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Chapter 3
Expansion and Diversity: Growth of Colonial America
Southern Colonies◦ Plantations dominant◦ Cash crops for export
Tobacco (Chesapeake) Rice, Indigo (Carolinas)
◦ Economy compatible with mercantilist policies
New England◦ Subsistence
Agriculture, Fishing◦ Exports
Wood, Shipping/building◦ Vibrant merchant class◦ Economy NOT compatible
with mercantilist policies
Middle Colonies◦ Agriculture dominant
Small farms/ commercial farms Produce crops Modest in scope
◦ Small-scale industry◦ Vibrant merchant class in
urban areas New York, Philly
◦ NOT compatible with mercantilist policies
Colonial Economy
Expanding Population◦ 1,200,000 by 1750◦ Creation of markets within
colonies◦ Stimulates urban pop.◦ From both natural expansion
and immigration◦ Growth in South from slave
imports Colonial Commerce
◦ Coastal trade◦ Trade with West Indies
Rum, grains, fish
◦ Trade with England Raw materials in exchange for
material goods
◦ Slave trade profitable commerce
Developing a source of labor◦ Impact of easy
availability of lands Limits number of
immigrants in labor force Makes hiring workers
difficult Rice, sugar plantations
◦ Indentured servants◦ Slaves
Slavery legal in 1700 Most colonies
Colonial Economy
Three stages:◦ 1619 - 1640
1st Africans arrive, Dutch ship More like Indentured servants
◦ 1640-1660 Growing numbers
◦ 1660 Official recognition of slavery
MD 1661- slavery a racial status, (VA 1670)
1705: Black Codes
◦ Replacement of Indentured Servants Racism Desire to avoid class conflict Fall off of white immigration Trans-Atlantic slave trade
◦ 1680s Heavy influx of slaves
Slavery
Need for cheap labor◦ Especially in South◦ European Immigrants
Lots of opportunities for land ownership
Will not work on plantations
◦ Natives Prone to disease Can escape too easily
First arrivals, 1619◦ Virginia◦ Treated as indentured servants◦ As numbers increase so does
anxiety Break-up of Royal African
Company’s monopoly◦ Slaves easy to obtain◦ Profits high
“Peculiar Institution”◦ Self-renewing labor source◦ Escape difficult◦ Belief of inferiority◦ Lack of opposition
1750◦ Slavery legal in all colonies◦ Distribution varies
Largest in north = New York (14%) Largest in south = S.C. (61%)
◦ By 1775, 80% US born Great Awakening
◦ Stimulates Christianization Enlightenment
◦ Rethinking of legitimacy of slavery
Africans in the Colonies
Families◦ Patriarchal◦ Early marriages◦ Many children
Men◦ Head of family◦ Property owner◦ In charge of “outside” affairs
Church, politics, law Women
◦ Few legal rights◦ Essential to “well-being” of
family◦ In charge of “inside” affairs
Child-rearing, food preparation, clothing, etc.
◦ “underground economy” Textile production, dressmaking,
midwifery
Children◦ More valued than in Europe◦ Major role in household
economy◦ Treatment more human than
in Europe Standard of Living
◦ Health, diet, etc. better than in Europe
Class structure evolving◦ Status based on wealth◦ Class lines more fluid than in
England
Colonial Society
Puritan Impact◦ America as an “ideal”
“City upon a hill”◦ Education
Colleges Harvard, 1636
Boston Latin School 1642 Mass. School of Law
◦ “Puritan ethic”◦ Intolerance/ witch trials
Religious Diversity / evolving toleration◦ Declining Puritan piety◦ Legislation allowing degrees of
toleration◦ Great Awakening
Impact of Enlightenment◦ Acceptance of the concepts
of natural law/ rights◦ Interest in science◦ Americanization of Glorious
Revolution/English Bill of Rights Validation of self-government Powers of government are limited Free expression of Ideas
Institutionalizing of chattel slavery in all thirteen colonies
Creating an American Identity
Theological differences◦ Set of orthodox practices an
issue Education
◦ Means to establish Orthodoxy Conversion required familiarity
with Bible Needed to be literate
◦ Teachers/ Grammar schools 1st steps towards public education
◦ Trained ministers Harvard College 1636
Government◦ Church must be free of state
control◦ Massachusetts had a state-
sponsored church◦ “meeting-house”
Orthodox Issues
Roger Williams◦ Arrived 1631◦ Argued civil
government should be separated from religion Didn’t want government to
corrupt the church
◦ Opposed compulsory church service
◦ Banished in 1635◦ Purchased land from
Narragansett Indians Rhode Island Only New England Colony
to practice religious toleration
Dissenters
Anne Hutchinson◦ Accused ministers of following
catholic beliefs◦ People being scrutinized too much
Conversion experience
◦ Undermined authority A double threat being a woman
◦ 1636 Colony split into two groups supporters
Boston Merchants Young men against “Elders” Some women
Critics John Winthrop
◦ Trial for Heresy 1637 Knowledge of Bible better than
prosecutors Guilty , she claimed to converted
through a direct revelation from God
Banished
Dissenters cont.
