Experimental Analysis Of Heat Transfer In Clay Brick And ... 2018/Issue32/IJREATV6I2005.pdf · modelling of heat transfer process through perforated clay brick masonry walls and determine

IJREAT International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, Volume 6, Issue 2, April - May, 2018 ISSN: 2320 – 8791 (Impact Factor: 2.317)

www.ijreat.org

www.ijreat.org Published by: PIONEER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GROUP (www.prdg.org) 34

Experimental Analysis Of Heat Transfer In Clay Brick

And Fly Ash Brick Wall

K.Suryaprakash1, Dr.M.Raja2

1 PG Scholar, M.E Thermal Engineering, Government college of Engineering,

Salem, Tamilnadu, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Government college of Engineering,

Salem, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract

Heat transfer in wall plays an important role in

maintaining the building internal temperature. The main

parameter for selecting the brick are its compressive

strength and thermal conductivity. The thermal

conductivity of the brick must be low in order to keep the

temperature inside the room low. The walls are built using

various bricks like clay brick, fly ash brick and hollow

bricks and experiments were conducted to analyse their

thermal characteristics and compressive strength. From the

results, it is observed that the fly ash brick have 33%

higher compressive strength than that of clay brick and the

heat transfer rate of fly ash brick is 7% lower than that of

clay brick. Hence it is good to use fly ash brick compared

to clay brick for constructing building. .

Keywords: Clay and Fly ash Bricks, Thermal

Conductivity, Heat transfer.

1. Introduction

Heat transfer in wall plays an important role in

maintaining the building internal temperature. The walls

are built by various bricks like clay brick, fly ash brick,

light weight brick, hollow brick etc.; Now-a-days the

buildings are built using clay and fly ash bricks. Changing

of various bricks depends on the cost effective, but the

effectiveness of the wall cannot be considered. The main

parameter of selecting the brick is less thermal

conductivity. The thermal conductivity of brick must be

low in order to keep the temperature inside the room

low.The aim of this study is to analyze the thermal

behavior of walls corresponding to clay brick and fly ash

brick. The complexity of this work relies on the effect of

all heat transfer mechanisms.

In 2000, H.Baig and M.A.Antarkfupm, Dhahran carried

out Conduction / natural convection analysis of heat

transfer across multi-layer building blocks that includes

hollow blocks is studied numerically. In 2003, Lacarrier et

al. analyzed numerically the vertically perforated bricks.

They reported that walls can be constructed without any

other materials than clay and mortar. In 2005, Miriel et al.

studied thermal performances of radiant system for both

cooling and heating operations. They reported that, 66% of

the total heat transfer amount that took place at the cooled

radiant ceiling was by convection, while it was 20% for

heated radiant ceiling. In 2006, Del coz diaz et al. carried

out an experimental and numerical study to investigate the

thermal transmittance coefficient, u, of a wall made of air

block bricks. In 2009, Jiapeng sun, Liang fang carried out

numerical simulation of concrete hollow bricks by the

finite volume method. It was employed to understand the

heat transfer performance of concrete hollow bricks with

different configurations. The general commercial

computational Fluid dynamics was used. In 2013,

N.laaroussia, Cherkia, Garouma, Khabbazia and A.Feizb

investigate thermal properties of a sample prepared using

mixtures of clay bricks. The measurements of thermal

effusivity, thermal conductivity and specific heat of

building materials such as clay used in construction have

been performed using transient and steady state hot-plate

methods. In 2013, Sivakumarnaganathan,

Almamonyousefomer mohamed, Kamal nasharuddin

mustapha describes the performance of bricks made using

fly ash and bottom ash and conclude that investigation

carried out on bricks made using fly ash and bottom ash

using a non-conventional method. In 2015,

Harjindersingh, G.S.Brar, Kulwindersinghmann,

G.S.Mudahar describes experimental investigation of clay-

fly ash bricks for gamma ray shielding and conclude that

the clay-flyash bricks can be beneficial to address the

issues of radiation shielding, cost effectiveness, radioactive

waste management and the disposal of fly ash in a use

manner. In 2015, Rajendrasinghrajput, S.P.Shekhawat

describes the computational analysis of heat transfer

phenomenon of fly ash brick manufacturing process and

evaluate the performance of heat transfer in fly ash brick

http://www.ijreat.org/

http://www.prdg.org/


www.ijreat.org


manufacturing process. In 2016, G.kanellopoulos,

V.G.koutsomarkos describes the numerical analysis and

modelling of heat transfer process through perforated clay

brick masonry walls and determine the dynamic thermal

response of perforated clay brick masonry wall. In 2017,

Aliihsankoca, Gursel cetin carried out experimental

investigation on the heat transfer coefficients of radiant

heating systems through wall, ceiling and wall-ceiling

integration which evaluates the heat transfer

characteristics of the hydronic heated radiant wall and

ceiling systems, as well as their integrated configuration.

