Experimental Study of Boiling Crisis Phenomena in Nanofluidsweb.Mit.edu/nse/pdf/news/2007/07_ansstudentawards/Gerardi_ans.pdf[4] D. W. Zhou and D. Y. Liu, 2004, “Heat Transfer Characteristics

Experimental Study of Boiling CrisisExperimental Study of Boiling CrisisPhenomena in NanofluidsPhenomena in Nanofluids

Advisors/Contributors:Advisors/Contributors:Professor Jacopo BuongiornoProfessor Jacopo Buongiorno

Dr. Lin-Wen HuDr. Lin-Wen HuDr. In Cheol BangDr. In Cheol Bang

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyMassachusetts Institute of Technology,,Nuclear Science & Engineering DepartmentNuclear Science & Engineering Department

March 30, 2007March 30, 2007American Nuclear Society StudentAmerican Nuclear Society Student

ConferenceConference

Craig GerardiCraig Gerardi

March 30March 30thth, 2007, 2007 ANS Student Conference 2007ANS Student Conference 2007 MIT MIT 22

OverviewOverview

What are nanofluids and why What are nanofluids and why nuclearnuclear?? Pool boiling facility (PBF) descriptionPool boiling facility (PBF) description Boiling Crisis, Critical Heat Flux (CHF)Boiling Crisis, Critical Heat Flux (CHF) Recent workRecent work Summary/Future WorkSummary/Future Work


What are Nanofluids?What are Nanofluids? Nanofluids are engineered sol colloidsNanofluids are engineered sol colloids

composed of a base fluid with a stablecomposed of a base fluid with a stablenanometer sized particle dispersionnanometer sized particle dispersion Base fluids: water, organic fluid (ethylene glycolBase fluids: water, organic fluid (ethylene glycol

and ethanol), refrigerantand ethanol), refrigerant Particle size 1-100nmParticle size 1-100nm Nanoparticle materials: oxide (AlNanoparticle materials: oxide (Al22OO33, ZrO, ZrO22),),

metals (Cu, Au), carbon (diamond, metals (Cu, Au), carbon (diamond, nanotubenanotube)) Key points: Brownian Motion preventsKey points: Brownian Motion prevents

gravity settling and particles dongravity settling and particles don’’ttagglomerate (stabilized)agglomerate (stabilized)

Used in this discussion:Used in this discussion: Ethanol + 0.01 % vol Alumina; DEthanol + 0.01 % vol Alumina; Dpp~161nm (DLS)~161nm (DLS)


WhatWhat’’s so interesting?s so interesting?

Thermal Performance!Thermal Performance! Increased thermal conductivityIncreased thermal conductivity Increased single-phase heat transferIncreased single-phase heat transfer

coefficientcoefficient Increased critical heat fluxIncreased critical heat flux

Potential problems:Potential problems: Higher viscosity, materials compatibility,Higher viscosity, materials compatibility,

reactor physicsreactor physics


Nanofluid CHF EnhancementNanofluid CHF EnhancementRef Nanofluid (s) Heater type

Max CHF

enhancement

1 Al2O3 in water, 0.001 -0.025 g/L Cu plate 200%

3 SiO 2 (15 -50 nm) in water, 0.5 v% NiCr wire 60%

5 Al2O3 (38 nm) in water, 0.037 g/L Ti layer on glass substrate 67%

7 TiO2 (27-85 nm) in water, 0.01 -3 v% Cu plate 50%

8 Al2O3 (70-260 nm) and ZnO in water Al

2O

3 in ethylene glycol

Cu plate 200%

9 Al2O

3 (10-100 nm) in water, 0.5 -4 v% Stainless steel plate 50%

12 TiO2 (85 nm) in water, 10

-5-10

-1 v% NiCr wire 200%

15 SiO2, CeO

2, Al

2O

3 (10-20 nm) in water, 0.5 v% NiCr wire 170%

16 Au (4 nm) in water Cu plate 175%

17 SiO2 (20-40 nm), ZrO

2 (110-250 nm), Al

2O

3

(110-210 nm ) in water, 0.001 -0.1 v% Stainless steel wire 80%


Nuclear Reactors & Nanofluids?Nuclear Reactors & Nanofluids?

