drennen 2003), a pedestrian corridor, and now – a Parklet Corridor as well.
Section 3.1.5 noted how in Los Angeles, roadway triangles occur in series
where the different urban grids of the city intersect. Other designers and planners
in Los Angeles have recognized the potential of repurposing these strings of largely
vacant and underdeveloped parcels under a single programme, For example,
Hoover Street – along which multiple roadway triangles occur – connects the
significant public open space assets of Exposition Park to the south and La Fayette
Park in the north. The coordinated development of its roadway triangles into
Abad Ocubillo 2012 188
enhanced places would have manifold impacts beyond just the site and
neighborhood scale of its constituent parcels. Hoover Street could become a
Pedestrian Plaza Corridor, and in so becoming, an open space and ecological
corridor as well. Thus the Parklet and Pedestrian Plaza Corridor – as a type
emerging through uncoordinated interventions or as the product of a holistic and
comprehensive open space plan for a street – radically expands the potential of the
Parklet or Pedestrian Plaza typologies themselves. In this way, the two typologies
can be understood as elements augmenting or helping to complete urban open
space and ecological networks.
This thesis suggests that Parklets and Pedestrian Plazas together form a type of
“Prosumer Park,” one which through a process of Heuristic Urbanism is created not
through the planning of government strategists but the once-‐radical tactics of
artists, designers, and ordinary citizens. The “Prosumer Park” is the fulcrum over
which new values of land use and are balanced. They become charged conversation
pieces for popular and academic discourse, expanding the horizons of both with
fresh material. These Parks creates the forum for convening both the government
and polity to broker new agreements and formulate new structures of interaction.
The Prosumer Park offers a new standard for the production of urban space and life.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 189
ENDNOTES These notes indicate where a particular theme, idea or fact formed a major point of
discussion in a particular interview or interviews. Oftentimes, the content from many
interviews support a theme, idea or fact; however only those conversations which
focused on that theme, idea, or fact are noted here. For a full listing of the
interviewees referenced here, see APPENDIX B – Catalogue of Interviews.
1 Angstadt 2012; Blackman 2012; Drake 2012; Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Jones 2012; Kaminski 2012; Lehman 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Traecy 2012 2 Angstadt 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Shannon 2012 3 Blackman 2012; Watson 2012 4 Bednarz 2012; Drake 2012; Hughes 2012; Katz 2012; Lim 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012 5 Burkowski 2011; Hassi 2011 6 Chasan 2012; Elsner 2011; Power 2011; Provence 2011 7 Castillo 2012; Choi 2012; Dubose and Henry 2011; Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Hacket and Weigley 2011; Ion 2012; Jawa 2012; Kim 2012; Lehman 2012; Martin 2011; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Ocañas 2012; Peccaianti 2012; Power 2011; Watson 2012 8 Elsner 2011; Power 2011 9 Eisner 2012; Power 2011 10 Eisner 2011; Power 2011 11 Elsner 2012; Chasan 2012 12 Power 2011
Abad Ocubillo 2012 190
