Experimental Investigation and Statistical Analysis of Creep Properties of a Hybridized Epoxy Alumina Calcium Silicate Nanocomposite Material Operating at Elevated Temperatures

7/31/2019 Experimental Investigation and Statistical Analysis of Creep Properties of a Hybridized Epoxy Alumina Calcium Silic

1/10

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 1, ISSUE 6, JULY 2012 ISSN 2277-8616

36IJSTR2012www.ijstr.org

Experimental Investigation and StatisticalAnalysis of Creep Properties of a Hybridized

Epoxy-Alumina-Calcium Silicate

Nanocomposite Material Operating atElevated Temperatures

Obuka Nnaemeka Sylvester P., Ihueze Chukwutoo Christopher, Okoli Ndubuisi Celestine, Ikwu Gracefield Okwudilichukwu R.Abstract - The experiments of this research were designed to lend itself to two way and three way classification ANOVA analysis in the SPSSsoftware. The new hybrid epoxy matrix composites consist of 5%wt, 10%wt, 15%wt, 20%wt, 25%wt, and 30%wt of fillers (alumina and calciumsilicate) in nanoscale. Tensile strength of each constituent material was obtained through tensile experiments. Creep experiments were performedat temperatures of 50

0C, 70

0C, 90

0C, 110

0C, and 130

0C, at constant loading of 14 MPa. The composite material with 15%wt constituent showed

highest tensile strength followed by the 20%wt constituent showing higher strength than a baseline Epoxy-Alumina nanocomposite. Also the15%wt and the 20%wt constituents exhibited the best resistant property to creep than every other constituent at short term creep tests and atanalytical results. Though the two way classification ANOVA show enough significance at 95% confidence interval, the three way classificationANOVA showed significances of time, temperature and samples (with interactions), which are responsible for the creep failure of the studied

composites. The creep limit property of the new material was found to be higher than the creep limit of the Epoxy filled with Alumina only.

Keywords: Nanocomposites, Epoxy, Alumina, Calcium Silicate, ANOVA, Creep, Tensile Strength, SPSS Software

1INTRODUCTIONTHIS research is carried out to develop a polymer matrixhybrid nanocomposite material for oil and gas supplysystem through classical experimental design andapplication of trendy analytical tools to investigate thematerials creep properties. The tests are carried out basedon the maximum parameters of operation of oil and gaspipelines, basically temperature, pressure and corrosiveenvironment (Seawater, H2S and CO2). Creepphenomenon is a natural failure mechanism for materialsand equipments working under stress, high temperatureand at a space of time. During high temperature services,components typically operate under complex non-steadystress-temperature conditions. Even so, the creep andcreep fracture properties of engineering materials areusually determined under uniaxial tensile stresses, applyinga known constant load to a specimen held at a fixedtemperature (Wilshire and Evans, 1994).

Nanotechnology, nanostructured polymers, nanoparticlesand nano composites have been a lot research topic of highpromise for years. A lot has been done, highly interestingscientific findings and even significant technicaapplications, yet there are still significant unfulfilledpromises and visions to be made true. It is good to keep inmind that nature is a master in optimizing nanostructures inmaterials. Also, nature has shown that significan

improvements in materials properties can be reached, andtailored properties achieved (Seppala, 2010)Nanocomposite materials have emerged as suitablealternatives to overcome limitations of micro compositesand monolithic, while posing preparation challenges relatedto the control of elemental composition and stoichiometry inthe nano cluster phase. In 1995, the deep-water offshore oiindustry was looking for strong, lightweight materials toreplace the heavy alloy piping used on oil platform inseawater as was reported by Lea (2002), of SpecialtyPlastics Inc., by reducing the weight of the piping materialson the service deck of a Tension Leg Platform (TLP), thebuoyancy of the TLP would increase. This would reduce theamount of structural steel needed below water, there by

significantly reducing the cost of a TLP. Although carbonsteel, copper-nickel alloy and duplex steel pipe hadtraditionally been used on offshore platforms and pipelinesadvanced composite were known to be stronger, moreresistant to corrosion, and lighter than steel. For examplecomposite pipe with a 6 inch diameter weighs 4 pounds perfoot, while a copper nickel pipe with the same diameteweighs 24 pounds per foot. Advanced composites also cosless initially than steel piping and have a longer life cycle(Schmidt , Shah and Giamnelis, 2002). Epoxy resinsystems are increasingly used as matrix in compositematerials for a wide range of automotive, aerospace, oil andgas applications and for ship building or electronic devices

