Expectancy Theory

• Expectancy Theory

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Expectancy theory

1 Expectancy theory proposes that an individual will decide to behave or

act in a certain way because they are motivated to select a specific

behavior over other behaviors due to what they expect the result of that

selected behavior will be


Expectancy theory

1 Expectancy theory is about the mental processes regarding choice,

or choosing. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make

choices. In the study of organizational behavior, expectancy

theory is a motivation theory first proposed by Victor Vroom of the Yale

School of Management.


Expectancy theory - Author

1 In 1964, Vroom developed the Expectancy theory through his study of the motivations behind decision

making. His theory is relevant to the study of management. Currently,

Vroom is a John G. Searle Professor of Organization and Management at the

Yale University School of Management.


Expectancy theory - Key elements

1 Vroom introduces three variables within the expectancy theory which are valence (V), expectancy (E) and

instrumentality (I)


Expectancy theory - Key elements

1 Three components of Expectancy theory: Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence


Expectancy theory - Valence- V(R)

1 Expectancy Theory of motivation can help managers understand how

individuals make decisions regarding various behavioral alternatives. The model below shows the direction of

motivation, when behavior is energized:


Expectancy theory - Management

1 Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory is one such management theory focused on motivation


Expectancy theory - Management

1 Expectancy Theory, though well known in work motivation literature,

is not as familiar to scholars or practitioners outside that field.


Expectancy theory - Models of Teacher Expectancy Effects

1 These findings are particularly relevant because they show a form of the expectancy theory and how teachers have certain expectations of students and how they treat the

students differently because of those expectations.


Expectancy theory - Criticisms

1 Edward Lawler claims that the simplicity of expectancy theory is

deceptive because it assumes that if an employer makes a reward, such as a financial bonus or promotion, enticing enough, employees will

increase their productivity to obtain the reward



1 Lawler argues that since there have been a variety of developments of

expectancy theory since its creation in 1964; the expectancy model needs

to be updated



1 Instead of just looking at expectancy and instrumentality, W.F. Maloney and J.M. McFillen found that expectancy theory could explain the

motivation of those individuals who were employed by the construction industry. For instance, they used worker expectancy and

worker instrumentality. Worker expectancy is when supervisors create an equal match between the worker and their job. Worker

instrumentality is when an employee knows that any increase in their performance leads to

achieving their goal.



1 In a chapter entitled "On the Origins of Expectancy Theory" published in Great Minds in Management by Ken G. Smith and Michael A. Hitt, Vroom himself agreed with some of these

criticisms and stated that he felt that the theory should be expanded to

include research conducted since the original publication of his book.


Expectancy theory - Related theories

1 Expectancy Theory of Motivation (Porter & Lawler, 1968; Vroom, 1964) is one of the

process theories. This theory is a model of behavioral choice, that is, as an explanation

of why individuals choose one behavioral option over others. In doing so, it explains

the behavioral direction process. It does not attempt to explain what motivates

individuals, but rather how they make decisions to achieve the end they value.


Expectancy theory - Further reading

1 Droar, D. (2006). Expectancy theory of motivation. Retrieved October 2,

2010, from http://www.arrod.co.uk/archive/conce

pt_vroom.php


Work motivation - Expectancy theory

1 According to Vroom's Expectancy Theory, an employee will work

smarter and/or harder if he believes his additional efforts will lead to

valued rewards. Expectancy theory explains this increased output of effort by means of the equation



1 Expectancy theory has been shown to have useful applications in designing a reward

system



1 Expectancy theory posits employee satisfaction to be an outcome of

performance rather than the cause of performance



1 Expectancy theory has been shown to have greater validity in research in

within-subject designs rather than between-subjects designs. That is, it is more useful in predicting how an

employee might choose among competing choices for their time and

energy, rather than predicting the choices two different employees

might make.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-expectancy-theory-toolkit.html

Employee motivation - Vroom's expectancy theory

1 The expectancy theory of motivation was established by Victor Vroom with the belief that motivation is based on the expectation of desired outcomes


Language expectancy theory

1 'Language Expectancy Theory' ('LET') is a theory of persuasion.M. Burgoon and Miller, 1985; M. Burgoon, Hunsaker Dawson, 1994; M. Burgoon, Jones Stewart, 1975 The theory assumes language is a rules-based system, in which people develop expected norms as to

appropriate language usage in given situationsM. Burgoon and Miller. 1985

Furthermore, unexpected linguistic usage can affect the receiver's behavior resulting from

attitudes towards a persuasive message.


Language expectancy theory - Violations

1 Usually people use language to conform to social norms; but a person's intentional

or accidental deviation from expected behavior can have either a positive or

negative reaction.Language Expectancy Theory assumes that language is a rule-

governed system and people develop expectations concerning the language or message strategies employed by others in persuasive attempts (Burgoon, 1995)


Language expectancy theory - Summary of Propositions

1 Language expectancy theory is based on 17 propositions. Those

propositions can be summarized as listed below:


Irving Kirsch - Response expectancy theory

1 Kirsch’s response expectancy theory is based on the idea that what people experience depends partly on what they expect to

experience. According to Kirsch, this is the process that lies behind the placebo effect and hypnosis. The theory is supported by research showing that both subjective and physiological responses can be altered by changing people’s expectancies. The theory has been applied to

understanding pain, depression, anxiety disorders, asthma, addictions, and psychogenic

illnesses.


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Expectancy Theory