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Global Water PartnershipCentral Asia and Caucasus
EXPERIENCES WITH WATER MANAGEMENT FOR FOOD PRODUCTION
IN CENTRAL ASIA
Vadim Sokolov
SIC ICWC/GWP CACENA
NOWNET Session “Addressing MDGs through exchange of knowledge and technology”Stockholm, 12 August 2007
Vadim Sokolov 2
In arid climate of Central Asia water management is an important element of
irrigated crop production
Vadim Sokolov 3
Indicators for MDGs
• Relative importance of agriculture• Irrigated land as percentage of cultivated area• Relative importance of agriculture water withdrawal in water balance• Extent of land salinized by irrigation• Dietary Energy supply
Let us look what they are for Central Asia……
Vadim Sokolov 4
The Basic Indicators of Water and Land Resources Development in the Aral Sea Basin
Forecast (2020)
31
109
1935
9300
86.8
105
0.16
9330
54
Optimistic
10.7
35.4
2335
11820
96.0
107
0.18
8120
45.8
2006
209.022.018.38.95.8Bln.US$Contribution of agricultural production
7727.574.048.132.416.1Bln.US$GNP
167025303460450047304270m3/capitaSpecific diversion per capita
104001185014000154301686012450m3/haSpecific diversion per hectare
96.794.6610610786.8456.15km3/yearIncluding for irrigation
11710511612194.5660.61km3/yearTotal water diversion
0.120.190.230.260.270.31hectareIrrigated area per capita
9300789676006920515045101 000 haIrrigated area(netto)
7041.833.626.820.314.6MillionPopulation
Pessimistic20001990198019701960UnitIndicator
Vadim Sokolov 5
Actual problems - Destabilizing Factors for Water Management
i Water for food security :Irrigated agriculture provides almost 90% of crop production; 88 % of total water resources used for irrigation
i Conflicts around Water:- between countries for shares and schedule;- between zones (upper –down watershed);- between sectors of economy (irrigation-hydro power);- between human needs and nature
i Water and environment:- Disaster of the Aral Sea and deltas;- Climate change; - Processes of desertification; - Soil salinity and erosion on the irrigated areas;- Decrease of biodiversity
i Water quality and human health:- Accelerated water pollution in rivers; - groundwater degradation; - growth of diseases and mortality in downstream zones
i Water for socio-economic development:- Population growth;- Irrigation complex creates 30 % of GDP and employs 60% of population;- Huge pumping systems;- Lack of funds fro proper irrigation infrastructure maintenance and development.
Vadim Sokolov 6
Three possible ways at the National level for food security
• Increase of agricultural production via improvement of water and land productivity
• Increase of food import and establishment of the regional food market (regional food trade accounting national specializations)
• Change of life style (demand management, control of population growth, dietary changes, etc)
The only first one related mostly to water management!
Vadim Sokolov 7
The General Challenges ahead
• How to increase water conveyance efficiency – taking into account huge power consumption by pumping systems for irrigation and big unproductive conveyance losses.
• Modernization and authomation of the main conveyance structures – computer control of water distribution and applications – way to “Hydro-Solidarity”.
• Irrigation scheduling - timing of applied water – way to improve application efficiency.
• Combination of improved irrigation practices with other advanced practices (cultivation, chemigation, nutrient and pest management, etc) – way to enhance crop production.
• Management of return waters – way to improve collection and disposal of polluted water and where it is possible to re-use them for salt-tolerant crops.
• Soil salinity control by proper drainage (control of groundwater level) and leaching of irrigated lands.
Vadim Sokolov 8
The Key Issues Required More Attention
• Water Conservation and Reallocation – through improved management of irrigation supplies to meeting increased water needs for future agriculture.
• Productivity – use water more effective – maximum production per minimum water. Improved water management - way to reduce expenditures for energy, chemicals and labor inputs, while enhancing revenues through higher crop yields and improved crop quality.
From Actual Productivity to Potential Productivity!(some examples from the IWRM-Fergana Project)
Vadim Sokolov 9
The way for the best practices dissemination…
…is creation of the extension service on the base of existed demonstration plots. At the initial stage, it is necessary to be oriented to productivity growth acceptable for different particular farmers. During this stage the costs of extension service should be covered with governmental support. State support is needed both for extension services providers and for farmers. In the prospective horizons the share of farmers will increase accordingly to their production capability and economic growth.
Vadim Sokolov 10
Basic factors of irrigation efficiency improvement
Unstable water availability in conveyance systemImproperly selected parameters of irrigation systems and water application technology High rates of water application due to big losses from irrigated fields for infiltration and escapes Improper other practices affecting irrigation - land cultivation dates and its bad quality
performance, for example.