Obuka Nnaemeka Sylvester P. is currently pursuing adoctor of philosophy degree program in

Industrial/Production Eengineering department atNnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.PH-+234(0)8034002623.E-mail:[email protected]

Ihueze, Chukwutoo Christopher is a Professor ofdesign and engineering management inIndustrial/Production Engineering department at thesame University as the corresponding author. OkoliNdubuisi Celestine; and Ikwu GracefieldOkwudilichukwu R., are currently pursuing the samedegree program as the corresponding author in thesame department and in the same University.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/10



Nano particles constrain the matrix deformation less thanmicroparticles, because they integrate better into thepolymer microstructure as they approach nearly moleculardimensions. Depending on more or less strong interactionswith the matrix, it can be expected that they influencedeformation mechanisms in the polymer on the micro oreve the nano scale.

2LITERATUREREVIEWNanoscale science and technology research is progressingwith the use of a combination of atomic scalecharacterization and detailed modeling (Roy, Roy, and Roy,1986). In the early 1990s, Toyota Central ResearchLaboratories in Japan reported work on a Nylon-6nanocomposite (Usuki, et al, 1993), for which a very smallamount of nano filler loading resulted in a pronouncedimprovement of thermal and mechanical properties. Theproperties of nanocomposite materials depend not only onthe properties of their individual parents (nano filler andnylon, in this case) but also on their morphology andinterfacial characteristics, says Kanartzidis (Oriakhi, 1998).The transition from microparticles to nanoparticles yields

dramatic changes in physical properties. Nanoscalematerials have a large surface area for a given volume (Luoand Daniel, 2003). Since many important chemical andphysical interactions are governed by surfaces and surfaceproperties a nanostructured material can have substantiallydifferent properties from larger-dimensional materials of thesame composition (RTO, 2005). In general, nanomaterialsprovide reinforcing efficiency because of their high aspectratio. The properties of a nanocomposite are greatlyinfluenced by the size scale of its component phases andthe degree of mixing between the two phases. Dependingon the nature of the components used (layered silicate ornanofiber, cation exchange capacity, and polymer matrix)and the method of preparation, significant differences in

composite properties may be obtained (Park, et al, 2001).Analogously, in fibrous or particle reinforced PolymerNanocomposites (PNC), dispersion of the nanoparticle andadhesion at the particle-matrix interface play crucial roles indetermining the mechanical properties of thenonocomposite. Without proper dispersion, thenanomaterial will not offer improved mechanical propertiesover that of the conventional composites, in fact, a poorlydispersed nanomaterial may degrade the mechanicalproperties (Gorga and Cohen, 2004).

2.1 Potentials and Opportunities in Polymer-Nanocomposites

Polymers have been filled with several inorganiccompounds, either synthetic or natural, in order to increaseheat and impact resistance, flame retardancy andmechanical strength, and to decrease electrical conductivityand gas permeability with respect to oxygen and watervapour (Fischer, 2003). Furthermore, metal and ceramicreinforcements offer striking routes to certain uniquemagnetic, electronic, optical or catalytic properties comingfrom inorganic nano-particles, which add to other polymerproperties such as processibilty and film forming capability(Athawale, et al,2003). Using this approach polymers canbe improved while keeping their lightweight and ductilenature (Jordan, et al, 2005; Akita and Hatlori, 1999;Zavyalov, Pivkina, and Schoonman, 2002). Another

important aspect is that nanosacle reinforcements have anexceptional potential to generate new phenomena, whichleads to special properties in these materials. It may bepointed out that the reinforcing efficiency of thesecomposites, even at low volume fractions, is comparable to40-50% for fibers in microcomposites (Ray and Bousmina2005). Addition of reinforcements to a wide variety ofpolymer resins produces a dramatic improvement in their