13 Aiello 2011; Currier 2011; Dumesnil 2011; Elsner 2011; Power 2011 14 Ghannam 2011; Martin 2011; Passmore 2011; Power 2011 15 Lehman 2012; Ocañas 2012 16 Elsner 2011, Power 2011, Pratt 2011; Provence 2011 17 Aiello 2011; Boor 2011; Currier 2011; Dumesneil 2011; Martin 2011; Ogbu and Petersen 2011; Power 2011 18 Elsner 2011, Power 2011, Provence 2011 19 Elsner 2011; Ghannam 2011; Neiman 2011; Power 2011 20 Elsner 2012 21 Elsner 2011 22 Elsner 2011, Power 2011, Provence 2011 23 Elsner 2012 24 Pratt 2011 25 Elsner 2012 26 Castillo 2012 27 Castillo 2012; Ulazweski 2012; Van Dijs 2012 28 Castillo 2012; Trang 2012 29 Castillo 2012 30 Castillo 2012 31 Ulaszewski 2012 32 Pittman 2012
Abad Ocubillo 2012 191
33 Castillo 2012; Trang 2012 34 Castillo 2012 35 Castillo 2012; Pittman 2012; Trang 2012 36 Castillo 2012; Trang 2012 37 Angstadt 2012; Bednarz 2012; Drake 2012; Gaffney 2012; Karchmer 2012; Katz 2012; Lim 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012 38 Angstadt 2012; Miller, B. 2012 39 Angstadt 2012; Miller, B. 2012 40 Miller, B. 2012 41 Angstadt 2012; Miller M. 2012 42 Miller, Blair 2012 43 Miller, B. 2012 44 Miller, R. 2012 45 Miller, R. 2012 46 Miller, R. 2012 47 Andree 2012; Miller, R 2012; Tracey 2012 48 Tracey 2012 49 Andree 2012; Tracey 2012 50 Tracey 2012 51 Miller, R. 2012 52 Tracey 2012 53 Tracey 2012
Abad Ocubillo 2012 192
54 Andree 2012 55 Andree 2012; Tracey 2012 56 Tracey 2012 57 Andree 2012; Tracey 2012 58 Bednarz 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Tracey, 2012 59 Miller, R. 2012 60 Miller, R. 2012 61 Angstadt 2012; Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012 62 Angstadt 2012; Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012 63 Angstadt 2012 64 Angstadt 2012; Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012 65 Angstadt 2012 66 Angstadt 2012; Miller, B. 2012 67 Angstadt 2012; Kaminski 2012; Miller B. 2012 68 Angstadt 2012 69 Miller, B. 2012 70 Angstadt 2012 71 Angstadt 2012 72 Miller, R 2012; Tracey 2012 73 Angstadt 2012
Abad Ocubillo 2012 193
74 Blackman 2012; Choi 2012; Kim 2012; Lehman 2012; Robbins 2012; Watson 2012 75 Box 2012 76 Choi 2012 77 Lehman 2012;, Ocañas 2012 78 Blackman 2012; Choi 2012; Kim 2012; Lehman 2012; Robbins 2012; Watson 2012 79 Olive, Oishi, & Gutierrez
2012
80 Olive, Oishi, & Gutierrez 2012
81 Ocañas 2012
82 Ocañas 2012
83 Ocañas 2012
84 Ocañas 2012
85 Ocañas 2012
86 Olive, Oishi, & Gutierrez 2012
87 Kim 2012; Ocañas 2012
88 Lehman 2012; Robbins 2012
89 Robbins 2012
90 Blackman 2012; Rumsey 2012; Watson 2012
91 Blackman 2012; Lehman 2012; Robbins 2012
92 Blackman 2012; Robbins 2012; Rumsey 2012; Watson 2012
Abad Ocubillo 2012 194
93 Blackman 2012; Watson 2012
94 Blackman 2012; Choi 2012; Kim 2012; Lehman 2012; Olive, Oishi, & Gutierrez
2012; Robbins 2012; Rumsey 2012; Watson 2012
95 Angstadt 2012; Castillo 2012; Castillo 2012; Choi 2012; Drake 2012; Gibbs 2012; Karchmer 2012; Katz 2012; Kim 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Peccianti 2012; Pratt 2012; Tracey 2012; , Van Dijs 2012; Ulaszewski 2012 96 Blackman 2012; Burkowski 2011; Elsner 2011; Katz 2012; Kim 2012; Hacket and Weigley 2012; Hughes 2012; Ion 2012; Jawa 2011; Martin 2011; Miller, R. 2012; Peccanti 2012; Power 2012; Provence 2012; Tracey 2012; Watson 2012 97 Angstadt 2012; Blackman 2012; Castillo 2012; Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Trang 2012; Watson 2012 98 Aiello 2011; Choi 2012; Elsener 2011; Ogbu & Petersen 2011; Olive, Oishi & Gutierrez 2012; Martin 2011; Power 2011; Ocañas 2012 99 Blackman 2012; Lehman 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Watson 2012
100 Elsner 2011; Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Power 2011;
101 Angstadt 2012; Ulazsewski 2012
102 Blackman 2012; Elsener 2011; Ion 2012; Drake 2012; Gaffney 2012; Miller, B. 2011; Passmore 2011; Power 2011; Upwall 2011; Watson 2012 103 Angstadt 2012; Blackman 2012; Kim 2012; Ocañas 2012; Rumsey 2012
104 Angstadt 2012; Elsner 2011; Miller, B. 2012; Power 2011; Pittman 2012
105 Angstadt 2012; Castillo 2012; Miller, B. 2012;
