Experimental Investigation of Various Bio fuels...DOI : 10.23883/IJRTER.2017.3120.3FT31 120 Experimental Investigation of Various Bio fuels Dhanusiya B1 Balamurugan Adhithan2 1Assistant

DOI : 10.23883/IJRTER.2017.3120.3FT31 120

Experimental Investigation of Various Bio fuels

Dhanusiya B1 Balamurugan Adhithan2

1Assistant Professor - Mechanical Department – SRM University NCR Campus , Modinagar 2Assistant Professor - Mechanical Department – SRM University NCR Campus , Modinagar

Abstract:This project work deals with “EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF VARIOUS BIOFUELS”. Bio-fuels are renewable and eco-friendly alternative fuels derived from natural fats or

vegetable oils and it is considered as an attractive alternative to replace diesel fuels. The various

sources for bio-fuel used in the project are Soybean oil, Mustard oil, Linseed Oil and Sesame Oil.

The bio fuel is obtained from these oils through transesterification process after which the bio fuel is

blended with diesel to make bio diesel of B10, B20 and B30 ratios. The performance characteristics

of these blends are then compared with diesel. From our study we observed that biodiesel are more

viscous then petroleum diesel with mustard’s oil being the highest and therefore mustard oil is not

used in further research as it may cause damage to apparatus. Also it can be observed that the

biodiesels have much higher flash point then diesel which shows that their cetin number is higher

than that of diesel and so engine can be operated at higher compression ratios the Sesame oil &

Soybean B30 has highest cetane number followed by Soybean B20 blend. Clearly from our

assessment we can conclude that Sesame B20 blend has bettered other fuels. We can see on the

basis of power the sesame gets the highest rating while soybean B30 having worst performance

characteristics. From our assessment we concluded that the Sesame B20, Linseed B20 and soybean

B20 have performed and given better performance than petroleum diesel and thus can be used as

blends with diesel to enhance performance of diesel.

Keywords — Bio-fuels, bio diesel, petroleum diesel, mustard’s oil, soybean B30, Sesame B20,

Linseed B20 and soybean B20

I. INTRODUCTION

Due to gradual depletion of world petroleum reserves and hike of fuel prices and increasing threat to

the environment from exhaust emissions and global warming have generated intense international

interest in developing alternative non-petroleum fuels for engines. The use of vegetable oil in

internal combustion engines is not a recent innovation.

In the last few years interest & activity has grown up around the globe to find a substitute of

fossil fuel. According to Indian scenario the demand of petroleum product like diesel is increasing

day by day hence there is a need to find a solution. The use of edible oil to produce biodiesel in India

is not feasible in view of big gap in demand and supply of such oil. Under Indian condition only non-

edible oil can be used as biodiesel which are produced in appreciable quantity and can be grown in

large scale on non-cropped marginal lands and waste lands. Non-edible oils like contain 30% or

more oil in their seed, fruit or nut. India has more than 300 species of trees, which produce oil

bearing seeds1. Around 75 plant species which have 30% or more oil in their seeds/kernel have been

identified and listed. Vegetable oils are a renewable and potentially inexhaustible source of energy

with an energetic content close to diesel fuel. Historically, it is believed that Rudolf Diesel himself

started research with respect to the use of vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines. However, due to

their high viscosity (about 11 to 17 times higher than diesel fuel) and low volatility, they do not burn completely therefore they have to be processed in order to be used in diesel engines without doing

many modifications to the engine.

International Journal of Recent Trends in Engineering & Research (IJRTER) Volume 03, Issue 04; April - 2017 [ISSN: 2455-1457]

@IJRTER-2017, All Rights Reserved 121

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

The objective of this research is to find out how few understudied edible oils perform in comparison

to normal diesel available at fuel stations and whether it is feasible and a judicious choice over the

fossil-fuel based diesel. Soybean, Linseed, Mustard and Sesame seeds are pressed in pressing

machine in order to obtain oil from them. Trans-esterification of these oils is done in order to remove

fatty acids and reduce viscosity of the fuels. In trans-esterification the oil is reacted with alcohol

under a base catalyst such as KOH and acids are removed, ester is the product formed while glycerol

is the by-product of the reaction .This glycerol is removed by washing the product with hot water

after removing glycerin the oil is kept for drying in which the water evaporates from the oil and bio-

fuel is obtained this oil is now blended with petroleum diesel as B100 i.e; 100% use of only bio fuel

can corrode parts of engine and also does not undergo lean combustion therefore the bio fuel is

mixed in ratio of B10, B20 and B30 with diesel and biodiesel is thus obtained.

