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2/15
/200
61G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Expe
rimen
tal V
alid
atio
n of
a C
lose
d B
rayt
onC
ycle
Sys
tem
Tra
nsie
nt
Sim
ulat
ion
Pau
l K. J
ohns
onA
nale
xC
orpo
ratio
nC
leve
land
, OH
441
35P
aul.K
.Joh
nson
@gr
c.na
sa.g
ov
Pre
sent
ed a
t the
Spa
ce T
echn
olog
y &
App
licat
ions
Inte
rnat
iona
l For
um
(STA
IF-2
006)
23rd
Sym
posi
um o
n S
pace
Nuc
lear
Pow
er a
nd P
ropu
lsio
nA
lbuq
uerq
ue, N
ew M
exic
o U
SA
Febr
uary
15,
200
6
Dav
id S
. Her
vol
Ana
lex
Cor
pora
tion
Cle
vela
nd, O
H 4
4135
Dav
id.S
.Her
vol@
grc.
nasa
.gov
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060051715 2020-03-04T04:41:15+00:00Z
2/15
/200
62G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Ack
now
ledg
emen
t
The
wor
k in
th
is
pape
r w
as
perfo
rmed
fo
r N
AS
A H
eadq
uarte
rs,
Pro
met
heus
Nuc
lear
Sys
tem
s P
rogr
am.
Any
opi
nion
s ex
pres
sed
are
thos
e of
the
auth
ors
and
do
not
nece
ssar
ily r
efle
ct t
he v
iew
s of
the
Pro
met
heus
N
ucle
ar S
yste
ms
Pro
gram
. Th
e au
thor
s w
ould
lik
e to
th
ank
Mic
hael
B
arre
tt,
Arth
ur
Birc
heno
ugh,
M
icha
el
John
ston
, an
d Le
e M
ason
for
the
ir as
sist
ance
with
te
stin
g an
d an
alys
is.
2/15
/200
63G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Out
line
•In
trodu
ctio
n•
Bra
yton
hard
war
e•
Bra
yton
test
ing
•C
ompu
ter m
odel
des
crip
tion
•S
tead
y-st
ate
mod
el c
ompa
rison
•Tr
ansi
ent m
odel
des
crip
tion
•C
oncl
usio
ns
2/15
/200
64G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Intr
oduc
tion
•Th
e B
rayt
onP
ower
Con
vers
ion
Uni
t (B
PC
U)
is a
clo
sed
cycl
e sy
stem
with
an
iner
t gas
wor
king
flui
d–
Loca
ted
in V
acuu
m F
acilit
y 6
at N
AS
A G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
r•
Use
d in
pre
viou
s so
lar d
ynam
ic te
chno
logy
effo
rts (S
DG
TD)
–M
odifi
ed to
its
pres
ent c
onfig
urat
ion
by r
epla
cing
the
sola
r re
ceiv
er w
ith a
n el
ectri
cal r
esis
tanc
e he
ater
•
The
first
clo
sed-
Bra
yton
-cyc
le t
o be
cou
pled
with
an
ion
prop
ulsi
on s
yste
m
(STA
IF 2
004)
•U
sed
to
exam
ine
mec
hani
cal
dyna
mic
ch
arac
teris
tics
and
resp
onse
s(S
TAIF
200
5)•
The
focu
s of
this
wor
k w
as th
e va
lidat
ion
of a
com
pute
r mod
el o
fthe
BP
CU
–M
odel
was
bui
lt us
ing
the
Clo
sed
Cyc
le S
yste
m S
imul
atio
n (C
CS
S)
desi
gn
and
anal
ysis
tool
–
Test
con
ditio
ns w
ere
then
dup
licat
ed in
CC
SS
–V
ario
us s
tead
y-st
ate
poin
ts–
Tran
sien
ts in
volv
ing
chan
ges
in s
haft
rota
tiona
l spe
ed a
nd h
eat i
nput