In 2017, G.Kanellopoulosa, koutsomarkosa, kontoleona,

georgiadis-filikasa carried out a numerical analysis and

modelling of heat transfer processes through perforated

clay brick masonry walls and to analyze the thermal

behavior of walls corresponding to perforated clay brick

masonry layers. In 2017, Mohammed boukendil,

Abdelhalimabdelbaki and Zakizrikem carried out

numerical simulation of coupled heat transfer through

double hollow brick walls with effects of mortar joint

thickness and emissivity in combined heat transfer by

conduction, natural convection and surface radiation in

two dimensional double hollow brick walls including an

air layer was numerically studied. In 2017,

Qiongxiangkonga, Xiao hea, Ying caob, Yanjunsuna,

Kangyingchena, jiFenga carried out numerical simulation

was used to investigate the dynamic heat transfer through

an external wall with aerogel insulating layer under

different outside temperatures.

2. HEAT TRANSFER

Heat transfer is defined as the transmission of energy from

one region to another region due to the temperature

difference. Heat transfer is classified into various

mechanisms, such as thermal conduction, thermal

convection, thermal radiation, and transfer of energy

by phase changes.

2.1.Types of brick used: 1. Clay brick

2. Fly ash brick

2.2.Dimensions of brick:

Clay brick

Length = 23 cm

Breadth= 10.5 cm

Height= 7.5cm

Fig 1.clay brick

Fly ash brick

Length = 23 cm

Breadth= 10.5 cm

Height= 7.5cm

Fig 2.fly ash brick

2.3.Weight of brick: Clay brick = 3.5 kg

Fly ash brick = 3.3 kg

2.4.Compression test:

When a specimen of material is loaded in such a way that

it extends it is said to be in tension. On the other hand, if

the material compresses and shortens it is said to be

in compression. Compressive strength or compression

strength is the capacity of a material or structure to

withstand loads tending to reduce size, as opposed

to tensile strength, which withstands loads tending to

elongate. In other words, compressive strength

resists compression (being pushed together), whereas

tensile strength resists tension (being pulled apart). In the

study of strength of materials, tensile strength,

compressive strength, and shear strength can be analyzed

independently.Compressive strength is often measured on

a universal testing machine; these range from very small

table-top systems to ones with over 53 mn capacity.

Measurements of compressive strength are affected by the

specific test method and conditions of measurement.

Compressive strengths are usually reported in relationship

to a specific technical standard.

Compressive strength (σ) =load/(surface area) N/mm2



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_strength


www.ijreat.org


Fig. 3 compression test for clay brick

Table 1. Compression test for clay brick

Sam

ple

Dimension(cm) Breaking

load(ton)

Compressive

strength(N/mm2)

1 23x10.5x7.5 9 3.66

2 23x10.5x7.5 9 3.66

3 23x10.5x7.5 9 3.66

Average compressive strength = 3.66 N/mm2

Fig 4.compression test for fly ash brick

Table 2. Compression test for fly ash brick

Sam

ple

Dimension(cm) Breaking

load(ton)

Compressive

strength(N/mm2)

1 23x10.5x7.5 13 5.28

2 23x10.5x7.5 11 4.47

3 23x10.5x7.5 10 4.06

Average compressive strength = 4.60 n/mm2

Compressive strength of fly ash brick is 33% more than

clay brick.

2.5.Water absorption test:

To determine the percentage of water absorption of bricks.

A sensitive balance capable of weighing within 0.1% of

the mass of the specimen and ventilated oven. Three

numbers of whole bricks from samples collected for testing

should be taken. Cool the specimen to room temperature

and obtain its weight (m1) specimen too warm to touch

shall not be used for this purpose. Immerse completely

dried specimen in clean water at a temperature of 27+2°c

for 24 hours. Remove the specimen and wipe out any

traces of water with damp cloth and weigh the specimen

after it has been removed from water (m2).water

absorption, % by mass, after 24 hours immersion in cold

water in given by the formula

When tested as above, the average water absorption shall

not be more than 20% by weight up to class 125 and 15%

by weight for higher class.