Control of each congregation in the hands of the “Saints”
Who’s a Saint?◦ Male◦ “saved”
Had to stand before congregation and give account of conversion
Elected Ministers and Board of elders by majority votes◦ Political suffrage
Powers
The “Saints”
Attempted to keep towns small and close
Characteristics of town◦ Reciprocity◦ Spying on each other
Women’s roles◦ Social force
Families◦ “little commonwealth”◦ Obeyed male “head of
family”◦ Matrimony a contract
Married by courts Divorce only in extreme
cases
◦ Longer life expectancy◦ No cash, relied on labor
of families
1st Generation
As New England diversified, new challenges arose
Civil war in England◦ 1642
Crisis in Church Membership◦ 1st generation vs. 2nd
◦ 1st believed they had accepted a covenant with God
◦ 2nd not joining church Reluctant of conversion
experience
Compromise◦ 3rd would remain un-
baptized if 2nd didn’t become “Saints”
◦ 1662 Half-Way Covenant
Would permit the children of baptized adults, including non-saints, to receive baptism
Could not take communion or vote in church affairs
Half-way Convenant
Puritan's anxieties heightened
Salem 2nd largest port◦ Trade prospered◦ Destroyed the relatively
equal society Worse in Salem Village East section farmers more
prosperous 1691
◦ Girls / Tituba◦ Claimed they were
possessed
Witchcraft not new◦ Targeted powerful women◦ Most accusations never
went to trial◦ Salem different
Panic◦ 1692- two prominent women
and former minister accused Trial
◦ Panic ruled trial◦ Accused belonged to
wealthier families Mainly females
1692- trials suspended1693- end of the Terror
Salem, Massachusetts
Disease leads to decline in population
“Savages” Christianization Land ownership
◦ No understanding of Indian culture
Treaties broken◦ Specifically land
treaties
Indian Wars/ Impact◦ Pequot War, 1637
Defeat of natives◦ Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
Open of Indian lands◦ King Philip’s War, 1675
Wampanoag's Allied with Nipmuch/Narragansetts Feared loss of native culture Halt colonial expansion
Colonial losses heavy 10% of male population
Colonial victory, 1676 Power of Natives in NE broken
Scot-Irish and Penn Exploitation
◦ English and French use allies in wars for empire
Interaction with Native Americans
Little resistance from Natives compared to VA◦ Numbers drastically reduced/
disease◦ Massachusetts and Pawtucket
Indians forced to sell land ◦ Religion prohibited, forced into
praying-towns Rapid Settlement
◦ 1633- settlers in Conn. River Valley 1635 official colony of Conn.
◦ Friction With Pequot Indians over fur and
wampum trade Military action 1637
Ruthless campaign Massacre at Mystic Resistance crushed by end of year
Pequot War, 1637
Bacon’s Rebellion◦ 1675-76◦ VA Gov William Berkley◦ Falling tobacco prices◦ Social hierarchy
Landowners falling into poverty
Laborer and freedmen in despair
Gov. Berkley’s inner-circle
◦ Attack Indians Want more land from
natives Violence on border
increased
◦ Bacon’s Expedition Found only peaceful
Indians Massacred anyways
◦ All out war Berkley changes mind Rioters burn Jamestown
◦ Highlights two problems: Class differences Colonial resistance to royal
control
Beginnings of English/ French conflict◦ France resumes and extends
colonization◦ Successful trade established◦ Success of Catholic missionaries◦ Mercantilism
King Louis 14th Placed colony under royal direction
Encouraged immigration
◦ Iroquois “beaver wars” hindered trade 1666 “peace”
◦ Expansion to the South France wants to dominate continent
New Mexico: Pueblo Revolt◦ Spanish expansion after 1625◦ Treatment of Natives
Seek control through subordinating Pueblo Indians Missionaries Encomiendas Drove wedge between tribes
Few revolts
◦ 1660s Drought Epidemic Rejected Christianity
◦ 1675 Conflict Pueblo Revolt 1680
Siege of Santa Fe (12 year)
◦ j
Struggle for North America