106 Andree 2012; Blackman 2012; Choi 2012; Kim 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Ocañas 2012; Tracey 2012; Watson 2012 107 Blackman 2012; Miller, B. 2012
108 Angstadt 2012; Elsner 2011; Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Pittman 2012; Power 2011; Provence 2011
Abad Ocubillo 2012 195
109 Chasan 2012; Elsner 2011, 2012; Power 2011; Provence 2011
110 Miller, R. 2012
111 Kim 2012; Watson 2012
112 Blackman 2012; Kim 2012; Olive, Oishi & Gutierrez 2012; Watson 2012
113 Angstadt 2012; Olive, Oishi & Gutierrez 2012; Miller
114 Olive, Oishi, & Guierrez 2012
115 Miller, R. 2012
116 Van Dijs 2012
117 Io 2012
118 Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Kim 2012; Ocañas 2012; Rumsey 2012
119 Robbins 2012; Watson 2012
120 Karchmer 2012; Robbins 2012; Tracey 2012
121 Becker 2012; Castillo 2012; Drake 2012; Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Jones 2012; Provence 2011; Tracey 2012; Ulaszewski 2012; Upwall 2011; Van Dijs 2012 122 Gaffney 2012; Watson 2012
123 Gaffney 2012; Gibbs, 2012; Jones 2012; Karchmer 2012; Katz 2012; Lim 2012; Miller, R. 2012 124 Drake 2012; Ion 2012; Karchmer 2012; Katz 2012; Lim 2012
125 Miller, R. 2012
126 Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Martin 2011; Power 2012
127 Gaffney 2012; Ion 2012
128 Miller, R. 2012
Abad Ocubillo 2012 196
129 Castillo 2012
130 Drake 2012; Katz 2012; Lehman 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Ocañas 2012 131 Castillo 2012; Ulasewski 2012
132 Io 2012
133 Miller, B. 2012
134 Jones 2012
135 Drake 2012; Robbins 2012
136 Robbins 2012
137 Blackman 2012; Watson 2012
138 Choi 2012; Drake 2012; Ion 2012; Katz 2012; Kim 2012; Lim 2012; Ocañas 2012
139 Gibbs 2012
140 Miller, B. 2012
141 Van Dijs 2012
142 Choi 2012; Ocañas 2012; Peccianti 2012
143 Lehman 2012; Robbins 2012
144 Blackman 2012; Watson 2012
145 Elsner 2012
146 Miller Ruth 2012
147 Tracey 2012
148 Blackman 2012; Rumsey 2012; Watson 2012
149 Gaffney 2012
Abad Ocubillo 2012 197
150 Angstadt 2012
151 Angstadt 2012
152 Drake 2012; Robbins 2012
153 Elsener 2011; Provence 2011; Power 2011
154 Van Dijs 2012
155 Gaffney 2012
156 Provence 2011
157 Tracey 2012
158 Angstadt 2012
159 Castillo 2012; Peccianti 2012; Van Dijs 2012; Ulaszewski 2012
160 Drake 2012; Hughes 2012; Ion 2012; Jones 2012; Miller R 2012; Miller B 2012; Tracey 2012 161 Angstadt 2012; Katz 2012; Trang 2012; Vigilanti 2012
162 Angstadt 2012
163 Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Vigilanti 2012
164 Ulazsweski 2012; Van Dijs 2012
165 Lehman 2012; Robbins 2012
166 Tracey 2012
167 Bednarz 2012; Gaffney 2012; Gibbs 2012; Ion 2012; Vigilanti 2012
168 Miller, R. 2012
169 Power 2011
170 Power 2011
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171 Power 2011
172 Castillo 2012
173 Castillo 2012
174 Kaminski 2012; Miller, B. 2012; Miller, R. 2012; Tracey 2012
175 Kaminski 2012
176 Miller, R. 2012
177 Karchmer, 2012
178 Upwall 2011
179 Miller, B. 2012
180 Miller, R. 2012
181 Elsener 2011; Provence 2011
182 Drake 2012; Ion 2012; Katz 2012; Lehman 2012; Lim 2012; Provence 2011; ; Robbins 2012 183 Chasan 2012; Elsner 2012
184 Provence 2012
185 Watson 2012 186 Ficarotta 2011; King 2011; Patwa 2011
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APPENDIX A – Methodology
Literature Review
This study reviews the extensive literature touching experimental urban
design interventions, laying out a theoretical and epistemological background for
the contemporary cases in San Francisco, Oakland, Long Beach, Los Angeles and
elsewhere. Here, Parklets are framed within a historical narrative of temporary
streetscape intervention in modern American culture. At the same time, synthesis
of the literature furnishes a working set of definitions and terms specific to this
study and its analysis.