2/15
/200
65G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Bra
yton
Har
dwar
e•
Des
igne
d fo
r ope
ratio
n up
to 2
kW
eou
tput
pow
er•
Fully
inte
grat
ed p
ower
con
vers
ion
syst
em–
Turb
ine-
alte
rnat
or-c
ompr
esso
r (ra
dial
/cen
trifu
gal)
•G
as c
oole
d al
tern
ator
and
sha
ft•
Gas
foil
bear
ings
–R
ecup
erat
or•
Has
tello
yX
cons
truct
ion
•O
ffset
stri
p-fin
, cou
nter
-flow
•97
.5%
effe
ctiv
e–
Gas
coo
ler a
nd c
omm
erci
al c
hille
r (pu
mpe
d et
hyle
ne g
lyco
l) •
Stai
nles
s st
eel a
nd n
icke
l con
stru
ctio
n•
Offs
et s
trip-
fin, c
ount
er-fl
ow–
Elec
tric
resi
stan
ce h
eate
r•
Thre
e si
licon
-car
bide
hea
ting
elem
ents
enc
apsu
late
d in
thre
e fin
ned
met
al tu
bes
•H
ayne
s 18
8 co
nstru
ctio
n•
Gas
tem
pera
ture
s in
exc
ess
of 1
000
K•
Hel
ium
-Xen
on w
orki
ng fl
uid
–62
.7 m
ole
% H
eliu
m, 3
7.3
mol
e %
Xen
on (8
3.8
g/m
ol)
•O
pera
ted
in a
roug
h va
cuum
test
env
ironm
ent
–H
ot c
ompo
nent
s ar
e co
vere
d w
ith m
ulti-
foil
insu
latio
n (M
FI)
2/15
/200
66G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
BPC
U H
ardw
are
Gas
Coo
ler
Rec
uper
ator
Turb
o-al
tern
ator
Hea
ter
BP
CU
2/15
/200
67G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Bra
yton
Test
Mat
rix•
Ther
e ar
e tw
o pr
imar
y va
riabl
es u
sed
in o
pera
ting
the
BP
CU
–H
eate
r ele
ctric
al p
ower
set
ting
–R
otor
spe
ed s
ettin
g•
Test
ing
invo
lved
12
trans
ient
s –
Cha
nged
ste
p-w
ise
heat
er p
ower
set
ting
and
roto
r spe
ed s
ettin
g–
Syst
em a
llow
ed to
reac
h st
eady
-sta
te a
fter e
ach
set-p
oint
ste
p ch
ange
024681012
Tim
e
Heater Power (kW)
01000
0
2000
0
3000
0
4000
0
5000
0
6000
0
Shaft Speed (RPM)
Four
con
secu
tive
tran
sien
ts u
sed
for m
odel
ing
com
paris
on
Hea
ter
Pow
er
(kW
)
Rot
or
Spee
d (k
RPM
)
Hea
ter
Pow
er
(kW
)
Rot
or
Spee
d (k
RPM
)4
28-3
78-
652
4-5
376
52-4
65
37-4
66-
546
5-6
465
46-3
76
46-5
25-
437
6-8
524
37-2
8
Posi
tive
Step
Cha
nge
Tran
sien
tsN
egat
ive
Step
Cha
nge
Tran
sien
ts
2/15
/200
68G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
BPC
U T
est R
esul
ts•
Ste
ady-
stat
e re
sults
at t
hree
ope
ratin
g po
ints
for m
ultip
le ru
ns•
Tem
pera
ture
var
iatio
n w
as w
ithin
+2.
64 /
-2.5
5 %
•
Pre
ssur
e va
riatio
n w
as w
ithin
+2.
14 /
-2.6
7%•
BP
CU
dem
onst
rate
d re
peat
abilit
y 37 k
RPM
4 k
W46
kR
PM 5
kW
52
kR
PM 8
kW
Loca
tion
Ave
rage
(%
+/-)
A
vera
ge
(% +
/-)
Ave
rage
(%
+/-)
Hea
ter E
xit (
K)
913
+1.2
0 / -
1.65
86
2 +2
.33
/ -2.
21
985
+0
.63
/ -0.
63
Turb
ine
Inle
t (K
) 91
5 1.
24 /
1.82
86
5 2.
55 /
2.43
9
88
0.64
/ 0.