Majority of systems that are heat-removalMajority of systems that are heat-removallimited could benefit from nanofluidlimited could benefit from nanofluidpropertiesproperties Light water reactor coolantLight water reactor coolant Standby safety systemsStandby safety systems In-vessel retentionIn-vessel retention Spent fuel storageSpent fuel storage Fusion divertersFusion diverters Accelerator targetsAccelerator targets


Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility:Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility:HeaterHeater

Transparent (IR & Visible) Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO)Transparent (IR & Visible) Indium-Tin-Oxide (ITO) 0.70.7µm thickµm thick Heated area: 10x30 mmHeated area: 10x30 mm22

Vacuum deposited on 1mm sapphire glassVacuum deposited on 1mm sapphire glass Surface roughness ~20nm (AFM)Surface roughness ~20nm (AFM)

Silver electrode contactsSilver electrode contacts


Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility:Nanofluid Pool Boiling Facility:CapabilitiesCapabilities

High speed Infrared (IR) CameraHigh speed Infrared (IR) Camera ~140 ~140 µm, 233 Hz spatial & time resolutionµm, 233 Hz spatial & time resolution Local temperature distribution as function timeLocal temperature distribution as function time

High speed optical cameraHigh speed optical camera ~100 µm, 500 Hz spatial & time resolution~100 µm, 500 Hz spatial & time resolution Contact line movement, Contact line movement, dryout dryout visualization,visualization,

bubble departurebubble departure Optical probeOptical probe

Void fraction, bubble diameter & velocity, liquidVoid fraction, bubble diameter & velocity, liquidmacrolayer macrolayer thicknessthickness


Boiling CurveBoiling Curve

Tsat(ethanol)=78.4°C

0 10 20 30 40 50 600

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

!Ts=(T

w-T

sat) (

oC)

q" (kW/m

2)

Pure Ethanol

Ethanol + 0.01% vol Alumina

CHF

CHF


CHF - VideosCHF - Videos

Ethanol + 0.01%vol AluminaPure Ethanol


Surface Characteristics (SEM)Surface Characteristics (SEM)

Electrode

ITO surfacew/ precipitate

Heater surface at boundary of ITO & Electrodeboiled in Ethanol + 0.01% vol Alumina nanofluid

ITO surface after being boiled in Ethanol +0.01% vol Alumina nanofluid

ITO surface after being boiled in Ethanol +0.01% vol Alumina nanofluid

ITO surface after being boiled in Ethanol

ITO surface

Electrode


Nucleation Sites Nucleation Sites –– Temporal and Temporal andspatial evolutionspatial evolution

-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.899

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

x (mm)

Temperature (

oC)

Spatial Temperature profile

0 ms

4 ms

9 ms

13 ms

17 ms

21 ms

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

102.5

103

103.5

104

104.5

105

Time (ms)

Temperature (oC)

Temperature history of single pixel

a)Spatial, b) temporal temperature plots and c)IR thermometry video of cold spot in ethanol +0.01vol% alumina at 200kW/m2

a) b)

c)


Summary & Future WorkSummary & Future Work

Summary:Summary: See enhanced CHF in nanofluid boilingSee enhanced CHF in nanofluid boiling Likely due to a surface effect (better Likely due to a surface effect (better wettabilitywettability) as) as

opposed to hydrodynamic interference byopposed to hydrodynamic interference bynanoparticles, etc.nanoparticles, etc.

Future work:Future work: Nucleation site densityNucleation site density Simultaneous IR/Optical high speed imagingSimultaneous IR/Optical high speed imaging ModelModel


CHF TheoryCHF Theory Hot/dry spotHot/dry spot

CHF occurs due to irreversible temperature excursion withCHF occurs due to irreversible temperature excursion withlocalized dry/hot spots (localized dry/hot spots (Theofanous Theofanous et al, 2002 & 2006)et al, 2002 & 2006)

Only difference from original Only difference from original Kutateladze-Zuber Kutateladze-Zuber equation is theequation is theparameter k which is surface/fluid interaction termparameter k which is surface/fluid interaction term((wettability/contact wettability/contact line micro-hydrodynamics)line micro-hydrodynamics)

Well-wetting surface Well-wetting surface –– lower k, higher CHF value lower k, higher CHF value

1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4" ( )CHF LV V L V

q k h g! " ! !# $ %= #& '

è

l è

l

è

l

v è

l

v

v

v

Non-Wetting Wetting

Droplet

Bubble


Nanofluid Pool Boiling FacilityNanofluid Pool Boiling Facility


Alumina Particle Size DistributionAlumina Particle Size Distribution(DLS)(DLS)


Boiling CurveBoiling Curve

80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

0

100k

200k

300k

400k

500k

600k

0.01 v% alumina-ethanol nanofluid

pure ethanol nanofluid

Hea

t Flu

x [k

W/m2

]

Wall Average Temp[oC]

CHF

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Documents

Experimental Study of Boiling Crisis Phenomena in Nanofluidsweb.Mit.edu/nse/pdf/news/2007/07_ansstudentawards/Gerardi_ans.pdf[4] D. W. Zhou and D. Y. Liu, 2004, “Heat Transfer Characteristics