In terms of the legal and procedural aspects of the S.F. Pavement to Parks,
and Long Beach pilot Parklet programs, publicly accessible documents furnished
much of the necessary information. With the absence of a corollary program in Los
Angeles, parsing the procedural in that city proved more difficult. Here, the
researcher relied on close communication with Los Angeles officials to develop a
nuanced understanding of the policies, structures and regulations in effect during
the study.
Case and Interviewee Selection
A comprehensive catalogue of projects was developed by reviewing popular
press on the programs in San Francisco, Oakland, Long Beach and Los Angeles (see
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APPENDIX A). The study then profiled a minimum of 30% of cases in each city in
order to develop representative findings for each city.
While developing a catalogue of projects, the popular press review also
identified individual and group stakeholders associated with each city’s program
and its cases. At this stage, it became apparent that stakeholders across all cases fell
naturally within groupings indicative of their roles in the broader Heuristic
Urbanism movement (see Figure 2). The study then targeted at least one individual
from each stakeholder group for every case profiled. With the Government group,
the methodology attempted to triangulate:
• Government – City Departments and Staffers; Elected and Appointed Officials
• Private Partners – Businesses; Parklet and Plaza sponsors
• Community Partners – Local Non-‐profits, Neighborhood Groups, Homeowner
Associations
• Designers – Architects, Landscape Architects, Landscape Designers, plant
experts
• Users – Pedestrians and/or Parklet Users; Residents, Neighbors, Shoppers
and Commuters
A total of 29 cases were profiled through interviews. In the case of Oakland,
which had neither Parklets nor Pedestrian Plazas installed during the course of this
study, the General Public stakeholder group is not counted.
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Interviews and Surveys
A total of 68 interviews of individual stakeholders were administered
between July 2011 and May 2012. When possible, interviews were conducted in
person; while most were administered over the phone by appointment. Interviews
lasted between 10 minutes and 1 hour 36 minutes. In most cases, the interview was
audio-‐recorded, with the interviewee granting consent verbally before the recording
began. All audio-‐recorded interviewees were offered electronic copies of the
recorded conversation.
Throughout narrative development of the thesis itself, the researcher kept in
communication with interviewees to follow up on issues and questions which
emerged as the study progressed. Key interviewees were asked to review and
comment on both the narrative and flow chart diagrams presented here in their
final form.
Abad Ocubillo 2012 214
APPENDIX B – Catalogue of Interviews
Abad Ocubillo 2012 215
Table 3: Catalogue of Interviews
Abad Ocubillo 2012 216
Table 3 (Continued): Catalogue of Interviews
Abad Ocubillo 2012 217
APPENDIX C – Catalogue of Cases
This thesis examines four cities with initiatives that parallel those in New
York City. They are presented order of their relative development:
1. The City and County of San Francisco
2. The City of Long Beach
3. The City of Oakland
4. The City of Los Angeles
Abad Ocubillo 2012 218
Table 4: Catalogue of Cases, City of San Francisco
Abad Ocubillo 2012 219
Table 4 (Continued): Catalogue of Cases, City of San Francisco
Abad Ocubillo 2012 220
Table 5: Catalogue of Cases, City of Long Beach
Abad Ocubillo 2012 221
Table 6: Catalogue of Cases, City of Oakland
Abad Ocubillo 2012 222
Table 6 (Continued): Catalogue of Cases, City of Oakland
Abad Ocubillo 2012 223
Table 7: Catalogue of Cases: City of Los Angeles
Abad Ocubillo 2012 224
APPENDIX D – Interview Tools
The following sets of questions were used to guide interviews with individuals in four stakeholder groups.