biodegradability. For instance, rocket propellants areprepared from a Polymer-AI/Al2O3 nanocomposite toimprove ballistic performance (Meda, et al, 2005)Thermosetting and thermoplastic pipes and liners createdfrom nanocomposite materials have enhanced thermomechanical and creep properties, allowing for operations ahigher temperatures and pressures without increasing thethickness of the pipe or changing the manufacturingprocesses involved (Vincenzo, Gasem, and Mauyed, 2010)Drill bits coated with nanostructured ceramic materials haveincreased hardness and durability compared with theirconventional counterparts (Milue, 2009). Another majoarea where nanocomposite materials can make a dramaticimpact is with sealants. Currently used rubber sealants and

O-rings are very stable under common well conditions(1750C and 135MPa), exhibiting appropriate flexibility andstructural stability. When subjected to harsher conditionshowever, the structural integrity of the rubber is severelycompromised (Endo, Naguchi, and Ho, 2008). In hightemperature-pressure condition, old electrical sensors andother measuring tools often are not reliable. Buresearchers currently are developing a set of reliable andeconomical sensors from optical fibers for measuringtemperature and pressure, oil flow-rate, and acoustic wavesin oil wells (Scott, Jones and Crudden, 2003: Ying and Sun1997). Another nanosensor, Smart Dust, is being developedby researchers at the University of California in San DiegoSmart Dust was created from nanostructured porous silicon

crystals that can be tuned to change colour when a specificcompound is detected. Within the oil and gas industry thissort of technology could be deployed to remotely sensepipeline leaks for gases, such as toxic hydrogen sulphideor to remotely monitor the structural integrity of pipelinesand wells (Sailor and Link, 2005). Evora and Shukla (2003)have reported improvement in fracture toughness fopolyester resin reinforced with TiO2 nanoparticleshowever the tensile strength of the composites was lowethan that of the resin at higher particle volume fractionSimilar trend of reduction in tensile strength was reportedby Daniel et al (2003) for epoxy-clay nanocompositesGojny, et al, (2004), achieved moderate improvements infracture toughness and elastic modulus of epoxy by the

addition of carbon nanotubes, but the tensile strengthdecreased when the nanotubes were used without anytreatment Yong and Hahn (2004) also have reporteddecrease in tensile strength for vinyl ester reinforced withunmodified SiC nanoparticles. While agglomeration onanoparticles at higher volume fractions is one of thereasons attributed for decrease in the tensile strength. Themore prominent reason is the lack of chemical bondingbetween the inorganic particles and organic matrixMasahiro, et al, (2006), studied the preparation and variouscharacteristics of Epoxy /Alumna nanocomposites bydispersing 3, 5, 7 and 10weight (wt)% boehmite aluminananofillers in a bisphenol A epoxy resin using a special two-


3/10



stage direct mixing method. It was elucidated thatnanofillers affect various characteristic of epoxy resins,when they are nano structured. Omrani, Simon andRostami (2009), investigated the effect of aluminananoparticle on the properties of an epoxy resin system.Formation of composite made up of alumina particles ingamma phase and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A, thefollowing were observed: From the kinetic analysis using

the Avrami equation, it has been seen that the kineticparameters are influenced by the presence of nanoparticleand the used curing temperatures. It was found that arelatively low concentration of Al2O3 nanoparticles led to animpressive improvement of dynamic mechanical,mechanical, and thermal properties.

3MATERIALSANDMETHODThe methodology of this research work on development ofhybrid nanocomposite material is experimental andanalytical employing mix-method approach. This hybridpolymer nanocomposite is made of Epoxy matrix, and twonano-fillers of Aluminum Oxide (Al2O3) and CalciumSilicate (CaSiO3). Due to factor of availability, the