00,20,40,60,8
1
3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
April May May June June July July August AugustIrrigation datesW
ater
App
licat
ion,
L/S
per
Ha
As UsualProposed
Farm “Turdialy”
Vadim Sokolov 11
Comparative Assessment of Irrigation Efficiency and Water Saving in the Result of
Recommended Measures
1780,710,64116861164518113926155462366030Sandyk
14580,410,503214043115972712001894243935120Nursultan
18150,860,839292114305164625532904020Turdialy
33480,860,4214647583903000045236718Nozima
19190,780,59105752014831389521153666587342Sayod
%%%m3/ha%m3/ha%m3/ha%m3/ham3/ha
2004200320042002200420022004200220042002
Water SavingEfficiency =
(IRfact - Esc – F)IRfact
Losses for Infiltration (F)Losses for Escapes (Esc)Irrigation Rate(Gross = IRfact)Pilot Farm
Vadim Sokolov 12
Comparative Crop Production Indicators as Intervention of Consultancy
3801811094022021286144102674,304,302,44Nursultan
3861361214221701436544223354,584,433,00Toloykon
Wheat
200420032002200420032002200420032002200420032002
Net Profit (USD/hа)
Gross Profit (USD/ha)
Gross Product (USD/ha)
Crop Yield(ton/ha)Name of Pilot
Farm
Vadim Sokolov 13
Some examples from the IWRM-Fergana Project
From Measurement of Groundwater Table to Identity the Rate of Irrigation
To Identify Date of Irrigation Knowing Sum of Evaporation
Vadim Sokolov 14
Some examples from the IWRM-Fergana Project
Water Registration – Way to Water Saving
Vadim Sokolov 15
Some examples from the IWRM-Fergana Project
Crop sowing with film cover over ridges Vineyards irrigation from subsurface irrigation network,
Vadim Sokolov 16
Some examples from the IWRM-Fergana Project
Irrigation with successive “wet” and “dry”furrows
Rice irrigation
Vadim Sokolov 17
Some examples from the IWRM-Fergana Project
Water diversion from drainage collector for re-use
Vadim Sokolov 18
Causes for Conveyance Losses and Mitigation Measures
• Introduction of water rotation • Use of all types of water resources
Technical• Lack of the proper water distribution procedures
• Improving the water monitoring system• Introduction of the SCADA • Establishing the management information system
Technical• Lack of water keeping records
• Applying of penalty provisions• Proper governance
Organizational, Economic
• Water over-diversion against schedule
• Regulations for water monitoring and records• Introduction of the GIS and water use plans
Technical• Lack of water distribution discipline
• Developing and putting operational rules into practice
• Drafting the plan and its adjustments
Technical• Lack of the system of water resources planning, distribution and dispatching
Irrigation system
Improving the water management systemTechnical• Uncontrolled water distribution
Runoff control, use of drainage waterTechnical• Unstable flow modes in rivers
Monitoring and evaluation of flow rates and water losses
Technical• Underestimate of water losses at upstream river sections
Distribution accuracy due to applying SCADA Technical
Agreements and negotiationsLegal• Excessive water diversion at upstream intakes;
Establishing a proper governance system or developing the regulations
Institutional• Breach of the water supply schedule;
Water Law, Agreements, NegotiationsLegal• Political tensions;
Instability of head intake and water disposal due to :
Basin
Brief descriptionType
Mitigation measuresThe Problem existedLevel of Hierarchy
Vadim Sokolov 19
Reforming Water Management - institutional arrangements and public participation
Delegation of responsibility
End User ¥ Farmer
Uses
Users ¥ FarmersPublic Committee
WUA Administration
• Districts• WUAsUnion of Water
UsersSystem Organization
• Local Administrations• Sectors
Sub-Basin Committee
Sub-Basin ¥ ProvinceOrganization
• Parliament• Finance•Sectors ¥ provinces
National Water Council
National Water Authority
• Government• Sectors• Zones A
c c o u n t a b I l I t y
Basin CouncilBasin Organization
Water M
anagement Process
TBBasin
National
Sub-Basin
Irrigation System
Water Users Association
End User / Farmer
Vadim Sokolov 20
Meeting of Water Users Union of the South Fergana Canal
Vadim Sokolov 21
Instruments for Sectors Integration
• Integrated planning of water use
• Co-ordination of the driving forces for economic growth in sectors
• Data exchange
• Participation in material and financial inputs that are of mutual interests.
Vadim Sokolov 22
Legislative and Economic Tools• Water rights and their protection by the Government
• Contractual relationship between water users and water agencies, and also between water
agencies operating at different hierarchical levels
• The law on a liability for infringing water rights and contractual relationships
• Payment for water supply and other servicing of water users
• Penalties for water pollution
• Fee for water as resource (still discussible)
• Governmental control for rights and duties of water management organizations and water users,
as well as the state liability regarding support to both sides
• Providing incentive and preferential terms both for water users and water management
organizations under rational water use
• Fines for surplus water withdrawal from the water supply system
Vadim Sokolov 23
Managerial Tools
• Keeping records of water on the way from the basin to the end user, strict water demand rationing
• Drafting the coordinated plans of water allocation and use at all hierarchical levels of water management that include control of organizational water losses
• Reporting that shall provide not only annual and quarterly reports but also an operational reports containing specified criteria and indicators for timely adjustment of water supply
• Improving the dispatcher control to ensure equitable and sustainable water supply upholding the priorities of eco-systems and municipal and industrial water users as well as the observance of limits related to water infrastructure safety
• Adjustment of water use plans based on tailor-made computer models in case of changes in hydrologic, climatic, economic, and other conditions.