• Government – City Departments and Staffers; Elected and Appointed Officials • Private Partners – Businesses; Parklet and Plaza sponsors • Community Partners – Local Non-‐profits, Neighborhood Groups, Homeowner
Associations • Designers – Architects, Landscape Architects, Landscape Designers, plant
experts
Abad Ocubillo 2012 225
Interview Tool – Government Stakeholders
1. How did the [Parklet and/or Pedestrian Plaza] movement become initiated in [your city]? 2. How do these [Parklet and/or Pedestrian Plaza] projects impact their neighborhoods? The
City?
3. Who are the key individuals, groups, and agencies within the city government critical to this/these projects/program?
4. Can you describe the collaboration that you created between agencies? Pavement to Parks
Program?
5. Are there any other individuals, or organizations outside of city government own who were instrumental in the [initiative]?
6. Can you describe the process of creating the pilot [project / program]? How might the
permitting process evolve?
7. Please describe the process of creating the permanent [program/permit/ordinance].
8. Are the [projects and/or programs] fully accessible to the public? Why?
9. How might the [permit and/or program] evolve to address emerging issues between public and private interests? How might design specs or parameters evolve to address the privacy question? (Offsets, chains)?
10. One of the best characteristics of the Parklet type is its experimental nature; semi-permanence
and flexibility. Can you comment on this?
11. What is the average project budget?
12. Many [Parklet and/or Pedestrian Plazas] are designed pro-bono. Can you comment on this?
13. How are maintenance, insurance and liability arranged for the projects?
14. What are the long-term intentions of the [pilot or permanent] [project and/or program]? How do these fit within the larger planning context for your city?
15. What kind of monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are currently in place for [projects
and/or programs]. If not, what kinds of studies are you interested in undertaking? What kind of data are you interested in gathering; dimensions to measure?
16. In terms of the questions discussed previously, how would you advise staffers in other cities who
are interested in creating [pilot or permanent] [projects and/or programs] in their own communities?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 226
17. On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rate the participation of the following groups? You may give the same number to more than one group if you feel its appropriate. If there are specific departments or organizations, please write them in:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
18. On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rank the participation of the following groups? Each must have a different number:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Abad Ocubillo 2012 227
Interview Tool –Private Partners
Name: Group: Type:
Address: Phone: Fax: Email: Project(s): Project Budget: $ Since this project was installed, safety on the street has:
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define safety as Since this project was installed, the feeling of comfort on the street is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define comfort as Since this project was installed, the atmosphere or environment of the street is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define atmosphere as Since with project was installed, my desire or ability to interact with people is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) How So? Since this project was installed, Business Activity in the areas is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) How so?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 228
I believe that this project should
1) become permanent 2) become permanent, with some improvements and changes 3) maybe become permanent, after a some more monitoring 4) remain temporary 5) be taken out as at once
Why?¨ Who are 1-‐2 key people or groups outside your organization that helped to implement this project / these projects? What was the most challenging aspect of this project? Why? On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rate the participation of the following groups? You may give the same number to more than one group if you feel its appropriate. If there are specific departments or organizations, please write them in:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Which person or group presented the greatest challenge to the project? Why? How can this project / process be improved?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 229
On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rank the participation of the following groups? Each must have a different number:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Additional Comments:
Abad Ocubillo 2012 230
Interview Tool –Community Partners
Name: Group: Type:
Address: Phone: Fax: Email: Project(s): Project Budget: $ Since this project was installed, safety on the street has:
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define safety as Since this project was installed, the feeling of comfort on the street is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define comfort as Since this project was installed, the atmosphere or environment of the street is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define atmosphere as Since with project was installed, my desire or ability to interact with people is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) How So? Since this project was installed, Business Activity in the areas is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) How so?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 231