The blends that are made from extraction process are then studied for properties such as

flash point, fire point, viscosity and freezing point a comparison chart is made based on these

properties. If the properties of the biodiesel are same as that required to run in engine without

damaging it the biodiesel is kept for further experimentation else it is withdrawn from the

experiment. B20 show the most usability in diesel engine. Selected bio diesels are tested in engine

and their performance in the research engine are determined.

III. BIOFUEL

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long chain

alkyl (methyl, propyl, or ethyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g.,

vegetable oil, animal fat) with an alcohol. In 1900 Rudolf Diesel (German inventor of the diesel

engine) demonstrated his compression ignition engine using peanut oil at the World Exhibition in

Paris. He delivered a speech in 1912, stating that “the use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may

seem insignificant today but such oils may become in the course of time as important as petroleum

and coal-tar products of the present time.”Vegetable oils were used until the 1920s, when a

modification was made to the engine that enabled it to use a residue of petroleum diesel. Although

the diesel engine gained worldwide acceptance, biodiesel did not. With its superior price,

availability, and government subsidies, petroleum diesel quickly became the choice for the diesel

engine. In the mid-1970s, a fuel shortage revived interest in developing biodiesel as an alternative to

petroleum diesel. However, as the petroleum market was increasingly subsidized, biodiesel was again relegated to a minority “alternative” status.

The problem of the “greenhouse effect” related to the emission of CO gases and environmental air

pollution with harmful components of exhaust gases charges competitive national and international

organizations to regulate and to reduce harmful emissions in the environment. The replacement of

mineral fuel with biodiesel is one of the most effective ways for solving economic and

environmental problems.

3.1 PROCUREMENT OF BIO-DIESEL

Many resources can be used as raw material for biodiesel production. These resources mainly

originated from plants, particularly, and animals, in general. Depending upon the availability and

production, the raw material for biodiesel can be classified into three main headings: oil-yielding

plants, animal fats, and recycled cooking oil. The raw material used for biodiesel production can

berenewable in nature, can be produced on a large scale, and are environment friendly. Vegetable

oils include edible and no edible oils. More than 95% of biodiesel production feedstock comes from

edible oils since they are mainly produced in many regions and the properties of biodiesel produced

from these oils is suitable to be used as diesel fuel substitute.



We are using four vegetable oils for the experiment they are:

1. SOYBEAN OIL 3. SESAME OIL

2. MUSTARD OIL 4. LINSEED OIL

1. SOYBEAN OIL: Soybean seed contains 34% oil by weight. Soybean oil is characterized by

presence of linolic (8%), oleic (23%), palmitic (11%), and stearic (4%) acids. Transesterification of

soybean in our case yielded 60% 330ml from 500ml.But with better processing yields up to 86%

may be obtained.

2.MUSTARD OIL: The oil colour is light yellowish. Seeds contain 36%–38% oil content by

weight. Seed oil contains large amounts of erucic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Transesterification of

mustard oil was not complete and due to the fatty acids contents being very high in our case and

therefore higher viscosity mustard oil was not used for further examination.

FIGURE 3.2 Mustard Oil FIGURE 3.3 SESAME OIL B20 BLEND



3. LINSEED OIL : Linseed contains 40% oil and crude linseed oil contains 0.25% phosphatides; the

component fatty acids are 11% palmitic, 11% stearic, 4% hexadecenoic, 34% oleic, 20% linoleic,

17% linolenic, and 3% unsaturated C20–22. There is some wax in the crude oil containing 18.7%

stearic acid, 32.5% cerotic acid, 43.1% ceryl alcohol, and 7.0% hydrocarbons. Transesterification of

linseed oil yielded 28% biodiesel in our case.