combination system of Epikote Resin 836/Epikure curingAgent F205 is used in this research. About twelve (12)samples were produced, six(6) of which are the hybridcomposites of 5 wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, 20wt%, 25wt% and30wt%, weight fractions of the fillers (fibre). The other six(6) samples will be used as baseline samples for theexperiment made of epoxy-alumina nanocomposites of thesame weight fractions of the filler (fibre) as in the hybridnanocomposite samples. Hence the sampes are labeledsamples A, B, C, D,.. to L. The resin and its curingagent, which form the epoxy matrix were measured at theratio of 2:1. Due to the application of the centrifugal force,the curing temperature of the composite is recorded atbetween 1800C and 1850C.The composite is allowed to

cure at this temperature of T 1850C for 6 hours(360mins), after which it is allowed for post-cure at ambienttemperature without external air cooling for at least 24hours. Table 3 shows the dimension of the samples used inthe experiment.

3.1 Theory of Tensile TestsIf the results of tensile testing are to be used to predict howa metal will behave under other forms of loading, it isdesirable to plot the data in terms of true stress and truestain. The measurement of elongation is used to calculatethe engineering or nominal strain n, using the followingequation, (ASMI, 2011);

Engineering or nominal stress, n, is defined as;

When force-elongation data are converted to engineeringstress and strain, a stressstrain curve that is identical isshape to the forceelongation curve can be plotted. The

advantage of dealing with stress versus strain rather thanload versus elongation is that the stress-strain curve isvirtually independent of specimen dimensions. Howevertrue stress, , is defined as;

where is the cross sectional area at the time that theapplied force is . Up to the point at which necking startstrue strain, (natural or logarithmic), is defined as;

This definition arises from taking an increment of thestrain, , as the incremental change in length, , divided

by the length, , at the time, , and integrating. As

long as the deformation is uniform along the gage sectionthe true stress and strain can be calculated from theengineering quantities. With constant volume and uniformdeformation,

Thus, according to equation (1);

Equation (3) can be rewritten as,

and, with substitution of equations (2) and (6) into equation(7), we obtain;

Substituting the expression in accordancewith equations (5) and (6), into the expression for true strain(4) gives the true strain as,

At very low strains, the differences between true andengineering stress and strain are very small. It does noreally matter whether Youngs modulus is defined in termsof engineering or true stress-stain. It must be emphasized

that these expressions are valid only as long as thedeformation is uniform. Once necking starts, equation (3)for true stress is still valid, but the cross-sectional area athe base of the neck must be measured directly rather thanbeing inferred from the length measurements (Gedney2002). Because the true stress, thus calculated, is the truestress at the base of the neck, the corresponding true strainshould also be at the base of the neck. Equation (4) couldstill be used if the Lf and Lo values were known for anextremely short gage section centered on the middle of theneck (one so short that variations if area along it would benegligible). Of course, there will be no such gage section

TABLE 1:DIMENSIONS OF TENSILE TEST SAMPLES


4/10



but if there were, equation (5) would be valid. Thus the truestrain can be calculated as (Gedney, 2002);

3.2 Material Strength (Tensile Tests)The tensile strength (true stress) of each sample wasobtained from equation (3), the cross-sectional area (Af) atthe time that the applied force is F (see table 3) wascalculated from a combination of equations (1) and (6).Assuming a uniform deformation at constant volume, theinstantaneous area (Af) is also obtained through theapplication of equation (5). The original cross-sectional area(A0) of each samples gage length domain (which is aprism) is given by the expression;

4THEORY OF DATA ANALYSIS USING ANOVA

4.1 Two Way ClassificationThe Two way classification model is expressed as;

Where; =Factor A effects

= Factor B effects

= = Interaction effects

The estimates of these parameters are;

Where,

And,

To test for the significance of the factors A, B, andinteraction effects, we use the Two way ANOVA tableproposed in table 3 (Eze, 2002);

Where; SSA = Sum of squares due to factor ASSB = Sum of squares due to factor BSS = Sum of squares due to interactionMSA = Mean sum of squares due to factor AMSB = Mean sum of squares due to factor BMS = Mean sum of squares due to interaction

The estimates of these parameters are;

Where,

Where,

4.2 Three Way ClassificationThree way classification relation is expressed classically as

Where, = Factor A effect= Factor B effect

= Factor C effect

= Interaction effect between A and B

= Interaction effect between A and C= Interaction effect between B and C

= Interaction effect between A, B, and C

= Error or residual effect

The estimates for sum of squares of these parameters are;