I believe that this project should
1) become permanent 2) become permanent, with some improvements and changes 3) maybe become permanent, after a some more monitoring 4) remain temporary 5) be taken out as at once
Why?¨ Who are 1-‐2 key people or groups outside your organization that helped to implement this project / these projects? What was the most challenging aspect of this project? Why? On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rate the participation of the following groups? You may give the same number to more than one group if you feel its appropriate. If there are specific departments or organizations, please write them in:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Which person or group presented the greatest challenge to the project? Why? How can this project / process be improved?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 232
On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rank the participation of the following groups? Each must have a different number:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Additional Comments:
Abad Ocubillo 2012 233
Interview Tool – Designers
Name: Group: Type:
Address: Phone: Fax: Email: Project(s): Project Budget: $ How does your firm select projects to pursue? What percentage of your firm’s work is comprised of design in the public realm (streetscapes, pocket parks, interventions in the auto right-‐of-‐way)? Pro Bono? How much of your future work do you anticipate will constitute similar projects? Why? How were you selected for this project? Who from you staff were on the project team, and what are their backgrounds (Industrial Design, Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Planning, Engineering, etc)?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 234
Who are 1-‐2 key people or groups outside your organization that helped to implement this project / these projects? What was the most challenging aspect of this project? Why? On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rate the participation of the following groups? You may give the same number to more than one group if you feel its appropriate. If there are specific departments or organizations, please write them in:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Which person or group presented the greatest challenge to the project? Why? How can this project / process be improved? On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rank the participation of the following groups? Each must have a different number:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Abad Ocubillo 2012 235
Interview Tool – Advocates / Community Partners
Name: Group: Type:
Address: Phone: Fax: Email: Project(s): Project Budget: $ Since this project was installed, safety on the street has:
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define safety as Since this project was installed, the feeling of comfort on the street is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define comfort as Since this project was installed, the atmosphere or environment of the street is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) I define atmosphere as Since with project was installed, my desire or ability to interact with people is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) How So? Since this project was installed, Business Activity in the areas is
(Greatly Improved) 1 2 3 4 5 (Greatly Worsened) How so?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 236
I believe that this project should
5) become permanent 6) become permanent, with some improvements and changes 7) maybe become permanent, after a some more monitoring 8) remain temporary 5) be taken out as at once
Why?¨ Who are 1-‐2 key people or groups outside your organization that helped to implement this project / these projects? What was the most challenging aspect of this project? Why? On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rate the participation of the following groups? You may give the same number to more than one group if you feel its appropriate. If there are specific departments or organizations, please write them in:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Which person or group presented the greatest challenge to the project? Why? How can this project / process be improved?
Abad Ocubillo 2012 237
On a scale of 1 to 5 – with 1 being the least critical and 5 being the most critical – how would you rank the participation of the following groups? Each must have a different number:
___ City Planning / Public Works ___ Nonprofit / Community Groups ___ Designers / Landscape Architects / Architects ___ Private Entities / Businesses ___ The General Public / Residents / Neighbors
Additional Comments:
Abad Ocubillo 2012 238
APPENDIX E – Human Subjects Review Exemption / Approval Letter
Abad Ocubillo 2012 239
Abad Ocubillo 2012 240
APPENDIX F – Parklet Permitting Flow Charts
The following charts illustrate how a Parklet permit application moves through the
process of approval in three cities which currently have a program in place. These
processes are subject to adjustment and modification by their respective cities. The
diagrams presented here only reflect what was described by stakeholders in
interviews; most of which were conducted between July 2011 and April 2012. The
three cities presented in this APPENDIX are:
1. The City of San Francisco
2. The City of Long Beach
3. The City of Oakland
Abad Ocubillo 2012 241
Figure 51: Parklet Im
plementation Process, City of San Francisco
Abad Ocubillo 2012 242
Figure 52: Parklet Im
plementation Process, City of Long Beach
Abad Ocubillo 2012 243
Figure 53: Parklet Im
plementation Process, City of Oakland