64
Turb
ine
Exit
(K)
832
1.19
/ 1.
75
766
2.49
/ 2.
36
848
0.
62 /
0.62
Rec
up. L
P In
let (
K)
830
1.20
/ 1.
76
764
2.50
/ 2.
38
846
0.
63 /
0.63
Rec
up. L
P Ex
it (K
) 35
6 0.
41 /
0.86
37
1 0.
88 /
0.85
3
96
0.21
/ 0.
21
Com
pres
sor I
nlet
(K)
285
0.06
/ 0.
09
284
0.12
/ 0.
07
285
0.
03 /
0.03
Com
pres
sor E
xit (
K)
330
0.14
/ 0.
20
350
0.20
/ 0.
18
371
0.
04 /
0.04
Rec
up. H
P In
let (
K)
335
0.19
/ 0.
34
355
0.35
/ 0.
31
377
0.
08 /
0.08
Rec
up. H
P Ex
it (K
) 81
5 1.
23 /
1.88
75
1 2.
63 /
2.53
8
30
0.66
/ 0.
66
Hea
ter I
nlet
(K)
816
1.24
/ 1.
90
751
2.64
/ 2.
55
829
0.
66 /
0.66
Com
pres
sor I
nlet
(kPa
) 43
4 1.
83 /
1.46
39
3 2.
16 /
2.58
4
00
0.34
/ 0.
34
Com
pres
sor E
xit (
kPa)
55
2 2.
05 /
1.46
57
2 2.
14 /
2.55
6
34
0.25
/ .0
25
Rec
up. H
P In
let (
kPa)
55
2 1.
92 /
1.47
56
5 2.
06 /
2.61
6
34
0.31
/ 0.
31
Hea
ter I
nlet
(kPa
) 54
5 1.
88 /
1.50
55
8 2.
07 /
2.67
6
27
0.33
/ 0.
33
Hea
ter E
xit (
kPa)
54
5 1.
91/ 1
.44
558
2.08
/ 2.
58
621
0.
31 /
0.31
Turb
ine
Inle
t (kP
a)
545
1.90
/ 1.
48
558
2.11
/ 2.
63
621
0.
31 /
0.31
Turb
ine
Exit
(kPa
) 43
4 1.
81 /
1.45
39
3 2.
14 /
2.56
4
00
0.34
/ 0.
34
2/15
/200
69G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Com
pute
r Mod
el•
The
Clo
sed
Cyc
le S
yste
m S
imul
atio
n (C
CS
S)
–C
lose
d-B
rayt
on-c
ycle
des
ign
and
anal
ysis
tool
•N
umer
ical
Pro
puls
ion
Sys
tem
Sim
ulat
ion
(NP
SS
) mod
elin
g en
viro
nmen
t –
Orig
inat
ed fr
om th
e G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
r in-
hous
e le
gacy
pro
gram
Clo
sed
Cyc
le
Eng
ine
Pro
gram
(CC
EP
) –
CC
SS
mod
els
all o
f the
maj
or B
PC
U c
ompo
nent
s –
Acco
unts
for s
haft
bear
ing
and
win
dage
loss
es a
nd b
leed
flow
pat
hs
–A
repr
esen
tatio
n of
the
BP
CU
sys
tem
was
con
stru
cted
in C
CS
S•
Sim
ulat
ed s
tead
y st
ate
and
ther
mal
tran
sien
ts c
ases
and
com
pare
dto
test
dat
a •
The
CC
SS
BP
CU
mod
el c
an b
e op
erat
ed in
thre
e di
ffere
nt m
odel
ing
mod
es–
Des
ign
•C
ompo
nent
s ar
e si
zed
and
cycl
e st
ate
poin
ts a
re s
peci
fied
to m
eet a
des
ired
perfo
rman
ce
poin
t–
Off-
desi
gn
•H
ardw
are
geom
etrie
s ar
e he
ld fi
xed
from
the
desi
gn c
ase
•Sh
aft r
otat
iona
l spe
ed, g
as in
vent
ory,
hea
ter p
ower
, and
coo
lant
tem
pera
ture
can
be
varie
d–
Tran
sien
t •
Very
sim
ilar t
o of
f-des
ign
mod
e•
Duc