FIGURE 3.4 LINSEED OIL B20 BLEND

3.2 BENEFITS OF BIO FUELS:

3.2.1 It's Economical

Biodiesel can be produced by individuals on a small scale relatively inexpensively when compared to

Petrodiesel. The used vegetable oil is available for free and hardly cost a penny, initial investment on

the equipment needed to make biodiesel can be recouped within a matter of months.

3.2.2 It's Renewable

Biodiesel has been touted far and wide for it's renewable properties. Instead of making a fuel from a

finite resource such as crude oil, Biodiesel can be produced from renewable resources such as

organic oils, fats, and tallows. This means that it can be made from things that can be regrown,

reproduced, and reused. So, if you need more, you can just grow another crop of seeds for the oil.

3.2.3 It's Good For The Environment

When Biodiesel is used to power diesel engines, the emissions at the tailpipe are significantly

reduced. Studies by the US National Renewable Energy Lab indicate drops in several key area's that

help the environment. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons, and Particulate Matter (the black smoke from

diesels) all are significantly reduced when Biodiesel is used.

3.2.4It Supports Farmers

When Biodiesel is made from organic oils such as Canola, Soy, Peanut, or other domestically grown

seed crops, it helps the farming community out. Because the oil used to make Biodiesel is

"domestically grown", it keeps the money flowing to those that "grow" the feedstock. This continues

to help out the renewable aspect of Biodiesel because this means more seed crops can be grown by

local farmers.

3.2.5 It Reduces Dependence on Crude Oil

When Biodiesel is used in place of petro-diesel, it reduces the amount of crude oil used up. This

means that it helps to reduce our dependence on a limited resource and increases our use of

renewable resources. We think that's a great step toward reducing our dependence on a fuel that may

not be around forever.



3.2.6 It's Enjoyable To Make

We think that making Biodiesel is one of the funnest things in the world to do. With a little practice

and know-how it can easily be made and is extremely simple to do. We've found it to be an

incredibly fulfilling experience. There's just something to be said for being able to make your own

fuel and drive past a gas station and wave instead of pulling up for a fill-up.

3.3 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OVER DIESEL:

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES

Domestically produced from non-petroluem, renewable resources.

Can be used in most diesel engines, especially newer ones.

Less air pollutants (other than nitrogen oxides).

Biodegradable.

Non-toxic.

Safer to handle.

3.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

Currently more expensive .

Concerns about B100's impact on engine durability.

Lower fuel economy and power (10% lower for B100, 2% for B20).

B100 generally not suitable for use in low temperatures.

Use of blends above B5 not yet approved by many auto makers.

IV. TRANS-ESTERIFICATION

Transesterification or alcoholysis is the displacement of alcohol from an ester by another in a

process. Methanol is the most common alcohol used due to its low cost and low water content . This

process has been widely used to reduce the high viscosity of triglycerides.

4.1 CHEMICALS REQUIRED :

1) NaOH or KOH 99% pure (500g)

2) Methanol or Isopropanol (500ml)

4.2 METHODOLOGY : 1.) Heat vegetable oil in a pan for few minutes at temperature less than 60 degree Celsius.

2.) After heating the oil let it cool down.

3.) In the meantime prepare the solution of methanol and Potassium hydroxide in the ratio 1:3 {3.5g of

KOH and 200ml of Methanol}.

4.) Mix oil with the above solution and heat it for one hour on magnetic stirrer without exceeding 60

degree Celsius temperature.

5.) Once the mixture is at normal temperature transfer it into a separating funnel and leave it untouched for

minimum eight hours.

6.) You will see a two layers one layer of bio fuel and another of glycerine which is a by-product of

esterification process

7.) Remove glycerine in a beaker from the separating funnel. Now you will obtain light coloured oil.

8.) Wash this oil with hot water to remove any glycerin content which might be left.

9.) Keep the mixture untouched for some time and glycerine water mixture will start separating from oil.

10.) Repeat this process till clear water is obtained.