TABLE 2:SUMMARY OF TENSILE STRENGTH DATA

TABLE 3:TWO WAY CLASSIFICATIONANOVA


5/10



Where; =Grand sum= Sum of factor A at level= Sum of factor B at level

=Sum of factor C at level= Sum of interactions of A and B at and

level

=Sum of interactions of A and C at andlevel

= Sum of interactions of B and C at and

levelNote:

Hence, to test for the significance of the factors A, B, and

interaction effects, we use the Three way ANOVA tableproposed below;

Therefore;

4.3 Creep ExperimentsCreep tests were conducted on the samples at a constanstress (loading) based on the average value of pressureobtained from, the operations data made available by ShelProduction Development Corporation (SPDC), Bongaproject, 130km off shore Nigeria, FPSO. The meanpressure is calculated at 14.1MPa (141bar). At applicationsof equations (1) to (10) in different combinations on theexperimental field data, the true stress and strain tableswere developed, thus;

TABLE 4:THREE WAY CLASSIFICATIONANOVA

TABLE 5:TRUE STRAIN VALUES


6/10



4.2.1 Creep CurvesThe creep experiments were conducted under constantstress (load) which produced varying strain effects ondifferent samples at various temperatures and timeintervals. The strain-time curves shown below portray theeffect of creep on the samples of study which were takingfrom Tables 7a-to-7f.

TABLE 6:TRUE STRESS VALUES

Fig 1: Strain-Time Curves for Table 7a


7/10



5ANALYSIS OF DATAUSING SPSSSOFTWAREThe true strain and stress data generated in this researchcan further be analyzed to investigate the variance betweensamples and the significant effect of factors and treatmentsThe SPSS statistical tool is employed to this regard byapplying: One way, Two way and further Three way

classification analysis of variance, nonetheless, the Oneway analysis produced no significant result hence its detailswere ignored. The results of the analysis are shown in thefollowing tables below, while the details are in Appendix CThe level of significance adopted throughout the analysis ofthis research data is 95 percent confidence interval, makingour significance level to 0.05. Due to the bulky nature of thedata collected, the manual computation will be toocumbersome and full of analytical mistakes so, the use ofstatistical software was advised. The software used for thisanalysis as earlier mentioned is SPSS (Statistical Packagefor Social Sciences) version 17. The collected field data(experimental data) were reduced to a one observation pecell to depict creep parameters (strain and stress) of the

samples. The statistical inference drawn from the analysisis based on the following null hypotheses and theialternatives;

1. H0: The main effects (time, temperature, andsample) are not significant.

2. H1: The main effects are significant.3. H0: The interaction effects are not significant.4. H1: The interaction effects are significant.

The ANOVA tables that follow are drawn from analysis donewith SPSS software .

TABLE 8:SPSSTWO WAYANOVA FOR DEPENDENTVARIABLE STRAIN

Fig 2: Strain-Time Curves for Table 7b

Fig 3: Strain-Time Curves for Table 7c

Fig 4: Strain-Time Curves for Table 7d

Fig 5: Strain-Time Curves for Table 7e

Fig 6: Strain-Time Curves for Table 7f


8/10



From Tables 8 and 9, it is obviously inferred that the Twoway classification could not produce the interaction effect,even the temperature and time (hour) effects are notsignificant for the Strain variable (table 8), but temperatureshowed a good significant effect on the samples in the caseof Stress variables (table 9). The ANOVA for sample C(strain) indicates that time (hour) and temperaturetreatments are super significant on the material sample C.Only temperature treatment showed significant effect onsample D and also on sample F and slight significance onsample B. The ANOVA of dependent variable Stress alsoproduced the facts that temperature treatment showed asignificant effect on sample A unlike in strain. A supersignificance is observed for both time and temperaturetreatments on sample C, a slight significance oftemperature on sample B but no significant of bothtemperature and time treatments on rest of the samples. Asstated earlier no interaction effects were recorded in theanalysis for both Stress and Strain variables. The actualreason for this development (no sign of interaction effect) isbecause the data have only one observation per cell, henceno interaction effect came out of the analysis, as this hasbeen reduced to the error or residual in the model. Also,there was no sample effect since the analysis was two wayaccommodating only temperature and time effects. Then,we move a step further to the three way classification ofanalysis of variance to search for both sample andinteraction effects.