t, re
cupe
rato
r, an
d he
ater
mat
eria
l tem
pera
ture
s be
com
e tim
e-de
pend
ent,
allo
win
g th
erm
al tr
ansi
ents
to b
e ev
alua
ted
2/15
/200
6
10G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Syst
em S
chem
atic
2
% B
leed
HeX
e
83.8
Mol
Wt
Ethy
lene
Gly
col
T
Rec
uper
ator
Turb
o-Al
tern
ator
Gas
C
oole
r
Hea
ter
Pow
er
Out
Duct
Duc
t
Duc
t
Duc
t
Duct
Duct
Turb
Comp
2/15
/200
6
11G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mod
el C
ompo
nent
s•
Duc
ts–
Gas
pre
ssur
e dr
op a
nd te
mpe
ratu
re c
hang
e fo
r eac
h du
ct–
Rad
iatio
n he
at lo
ss is
est
imat
ed
–D
uct m
ater
ial t
empe
ratu
re is
mod
eled
with
a lu
mpe
d ca
paci
tanc
e m
etho
d
Qra
dM
FI1
1)
(4
4
+−
=layers
far
mat
rad
NT
TA
Qε
σ
)(
gas
mat
cconvec
TT
Ah
Q−
=
mat
mat
out
inmat
Cm
dtdT−
=
Qco
nvec
Gas
Flo
wTm
at
2/15
/200
6
12G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mod
el C
ompo
nent
s•
Rec
uper
ator
–G
as p
ress
ure
drop
and
tem
pera
ture
cha
nge
–R
adia
tion
heat
loss
is e
stim
ated
–St
ruct
ure
mat
eria
l tem
pera
ture
is m
odel
ed w
ith a
lum
ped
capa
cita
nce
met
hod
QC
old_
conv
ec
Qra
d
Col
d G
as F
low
Tmat
_4
MFI
11
)(
44
+−
=layers
far
mat
rad
NT
TA
Qε
σ
)(
gas
mat
cconvec
TT
Ah
Q−
=
mat
mat
out
inmat
Cm
dtdT−
=
Hot
Gas
Flo
wQ
Hot
_con
vec
12
34
56
78
910
Col
d H
eade
rH
ot H
eade
r
2/15
/200
6
13G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mod
el C
ompo
nent
s•
Hea
t sou
rce
–G
as p
ress
ure
drop
and
tem
pera
ture
cha
nge:
–St
ruct
ure
mat
eria
l tem
pera
ture
is m
odel
ed w
ith a
lum
ped
capa
cita
nce
met
hod
()
μ,m
fxn
Ah c
=()m
fxn
PP
=Δ
Qco
nvec
Qel
ec
Gas
Flo
w
)(
gas
mat
cconvec
TT
Ah
Q−
=
mat
mat
out
inmat
Cm
dtdT−
=
Tmat
2/15
/200
6
14G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mod
el C
ompo
nent
s•
Gas
coo
ler
–G
as p
ress
ure
drop
and
tem
pera
ture
cha
nge
–M
ater
ial t
empe
ratu
re is
not
mod
eled
in tr
ansi
ent m
ode
•Tu
rbin
e-al
tern
ator
-com
pres
sor (
TAC
)–
Perfo
rman
ce m
aps
estim
ate
effic
ienc
y an
d pr
essu
re ra
tio fo
r the
turb
ine
and
com
pres
sor (
from
S
DG
TD li
tera
ture
)
–Al
tern
ator
ele
ctro
mag
netic
effi
cien
cy e
xpre
ssed
as
a fu
nctio
n of
shaf
t rot
atio
nal s
peed
and
m
echa
nica
l sha
ft po
wer
(fro
m S
DG
TD li
tera
ture
)–
Shaf
t win
dage
(vis
cous
dra
g) lo
ss, t
hrus
t bea
ring
loss