11.) Separate water from bio fuel.

12.) Heat bio fuel at 120 degree Celsius to remove any water content.

13.) In bottom you will see a little bit of glycerine, without agitating the mixture remove the biodiesel

above the glycerine and now the obtained bio fuel can be blended with diesel.



Overall process carried out

Figure 4.13

V. FUEL PROPERTIES

Since biodiesel is produced in quite differently scaled plants from vegetable oils of varying

origin and quality, it was necessary to install a standardization of fuel quality to guarantee engine

performance without any difficulties. The parameters that define the quality of biodiesel can be

divided into two groups. One group contains general parameters, which are also used for mineral oil-

based fuel, and the other group especially describes the chemical composition and purity of fatty acid

alkyl esters . Fuel properties of biodiesel and its blends can be compared with high-speed diesel

(HSD). Properties of biodiesel are tested according to ASTM, EN (Europe), and DIN (Germany)

biodiesel standards.

Viscosity controls the characteristics of the injection from the diesel injector. The viscosity of fatty

acid methyl esters can reach very high levels and hence it is important to control it within an

acceptable level to avoid negative impacts on fuel injector system performance. Therefore, the

viscosity specifications proposed are nearly the same as those of the diesel fuel. There are mainly of

two types of viscosity:

Dynamic viscosity is the "thickness" of a fluid. It can be thought of as fluid friction or internal

resistance of a fluid to flow.

Kinematic viscosity measures the resistance to flow of a fluid under the influence of gravity (or

some other body force acting on the mass of the fluid).



Flash point of a fuel is the temperature at which it will ignite when exposed to a flame or spark. The

flash point of biodiesel is higher than for the petrodiesel, which is safe for transport purposes.

Fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which the vapour produced by that given fuel will continue

to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame.

The Cleveland open-cup method is one of the main methods in chemistry for determining the flash

point of a product using a Cleveland open-cup apparatus, also known as a Cleveland open-cup tester.

First, the test cup of the apparatus (usually brass) is filled to a certain level with a portion of the

product.

Then, the temperature of this chemical is increased rapidly and then at a slow, constant rate as

it approaches the theoretical flash point.

The increase in temperature will cause the chemical to begin to produce flammable vapor in

increasing quantities and density.

The lowest temperature at which a small test flame passing over the surface of the liquid causes

the vapor to ignite is considered the chemical's flash point.

This apparatus may also be used to determine the chemical's fire point which is considered to

have been reached when the application of the test flame produces at least five continuous

seconds of ignition.

Figure: 5.1 TESTING OF FLASH AND FIRE POINT USING CLEVELAND OPEN CUP METHOD.

Properties obtained for various biodiesels are given below along with respective blending ratios.

FUEL PROPERTIES B10 B20 B30

Dynamic viscosity @ 40°C 4.24 4.21 4.16

Kinematic viscosity @ 40°C 4.09 4.08 4.06

Density @ 40°C 0.844 0.87 0.9

Flash point, °C 80 88 88

Fire point, °C 86 95 94 TABLE 5.1 SOYBEAN OIL BLEND PROPERTIES

TABLE5.2 MUSTARD OIL BLEND PROPERTIES

FUEL PROPERTIES B10

Dynamic viscosity @ 40°C 5.972

Kinematic viscosity @ 40°C 6.873

Density @ 40°C 0.868



FUEL PROPERTIES B20




Flash point, °C 90

Fire point, °C 92 TABLE 5.3 SESAME OIL BLEND PROPERTIES

FUEL PROPERTIES B20




Flash point, °C 87

Fire point, °C 94 TABLE 5.4 LINDSEED OIL BLEND PROPERTIES

TABLE 5.5 PETROLEUM DIESEL PROPERTIES

From above tables it can be clearly observed that biodiesel are more viscous then

petroleum diesel with mustard’s oil being the highest and therefore mustard oil is not used in further

research as it may cause damage to apparatus.

Also it can be observed that the biodiesels have much higher flash point then diesel which

shows that their cetane number is higher than that of diesel and so engine can be operated at higher

compression ratios the Sesame oil has highest cetane number followed by Soybean B20 blend.