Due to full factorial nature of the design (that is no errorterm) the interaction effect was used as error (effect ofsingle observation per cell). Therefore, at two way, nointeraction effect was estimated but at three way the twoway interaction was drawn but not three way interactionbecause the three way interaction was used as error. Thestatistical inferences drawn from Table 10 above on thestrain variable are;

1. Sample effects are significant.2. Hour (time) effects are not significant.

3. Temperature effects are super significant.4. Sample-hour interaction effects are not significant.5. Sample-temperature interaction effects are very

significant.6. Hour-temperature interaction effects are supe

significant.

The statistical inferences drawn from Table 11 on the stressvariable are;

1. Sample effects are significant.2. Hour (time) effects are super significant.3. Temperature effects are super significant.4. Sample-hour interaction effects are not significant.5. Sample-temperature interaction effects are no

significant.6. Hour-temperature interaction effects are supe

significant.

5.1 FURTHER ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ANDINFERENCES

5.1.1 Material Strength

From Table 2, it is apparent that the new hybridnanocomposite material has high strength compared to the

baseline epoxy-alumina nanocomposite material. The newhybrid material with a 15%wt fraction of fillers (13%wtalumina and 2%wt. calcium silicate) showed the highestensile strength of 90Mpa followed by the new hybridmaterial with a 20%wt. fraction of fillers, which has a tensilestrength of 84Mpa. Nevertheless, the baselinenanocomposite material with a 30%wt. fraction of aluminafiller showed a good strength of 83Mpa.

5.1.2 Strain-Time Creep Curve

The curves of Fig.1 to Fig.6 show the creep response oeach hybrid nanocomposite basically at the secondarycreep stage. The creep curves obey the power law of thefollowing form;

The equation above depicts the strain-time relationshipwhich governs all the line equations of the creep curves(Figures 1 6). Through these line equations the time (t) ofailure for the uncreeped materials can be predicted. Thecorrelation coefficients of these lines are also shown on thegraphs.

5.2.3 The ANOVA Post Hoc Tests and Inferences

This is the post ANOVA tests for make multiplecomparisons for the main effects (samples, time andtemperatures), among each effect, basically carried outafter the three way classification analysis, as it is the only

TABLE 9:SPSSTWO WAYANOVA FOR DEPENDENTVARIABLE STRESS

TABLE 10:SPSSTHREE WAYANOVA FOR DEPENDENT

VARIABLE STRAIN

TABLE 11:SPSSTHREE WAYANOVA FOR DEPENDENT

VARIABLE STRESS


9/10



analysis that shows the interaction effect. Post hoc tests forthe dependent variable strain produced the followingresults; It is clearly observed in the comparisons betweensamples according to the mean difference, that sample Cshowed superior means over other samples except sampleD.This indicates that samples C and D are the best of thenew hybrid nanocomposites, which is in affirmation with theresult obtained on the tensile tests. In terms of hour (time)

comparisons, the third hour (3 hrs) is the only time withremarkable significance when compared with others, whichshows that samples were mostly affected at this period.Finally, the 50 degrees temperature shows a supersignificance over others, this means that all the samples willoperate best at this temperature. Post hoc tests for thedependent variable stress produced the following results;Sample C at this instant also showed superior means overother samples, followed closely by sample D. This alsoconfirms the previous inferences drawn from the strain andtensile tests. Multiple comparisons on time indicate alsothat stress is most significant at the third hour (3 hrs) just asin the case of strain. But the post hoc tests for temperatureat stress variable shows that stress is most significant at

130 degrees temperature than at any other temperature.