, and
jour
nal b
earin
g lo
ss a
re e
stim
ated
as
func
tions
of s
haft
cavi
ty p
ress
ure
and
shaf
t rot
atio
nal s
peed
(from
SD
GTD
lite
ratu
re)
–TA
C in
ertia
not
mod
eled
for t
rans
ient
sol
utio
ns
Turb
ine
Pres
sure
Rat
io
Turb
ine
Pres
sure
Rat
io
Bla
de-to
-Jet
Spe
ed R
atio
Com
pres
sor M
ass
Flow
Rat
e
Turbine Mass Flow Rate
Turbine Efficiency
Compressor Pressure Ratio
Compressor Efficiency
2/15
/200
6
15G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mat
chin
g St
eady
-Sta
te D
ata
•G
as in
vent
ory
was
set
so
that
the
heat
er e
xit p
ress
ure
mat
ched
the
test
dat
a •
Hea
ter p
ower
was
set
so
that
the
heat
er e
xit t
empe
ratu
re m
atch
edth
e te
st d
ata
–Lo
wer
than
the
BP
CU
hea
ter s
ettin
g be
caus
e he
ater
loss
es n
ot m
odel
ed•
Eth
ylen
e gl
ycol
tem
pera
ture
was
set
to m
atch
the
BP
CU
com
pres
sori
nlet
tem
pera
ture
•
Sha
ft ro
tatio
nal s
peed
was
set
to m
atch
the
BP
CU
set
poi
nt
37
kR
PM 4
kW
46
kR
PM 5
kW
52
kR
PM 8
kW
Loc
atio
n D
ata
CC
SS
%D
iff
Dat
a C
CSS
%
Diff
D
ata
CC
SS
%D
iff
Hea
ter E
xit (
K)
913
913
0.00
86
8 86
8 0.
00
978
978
0.00
Turb
ine
Inle
t (K
) 91
5 90
8 -0
.78
871
865
-0.7
8 98
2 97
4 -0
.84
Turb
ine
Exit
(K)
832
834
0.23
77
2 77
0 -0
.18
843
843
0.06
Com
pres
sor I
nlet
(K)
285
285
0.00
28
5 28
5 0.
00
285
285
0.00
Com
pres
sor E
xit (
K)
330
325
-1.4
4 35
0 34
1 -2
.73
371
355
-4.1
3
Rec
uper
ator
HP
Inle
t (K
) 33
5 33
3 -0
.67
355
351
-1.1
1 37
7 36
8 -2
.26
Hea
ter I
nlet
(K)
817
816
-0.0
8 75
8 75
6 -0
.33
823
826
0.32
Hea
ter C
ylin
der (
K)
936
937
0.09
90
3 90
6 0.
27
1022
10
16
-0.5
7
Hea
ter E
xit (
kPa)
55
2 55
2 0.
00
567
567
0.00
61
8 61
8 0.
00
Turb
ine
Inle
t (kP
a)
554
552
-0.3
9 56
9 56
7 -0
.39
620
618
-0.4
2
Turb
ine
Exit
(kPa
) 44
0 44
0 0.
09
402
411
2.12
40
0 41
3 3.
20
Turb
ine
Pres
sure
Rat
io
1.26
1.
25
-0.4
9 1.
41
1.38
-2
.45
1.55
1.
5 -3
.51
Com
pres
sor I
nlet
(kPa
) 43
9 43
6 -0
.63
400
406
1.30
39
7 40
7 2.
36
Com
pres
sor E
xit (
kPa)
56
5 55
6 -1
.46
581
573
-1.4
8 63
5 62
5 -1
.56
Com
pres
sor P
ress
ure
Rat
io
1.29
1.
27
-0.8
3 1.
45
1.41
-2
.74
1.6
1.54
-3
.83
Rec
uper
ator
HP
Inle
t (kP
a)
562
556
-0.9
4 57
8 57
2 -0
.91
632
625
-1.0
5
Hea
ter I
nlet
(kPa
) 55
7 55
5 -0
.39
573
571
-0.3
5 62
7 62
4 -0
.53
Alte
rnat
or P
ower
(Wat
ts)
413
382
-7.4
8 50
7 55
6 9.