VI. FUEL TESTING IN RESEARCH ENGINE

Figure : 6.1 Specification of Research Engine

FUEL PROPERTIES DIESEL




Flash point, °C 52

Fire point, °C 96



The setup consists of single cylinder, four stroke, Multi-fuel, research engine connected to eddy

current type dynamometer for loading. The operation mode of the engine can be changed from diesel

to ECU Petrol or from ECU Petrol to Diesel mode by following some procedural steps. In both

modes the compression ratio can be varied without stopping the engine and without altering the

combustion chamber geometry by specially designed tilting cylinder block arrangement. In Diesel

mode fuel injection point and pressure can be manipulated for research tests. In Petrol mode fuel

injection time, fuel injection angle, ignition angle can be programmed with open ECU at each

operating point based on RPM and throttle position. It helps in optimizing engine performance

throughout its operating range. Air temp, coolant temp, Throttle position and trigger sensor are

connected to Open ECU which control ignition coil, fuel injector, fuel pump and idle air. Set up is

provided with necessary instruments for combustion pressure, Diesel line pressure and crank-angle

measurements. These signals are interfaced with computer for pressure crank-angle diagrams.

Instruments are provided to interface airflow, fuel flow, temperatures and load measurements. The

set up has stand-alone panel box consisting of air box, two fuel tanks for duel fuel test, manometer,

fuel measuring unit, transmitters for air and fuel flow measurements, process indicator and hardware

interface. Rotameters are provided for cooling water and calorimeter water flow measurement. A

battery, starter and battery charger is provided for engine electric start arrangement.

FIGURE 6.2 SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF RESEARCH ENGINE

The setup enables study of VCR engine performance for brake power, indicated power,

frictional power, BMEP, IMEP, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal efficiency, Mechanical

efficiency, volumetric efficiency, specific fuel consumption, A/F ratio, heat balance and combustion

analysis. Labview based Engine Performance Analysis software package “Enginesoft” is provided

for on line engine performance evaluation. PE3 series software package is provided for programming

open ECU for petrol mode operation of the engine.



Combustion Parameters:

Specific Gas Const (kJ/kgK) : 1.00, Air Density (kg/m^3) : 1.17, Adiabatic Index : 1.41, Polytrophic

Index : 1.26, Number Of Cycles : 10, Cylinder Pressure Referance : 7, Smoothing 2, TDC Reference

: 0

Performance Parameters :

Orifice Diameter (mm) : 20.00, Orifice Coeff. Of Discharge : 0.60, Dynamometer Arm Legnth (mm)

: 185, Fuel Pipe dia (mm) : 12.40, Ambient Temp. (Deg C) : 27, Pulses Per revolution : 360, Fuel

Type : Diesel, Fuel Density (Kg/m^3) : 830, Calorific Value Of Fuel (kj/kg) : 42000

VII. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS

Mean Effective Pressure: This is a hypothetical pressure which if acting on a engine piston during

one stroke would produce the total work of the cylinder.

ip= Indicate Power L= Length of stroke A= Area of piston R= Rotation speed K=no. of cylinders

Indicated power: the power produced in the cylinder .

Brake Power is the useful power at the output shaft. Brake power is always less than indicative,

due to losses by mechanical friction and parasitic loads (oil pump, air conditioner compressor, etc.

Thermal Efficiency: It is the ratio of output to that of energy input in the form of fuel. It gives the

efficiency with which chemical energy of fuel is converted into mechanical work. It shows that all

chemical energy of fuel is not converted into heat energy..

Volumetric Efficiency: It is the ratio of the actual volume of the charge drawn in during the suction

stroke to the swept volume of the piston. The amount of air taken inside the cylinder is dependent on

the volumetric efficiency of an engine and hence puts a limit on the amount of fuel which can be

efficiently burned and the power output. The value of volumetric efficiency of a normal engine lies

between 70 to 80 percent, but for engines with forced induction it may be more than 100 percent.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption: It is defined as the amount of fuel consumed for each unit of

brake power per hour; it indicates the efficiency with which the engine develops the power from fuel.