6CONCLUSIONThe high temperature creep and creep fracture propertiesof engineering materials are usually analyzed in terms ofthe variations in minimum creep rate and rupture life, withstress and temperature. In this research we applied anexperimental design in collection of the field data andfurther application of analysis through standard statisticalsoftware. The strength of the new hybrid nanocompositematerial was measured using a dependable tensile testingmachine. The result of the tensile test shows that the newhybrid composite material has good strength whencompared with the strength of a neat epoxy or the baseline

epoxy/alumina composite material. The development of thecreep testing machine is another phase of this researchwork which we did not lay emphasis upon but nonetheless,made good contribution towards the actualization of thisresearch work. Creep experiment which was used ingenerating the required field data (elongation) for theresearch helped on provision of the required stress-straindata through the application of some analytical models. Theshort term creep experiment conducted at constant stressbut at varying temperatures and time, shows the new hybridmaterials creep response at various temperatures and time.Each of the new materials showed good creep resistantproperty at temperatures between 500C and 900C but the15%wt and 20%wt filler constituent exhibited good creep

resistance above these temperatures. The hybridcomposite with 15%wt constituent was the only one thatcould withstand temperature of 1300C.

REFERENCES1. Akita, H., and Hattori, T. (1999). Studies on

molecular composite.I. Processing of molecularcomposites using a precursor polymer for poly(P-Phenylene benzobisthiazole). Journal of PolymerScience: Part B: Polymer Physics, 37(3), 189-197.

2. ASM International (n.d). Tensile testing:Introduction to tensile testing (2nded).www.asminternational.org.

3. Athawale, A.A., Bhagwat, S.V., Katre, P.P.Chandwadkar, A.J., and Karandikar, P. (2003)Aniline as a stabilizer for metal nanoparticlesMaterials Letters, 57(24-25),3889-3894.

4. Daniel, I.M., Miyagawa, H., Gdoutos, E.E., and LuoJ.J. (2003). Processing and characteristization oepoxy/clay nanocomposites. Express Mechanics43, 348 354. Doi: 10.1243/03093247V293159.

5. Endo, M., Naguchi, T. and Ho, M., (2008). Extremeperformance rubber nanocomposites for probingand excavating deep oil resources using multwalled carbon nanotubes. Advanced FunctionaMaterials, 18, 3403 -3409.

6. Evora, V.M.F., and Shukla, A. (2003). Fabricationcharacterization and dynamic behaviour o

polyester/Ti02 nanocomosites. Material ScienceEngineering A, 36, 358 366.

7. Eze, F.C.(2002). Introduction to analysis of variancevolume 1. Obiagu, Enugu: Lanno.

8. Gedney, R. (2002). Guide to testing metals undetension. Advanced Materials and Processes, pp 29

31.

9. Gojny, F.H., Wichmann, M.H.G., Kopke, U., FiedlerB., and Schulte, K. (2004). Carbon nanotubereinforced epoxy composites: Enhanced stiffnessand fracture toughness at low nanotubes content

Composite science and Teachnology, 64, 2363 2371: Elsevier. Retrieved from http://www.hinarigw.who.int/composite science technology.

10. Gorga, R.E., and Cohen, R.E. (2004). Toughnessenhancements in poly (methyl methacrylate) byaddition of oriented multi-wall carbon nanotubeJournal of Polymer Science, Part B: PolymePhysics, 42(4), 2690-2702.

11. Jenkins, M.G. (2007). Mechanical Engineering: Me354 [Lecture notes]. Seattle, Washington: Universityof Washington, Department of MechanicaEngineering.

12. Lea, R.H. (2002). Composite piping systems toimprove celi and gas production. Baton Ronge, LAEdo Specialty plastics.

13. Luo, J.J., Daniel, I.M. (2003). Characterization andmodeling of mechanical behaviour of pohymer/claynanocomposites. Composite Science andTechnology, 63(11), 1607-1616.

14. Masahiro, K., Yoshimichi, O., Masanori, K.Shigemitsu, O., and Toshikalsu, T. (2006)Preparation and various characteristics o
http://www.asm/http://www.hinari/http://www.hinari/http://www.hinari/http://www.asm/


10/10


45IJSTR2012

epoxy/alumina nanocomposites. IEEJ Transactionson Fundamentals and Materials, 126 (11), 1121 1127: The Institution of Electrical Engineers ofJapan. Doi:10.1541/iecjfms.126.1121.