65
1141
12
95
13.4
9
2/15
/200
6
16G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mat
chin
g St
eady
-Sta
te D
ata
•A
ll of
the
CC
SS
tem
pera
ture
s w
ere
with
in 1
% o
f the
dat
a–
Exce
ptio
ns w
ere
the
com
pres
sor e
xit t
empe
ratu
re a
nd re
cupe
rato
rhig
h pr
essu
re (H
P)
inle
t tem
pera
ture
, whi
ch w
ere
low
er th
an th
e da
ta b
y as
muc
h as
4.1
%•
Like
ly th
e re
sult
of th
e C
CS
S c
ompr
esso
r pe
rform
ance
map
und
eres
timat
ing
pres
sure
rat
io
and
poss
ibly
ove
rest
imat
ing
effic
ienc
y
•Tu
rbin
e an
d co
mpr
esso
r pr
essu
re r
atio
s w
ere
unde
rest
imat
ed (
betw
een
-0.3
9%
and
-3.8
3%),
parti
cula
rly a
t the
hig
her s
haft
spee
ds•
Alte
rnat
or p
ower
dis
agre
ed w
ith th
e da
ta b
y as
muc
h as
13.
5%–
Unc
erta
inty
in
bear
ing
and
alte
rnat
or l
oss
estim
ates
and
com
pres
sor
and
turb
ine
perfo
rman
ce e
stim
ates
–C
ompr
esso
r and
turb
ine
pow
er a
re v
ery
sens
itive
to p
ress
ure
ratio
•In
crea
se in
com
pres
sor p
ress
ure
ratio
wou
ld re
sult
in m
ore
pow
erco
nsum
ed•
Incr
ease
in tu
rbin
e pr
essu
re ra
tio w
ould
resu
lt in
mor
e po
wer
pro
duce
d by
the
turb
ine
•Tu
rbom
achi
nery
perfo
rman
ce m
ap e
rrors
and
bea
ring
and
alte
rnat
or lo
ss u
ncer
tain
ties
coul
d ea
sily
acc
ount
for t
he p
ower
diff
eren
ces
indi
cate
d by
the
data
2/15
/200
6
17G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mat
chin
g Tr
ansi
ent D
ata
•Th
e B
PC
U s
yste
m w
as o
pera
ted
at c
onst
ant
heat
er e
lect
ric p
ower
and
sha
ft ro
tatio
nal s
peed
•
Tran
sien
ts w
ere
intro
duce
d to
the
sys
tem
by
chan
ging
ste
pwis
e th
e he
ater
pow
er
and
shaf
t spe
ed s
et p
oint
s•
Sel
ecte
d B
PC
U tr
ansi
ent
case
s us
ed fo
r com
paris
on
•C
CS
S m
odel
was
anc
hore
d at
the
initi
al s
tead
y-st
ate
oper
atin
g po
int
•C
CS
S w
as th
en s
witc
hed
to tr
ansi
ent m
ode
and
shaf
t spe
ed a
nd h
eate
r pow
er w
ere
chan
ged
step
wis
e as
app
ropr
iate
024681012
Tim
e
Heater Power (kW)
01000
0
2000
0
3000
0
4000
0
5000
0
6000
0
Shaft Speed (RPM)
Four
con
secu
tive
tran
sien
ts u
sed
for m
odel
ing
com
paris
on
BP
CU
Set
poin
tsC
CS
S S
etpo
ints
024681012
Tim
eHeater Power (kW)
01000
0
2000
0
3000
0
4000
0
5000
0
6000
0
Shaft Speed (RPM)
2/15
/200
6
18G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Mat
chin
g Tr
ansi
ent D
ata
•O
ne w
ould
exp
ect t
he C
CS
S h
eate
r exi
t tem
pera
ture
resu
lts to
mat
ch th
e st
eady
-sta
te te
st
data
poi
nts
(hea
ter p
ower
was
adj
uste
d to
do
so)
•C
CS
S w
as A
LSO
abl
e to
mat
ch th
e sh
ape
of th
e tra
nsie
nt c
urve
bet
wee
n th
e st
eady
-sta
te