It is used to compare performance of different engines.

Mechanical Efficiency: the mechanical efficiency is defined as ratio of brake power to the indicated

power.

Torque: The expression of this rotational or twisting force around an axis is

called torque, which is measured in units of force times distance from the axis of rotation.

T=F.x

Where F is the rotational force and X is the perpendicular distance.



VIII. EXPERIMENTS & RESULTS

The prepared blends were successfully run in engine and following output or result was obtained on

various fuels with respect to load variation on the engine.

8.1SOYBEAN OIL B10:

Speed

(rpm)

Load

(kg)

IP

(kW)

BP

(kW)

FP

(kW)

IME

P

(bar)

BME

P

(bar)

FME

P

(bar)

IThE

ff

(%)

BThEf

f (%)

SFC

(kg/kW

h)

Fuel

(kg/h)

1553.0

0 1.89 4.34 0.56 3.78 5.06 0.65 4.41 67.83 8.73 0.98 0.55

1540.0

0 3.95 4.88 1.16 3.72 5.75 1.36 4.39 64.62 15.30 0.56 0.65

1537.0

0 5.88 5.29 1.72 3.57 6.24 2.03 4.22 60.71 19.69 0.44 0.75

1525.0

0 7.78 5.93 2.26 3.67 7.05 2.68 4.37 60.02 22.84 0.38 0.85

1527.0

0 9.68 6.39 2.81 3.58 7.59 3.34 4.25 57.88 25.45 0.34 0.95

1516.0

0 11.83 6.94 3.41 3.53 8.30 4.08 4.23 54.29 26.66 0.32 1.10

TABLE 8.1.1 , BP & FP for soybean B10 biodiesel , MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURES for Soybean B10

biodiesel, THERMAL EFFICIENCES of Soybean B10 biodiesel, FUEL CONSUMPTION of Soybean

B10 Biodiesel

8.2 SOYBEAN OIL B20 BIODIESEL

Speed

(rpm)

Load

(kg)

IP

(kW)

BP

(kW)

FP

(kW

)

IMEP

(bar)

BMEP

(bar)

FME

P

(bar)

IThEff

(%)

BTh

Eff

(%)

SFC

(kg/k

Fuel

(kg/h)

1557.00 2.32 4.53 0.69 3.84 5.28 0.80 4.48 77.98 11.84 0.72 0.50

1546.00 4.00 4.90 1.17 3.72 5.75 1.38 4.37 60.19 14.43 0.59 0.70

1538.00 5.83 5.40 1.70 3.69 6.37 2.01 4.35 61.92 19.56 0.44 0.75

1537.00 7.83 5.89 2.29 3.61 6.96 2.70 4.26 59.68 23.16 0.37 0.85

1527.00 9.83 6.44 2.85 3.59 7.65 3.39 4.27 65.23 28.87 0.30 0.85

1517.00 11.85 6.96 3.42 3.54 8.32 4.09 4.23 92.09 45.23 0.19 0.65

TABLE 8.2.1 IP, BP & FP for soybean B20 biodiesel, MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURES for Soybean

B20 biodiesel THERMAL EFFICIENCES of Soybean B20 biodiesel FUEL CONSUMPTION of Soybean

B20 Biodiesel

8.3 SOYBEAN B30 BIODIESEL

TABLE 8.3.1 IP, BP, FP, MEAN EFFECTIVE PRESSURES, THERMAL EFFICIENCES, FUEL

CONSUMPTION, TORQUE, Mechanical & Volumetric Efficiency for soybean B30 biodiesel

Speed

(rpm)

Loa

d

(kg)

IP

(kW

)

BP

(kW

)

FP

(k

W

IM

EP

(bar

)

BM

EP

FM

EP

ITh

Eff

(%)

BTh

Eff

(%)

SFC

(kg/k

W

Fuel

(kg/

h)

Tor

que

Mec

h

Eff.

Vol Eff.