Clay brick:

Fig 5 .water absorption test for clay brick

Table 3. Water absorption test for clay brick

Specimen Initial

weight(m1) kg

Weight after

24 hrs

(m2)kg

Water content

%

1 3.5 4 14.2

2 3.6 4.2 16.6

3 3.5 4 14.2

Average water content = 15%<20%

Fly ash brick:




www.ijreat.org


Fig 6.water absorption test for fly ash brick

Table 4. Water absorption test for fly ash brick

Specimen Initial

weight(m1)

kg

Weight after

24 hrs (m2)kg

Water

content %

1 3.3 3.8 13.15

2 3.4 3.9 12.82

3 3.3 3.8 13.15

Average water content = 13.04 %< 20%

Water content of fly ash brick is 2% less than clay brick.

2.6.Thermal conductivity measurement:

Thermal conductivity test is performed based on the

concept of steady state condition. In this test a heater coil

is placed in between two bricks and two bricks are tied

together to avoid heat loss. A thermocouple is also placed

near heater coil to measure the temperature. The whole

assembly except 2 sides is insulated with a highly

insulating material named glass wool to avoid heat loss

from other directions and to allow heat flow in one

direction. Another two thermocouples are placed at other

two faces which are exposed to air. The heater coil is

connected to electric circuit through ammeter, voltmeter

and dimmer stat. The whole arrangement is kept in a

closed room to avoid air flow which causes delay in

formation of steady state condition. Then switch on the

power to start the experiment and power input will be

adjusted by dimmer stat. After switching on the power the

temperature at heater coil raises and the temperature at

outer face also raises after some time. After achieving the

steady state condition temperatures at heater coil is noted

as t1 and temperature at outer surface is noted as t2. The

current supplied is noted from ammeter as i and the

voltage drop is noted from voltmeter as v.thermal

conductivity for sample is calculated by using formula

given below.

Where i= current in amperes

V = voltage drop in volts

L = depth of the specimen

A = area of sample

T1 = temperature at heater coil

T2 = temperature at outer surface

Fig 7. Thermal conductivity test

Clay brick:

Current = 0.4 ampere

Voltage = 25 volt

T1 = 68.21°c

T2 = 42.76°c

Thermal conductivity (k) =1.22 w/m°c

Fly ash brick

Current = 0.4 ampere

Voltage = 25 volts

T1 = 70.4°c

T2 = 43.3°c

Thermal conductivity = 1.02 w/m°c

2.7.Dimensions of wall: In order to measure the heat transfer rate of clay

brick and fly ash brick wall, construct a wall of 45x45 cm2.

And also wall of three various thickness such as 23cm,

10.5cm and 7.5cm.

Construction of wall

Clay brick wall




www.ijreat.org


Fig 8.wall of thickness 23cm

Fig 9.wall of thickness 10.5cm


Fly ash brick wall

Fig 6.11.wall of thickness 23cm

Fig 6.12.wall of thickness 10.5cm


2.8.Insulation of wall:

Fig 14.wall insulation with heater

3.Equation:

One dimensional steady state conduction heat

transfer:

R=thermal resistance,

Q=heat flow, w

K=thermal conductivity, w/m°c

A=area, m2

L=thickness, m

T1 & T2=temperature, °c

3.1.Experimental readings:




www.ijreat.org


There are six different walls. So six different readings have

to be taken. Heat is supplied to the wall using heating coil

continuously. Thermocouple is fixed on the surface of the

wall. There are four different thermocouple. First two

thermocouple is fixed on the front surface and another two

thermocouple is fixed on the opposite surface. After fixing

the thermocouple the surface get insulated.

Table 5.time taken by the wall for variation of temperature

on another side of the wall.

Thickness of

the wall

23cm 10.5cm 7.5cm

Clay brick 22

minutes

13

minutes

9

minutes

Fly ash

brick

25

minutes

18

minutes

12

minutes

3.2.Observation:

