Expansion, War, and Sectional Crisis

1844-1860Chapter 13

Manifest Destiny

Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840•

– The Whig's campaign included pictures of log cabins and cider

– No platform

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840

Pro- Van BurenRockabye, baby, Daddy's a WhigWhen he comes home, hard cider he'll swigWhen he has swugHe'll fall in a stuAnd down will come Tyler and Tippecanoe.

Rockabye, baby, when you awakeYou will discover Tip is a fake.Far from the battle, war cry and drumHe sits in his cabin a'drinking bad rum.

Rockabye, baby, never you cryYou need not fear OF Tip and his Ty.What they would ruin, Van Buren will fix.Van's a magician, they are but tricks.

Pro- HarrisonWhat's the cause of this commotion, motion, motion,Our country through?It is the ball a-rolling on

For Tippecanoe and Tyler too.For Tippecanoe and Tyler too.And with them we'll beat little Van, Van, Van,Van is a used up man.And with them we'll beat little Van.

Like the rushing of mighty waters, waters waters,On it will go!And in its course will clear the way

For Tippecanoe, &c.

See the Loco standard tottering, tottering, tottering,Down it must go!And in its place we'll rear the flag

Of Tippecanoe, &c.

The Bay State boys turned out in thousands, thousands, thousands,Not long ago,And at Bunker Hill they set their seals

For Tippecanoe, &c.

Have you heard from old Vermount, mount, mount,All honest and true?The Green Mountain Boys are rolling the ball

For Tippecanoe, &c.

Don't you hear from every quarter, quarter, quarter,Good news and true?That swift the ball is rolling on

For Tippecanoe, &c.

Now you hear the Vanjacks talking, talking, talking,Things look quite blue,For all the world seems turning round

For Tippecanoe, &c.

Let them talk about hard cider, cider, cider,And Log Cabins too,It will only help to speed the ball

For Tippecanoe, &c.

His latchstring hangs outside the door, door, door,And is never pulled through,For it never was the custom of

Old Tippecanoe, &c.

He always had his tables set, set, set,For all honest and true,To ask you in to take a bite

With Tippecanoe, &c.

See the spoilsmen and leg-treasurers, treasurers, treasurers,All in a stew!For all they know they stand no chance

With Tippecanoe, &c.

Little Matty's days are numbered, numbered, numbered,Out he must go!And in his place we'll put the good

Old Tippecanoe, &c.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1840

Election of 1840

The Accession of "Tyler Too"

• Whigs• Daniel Webster, as secretary of state, and

Henry Clay were set to control the Presidency

• Only 31 days into his term, Harrison died • John Tyler- Vice President to Harrison

– Successor as President following Harrison's death

Constitutional Issue

•Article II of the Constitution:that "In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, ... and [the Vice President] shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected".

John Tyler: A President without a Party

• Financial reform– The independent treasury system was ended.– A bill for a "Fiscal Bank," which would establish a new BUS

went through Congress -– The Whigs presented a "Fiscal Corporation" -

• President Tyler was rejected by his former Whig Party– Charges of impeachment were begun in the House– Entire Cabinet except Webster resigned

• Tyler signed the Tariff of 1842 which was a protective Whig tariff after first rejecting a higher version– Only because revenue was needed

Territorial Growth to 1853

Regionalization

• South -– Cotton, tobacco, rice = – (capital locked up in land and slaves)– Less transportation

• Northeast -– Linked by canal and rail

• Link to European markets as well

• Midwest -– Inventions helped speed process of developing

agriculture – transportation then linked to Northeast

American Mission

• John Winthrop -

• Thomas Jefferson -

• Manifest Destiny -

Why Move West?

• - fresh start• - farming, mining, or speculation

– Merchants - followed farmers and miners

*transportation increased trade opportunities and made life a little more comfortable

Conflict with Western Native Americans

• Black Hawk War– 1830s– Settlers and US government pressured

Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River

– Sauk and Fox tribes resisted and were forcibly removed

•– Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux, Crow, etc & US

“From this day forward all war between the parties to this agreement shall for ever cease. The government of

the United States desires peace, and its honor is hereby pledged to keep it.”

Set aside for the ''sole, absolute and undisturbed use and occupation'' of the Sioux

Census Population of Western StatesState 1860 1870 Difference

California 379,994 560,247 180,253

Nevada 6,857 42,491 35,634

Oregon 52,465 90,923 38,458

Colorado 34,277 39,684 5,407

Idaho − 14,990 14,990

Montana − 20,595 20,595

Utah 40,273 86,789 46,516

Washington 11,594 23,955 12,361

Wyoming − 9,118 9,118

Totals 525,460 888,792 363,332

A War of Words in Britain• "Third War with England"

– This war was fought with broadsides

• 1837, there was a small rebellion in Canada– Failed because it was supported by few Canadians and it could

not enforce unpopular laws in the face of popular opposition

• 1837, the American ship, the Caroline, was sunk by a British force– Washington officials made ineffective protests against the attack

• 1841, British officials in the Bahamas offered asylum to 130 Virginia slaves who had rebelled and captured the American ship Creole

Manipulating the Maine Maps• Aroostook War

– 1838-1839– Maine – New Brunswick border

• 1842, the British wanted to build a road westward from the seaport of Halifax to Quebec, running through disputed territory

• The London Foreign Office sent Lord Ashburton to Washington to settle the dispute

–Americans gained 7,000 of the 12,000 square miles of disputed land–Western boundaries also confirmed

–(except Oregon)

•Mexico became independent from Spain in•Mexico invited Americans to settle in their province of Texas if:

1. 2. 3.

•Americans (mostly Southerners) flooded into Texas…many with slaves.

•Mexican dictator Santa Anna did not like the Texans and decided to put them in their place.

•The Mexicans surrounded the rebellious TEXANS at an old church -

TEXAS INDEPENDENCE

The Triumph of TEXAS

• TEXANS lose at the Alamo

• Santa Ana moves deeper into Texas and wins some small battles

• : Texans led by Sam Houston attack the Mexican Army– SANTA ANA is captured

TEXAS WINS Independence ( )

Election of 1844

• Key Issue:

• Pres Tyler signed a resolution in 1845 that invited Texas to become the 28th state in America

Oregon Fever Populates Oregon

Competing Claims

Spain

Russia

Great Britain

United States

!

Cause Estimated deathsDisease 6,000–12,500Indian attack 3,000-4,500Freezing 300–500Run-overs 200–500Drowning 200–500Shootings 200–500Miscellaneous 200–500Scurvy 300–500

Totals 9,400–21,000

Oregon Trail

The Oregon Dispute: 1. Five countries claim Oregon Territory2. Polk says all of it or WAR:54’ 40º or Fight!3.

54’ 40

California Gold Rush,

49er’s

Gold Rush

• The California Gold Rush (1848–1855)– Began on January 24, 1848

• Gold was found at Sutter's Mill in California.– 300,000 people to California

• From the rest of the US and abroad– ex. San Francisco

» 400 people in 1848» 35,000 people in 1850

Levi Strauss Opened business in San Francisco in 1853