(%)

1574 2.35 4.52 0.70 3.8 5.21 0.81 4.40 64.7 10.09 0.85 0.60 4.27 15.5 81.74

1547 3.92 4.79 1.15 3.6 5.61 1.35 4.26 63.3 15.26 0.56 0.65 7.12 24.0 81.70

1536 5.91 5.30 1.72 3.5 6.26 2.04 4.22 57.0 18.55 0.46 0.80 10.7 32.5 81.54

1532 7.86 5.88 2.29 3.5 6.96 2.71 4.25 59.5 23.17 0.37 0.85 14.2 38.9 81.51

1520 9.78 6.38 2.82 3.5 7.61 3.37 4.24 57.7 25.59 0.33 0.95 17.7 44.2 81.39

1513 11.7 6.80 3.38 3.4 8.15 4.05 4.10 55.7 27.71 0.31 1.05 21.3 49.7 81.20



8.4 PETROLEUM DIESEL Speed

(rpm)

Loa

d

(kg)

IP

(k

BP

(kW

)

FP

(k

IME

P

BM

EP

FM

EP

ITh

Eff

BTh

Eff

SFC

(kg/

Fuel

(kg/h)

Torq

ue

(Nm)

Mech

Eff.

Vol

Eff.

1562 2.44 4.5

8 0.72

3.8

6 5.32 0.84 4.48

56.3

6 8.90 0.96 0.70 4.42 15.79 82.10

1549 4.02 4.8

7 1.18

3.6

8 5.70 1.39 4.31

55.8

4

13.5

9 0.63 0.75 7.30 24.33 82.17

1540 6.05 5.3

8 1.77

3.6

1 6.34 2.08 4.25

54.4

7

17.9

1 0.48 0.85 10.97 32.89 81.98

1540 8.00 5.9

3 2.34

3.5

9 6.98 2.76 4.22

53.7

0

21.2

2 0.40 0.95 14.53 39.52 81.95

1527 9.87 6.4

2 2.86

3.5

5 7.62 3.40 4.22

52.6

0

23.4

7 0.37 1.05 17.91 44.63 81.84

1522 11.8

9

6.9

0 3.44

3.4

6 8.23 4.10 4.13

49.5

0

24.6

7 0.35 1.20 21.58 49.84 81.56

TABLE 8.6.1 IP, BP & FP, IMEP, BMEP & FMEP, ITE &BTE, SFC & FC, TORQUE, Mechanical &

Volumetric Efficiency for diesel

IX. CONCLUSION

Based on the results conclusion were made using mark distribution system. For each fuel was

given highest to lowest score between number 5 being the highest mark and 1 being the lowest mark

the total for all fuels were calculated and one with the highest number is concluded as the best bio

diesel on the basis of considered performance characteristics. Table : 9.1 Overall Result Clearly from

above assessment we can see that Sesame B20 blend has bettered other fuels. We can see on the

basis of power the sesame gets the highest rating while soybean B30 has worst performance

characteristics

From above assessment we can see that the Sesame B20, Linseed B20 and soybean B20

have performed and give better performance than petroleum diesel and thus can be used as blends

with diesel to enhance performance of diesel.

Soybean

Blend B10

Soybean

Blend B20

Soybean

Blend B30

Sesame

Blend B20

Linseed

Blend B20

Diesel

IP 4 4 3 5 5 4

BP 2 4 3 5 5 4

IMEP 3 3 3 4 4 3

BMEP 2 3 3 5 4 3

ITHE 4 5 4 3 3 3

BTHE 3 4 3 5 3 3

Mech.Eff 3 4 3 4 5 3

Vol. Eff. 4 4 3 4 5 4

SFC 4 5 4 4 3 4

Total 30 36 29 39 37 31



ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors expressing profuse gratitude to those who gave abundance support to make this research

work accomplished to my Beloved Parents and Dr. Manoj Kumar Pandey – Director , SRM

Uiversity NCR Campus and Mr. Freedon Daniel HOD- SRM University NCR Campus.

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Experimental Investigation of Various Bio fuels...DOI : 10.23883/IJRTER.2017.3120.3FT31 120 Experimental Investigation of Various Bio fuels Dhanusiya B1 Balamurugan Adhithan2 1Assistant