poin
ts fo
r bot
h th
e he
ater
inle
t and
hea
ter e
xit t
empe
ratu
res
–C
aptu
red
the
ther
mal
resp
onse
of s
yste
m•
Sha
pe o
f the
recu
pera
torm
ater
ial t
empe
ratu
re p
lot a
lso
trend
s w
ell w
ith th
e da
ta–
Lum
ped
capa
cita
nce
met
hod
used
to m
odel
the
recu
pera
torw
as a
ppro
pria
te
•Al
tern
ator
pow
er w
as o
vere
stim
ated
by
CC
SS
–
The
shap
e of
the
alte
rnat
or p
ower
tran
sien
t cur
ve a
gree
s w
ell w
ith th
e te
st d
ata
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
010
020
030
040
050
0Ti
me
(min
)
Temperature (K)
Dat
a
CC
SS
52 k
RPM
, 6 k
W52
kR
PM
, 8 k
W52
kR
PM
, 6 k
W46
kR
PM
, 6 k
W
46 k
RP
M, 6
kW
Hea
ter E
xit
Hea
ter I
nlet
Rec
up M
ater
ial
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
010
020
030
040
050
0Ti
me
(min
)
Power (Watts)
Data
CCSS
52 k
RPM
, 6 k
W52
kRP
M, 8
kW
52 k
RPM
, 6 k
W46
kRP
M, 6
kW
46 k
RPM
, 6 k
W
Alte
rnat
or P
ower
Tem
pera
ture
s
2/15
/200
6
19G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Com
pone
nt T
rans
ient
Con
trib
utio
ns•
Thre
e th
erm
al tr
ansi
ent c
ompo
nent
s–
Gas
duc
ts (1
1 kg
tota
l), H
eate
r (38
kg)
, and
Rec
uper
ator
(59
kg)
•D
eter
min
e co
mpo
nent
indi
vidu
al c
ontri
butio
ns to
the
syst
em tr
ansi
ent
•G
as d
uct m
ass
cont
ribut
es v
ery
little
to th
e ov
eral
l sys
tem
tran
sien
t •
Hea
ter c
ontri
bute
s th
e m
ost
820
840
860
880
900
920
940
960
980
1000
050
100
150
200
250
300
Tim
e (m
in)
Heater Exit Temperature (K)
Data
CCSS
Hea
ter M
ass
Onl
y
Duc
t Mas
s O
nly
Rec
up M
ass
Onl
y
52 k
RPM
, 6 k
W52
kRP
M, 8
kW
46 k
RPM
, 6 k
W
2/15
/200
6
20G
lenn
Res
earc
h C
ente
rat
Lew
isFi
eld
RP
T/pk
j
Con
clus
ions
•Te
stin
g to
dat
e ha
s sh
own
that
the
BP
CU
is
able
to
gene
rate
mea
ning
ful,
repe
atab
le d
ata
that
can
be
used
for c
ompu
ter m
odel
val
idat
ion
•
Res
ults
gen
erat
ed b
y C
CS
S d
emon
stra
ted
that
the
mod
el s
uffic
ient
ly re
prod
uced
th
e th
erm
al tr
ansi
ents
exh
ibite
d by
the
BP
CU
sys
tem
•
CC
SS
was
als
o us
ed to
mat
ch B
PC
U s
tead
y-st
ate
oper
atin
g po
ints
–
Cyc
le te
mpe
ratu
res
wer
e w
ithin
4.1
% o
f the
dat
a (m
ost w
ere
with
in 1
%)
–C
ycle
pre
ssur
es w
ere
all w
ithin
3.2
%
–E
rror
in a
ltern
ator
pow
er (
as m
uch
as 1
3.5%
) w
as a
ttrib
uted
to
unce
rtain
ties
in t
he
com
pres
sor a
nd tu
rbin
e m
aps
and
alte
rnat
or a
nd b
earin
g lo
ss m
odel
s
•Th
e ac
quire
d un
ders
tand
ing
of t
he B
PC
U b
ehav
ior
give
s us
eful
ins
ight
for
im
prov
emen
ts to
be
mad
e to
the
CC
SS
mod
el a
s w
ell a
s id
eas
for
futu
re te
stin
g an
d po
ssib
le s
yste
m m
odifi
catio
ns