Table 6.clay brick

Heat

supplied

(t1)°c

Outer wall temperature(t2)°c

23cm 10.5cm 7.5cm

26 26.12 26.12 26.12

27 26.12 26.12 26.12

28 26.12 26.12 26.33

29 26.12 26.12 26.47

30 26.12 26.27 26.56

31 26.12 26.49 26.72

32 26.20 26.62 26.89

33 26.31 26.78 27.09

34 26.45 26.96 28.55

35 26.52 27.44 29.01

36 26.61 27.92 29.97

37 26.75 29.05 31.88

38 26.82 29.97 32.67

39 26.90 30.88 33.44

40 26.98 31.78 34.69

41 27.09 32.49 35.54

42 27.22 33.33 36.79

43 28.54 34.56 37.66

44 29.32 35.66 38.22

45 30.56 36.92 39.01

Table 7.fly ash brick

Heat supplied

(t1)°c

Outer wall temperature(t2)°c

23cm 10.5cm 7.5cm

26 26.12 26.12 26.12

27 26.12 26.12 26.12

28 26.12 26.12 26.23

29 26.12 26.12 26.45

30 26.12 26.20 26.60

31 26.12 26.45 26.78

32 26.18 26.63 26.95

33 26.30 26.75 27.12

34 26.41 26.93 28.35

35 26.49 27.22 29.05

36 26.56 28.01 30.23

37 26.62 28.99 31.66

38 26.70 29.92 32.76

39 26.81 30.85 33.33

40 26.89 31.73 34.62




www.ijreat.org


41 26.98 32.44 35.43

42 27.33 33.63 36.71

43 27.54 34.88 37.45

44 28.32 35.52 37.12

45 28.99 35.81 38.07

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

7.5

8.5 9.5

10.5

11.5

12.5

13

.5

14.5

15.5 18 20 22 23

Ou

ter

surf

ace

te

mp

°C

Thickness of wall (cm)

FIRED CLAY BRICK

FLY ASH BRICK

Fig 15.thickness of wall vs outer surface temperature

3.3.Observation for calculations:

Thickness

of the wall

Clay brick Fly ash brick

T1 (°c )

T2 (°c )

23cm 45 30.56 45 28.99

10.5cm 45 36.92 45 35.81

7.5cm 45 39.01 45 38.07

3.4.Calculations:

R = 2.09 °C/W

Q = 6.91W

Fly ash brick

R = 2.50 °C/W

Q = 6.40 W

Results:

Thickne

ss of the

wall

Clay brick Fly ash brick

Thermal

resistanc

e (°C/W)

Heat

flow(W)

Thermal

resistance

(°C/W)

Heat

flow(W)

23cm 2.09 6.91 2.50 6.40

10.5cm 0.95 8.25 1.14 8.06

7.5cm 0.68 8.77 0.81 8.56

4.Conclusion:

The heat flow in fly ash brick is 6% less compared to clay

brick. From the result obtained, the heat flow in fly ash

brick is 6% less compared to clay brick. Our need is to

reduce the transfer of heat inside the room. On the basis of

that reason, fly ash brick is preferable compared to clay

brick. And also the compressive strength for fly ash brick

is 33% more compared to clay brick. Water content in fly

ash brick is 2% less compared to clay brick. From overall

result, fly ash brick is preferable for building without

cement plastering using m-sand as a constructing material.




www.ijreat.org


References

[1]er.rinkukumar,naveenhooda, “an experimental study

on properties of fly ash bricks”, international journal of

research in aeronautical and mechanical engineering,

september 2014.

[2]xing,zhang,cao et al. Thermal performance evaluation

of the wall using heat flux time lag and decrement factor,

energy& buildings.

[3]coureville,g.e.childs,k.w.walukas and p.w.childs,

“thermal performance measurement of insulated roof

systems”, building systems division, u.s. department of

energy, 2010.

[4]kevanheathcote, “comparative analysis of the thermal

performance of three test buildings’’. Earth building

research forum, university of technology sydney, 2007.

[5]m. Ahmaruzzaman, a review on the utilization of

fly ash, energy combustion science.

[6]luai m. Al-hadhrami, a.ahmad, “assessment of

thermal performance of different types of masonry

bricks used in saudiarabia”, applied thermal

engineering.

[7]simulation of ceramic furnaces using one-

dimensional model of heat transfer part i: model

development and validation sunilgokhale, m.r.ravi, p.

L.dhar, and s. C.kaushik indian institute of

technology, newdelhi, india.

[8]lacarrie`re, lartigueandmonchoux, 2003, numerical

study of heat transfer in a wall of vertically perforated

bricks: influence of assembly method, energy and

buildings.

[9]conduction / natural convection analysis of heat

transfer across multi-layer building blocks h.baig and

m.a.antar kfupm, dhahran, saudiarabia.

[10] k.g.t. holland, t.e. unny, l. Konicek, convection

heat transfer across inclined air layers,j. Heat transfer

98 (1976) 1819.

[11] j.p. holman, heat transfer, seventh ed, mcgraw-

hill inc., uk, 1992.

http://www.sciencedirect.com//

http://www.ijirset.com//



Documents

Experimental Analysis Of Heat Transfer In Clay Brick And ... 2018/Issue32/IJREATV6I2005.pdf · modelling of heat transfer process through perforated clay brick masonry walls and determine