15. Meda, L., Marra, G., Galfetti, L., Inchingalo, S.,Severini, F., na De Luca, L. (2005). Nanocompositesfor rocket solid propellants. Composites Science

and Technology, 65(5), 769-773.

16. Milue, D. (2000). Small solutions for big returns. Oiland Gas Next Generation, Q4, 2009, 93-98.Retrieved from http://www.ngoilgas.com.

17. Omrani, A., Simon, L.C., and Rostami, A. (2009).The effect of alumina nanoparticle on the propertiesof epoxy resin system. Materials Chemistry andPhysics 114 (1), 145 150: Elsevier. Retrieved fromhttp://www.hinari-gw.who.int/compositescience.

18. Oriakhi, C.O. (1998). Nano Sandwiches. ChemicalBriefing, 34:59-62.

19. Park, C., Park, O., Lim, J., and Kim, H. (2001). Thefabrication of syndiotactic polystyrence/organophilicclay nanocomposites and their properties. PolymerLetters, 42, 7465 -7475.

20. Ray, S.S., and Bousmina, M. (2005). Brodegradablepolymers and their layered silicate nanocomposites:In greening the 21st century materials world.Progress in Materials Science, 50(8), 962-1079.

21. Ritchie, R.O. (1993). Mechanical behavior ofmaterials [Lecture notes]. Rhoads, Berkely,California: University of California.

22. Roy, R., Roy, R.A., and Roy, D.M. (1986). Alternativeperspectives on quasicrystallinity: non-uniformityand nanocomposites. Material Letters, 4 (8-9), 323328.

23. RTO Lecture series, EN-AVT- 129, May 2005.24. Sailor, M.J., and Link, J.R. (2005). Smart dust:

Nanostructured devices in a grain of sand. ChemicalCommunity, 2005, 1375-1383.

25. Schmidt, D., Shah, D., and Giannelis, E.P. (2002).New advances in polymer/layered silicate

nanocomposites. Current opinion in solid andMaterials Science, 6 (3), 205 212.

26. Scott, S., Crudden, C.M., and Jones, C. W. (Eds)(2003). Nanostructured catalysts. Nanostructurescience and Technology Series, P.342. New York:Springer.

27. Seppala, J. (2010). Editorial corner a personalview Nanocomposites, excellent properties or hype?eXPRESS Polymer Letters, 4 (3), 130. DOI:3144/expresspolymlett.2010.17

28. Usuki, A., Kawasum, M., Kojima, Y., Okada, A.Kuraruchi, T., and Kamigaito, O.J. (1993). Swellingbehaviour of Montmorillorite cation exchanged for vamiro acids by E-caprolactam. Materials Resources8(5), 1174.

29. Vincenzo, S., Fallatah, G.M., and Mehdi, M.S(2010). Applications of nanocomposite materials in

the Oil and Gas industry. Advanced MaterialsResearch, 83(86), 771-776.

30. Walpole, R. E. (1982). Introduction to statistics (3rded.)pp 403 428. New York: Macmillan.

31. Wilshire, B., and Evans, R.W.(1994). Acquisition andanalysis of creep data. The Journal of StrainAnalysis for Engineering Design, 29, 159 165.

32. Yong, V., and Hahn, H.T (2004). Processing andproperties of SiC/Vinyl ester nanocompositesNanotechnology, 15, 1338-1343.

33. Zavyalov, S.A., Pivkina, A.N., and Schoonman, J(2002). Formation and characterization of metalpolymer nanostructured composites. Solid StateIonics, 147(3-40), 415-41.
http://www.ngoilgas.com/http://www.hinari-gw.who.int/compositesciencehttp://www.hinari-gw.who.int/compositesciencehttp://www.ngoilgas.com/

Documents

Experimental Investigation and Statistical Analysis of Creep Properties of a Hybridized Epoxy Alumina Calcium Silicate Nanocomposite Material Operating at Elevated Temperatures